Nutrition p. Useful and dangerous foods, or what to eat with diabetes

What foods can not be eaten with type 2 diabetes? How to make a menu for every day with diabetes, suspicion of it or obesity? Endocrinologist Olga Demicheva talks about nutrition in type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is an important component of treatment, in the book "It's time to be treated properly."

In contrast to type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), a bright debut accompanied by thirst, profuse urination, weight loss, and a sharp onset in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), as a rule, does not happen. Usually the disease is almost asymptomatic for several years, so more than half of the patients with diabetes in the world are unaware of their disease. And they don’t know about it either until the first complications appear, or until the accidental detection of elevated blood glucose levels.

With a thorough survey of patients with newly diagnosed diabetes, it is possible to find out that in recent months (years) they note rapid fatigue, some decrease in muscle strength, a tendency to urinate at night; in addition, women may be disturbed by itching in the perineum, and men - erectile dysfunction. But all these symptoms are often not considered by patients as a reason to see a doctor.

The criteria for diagnosing DM2 by blood glucose analysis do not differ from those for DM1, but age over 40 years, the presence of visceral diabetes, poor symptoms of diabetes, and normal (and sometimes moderately elevated) levels of own insulin can confidently distinguish DM2 from DM1.

The main thing is not to starve! Nutrition for type 2 diabetes

A patient with type 2 diabetes should ensure the normalization of body weight, not cause hyper- and hypoglycemia, and reduce the risks of atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension.

Meals should be frequent, fractional, small portions (usually 3 main meals and 2-3 intermediate ones) with a daily calorie content of about 1500 kcal. The last meal is taken 40-60 minutes before a night's sleep.

The basis of nutrition - low glycemic index (GI) complex carbohydrates, i.e. slowly increasing blood glucose levels; they should make up to 50-60% of the nutritional value.

Most confectionery products, sweet drinks, muffins, small cereals have a high GI; they should be eliminated or reduced to a minimum. Low GI have whole grains, vegetables, fruits rich in dietary fiber.

The total amount of fat should not exceed 30% of the total calories, saturated fat - 10%. Saturated fats are easy to distinguish from unsaturated ones: unsaturated fats have a liquid consistency at room temperature, while saturated fats are solid, they can be cut with a knife and spread on bread.

Every meal should include adequate amount of protein to stabilize glycemia and ensure satiety. It is recommended to eat fish at least 2 times a week. Vegetables and fruits should be present in the diet at least 5 times a day. Sweet fruits (grapes, figs, bananas, dates, melons) should be limited.

Starvation in diabetes mellitus is contraindicated, as it is a severe stress and, with existing metabolic disorders, can lead to acute vascular complications, depression, and breakdown into a "food binge".

Don't oversalt food. Try not to exceed 5 grams of salt per day (1 teaspoon).

Alcohol, as a source of "empty calories", an appetite stimulant, a destabilizer of glycemia, should be excluded from the diet or minimized. If it is impossible to refuse alcohol, preference should be given to dry red wine. Try to limit alcohol to one dose per day for women or two for men (1 dose = 360 ml of beer = 150 ml of wine = 45 ml of spirits).

Usage antioxidants (vitamins E, C, carotene) are not recommended, since there is currently no evidence base for their use, but there is a possibility of long-term adverse effects.

Important give up smoking to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and oncological complications.

At the same time, it should be noted that 2–3 weeks after smoking cessation, the function of olfactory receptors, which are partially suppressed in smokers, is restored. As a result, it is possible to increase appetite due to the "enhancement" of food flavors. This fact requires special self-control to avoid overeating.

This is what the "nutrition pyramid" looks like with DM2.

Menu for a week with type 2 diabetes

It is recommended to exclude simple carbohydrates from the diet: sugar (including fructose), confectionery (cakes, sweets, sweet buns, gingerbread, ice cream, cookies), honey, jam, fruit juices, etc. All these products dramatically increase the level blood sugar and contribute to the development of obesity. In addition, to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, which progresses rapidly in T2DM, it is recommended to exclude animal fats: fatty meat, lard, butter, sour cream, fatty cottage cheese, cheese, etc.

The consumption of vegetable fats and oily fish should be reduced: although they do not increase the risk of atherosclerosis, they contribute to the progression of obesity. In type 2 diabetes, obesity is a serious problem complicating the course of the disease. If additional nutritional advice is needed, such as those related to impaired kidney function or an increased risk of gout, these points should be discussed by the attending physician.

	I breakfast (straightaway after wake up denia)	II breakfast	Dinner	afternoon tea	Dinner	Late dinner (for 30-60 min. before night sleep)
Mon	Oatmeal in water without oil and sugar or grain bread with dehydrated curd cheese. Coffee or tea without sugar.*	Tomato juice with biscuits.	Salad of fresh cabbage (cucumbers, tomatoes) with lemon juice. Vegetable soup. Bread. Fish with rice. Miner- al water.	Apple, unsweetened biscuits, tea without sugar.*	The vinaigrette. Lean beef with maca ronami from durum wheat. Tea without sugar.	Greek neva porridge without oil (3-4 hundred fishing spoons) or cereal loaves. A glass of 1% kefir.
Tue	Capus- thick meatballs, grain bread. Coffee (tea) without sugar.*	Low-fat drinking yogurt with biscuits.	Fresh cabbage salad (cucumbers, tomatoes, Bulgarian- paprika) with lemon juice. Tomato soup. Bread. Chicken breast with vegetable stew. Mine- real water.	Peach, unsweetened cookie.	Pickles. Veal with Greek porridge. Tea without sugar.	Oat flakes with a hundred kanom milk or 1% kefir.
Wed	Soft-boiled egg. Potatoes, baked baked in the oven (2 pcs.). Coffee (tea) without sugar.*	Apple.	Greek salad. Lenten borscht. Grain bread. minced meat roved pepper (with beef and rice). Mine- real water.	Crackers from grain bread with fruit drink.*	Turkey breast with cauliflower. Tea without sugar.	Muesli with a hundred kanom 1% kefir or milk.
Thu	Cheesecakes with xylitol jam. Coffee (tea) without sugar.*	Vegetable juice with unsweetened biscuits.	Salad of fresh cucumbers with lemon juice. Lenten cabbage soup. Grain bread. Bakla- women with meat. Mine- real water.	100 g cherries	Wine- gret, chicken cutlets (steam). Tea without sugar.	2 slices of any bread. A glass of 1% kefir or milk.
Fri	Millet porridge on water without oil and sugar or grain bread with dehydrated cottage cheese (brynza). Coffee (tea) without sugar.*	Berry knot with biscuits.	Sauerkraut salad. soup vermicelli left on chicken broth. Bread. Chicken breast with rice. Mine- real water.	Pear, savory biscuit.	Fresh cabbage salad. Low-fat fish with boiled potatoes. Tea without sugar.	Greek neva porridge without oil (3–4 hundred fishing spoons). Sta- can 1% kefir or ayran.
Sat	One egg omelet. Grain bread with cheese. Coffee with milk without sugar or tea.	Obezzhi- raw yoghurt without sugar. Unsweetened cookies.	Salad of tomatoes with onions, 1 teaspoon of olive- cow's oil, salt. Solyanka soup on lean broth. Bread. Veal with vegetables. Mine- real water.	Watermelon (1 slice).	Veal cutlets with lentils. Fresh vegetables. Unsweetened tea with marma fret on xylitol.	Cereal loaves. A glass of 1% kefir.
Sun	Pearl barley. Low-fat cottage cheese. Coffee with milk without sugar or tea.	Green peas with 1 piece of any bread.	Bakla- zhany with garlic (low-fat). Chicken noodle soup. Bread. Chicken giblets with buckwheat neva porridge and vegetables. Mine- real water.	Apple or beetroot slices, baked baked in the oven (no sugar).	Lean fish with rice. Tomatoes, cucumbers, herbs.	Oat flakes without sugar with fermented baked milk.

* with sweetener

Physical activity in T2DM

Low physical activity (physical inactivity) is a mortal enemy of civilized mankind. Regular exercise is important for treating obesity, reducing hyperglycemia, normalizing blood pressure, and preventing coronary heart disease.

In DM2, the fight against hypodynamia is especially relevant. The fact is that with hypodynamia, the muscles stop actively using glucose, and it is stored in the form of fat. The more fat accumulates, the lower the sensitivity of cells to insulin. It has been proven that 25% of people leading a sedentary lifestyle can detect insulin resistance.

By itself, regular muscle activity leads to metabolic changes that reduce insulin resistance. To achieve a therapeutic effect, it is enough to practice daily 30-minute intensive walking or 20-30-minute runs 3-4 times a week, preferably 1-1.5 hours after eating, which helps to reduce insulin resistance and improve glycemic control.

You can conduct an independent "experiment" using a household glucometer, and observe how glycemia decreases after 15 minutes of physical activity.

Diabetes mellitus, regardless of its type, cause and pathogenesis, is accompanied by serious systemic disorders, to one degree or another affecting almost all organs and systems. Fortunately, blood sugar disorders can now be controlled with medication.

However, despite their effectiveness, one of the main methods of treating the disease remains the right diet. Appropriate nutrition in diabetes is especially important during pregnancy, early and adolescence, when taking hypoglycemic agents is either contraindicated or associated with dosage difficulties.

The food consumed should fully compensate for the patient's energy costs throughout the day (this depends on the patient's lifestyle and activity). With the help of a properly selected diet, you can normalize all types of metabolism, make up for the deficiency of minerals and vitamins.

And if you use interesting and varied recipes for cooking, eating food brings pleasure, helps to maintain a good mood, cheerfulness.

The diet for diabetes is made up in accordance with the following principles:

Full coverage of energy costs, taking into account physical activity. But at the same time, you need to watch your weight. For overweight patients, the number of calories in food should be less than consumed throughout the day. It looks approximately as follows: patients with normal body weight, leading an active lifestyle, need about 2000-2400 calories, while sedentary work, their number should not be more than 1600-1700. With a non-critical excess of a physiologically acceptable weight - 1300, a maximum of 1500 calories. If the patient is obese, the acceptable calorie intake is in the range of 700-900 calories. Special calorie tables that can be easily found on the Internet will help in calculating.
Strict observance of the balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In accordance with modern recommendations, their ratio should be 15-20% (but not more than 2 g per kg of weight), 20-25% (for ¾ vegetable, the rest - butter and animal fat) and 55-60%, respectively, regardless of type of diabetes. Violation of this proportion is fraught with metabolic disorders, the progression of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular pathologies.
Following the principles of fractional nutrition. It is necessary to divide the daily calorie intake between meals in this way: first breakfast - 25%, second breakfast - 10%, lunch - 35%, afternoon snack - 10%, dinner - 20%.

Relationship between diet and comorbidities or complications of diabetes. In some cases, a low-calorie diet can lead to a worsening of the patient's condition. These are disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system, retinopathy. Proper therapeutic nutrition requires kidney pathology.
Complete drinking regime. The more water you need to consume, the better.
Sufficient content of vitamins and minerals. Especially important are ascorbic and folic acid, B vitamins, biologically active substances with a lipotropic effect.

Both doctors and psychologists strongly recommend not only to diversify the diet of a diabetic, but also to bring it as close as possible to the diet of the whole family. The disease is not a contraindication for a child to attend kindergarten and school, but the task of parents is to warn educators and teachers about the features and restrictions in children's nutrition.

Diet for diabetes must be made taking into account some of the nuances.

So, with this disease are contraindicated:

any sweets, including sugar, confectionery, sweets, ice cream;
fatty and fried foods, especially those prepared with animal fats;
some spices (in particular, bitter and hot peppers);
mustard and other sauces based on mayonnaise;
fruits and dried fruits with a high content of carbohydrates (these are bananas, raisins, sweet berries, grapes, cherries, etc.);
fatty dairy products;
honey and jam;
sweet carbonated drinks;
smoked products, sausages;
snacks, fast food (popcorn, chips, burgers, etc.);
various canned food;
flour products;
alcohol;
condensed milk;
fatty poultry.

Some foods can only be consumed in strictly limited quantities when blood glucose levels are well controlled and maintained with drug therapy.

Sometimes the following foods can be included in the diet:

nuts, in a small amount no more than 1-2 times a week;
fruits, they are eaten little by little, taking into account the content of carbohydrates and fructose;
salt;
animal fats;
durum wheat pasta;
rye bread, flour products with bran;
salted or unleavened crackers, bread;
homemade milk;
eggs, no more than 1-2 times in two days;
legumes.

For patients with diabetes, doctors recommend including fibrous foods in the menu. They are found in vegetables (in particular, cabbage, beets), berries (red and white currants, raspberries), nuts, fruits, and some grain products. Their concentration is different, but they have a pronounced effect, affecting the level of glucose and insulin, reducing the concentration of lipids in the bloodstream. In addition, the consumption of sufficient fiber foods contributes to weight loss. Doctors recommend eating these foods at 25-40 grams per day.

Some patients find it difficult to follow a correct dietary regimen with the rejection of sweets. Therefore, sugar and confectionery products are recommended to be replaced with sweeteners (sorbitol, xylitol, fructose). In addition, the assortment of sweets allowed for diabetics is constantly expanding in supermarkets. However, their number should not exceed 30 g per day.

In the treatment of diabetes, an approximate menu should include the following products:

low-fat milk and sour-milk products (without sugar and sweet additives);
most cereals;
vegetables in all forms;
greenery;
vegetable oils, and it is better to “move away” from the usual sunflower oil, and enrich the diet with olive, sesame, soy, linseed, etc .;
some fruits and berries - citrus fruits, gooseberries, currants;
lean meats, poultry and fish;
soups on water and non-concentrated broth.

By and large, such a diet is useful for the whole family. Be aware of the hereditary risk factor for diabetes. Therefore, if one of the parents suffers from this disease, it is necessary to feed the child accordingly. Such a diet is also well suited for the prevention of high blood sugar levels in people at risk of developing diabetes.

Menu for diabetics: recipes for every day, nutritional features, taking into account fat content and carbohydrate content

Surely every housewife is familiar with the situation when for dinner or breakfast something was bought from the assortment of sausages or the department of ready-made cooking in the supermarket. However, if there is a person with diabetes in the family, especially a child.

Therefore, many housewives agree that the best option is to draw up an approximate menu for diabetics for a week. Thus, you can buy the necessary products in advance, for example, on weekends, prepare blanks.

Monday

Breakfast. Curds with carrots. Boiled grated carrots are mixed with low-fat cottage cheese (approximately in a ratio of 1: 4), a little flour is added, an egg can be sweetened with any sweetener. Small thin cheesecakes are formed from the dough, laid out on baking paper and baked in the oven. Serve with low fat sour cream.

Lunch. Boil beets, cut into cubes and mix with chopped sour apple. Salad can be seasoned with lemon juice.

Dinner. Soup in chicken broth (for cooking, take a fillet or a leg without a skin). Green peas, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, a little celery root or parsley root are added from vegetables. For taste, a whole onion is added, which is then pulled out. Filled with greens.

On the "second" you can cook stewed veal. Boil the meat until half cooked, chop the cabbage and stew in milk. Disassemble the beef into fibers, add to the cabbage and stew, you can add a little vegetable oil. Buckwheat porridge is suitable for a side dish.

afternoon tea. Pumpkin stewed in milk with fruits, you can add a sweetener.

Dinner. Cod baked with vegetables. Sliced fish is laid out in a refractory dish, on top - carrots, onions, greens. Pour in water and cook in the oven.

Tuesday

Breakfast. Hercules porridge from whole oats, 1 hard-boiled egg.

Lunch. Salad of shredded cabbage and chopped apples. Fill with lemon juice.

Dinner. Lightly fry the onion in a frying pan, then add chopped tomatoes to it. When the tomatoes become soft, grated carrots and a little rice are added (if the doctor allows this cereal to be eaten). Pour in meat broth and water and cook until tender. Served with minced garlic and chopped herbs.

As a second dish, you can try stuffed zucchini. To do this, it is thoroughly washed, the core is removed, filled with slightly stewed minced meat with carrots, poured over with sour cream and put in the oven. A few minutes before cooking, sprinkle with hard grated cheese.

afternoon tea. Low-fat yogurt or matsoni, you can add berries.

Dinner. Carrot-stuffed bell pepper stewed in tomato.

Wednesday

Breakfast. Protein omelette cooked without oil in a double boiler. You can add spinach leaves or sprinkle it with cheese.

Lunch. Homemade oatmeal cookies. To do this, the hercules are ground in a coffee grinder, ground with soft butter, sour cream and egg yolk. Baked on baking paper in the oven.

Dinner. Mushroom soup, which is cooked on water, mushrooms are scalded with boiling water before being added to the pan and cut into slices. One potato is allowed, chopped onions and carrots sautéed in vegetable oil are used for dressing. Seasoned with sour cream and herbs. On the second - porridge with seasonal stewed vegetables (eggplant, tomato, zucchini, bell pepper, onion, etc.).

afternoon tea. Low-fat cottage cheese with berries.

Dinner. Any acceptable garnish with liver. To do this, the offal is fried in oil (until a slightly golden crust appears), salted at the end. Sliced apples, liver, and onion slightly poached in oil are laid out on a baking sheet. Stew in the oven for 10-15 minutes.

Thursday

Breakfast. Oatmeal or wheat pumpkin porridge.

Lunch. Pudding, for cooking, boiled beets, apples, cottage cheese are passed through a meat grinder. Add an egg, a spoonful of semolina, a little sweetener. Baked in silicone molds in the oven.

Dinner. Ukha cooked in broth from low-fat fish (preferably sea), if possible, barley pre-soaked in water is added. For the second, you can offer boiled and chopped beef tongue with any side dish.

afternoon tea. Fruit salad made from apple, orange or grapefruit dressed with low-fat and unsweetened yogurt.

Dinner. Steamed chicken cutlets (you can add cheese instead of bread), vegetable salad of fresh blue or white cabbage with cucumber and tomato.

Friday

Breakfast. Low-fat cottage cheese with chopped apple, pear or berries.

Lunch. Salad with a lot of greens and seafood, dressed with olive oil and lemon juice.

Dinner. Buckwheat soup on beef broth, in addition to cereals, sauteed onions, carrots, and roots cut into small cubes are added. Filled with greens. Boiled meat stewed with vegetables (zucchini, carrots, onions, bell peppers, tomatoes) is suitable for the second.

afternoon tea. Low-fat yogurt, you can - with fruit.

Dinner. Steamed fish (grass carp, carp, pike, pelengas) with lemon, cereal garnish.

Saturday

Breakfast. Low-fat cottage cheese and apples are passed through a meat grinder. Add an egg, sweetener, a little flour. Cheesecakes are formed and baked in the oven.

Lunch. Any permitted fruits, preferably citrus fruits.

Dinner. Cold cabbage soup (perfect for summer or late spring). To do this, cut sorrel, spinach, eggs, green onions. Topped with water with sour cream. Add a little salt, citric acid. On the "second" - stuffed cabbage stewed in tomato sauce. You can cook without rice.

afternoon tea. Salad of fresh vegetables, dressed with linseed oil, herbs, and to taste - lemon juice.

Dinner. Hake baked in foil, boiled buckwheat porridge.

Sunday

Breakfast. Oatmeal with carrots. Hard oats are boiled until half cooked, grated carrots and a sweetener are added.

Lunch. Baked apples stuffed with cottage cheese. The core is taken out of the fruit, filled with cottage cheese mixed with sweetener, baked in the oven.

Dinner. Lean borscht without potatoes. For the second, chicken breast is baked in the oven, for a side dish - any permitted cereal.

afternoon tea. Low-fat yogurt or fermented baked milk can be replaced with fruit salad.

Dinner. Vegetable stew with meat. For cooking, it is better to take veal, eggplant, squash or zucchini, tomatoes and other seasonal vegetables.

Menus and recipes shown are approximate. All dishes can be changed depending on the season, for example, cabbage salad can be replaced with sauerkraut (with a limited amount of spices). The amount of food consumed should be adjusted according to body weight. If you are overweight, you need to follow a low-carb and low-calorie diet.

Dried fruit compotes, a variety of freshly squeezed fruit and vegetable juices, green, black, herbal teas are suitable as drinks. In the morning, treat yourself to a cup of coffee. Cereals for garnish are sometimes replaced with durum wheat pasta, bread with bran is served with soups.

The diet is able to restore normal sugar levels in the initial stages of diabetes, it is especially necessary for the gestational type of the disease, which develops during pregnancy and threatens with serious complications for both mother and child.

Given the propensity of patients with diabetes to obesity, it is important to carefully control your weight. Not the last role in reducing and maintaining body weight at the proper level is played by the amount of fat in the diet. Approximately, the optimal weight is calculated by the formula: height in cm - 100 = the right amount of kg . If the patient is normal, the daily fat intake is 60-65 g. In case of obesity, this figure should be reduced. Therefore, when compiling a diet, you can use culinary tables indicating the fat content in 1 g of the finished product.

Carbohydrate-rich foods should be an integral part of a diabetic's diet. However, “gaining” the daily norm should be due to “useful” slowly digestible products. Therefore, it is better to keep such a table at hand:

It must be remembered that the correct menu for diabetes is the key to successful therapy and a low risk of developing various complications. Exceptions are allowed only at the festive table, and then, within reasonable limits. For example, you can drink a glass of dry wine, but refuse a cake and a high-calorie Olivier seasoned with mayonnaise or a sandwich.

Food for diabetics: principles of cooking, diet depending on the type of disease

The vast majority of patients with diabetes constantly take hypoglycemic drugs or are forced to inject insulin.

The principle of action of such drugs is different, but the therapeutic effect is the same - lowering blood glucose levels. In addition, often the mode of their use is closely related to the time of eating. Therefore, the main condition for proper nutrition in combination with drug therapy is strict adherence to the diet. Otherwise, the likelihood of developing a life-threatening hypoglycemic state is high.

A huge range of home appliances designed for preparing healthy and delicious food is now available. If possible, you should get a double boiler and a slow cooker (by the way, this miracle pot also has the function of steaming, and in some - the production of yogurt).

Food for diabetics should be prepared using:

stewing with a minimal addition of butter or vegetable oil, for example, in a slow cooker, you can do without it at all;
baking in the oven, this method is suitable for meat, poultry, fish, but beforehand it is recommended to wrap them tightly in foil or a special sleeve;
steam processing, so in a double boiler you can cook meat, fish dishes, omelets, puddings, casseroles, cook any cereals;
cooking in ordinary water, meat or fish broth.

Frying in a pan is allowed only for cooking dressings from onions and vegetables for borscht, soups, cabbage soup. This method is best avoided when cooking meat, fish or poultry.

The principles of how to eat with diabetes vary somewhat depending on the type of pathology. In the disease of the first form, when the production of insulin in the body is significantly reduced and the patient is on constant insulin therapy, compliance with the diet is of primary importance. With type 2 diabetes, which often occurs in retirees and people closer to 40-45 years, the risk of obesity is high. In this case, the diet should be aimed at optimizing and maintaining the desired body weight.

Diabetes- This is a common and very serious disease of the endocrine system, which leads to profound metabolic disorders in the body.

The main task in the treatment of this disease is to lower and control blood sugar levels. Proper nutrition in diabetes is simply necessary and even vital.

The goal is to limit or eliminate foods that increase blood sugar from the diet as much as possible. A properly selected and balanced diet will help minimize or eliminate drug treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. The main principle of dietary nutrition is the normalization of metabolic disorders.

How to eat with diabetes

Many, having learned about their illness, begin to prepare separate food for themselves, and all other members of the family continue to eat as before. It is very difficult to watch how others eat various goodies that you ate with great pleasure yesterday. And today everything is taboo. Therefore, many, when changing their usual diet to a dietary one, become irritated, nervous, and become depressed. In this situation, it would be better if all family members begin to eat right. Proper nutrition in diabetes will help the patient protect himself from complications, and the rest of the family will serve as an excellent prevention of diabetes. And yes, proper nutrition is the key to good health.

Products are divided into three groups.

To the first group includes products that can be used without restrictions(do not increase sugar). These are radishes, turnips, radishes, cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, cabbage, eggplants, zucchini, carrots, beets (small), green beans, sorrel, spinach, herbs, mushrooms (fresh, marinated), green peas (up to 3 tablespoons .), mineral water, drinks with sweeteners, tea, coffee without sugar and cream.

To the second group includes products that are used need to limit(moderately increase sugar). These are low-fat varieties of fish, low-fat meat (beef, chicken), low-fat boiled sausage, kefir (fat content 1%), milk (fat content 1.5 - 2%), cottage cheese (fat content no more than 4%), cheese (less than 30%) , legumes (peas, beans, lentils), potatoes, pasta, cereals, bread and bakery products, eggs, any soups, berries, fruits (except those that belong to group 3). All of the listed products from the second group can and should be consumed, and they should be limited according to the "halve" principle.

Third group consists of products that need eliminate from the diet (Strongly increase sugar and affect the progression of diabetes.). These are margarine, butter, vegetable oil, mustard, mayonnaise, cream, fatty meat, fatty fish, canned food in oil, sausages and smoked meats, fatty cottage cheese (more than 4%), fatty cheeses (more than 30%), sweets, jam, jams, sugar, honey, ice cream, chocolate, cookies and other confectionery products, nuts, seeds, juices without pulp, sweet drinks, bananas, grapes, persimmons, dates, raisins, alcoholic beverages.

For patients with diabetes, there are several options for diets. The most common diet number 9. It can be used at home. The diet can be used to treat any diabetic patient by adding or eliminating certain foods (depending on the type of diabetes and the degree of complexity of the disease). Only the attending physician can choose a diet!

Rules for the nutrition of a patient with diabetes

Nutrition of a patient with diabetes should be fractional. Eat 4-5 small meals a day, preferably at the same time each day. This will ensure that the body absorbs carbohydrates evenly and the level of glucose in the blood will not rise too sharply. Also, it is desirable that each meal is almost the same in terms of calories and carbohydrate content. The menu should be varied, rich in vitamins, fiber, micro and macro elements. Sugar should be replaced with xylitol, sorbitol or saccharin. They can be added to tea, coffee or drinks. Now on the shelves of supermarkets a wide selection of special products for patients with diabetes.

Slight natural hypoglycemic effect blueberry, Jerusalem artichoke, chicory, cinnamon.

Good for lowering blood sugar levels echinacea tea. 1 tsp herbs need to pour 300 ml of boiling water. Leave for one hour and strain. Take 100 ml 20 minutes before meals 3 times a day. Course 1 month.

It has the same effect infusion of cloves. It is necessary to pour 50 clove buds with 1 liter of warm boiled water. Insist 7 days in a warm place. Take before meals 1 tbsp. l. 3 times a day for 1.5 months.

In type 2 diabetes, the main goal of therapeutic nutrition is the normalization of body weight, which is achieved by reducing the calorie content of food and increasing physical activity.

Type 1 diabetes occurs due to the death of pancreatic beta cells. This provokes a lack of insulin in the body. The treatment of such patients necessarily includes insulin replacement therapy, and therapeutic nutrition for type 1 diabetes serves to correct and control insulin production in the body.

Proper nutrition in diabetes is a way of life. This article is just a general introduction to clinical nutrition. A diet that is right for you can be only doctor!

Be healthy!

The future results of therapy depend on which diet will be chosen. First of all, you should finally decide what products you are going to use.

It is also important to consider what food will be excluded from the daily diet. You should draw up a specific schedule that will have such information: the number of meals per day, the time of its use, the calorie content of dishes. It is important to note that the dosage of drugs and insulin should be matched to the diet.

At the moment, there is no other way to avoid jumps in blood sugar in the blood plasma. Unfortunately, neither drugs nor injections of impressive doses of insulin can help to avoid an uncontrolled increase in sugar after a direct meal.

It is important to note that long-term vascular complications may occur in endocrinologist patients. The higher the dose of tablets and pancreatic hormone, the more often low blood sugar is diagnosed. It should be noted that the latter phenomenon poses a certain danger to the life of every diabetic.

A diabetic should avoid eating foods such as baked goods and cereals.

They can instantly raise blood sugar levels. It is necessary to stay as far away as possible from all foods that are on the list of prohibited foods when following a low-carb diet with and. It is important to note that the so-called complex carbohydrates are no less harmful than simple ones.

And all because they quickly and significantly increase the sugar content in the patient's blood. You can experiment: eat pasta and check the glucose level after that. When compiling a suitable menu, you must adhere to the basic rules.

Always keep a list of allowed and prohibited foods handy.

Studies have shown that the abuse of animal fats does not increase the likelihood of developing. At the same time, it is allowed to eat low-fat,.

Some scientists are of the opinion that animal fats are absolutely safe for the human heart. As for the use of margarine in food, it contains the so-called trans fats, which are unsafe for the heart, unlike natural lipids of animal origin.

All foods that contain this component can be harmful to health. These include, chips, pastries, which can be purchased at the supermarket, as well as semi-finished products. It is better to stop using them completely.

If you regularly eat food that is overloaded with carbohydrates, then fiber and lipids will slow down the increase in sugar after a direct meal.

But, unfortunately, this effect is insignificant. He is not able to save from a jump in blood sugar and the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. Doctors strictly forbid eating junk food.

It should be noted that patients endocrinologists, as well as those like and, do more harm than tangible benefits. Eating such food raises blood sugar and stimulates recruitment.

With diabetes, you need to completely abandon the use of fruits and. This will allow you to live a long life. All the necessary and trace elements can be obtained from greens and fresh vegetables. They are allowed to be used in unlimited quantities.

Diabetics should focus on vegetables and herbs in their diet.

The specifics of the diet of diabetics

At the moment, the diet of a person suffering from diabetes is quite rich. It contains tasty and nutritious dishes that are not harmful to health.

Food can and must contain sufficient amounts of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.

It should be both satisfying and high-calorie at the same time. This allows you to fully meet the need for nutrients and energy.

It is very important that meals should be coordinated in time with insulin injections and the use of appropriate medications.

What foods are good for diabetics?

It is important to note that it is enough to eat at least a couple of slices of rye or protein-bran bread per day.

Information about which foods are good and which are bad for diabetics is extremely important, since effective control of blood sugar in 90% of patients who suffer from insulin-resistant type of diabetes (type 2) and 10% of insulin-dependent diabetics (type 1 ), directly depends on the planning of eating behavior. Moreover, which foods should be eaten and which foods should be excluded, i.e. following a therapeutic diet is also necessary for women who develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy.

However, diabetes mellitus, which causes a violation of carbohydrate metabolism, entails an imbalance in the absorption of fats and proteins, and therefore most diabetics suffer from overweight. It is important for them to know which foods are preferable for diabetics when losing weight.

This article will present a table of products that are contraindicated in diabetes, a list of allowed products for diabetes, a table of calorie foods for diabetics.

The modern diet for the diabetic patient is based on the concepts of clinical research, caloric portion control, and individual changes in eating behavior.

The body of each person is individual. Everyone has their own metabolic profiles (metabolism). The level of planned or unplanned physical activity is also different. Therefore, a unified approach to diabetics is simply not feasible. The dietary recommendations of a narrow specialist should be personalized and, most importantly, accepted by a particular patient.

Proper nutrition is an important part of the foundation for diabetes management. However, proper diet planning, implementation, and eventual adherence to the meal plan remain among the most "unpleasant" problems in diabetes management.

The reasons for this are:

the presence of differences in the structure of nutrition in diabetics of different types of this pathology,
a huge amount of dietary information on this topic only confuses patients,
even among specialists there is no perfect agreement on the best nutritional therapy for people with diabetes,
the current scientific discussions that spill over onto the internet additionally “confuse” patients with diabetes, pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, overweight or obesity,
the difficulty of compiling a menu in accordance with the planned exercise therapy classes, or promptly making adjustments to the daily diet for unplanned physical exertion.

Note. Statistics show that the existing high rates of failure in the treatment of diabetic disease are the result of non-compliance, by almost half of the patients, with treatment tactics. The diet is planned incorrectly and not properly followed. There is also no control and correlation of therapeutic physical activity according to blood glucose levels.

The information below is based on the consensus of an international majority of endocrinologists and nutritionists. Practical recommendations on the topic: Harmful and useful foods for diabetes, mainly for type 2 diabetics, but can also be useful for insulin-dependent patients.

harmful products

What to eat with diabetes?

List of products that diabetics should not eat, as well as prohibited combinations of substances, harmful trace elements, unacceptable culinary heat treatment processes:

Fast food products.
Sweets, oriental sweets and dried fruits. They can only be eaten to prevent hypoglycemic shock.
Confectionery and pastries, "regular" bread.
Sugar, sweeteners, artificial and natural honey, including special honey for diabetics, preserves, jams, marmalades. The exceptions are non-caloric sweeteners - Sucralose, Ace K-Sunette, Luo han guo (Fruit Nut), Stevia, Neotame (derivative of phenylalanine dipeptide and aspartic acid), special Sugar grade "N-low".
Store-bought and freshly squeezed juices and sugar-sweetened drinks with any high-calorie sweetener, including corn syrup, fructose, and sucrose.
Beets, carrots, pumpkin, potatoes. White rice, soft wheat pasta, semolina, couscous, cereals and cereals.
Almost all berries and fruits. What you can eat will be written at the end of the article.
Saturated fatty acid intake should be less than or equal to 7-10% of total calories. Foods rich in saturated fats - whole milk, butter, cottage cheese, ice cream, red meat, red meat broth, chocolate, coconuts, milk and butter, palm oil.
Products and dishes with trans fats should be completely excluded - margarines, spreads, deep-frozen foods (!), fast food products, some commercial baked goods.
Combination during cooking or a combination of raw foods high in carbohydrates and fats.
Pickles, marinades, smoked meats.
Minced meat, sausages and semi-finished products from beef meat.
Frying vegetables, meat, eggs and fish, especially in butter or combined fat, as well as seasoning and stewing them in creamy sauces.
Filling side dishes with butter, adding sour cream, milk or sour-milk drinks to them.

Attention! To date, there is no clear evidence of the usefulness of vitamin or mineral supplements for the treatment of diabetes. They can be used additionally only by patients who have a deficiency. This warning applies to: vitamins E, D, C and carotene, magnesium and chromium. The effectiveness of such a newfangled "fad" as lowering blood sugar with the help of increased use of cinnamon is not confirmed.

Healthy foods

Useful foods for type 2 diabetes:

foods with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) - avocados, seafood, sesame and pumpkin seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, olive, peanut, rapeseed and canola oils,
products with polyunsaturated fatty acids - sunflower, corn, soybean and linseed oils, as well as walnuts and flax seeds,
fish with a lot of Omega-3 - salmon, white Albacore tuna, mackerel, sardines, herring, rainbow trout,
chicken, turkey, rabbit (first freed from the skin, and then baked in food paper or in its own juice in a ceramic pot),
tomato and grapefruit juices, necessarily with pulp, prepared at home, without added sugar, but with a small amount of salt, without which it is impossible to absorb the nutrients they contain, necessary for the body,
soy, buckwheat, oats, brown rice, pearl barley, bulgur, legumes,
cucumbers, zucchini, eggplant, green vegetables, salads, herbs, tomatoes, all types of cabbage,
bran bread.

On a note. Analytical data from the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics confirms that even a 5% replacement of foods with saturated fatty acids (SFA), foods with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), significantly reduces insulin resistance, increases cell sensitivity to insulin, which is so important for type 2 diabetics. .

Summary table of glycemic index and caloric content of products

What you need to pay attention to when calculating the daily and weekly menu:

When compiling a diet, you need to look not only at allowed and prohibited foods for diabetes, monitor the balance of proteins, the quantity and quality of fats.
In addition, with the discovery of the glycemic index (GI), products useful and harmful in diabetes are evaluated from this point of view - the higher the GI index, the higher the blood glucose level will be during and after its fermentation. Ideally, if a diabetic uses only products with a low and medium index - no higher than 50 units.
Moreover, the previously recommended diet of "1800 kcal" is irrelevant today. Diabetics are advised to adjust this figure according to the planned physical activity. It is proved that a sharp weight loss turns into its same rapid set. Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to this ratio - the daily food calorie content should be 200-400 kcal less than the total energy costs. Extra pounds will be dropped slowly, but irrevocably.
If your diet includes, or you want to take separately, substances such as polyls - sorbitol, mannitol, erythritol, xylitol and D-tagatose, or hydrated disaccharides - isomalt, maltitol, lactitol and ottalose, you should carefully consider the dosage. Despite their low calorie content - an average of 2 kcal / g, a daily intake of 20 g will cause diarrhea and additional dehydration.
Keep in mind that consumption of whole grains will not significantly improve glycemic performance in people with type 2 diabetes, but they will reduce systemic inflammation.
Control adequate fiber intake - 14 grams per 1000 calories, or an average of 25 grams for women and 38 grams for men.
Note. A daily intake of 2 tablespoons of vegetable phytosterols found in legumes is an excellent cardioprotective diet. This, but no more (!), amount of legumes can effectively block the absorption of dietary and bile cholesterol from the gastrointestinal tract, and lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
Keep your intake of protein, plant and animal in a 1:1 ratio. At the same time, diabetics with kidney diseases are recommended to consume 0.8 g per 1 kg of body weight, and all other type 2 diabetics - 1.2 g per 1 kg of not cash, but ideal (!) body weight.
Salt intake should be reduced to 2300 mg/day and diabetics with hypertension should not exceed 1500 mg/day.

Vegetables

This table of products for diabetics will also help to make a menu for people who want to lose a couple of extra pounds.

Fruits

Among the fruits we want to highlight fresh apricots and peaches. They are in small quantities, not harmful to diabetics, especially if the fruits are in a state of pre-ripeness. By the way, the Armenians, who understand a lot about these fruits, eat them just like that.

Side dishes and baked goods

The concept of the term and the GI indicators of other foods and dishes can be found in more detail in the article "Complete tables of glycemic indices and glycemic load".

Advice. Doctors strongly recommend that diabetics take the time, effort, and expense to create their own blood glucose chart after a particular food, drink, or meal. Such a study will help to plan the menu more clearly and make decisions about the dosage of drugs that reduce sugar.

Insulin wave of eggs, fish and red meat

In 2008, in Australia, studies were conducted that confirmed the suspicions of nutritionists that different carbohydrates cause different strengths of insulin production, and even carbohydrate-free foods: meat, fish, eggs and offal for a diabetic should be harmless and not cause insulin secretion.

However, experiments have proven otherwise. This phenomenon was called the “insulin wave”, and the concept of the insulin index was introduced to characterize it.

Nevertheless, diabetics are recommended to eat meat at least 2 times a week, including red, fatty sea fish, and also eat 6-7 eggs. The benefits of the combination of nutrients and nutrients far outweigh the risks of hypoglycemia and weight gain. You just need to calculate the portions correctly.

The insulin milk paradox

Along with fish, meat, and eggs, dairy products also showed an inadequate insulin response, with the exception of pure lactose. Therefore, recently, whole milk and full-fat dairy products have ceased to be included in the permitted list of products for type 2 diabetics.

However, do not panic. The fact is that it has already been proven that fluctuations in insulin do not affect glucose levels. Information about insulin indices, including milk, is not significant for people with type 1 diabetes. It is important for strength athletes and type 2 diabetics.

soft cheeses, cottage cheese and other sour-milk products with diabetes should be consumed in moderation and with caution,
giving preference to low-fat varieties of hard cheese and 1% kefir with a short shelf life, consuming them in the morning and afternoon,
do not combine dairy products with foods or meals with a high glycemic index - this can lead to reactive hyperglycemia and shock.

On a note. Healthy people should also abstain from large amounts of milk. This leads to the removal of potassium from the body and the retention of water in it, causing edema.

Foods that burn blood sugar

Those who are sure that there are hypoglycemic products for type 2 diabetes are mistaken. Significantly reduce the glucose that got into the blood after the assimilation of products in the intestines, only drugs can.

With regards to the hypoglycemic properties of ginger root, Jerusalem artichoke, cranberries, blueberries and pineapples, the content of substances that burn sugar in them is so scanty that in order for this process to be significant, it will be necessary to eat an “unbearable” amount, including those exceeding the “sane” levels of carbohydrates .

However, recent studies of red grapefruits have shown that they contain a substance that has an effect on glucose similar to metformin. Therefore, diabetics can safely eat half or even a whole fetus per day. From this amount, you can crush and drink juice with pulp. Natural bitterness in the shells of the lobules has a mild choleretic effect.

Important! At the moment, almost all domestic diabetic products presented in stores and pharmacies are NOT products useful for diabetics. It is still produced on the now obsolete notion that fructose as a sweetener is an acceptable sugar substitute, contains many harmful preservatives, cornstarch, and some types are made from finely ground cereals, which dramatically increase the rate of absorption of carbohydrates contained in them.

Alcoholic drinks for diabetes

It is logical that the consumption of alcoholic beverages, especially excessive, is contraindicated both for healthy people and for any disease. Modern dietary science warns diabetics that alcohol consumption may increase the risks of delayed hypoglycemia, especially when taking insulin or insulin-secreting drugs.

However, studies of the effect of alcohol on the body of a diabetic have shown:

moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages has minimal harmful short or long term effects on blood glucose fluctuations,
in some diabetics, low doses may improve glycemic control,
Regardless of the type of alcoholic beverage, regular consumption, in small amounts, helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality.

per day you can drink - one drink for women and two drinks for men,
one drink is: 360 ml of beer, or 150 ml of wine, or 45 ml of strong alcohol,
naturally, all wines, with the exception of dry ones, sweet liqueurs, liqueurs and tinctures, fall under the restriction,
drink an alcoholic drink during the lunch meal.

Attention! When taking alcohol, a type 2 diabetic needs to take into account its energy component, and for insulin-dependent patients, when calculating the boluses of the required dose of insulin injection, an adjustment should be made for the carbohydrate content in a particular alcoholic beverage.

Diet for type 1 diabetics

Previously, people with diabetes were given strict dietary guidelines, which were difficult to follow due to a clearly limited number of dishes, time frames, and scarcity of products. To date, this issue has been revised, there have been big changes regarding the menu of sick people. Now it has become much easier to follow a diet, you can do what you love, be mobile, active, high sugar is not a sentence.

With diabetes of the 1st degree, it is necessary to remember a few subtleties that help to cope with the disease and feel good:

Know the foods to avoid
use the glycemic index to select ingredients,
count carbohydrates by the number of XE,
be able to calculate the required amount of insulin.

Today there is a struggle between a balanced diet, where you can eat many foods containing sugar, and a low-carb diet, where you need to severely cut back on certain types of products.

People with normal weight are often allowed to eat a balanced diet, but it is very difficult to keep glucose levels under control, to reduce it to normal limits. It is always required to select the required dose of insulin so that there is no jump in sugar after a meal.

Proper nutrition for type 1 diabetes is as follows:

No need to cut your daily caloric intake, especially at normal weight. It is necessary to eat varied, controlling the consumption of carbohydrate foods.
A small amount of fat must be present in the diet, with the exception of obese people.
Eat products with a low glycemic index, less than 50%.

After diagnosing diabetes, the doctor prescribes diet No. 9, but based on the characteristics of each person, makes a personal adjustment, depending on the weight of the patient, the severity of the disease.

allowed food

The list of ingredients from which you can prepare a complete meal is extensive. Every day you need to adhere to a strict nutrition schedule, eat at least 4 times a day, in small portions. Instead of sugar, add special substitutes - xylitol, sorbitol.

TIP: Despite the fact that sugary foods are prohibited, a diabetic should always have a candy or a piece of lump sugar with him, which is useful for glycemia.

Nutrition for type 1 diabetics consists of the following dishes, products:

Bread and bakery products - up to 200 g each day are allowed.
The first courses should be cooked in vegetable or lean meat broth (secondary). Okroshka, fish, cereal, mushroom soups are allowed.
From fermented milk products, you can add cottage cheese with a low percentage of fat content, biokefir to the diet.
Cereal cereals are eaten carefully, strictly counting the number of carbohydrates contained in them. The menu includes buckwheat, millet, barley, oatmeal, barley, rice porridge. Very rarely use semolina, pasta.
All lean meat, steamed or cooked without skin and fat, is allowed. Geese, ducks should be excluded from poultry or added to the diet as rarely as possible.
Berries - fresh, frozen, except for raspberries.
Cheese with a low percentage of fat, hard varieties, unsalted.
Boiled fish, lean, also canned fish in its own juice.
Diabetic nutrition includes egg dishes, 2 times a week, and the number of yolks is limited. It is better to cook an omelet from some proteins.
Vegetables can be consumed unlimitedly, with the exception of potatoes, green peas, beets, carrots. They contain a lot of carbohydrates, so you need to eat them less often.
From sweets, jelly, mousses, compotes, fruit drinks are allowed. Sour-tasting fruits, sweets, cookies, waffles for diabetics can be a great alternative to regular desserts.
Drinks: black tea, green, not strong, decaffeinated coffee, rosehip broth, vegetable juices, with the addition of permitted fruits.
A small amount of oil - vegetable for salads, creamy for cereals, infrequently.

Sample menu for one day

Table: Nutrition for diabetes: products allowed for use:

meal	Dish	Weight, kg, l
1 breakfast	Buckwheat porridge on the water	0,15
	Butter	0,005
	Rye bread	0,02
	Fresh cabbage salad with lemon juice	0,1
	Black tea	0,2
2 breakfast	Green apple	0,1
Dinner	vegetable soup	0,25
	Steamed chicken breast	0,08
	fruit mousse	0,1
	bran bread	0,04
	Compote of unsweetened dried fruits	0,2
afternoon tea	Cottage cheese pancakes 1%	0,1
afternoon tea	Rosehip decoction	0,2
Dinner	Vegetable stew	0,15
	Steamed meatballs	0,1
	Bread	0,3
	Tea	0,2
dream interpretation	Biokefir	0,2

Prohibited Products

Nutrition for type 1 diabetes includes a number of prohibited ingredients or those that need to be minimized:

Potato,
legumes,
Sweets,
Confectionery,
Sweet fruits, dried fruits,
Beet,
Carrot,
Jam,
smoked products,
Pickles, canned food, marinades,
Carbonated and sweet drinks.

Reduce consumption of sugar, salt, spices that provoke the development of appetite, nuts, drinks with a lot of caffeine.

Diet for type 2 diabetics

A sick person is largely dependent on nutrition for this disease, since the increase in blood sugar can be regulated by the food consumed, especially at the initial stage.

Rational nutrition in diabetes depends on the following factors:

you need to eat on time, allowed ingredients,
reduce daily calorie intake, if overweight,
check glucose levels after each meal to prevent hyperglycemia,

By following a small list of basic rules, you can achieve good results in the fight against the disease, feel good, live life without remembering unpleasant symptoms.

Diet Ration

The grocery list is similar to the list for the first type, there are also a lot of prohibitions that should be followed. An important role is played by the method of culinary processing of food - mainly cooking, stewing, steaming, baking should be used. Fried foods are best excluded from the diet.

The diet for diabetics consists of the following ingredients:

lean meat, poultry,
lean fish, seafood,
cereals,
first courses on secondary, lean broths,
mushrooms,
sweeteners,
dairy, sour-milk products with reduced fat content,
fiber-rich vegetables, herbs,
fruits with less sugar
bakery products from bran flour.

Sample menu for 1 day

Table - Nutrition of a patient with type 2 diabetes:

meal	Dish	Weight, kg, l
1 breakfast	Oatmeal with skimmed milk	0,15
	Butter	0,005
	Whole grain bread	0,02
	Black tea	0,2
	fresh carrot salad	0,1
2 breakfast	Grapefruit	0,15
Dinner	Vermicelli soup with meat broth	0,25
	Braised cabbage	0,15
	boiled fish	0,7
	bran bread	0,05
	Dried fruits compote	0,2
afternoon tea	Cottage cheese	0,15
afternoon tea	Cranberry juice	0,2
Dinner	chicken meatballs	0,15
	Vegetable Salad	0,15
	Bread	0,03
	Green tea	0,2
dream interpretation	Biokefir	0,2

What should be forgotten?

To understand how to organize nutrition in diabetes, you need to know the raw materials that should not be consumed. A complete rejection of junk food will help to cope with problems, get rid of excess weight, and eliminate cases of hyperglycemia.

The menu should not meet:

sausages,
mayonnaise sauces, sour cream,
fat meat,
dairy products, high-fat cheeses,
margarine,
industrial sauces,
canned food,
semi-finished products,
confectionery,
other sweets.

TIP: do not think that illness and a limited menu predict boring, monotonous food for the rest of your life. There is a wonderful book written by Mikhail Gurvich: diabetes mellitus, medical nutrition, is considered in detail in it. Unique examples are given of how to make a masterpiece out of boring raw materials.

Food for diabetic children

This disease in children is much more difficult than in adults. Children with a genetic predisposition to the disease suffer.

More often, a child is diagnosed with insulin-dependent type of diabetes, which is more serious than type 2. In addition to drug treatment, parents should pay great attention to the nutrition of the child, since it is especially responsible for the level of glucose in the blood.

Therapeutic nutrition for children with diabetes should take place strictly on time, you can not feel hungry, this can lead to coma. If it is not possible to fully eat, you should always have a snack with you - an unsweetened fruit, a healthy sandwich with lean meat. You can use candy or a piece of sugar to prevent an attack of hypoglycemia.

TIP: Often, children with the disease show an increase in acetone in the urine. To lower its level, you need to drink more mineral water, for example, Borjomi. Oral rehydration products are also suitable.

Nutrition should not differ greatly in calories from that of a healthy person of a certain age group, unless the child is debilitated by illness. Despite this, there is a strict restriction on certain types of food.

It is necessary to explain to the child, his environment that even a small dose of forbidden food can cause severe harm to health and well-being.

What is allowed to eat?

Sometimes for sick people, you can use a separate diet, which helps to cope with adverse outbreaks of the disease. It prohibits mixing ingredients in one meal. Culinary processing plays a significant role - even healthy children should not eat fried and fatty foods, it is better to choose a more gentle look.

The following types of raw materials should be actively used in cooking:

fruits (with the exception of sweet species, grapes, apricots, peach, banana),
vegetables (reducing the amount of potatoes),
berries (except raspberries, also its varieties),
cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal, pearl barley),
bread, bakery products for diabetics,
lean fish, seafood,
lean meat, poultry,
cottage cheese, dairy products, low-fat milk,
egg white limited
cheeses in small portions, the interval between meals is 3 days (not salty, not spicy types, fat content below 50%),
drinks (natural juices from allowed fruits, vegetables, rosehip decoctions, berry fruit drinks),
sweetener.

Prohibited Ingredients

A lot of questions are asked in diabetes: what can you eat, what should you refrain from?

Along with the list above, there is no less list of goodies that you should forget about:

sweets,
confectionery,
fats (limited)
egg products (preferably only protein),
sour cream,
spicy cheeses,
semolina, rice cereal,
wheat flour (it is better to replace with whole grain or buckwheat, oatmeal),
potato,
coffee Tea,
smoked meats,
pickles,
pickled food.

Diet during gestational diabetes in pregnancy

A diet for gestational diabetes is prescribed when an increase in glucose was first noticed while waiting for the baby. It is worth adhering to it throughout the entire period of pregnancy, as a rule, after childbirth, the mother's condition returns to normal. The main goal during the period of 9 months is to reduce the load on the internal organs involved in the metabolic process, while getting all the necessary substances through food.

For development, the fetus needs a varied diet of the mother so that the woman does not feel a lack of nutrients and vitamins, it is necessary to think over a complete diet that will lead to a decrease in rising sugar.

TIP: do not violate the prohibitions that the doctor has set. Sometimes you can do without taking medication for diabetes: the initial form involves adhering to a diet that can normalize the condition.

It is necessary to remember a few rules that will improve well-being:

It is worth giving preference to fruits and vegetables rich in fiber, vitamins. Eat less sweet, high-calorie fruits, vegetables with a lot of starch. Daily carbohydrate intake is halved.
No need to focus on one product every day, the food should be varied, but the cooking is gentle.
Use the glucometer constantly, especially after meals, to monitor your readings.
Drink at least 1.5 liters of water per day. The presence of edema should be discussed with your doctor.
It is better not to use fats for frying food, add them moderately to salads, cereals.
Use for cooking only lean meat, poultry, fish. Raw materials rich in proteins should be consumed daily.
Dairy, sour-milk products, cheeses are allowed in small quantities, you need to monitor the fat content.
Cereals are welcome (buckwheat, oatmeal, raw rice, legumes).
Eggs can be eaten, limiting portions, giving preference to one protein.

With gestational diabetes, nutrition involves a large number of taboos. These include:

sweets,
flour, confectionery,
carbonated drinks,
alcohol,
coffee, strong tea,
industrial fast food,
preserves, marinades,
sausage,
the use of various diets.

Diet menu for diabetics with other diseases

It often happens that a diabetic is given other diagnoses along the way. How to combine 2 serious diseases at once, while eating right without harming the body? The answer to this question should be given by the doctor, explaining the specifics of changing the diet.

heart attack

Nutrition after a heart attack and with diabetes requires sparing, not allowing the sugar level to deviate from normal levels.

The following adjustments to the diabetic diet should be followed:

exclude cholesterol ingredients completely (eggs),
remove animal fats (butter),
reduce the amount of salt, up to 5 g per day,
do not increase the number of calories calculated for each day, as it is known that all heart problems are associated with excess weight.

fish,
bird,
vegetables fruits,
foods rich in complex carbohydrates
olive oil in a small amount,
greenery.

Kidney hemodialysis

Nutrition for hemodialysis of the kidneys and diabetes mellitus requires strict preparation and control by the doctor.

lean meat, poultry, fish, as it is worth increasing protein intake, 1.3 g per 1 kg of a person daily,
eggs in moderation
dairy and dairy products,
reduce fluid intake
increase your daily caloric intake with healthy foods so that protein is better absorbed,
increase the amount of food rich in potassium.

It is forbidden to eat:

sweets,
fatty foods,
sausages,
carbonated drinks,
smoked meats,
sauces, soups based on concentrated meat, fish broths,
food rich in oxalic acid.

kidney failure

The diet for diabetes in renal failure includes the following adjustments:

fluid contraction,
a ban on sweets and simple carbohydrates contained in food,
reducing salt in food
exclusion of soda, tea, coffee,
smoked meats, canned food, marinades, pickles, fatty foods,
do not take diuretic drinks,
decoctions of herbs do not drink with this disease.

Gout

The disease often occurs during diabetes mellitus, due to disruption of the endocrine system. It is required to choose raw materials with a low carbohydrate content so as not to provoke an increase in glucose, as well as with a minimum amount of purine, which is converted into uric acid inside the body. It increases the effect of gout.

Nutrition for diabetes and gout has features:

consumption of dairy products on a daily basis,
an increase in food ingredients rich in anthocyanins (squash, eggplant, mountain ash, blueberries),
give preference to fiber (vegetables, fruits, cereals),
add fatty fish to food several times a week, in small portions,

Prohibited food and drinks:

legumes,
offal,
broths from meat and fish.

Latent diabetes

The most dangerous form of this disease is latent. It is not detected, like ordinary diabetes, only with the use of a special test, while the symptoms and poor health of a person are constantly accompanied. Nutrition with latent diabetes does not differ from the menu of a regular diabetic, which must be followed.

And in conclusion, we want to emphasize once again that the effective retention of sugar under control in a diabetic patient depends not only on the coherence of work and the correct appointments of a team of specialists: an endocrinologist, a nutritionist and an exercise therapy methodologist. All their efforts will be nullified if the diabetic does not discipline and diligently follow the instructions, recommendations, responsibly treats taking hypoglycemic drugs or calculating the required doses of insulin injections, leads an active lifestyle and does exercise therapy.

Frequently asked questions to the doctor

Being overweight causes diabetes

Hello, my name is Irina. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed at an early stage. From the recommendations of the doctor: follow a diet, get rid of excess weight, play sports. The first time to monitor the state of health without the introduction of medications. Tell me, how to most effectively get rid of kilograms?

Hello Irina. There are certain tips: nutrition - diabetes have a direct relationship. First of all, you should reduce the amount of carbohydrates, eating only complex ones, in a limited amount. Increase the amount of protein food, especially during dinner. Eat more fruits and vegetables, drink the prescribed amount of fluid.

Forget about alcohol, bad habits. Lead an active lifestyle, play sports. Buy a desktop scale that can measure the mass of the ingredients used, calculate their nutritional value, thereby not exceeding the daily calorie intake. These tips will help to get rid of excess weight without harm to health, to cope with the beginning signs of diabetes.

Treating a diabetic with food

Hello, my name is Alexey. Tell me, is buckwheat really good for people with diabetes, because it lowers blood glucose levels. And is it possible to eat honey, since there should be a complete rejection of sugar?

Hello Alexey. Buckwheat contains complex carbohydrates, therefore it is allowed during the diet. It also raises blood sugar, but since it has a low glycemic index, it does it more slowly, without harm to the general condition of a person.

Honey contains glucose and fructose in equal amounts, such food is not suitable for diabetics: diabetes mellitus treatment prefers to start with the exclusion of a large list of unsuitable food products.

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