Officially recognized Slavic tribes. Slavic tribes of the times of the formation of Russia
The complexity of studying the issues of the origin of the Eastern Slavs and their settlement on the territory of Russia is closely related to the problem of the lack of reliable information about the Slavs. Historical science has more or less accurate sources only from the 5th-6th centuries. AD, while the early history of the Slavs is very vague.
The first, rather scarce information is contained in the works of ancient, Byzantine and Arabic authors.
A serious written source, of course, is the Tale of Bygone Years - the first Russian chronicle, the main task of which, according to the chronicler himself, was to find out "where the Russian land came from, who in Kyiv began first to reign, and from where the Russian land began to eat." The author of the chronicle describes in detail the settlement of the Slavic tribes and the period immediately preceding the formation of the Old Russian state.
In connection with the above circumstances, the problem of the origin and early history of the ancient Slavs is being solved today by scientists of various sciences: historians, archaeologists, ethnographers, linguists.
1. Initial settlement and the formation of Slavic branches
The Proto-Slavs separated from the Indo-European group by the middle of the 1st millennium BC.
In Central and Eastern Europe, there were then related cultures, which occupied a fairly vast territory. The tribes of the Eastern Slavs were called. During this period, it is still impossible to single out a purely Slavic culture, it is only beginning to take shape in the bowels of this ancient cultural community, from which not only the Slavs, but also some other peoples came out. At the same time, under the name of "Wends", the Slavs first became known to ancient authors as early as the 1st-2nd centuries. AD - Cornelius Tacitus, Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy, who placed them between the Germans and Finno-Ugric peoples.
Thus, the Roman historians Pliny the Elder and Tacitus (1st century AD) report on the Wends who lived between the Germanic and Sarmatian tribes. At the same time, Tacitus notes the militancy and cruelty of the Wends, who, for example, destroyed the prisoners.
Many modern historians see the ancient Slavs in the Wends, who still retained their ethnic unity and occupied the territory of approximately the current South-Eastern Wormwood, as well as Volhynia and Polissya.
Byzantine authors of the 6th century. were more attentive to the Slavs, as they, having grown stronger by this time, began to threaten the empire.
Jordan elevates the contemporary Slavs - Wends, Sklavins and Antes - to one root and thereby fixes the beginning of their separation, which took place in the 6th-8th centuries. The relatively unified Slavic world was disintegrating both as a result of migrations caused by population growth and the “pressure” of other tribes, as well as interaction with the multi-ethnic environment in which they settled (Finno-Finns, Balts, Iranian-speaking tribes) and with which they contacted (Germans, Byzantines).
According to Byzantine sources, it is established that by the VI century. AD the Slavs occupied the vast expanses of Central and Eastern Europe and were divided into 3 groups: 1) the Slavs (they lived between the Dniester, the middle reaches of the Danube and the upper reaches of the Vistula); 2) Antes (Interfluve of the Dnieper and Dniester); 3) Wends (Vistula basin). In total, the authors name about 150 Slavic tribes.
However, the sources of the VI. do not yet contain indications of any differences between these groups, but, on the contrary, unite them, note the unity of the language, customs, and laws.
“The tribes of the Antes and Slavs are similar in their way of life, in their customs and their love of freedom”, “have long lived in democracy” (democracy), “are distinguished by endurance, courage, unity, hospitality, pagan polytheism and rituals.” They have a lot of "various livestock", they "cultivate cereals, especially wheat and millet." In their economy, they used the labor of “prisoner-of-war slaves”, but did not keep them in indefinite slavery, and after “some time they released them for a ransom” or offered to remain in their “in the position of free or friends” (a mild form of the patriarchal system of slavery).
Data on the East Slavic tribes are available in the "Tale of Bygone Years" by the monk Nestor (beginning of the 12th century). He writes about the ancestral home of the Slavs, which he defines in the Danube basin. (According to biblical legend Nestor associated their appearance on the Danube with the "Babylonian pandemonium", which, by the will of God, led to the separation of languages and their "scattering" around the world). He explained the arrival of the Slavs to the Dnieper from the Danube by the attack on them by militant neighbors - the “Volokhovs”, who ousted the Slavs from their ancestral home.
Thus, the name "Slavs" appeared in the sources only in the 6th century. AD At this time, the Slavic ethnos was actively involved in the process of the Great Migration of Peoples - a major migration movement that swept the European continent in the middle of the 1st millennium AD. and almost completely redrawn its ethnic and political map.
The settlement of the Slavs in the vast expanses of Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe became the main content of the late phase of the Great Migration of Peoples (VI - VIII centuries). One of the groups of Slavs that settled in the forest-steppe regions of Eastern Europe was called Ants (a word of Iranian or Turkic origin).
Discussions continue around the question of what territory the Slavs occupied until the 6th century.
Outstanding historians N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky supported the version of Russian chronicles (primarily the Tale of Bygone Years) that the Danube was the ancestral home of the Slavs.
True, V.O. Klyuchevsky made an addition: from the Danube, the Slavs got to the Dnieper, where they remained for about five centuries, after which in the 7th century. Eastern Slavs gradually settled in the Russian (East European) Plain.
Most modern scientists believe that the ancestral home of the Slavs was in more northern regions(Middle Dnieper and Pripyat, or the interfluve of the Vistula and Oder).
Academician B.A. Rybakov, on the basis of the latest archaeological data, proposes to combine both versions of the ancestral home of the Slavs. The tribes of the Eastern Slavs were called. He believes that the Proto-Slavs were located in a wide strip of Central and Eastern Europe (from the Sudetenland, Tatras and Carpathians to the Baltic Sea and from Pripyat to the upper reaches of the Dniester and the Southern Bug).
Thus, it is most likely that the Slavs occupied in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. land from the upper and middle Vistula to the middle Dnieper.
The settlement of the Slavs took place in three main directions:
- to the south, to the Balkan Peninsula;
- to the west, to the Middle Danube and the region between the Oder and the Elbe;
- to the east and north along the East European Plain.
Accordingly, as a result of the settlement, three branches of the Slavs that still exist today were formed: southern, western and eastern Slavs.
2. Eastern Slavs and their tribal principalities
Eastern Slavs to the VIII - IX centuries. reached in the north of the Neva and Lake Ladoga, in the east - the middle Oka and the upper Don, gradually assimilating part of the local Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Iranian-speaking population.
The resettlement of the Slavs coincided with the collapse of the tribal system. As a result of the fragmentation and mixing of tribes, new communities were formed, which were no longer consanguineous, but territorial and political in nature.
Tribal fragmentation among the Slavs has not yet been overcome, but there was already a tendency towards unification. This was facilitated by the situation of the era (wars with Byzantium; the need to fight against nomads and barbarians; back in the 3rd century, the Goths passed through Europe in a tornado, in the 4th century the Huns attacked; in the 5th century, the Avars invaded the Dnieper region, etc.).
During this period, unions of Slavic tribes begin to form. These unions included 120-150 separate tribes, whose names have already been lost.
A grandiose picture of the settlement of Slavic tribes on the great East European Plain is given by Nestor in The Tale of Bygone Years (which is confirmed by both archaeological and written sources).
The names of tribal principalities were most often formed from the habitat: landscape features (for example, "glade" - "living in the field", "Drevlyans" - "living in the forests"), or the name of the river (for example, "Buzhan" - from the river Bug ).
The structure of these communities was two-stage: several small formations ("tribal principalities"), as a rule, formed larger ones ("unions of tribal principalities").
The Eastern Slavs to the VIII - IX centuries. There were 12 unions of tribal principalities. In the Middle Dnieper region (the area from the lower reaches of the Pripyat and Desna rivers to the Ros river) lived a meadow, to the north-west of them, south of Pripyat, - Drevlyans, west of the Drevlyans to the Western Bug - Buzhans (later called Volhynians), in the upper reaches of the Dniester and In the Carpathian region - Croats (part of a large tribe that broke up into several parts during settlement), below the Dniester - Tivertsy, and in the Dnieper region south of the glades - Ulichi. On the Dnieper Left Bank, in the basins of the Desna and Seim rivers, the union of northerners settled, in the Sozh river basin (the left tributary of the Dnieper north of the Desna) - Radimichi, on the upper Oka - Vyatichi. Between the Pripyat and the Dvina (to the north of the Drevlyans), the Dregovichi lived, and in the upper reaches of the Dvina, Dnieper and Volga, the Krivichi. The northernmost Slavic community, settled in the area of Lake Ilmen and the Volkhov River up to the Gulf of Finland, was called "Slovene", which coincided with the common Slavic self-name.
Within the tribes, their own dialect of the language, their own culture, features of the economy and idea of \u200b\u200bthe territory are formed.
So, it was established that the Krivichi came to the upper Dnieper region, absorbing the Balts who lived there. The rite of burial in long mounds is associated with the Krivichi. Their length, unusual for mounds, was formed because a mound was poured over the urn of another to the buried remains of one person. Thus, the mound gradually grew in length. There are few things in the long mounds, there are iron knives, awls, clay whorls, iron belt buckles and vessels.
At this time, other Slavic tribes, or tribal unions, were clearly formed. In a number of cases, the territory of these tribal associations can be traced quite definitely due to the special construction of mounds that existed among some Slavic peoples. On the Oka, in the upper reaches of the Don, along the Ugra lived the ancient Vyatichi. Mounds of a special type spread in their lands: high, with the remains of wooden fences inside. The remains of the cremation were placed in these enclosures. In the upper reaches of the Neman and along the Berezina in the swampy Polesie lived the Dregovichi; according to Sozh and Desna - radimichi. In the lower reaches of the Desna, along the Seim they settled, occupying quite large area, northerners. To the south-west of them, along the Southern Bug, the Tivertsy and the Ulichi lived. In the very north of the Slavic territory, along Ladoga and Volkhov, the Slovenes lived. Many of these tribal unions, especially the northern ones, continued to exist even after the formation of Kievan Rus, since the process of decomposition of primitive relations with them proceeded more slowly.
Differences between the East Slavic tribes can be traced not only in the construction of mounds. So, the archaeologist A.A. Spitsyn noticed that the temporal rings - specific women's jewelry often found among the Slavs, woven into the hair, are different in different territories of the settlement of the Slavic tribes.
The design of mounds and the distribution of certain types of temporal rings allowed archaeologists to quite accurately trace the territory of distribution of one or another Slavic tribe.
Temporal decorations of East Slavic tribes
1 - spiral (northerners); 2 - ring-shaped one and a half turn (Duleb tribes); 3 - seven-beam (Radimichi); 4 - rhombic shield (Slovene Ilmen); 5 - everturned
The noted features (burial structures, temporal rings) between the tribal associations of Eastern Europe arose among the Slavs, apparently not without the influence of the Baltic tribes. Eastern Balts in the second half of the 1st millennium AD as if "grown" into the East Slavic population and were a real cultural and ethnic force that influenced the Slavs.
The development of these territorial-political unions proceeded gradually along the path of their transformation into states.
3. Occupations of the Eastern Slavs
The basis of the economy of the Eastern Slavs was arable farming. The Eastern Slavs, mastering the vast forest areas of Eastern Europe, carried with them an agricultural culture.
For agricultural work, the following were used: ralo, hoe, spade, knotted harrow, sickle, rake, scythe, stone grain grinders or millstones. Among grain crops prevailed: rye (zhito), millet, wheat, barley and buckwheat. Garden crops were also known to them: turnips, cabbage, carrots, beets, radishes.
Thus, slash-and-burn agriculture was widespread. On the lands liberated from the forest as a result of cutting and burning, crops (rye, oats, barley) were grown for 2-3 years, using the natural fertility of the soil, enhanced by ash from burnt trees. After the land was depleted, the site was abandoned and a new one was developed, which required the efforts of the entire community.
In the steppe regions, shifting agriculture was used, similar to undercutting, but associated with the burning of not trees, but willow grasses.
From the 8th century in the southern regions, field arable farming is gaining ground, based on the use of a plow with iron fur, draft cattle and a wooden plow, which survived until the beginning of the 20th century.
The Eastern Slavs used three ways of settling: separately (individually, families, clans), in settlements (jointly) and on free lands between wild forests and steppes (zaymischa, zaimki, camps, repairs).
In the first case, the abundance of free land allowed everyone to cultivate as much land as was possible.
In the second case, everyone tried to have the lands allocated to him for cultivation located closer to the settlement. All convenient lands were considered common property, remained indivisible, cultivated jointly or divided into equal plots and after a certain period of time distributed by lot between individual families.
In the third case, citizens separated from the settlements, cleared and burned forests, developed wastelands and formed new farms.
Cattle breeding, hunting, fishing, and beekeeping also played a certain role in the economy.
Cattle breeding begins to separate from agriculture. The Slavs bred pigs, cows, sheep, goats, horses, oxen.
A craft developed, including blacksmithing on a professional basis, but it was mainly associated with agriculture. From swamp and lake ores, iron began to be produced in primitive clay furnaces (pits).
Of particular importance for the fate of the Eastern Slavs will be foreign trade, which developed both on the Baltic-Volga route, along which Arab silver entered Europe, and on the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, connecting the Byzantine world through the Dnieper with the Baltic region.
The economic life of the population was directed by such a mighty stream as the Dnieper, which cuts through it from north to south. The tribes of the Eastern Slavs were called. With the then significance of rivers as the most convenient means of communication, the Dnieper was the main economic artery, a pillar trade road for the western strip of the plain: with its upper reaches it comes close to the Western Dvina and the Ilmen-Lake basin, that is, to the two most important roads to the Baltic Sea, and by its mouth it connects the central Alaun Upland with the northern coast of the Black Sea. The tributaries of the Dnieper, going from afar to the right and left, like the access roads of the main road, bring the Dnieper region closer. on the one hand, to the Carpathian basins of the Dniester and Vistula, on the other hand, to the basins of the Volga and Don, that is, to the Caspian and Azov seas. Thus, the region of the Dnieper covers the entire western and partly the eastern half of the Russian plain. Thanks to this, from time immemorial there was a lively trade movement along the Dnieper, the impetus to which was given by the Greeks.
4. Family and clan among the Eastern Slavs
The economic unit (VIII-IX centuries) was mainly a small family. The organization that united the households of small families was the neighboring (territorial) community - verv.
The transition from a consanguineous community to a neighboring one occurred among the Eastern Slavs in the 6th - 8th centuries. Vervi members jointly owned hay and forest land, and plowed land was, as a rule, divided among individual peasant farms.
The community (world, rope) played a big role in the life of the Russian village. This was due to the complexity and volume of agricultural work (which could only be performed by a large team); the need to monitor the correct distribution and use of land, a short period of agricultural work (it lasted from 4-4.5 months near Novgorod and Pskov to 5.5-6 months in the Kyiv region).
There were changes in the community: the collective of relatives who owned all the land together was replaced by an agricultural community. It also consisted of large patriarchal families, united by a common territory, traditions, beliefs, but small families ran an independent economy here and independently disposed of the products of their labor.
As noted by V.O. Klyuchevsky, in the structure of a private civil hostel, an old Russian courtyard, a complex family of a householder with a wife, children and unseparated relatives, brothers, nephews, served as a transitional step from an ancient family to the newest simple family and corresponded to an ancient Roman family.
This destruction of the tribal union, its disintegration into households or complex families, left some traces in itself in folk beliefs and customs.
5. Social organization
At the head of the East Slavic unions of tribal principalities were the princes, who relied on the military service nobility - the squad. The princes were also in smaller communities - tribal principalities that were part of the unions.
Information about the first princes is contained in the Tale of Bygone Years. The chronicler notes that tribal unions, although not all of them, have their own "principles". So, in relation to the meadows, he recorded a legend about the princes, the founders of the city of Kyiv: Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and their sister Lebed.
From the 8th century among the Eastern Slavs, fortified settlements - "grads" - spread. They were, as a rule, the centers of unions of tribal principalities. The concentration of tribal nobility, warriors, artisans and merchants in them contributed to the further stratification of society.
The story of the beginning of the Russian land does not remember when these cities arose: Kyiv, Pereyaslavl. Chernigov, Smolensk, Lyubech, Novgorod, Rostov, Polotsk. At the moment from which she begins her story about Russia, most of these cities, if not all of them, apparently, were already significant settlements. A cursory glance at the geographical distribution of these cities is enough to see that they were created by the success of Russia's foreign trade.
The Byzantine author Procopius of Caesarea (6th century) writes: “These tribes, the Slavs and the Antes, are not ruled by one person, but since ancient times they live in the government of the people, and therefore decisions are made jointly regarding all happy and unfortunate circumstances.”
Most likely, we are talking about meetings (veche) of community members (male warriors), at which the most important issues of the life of the tribe were decided, including the choice of leaders - “military leaders”. At the same time, only male warriors participated in veche meetings.
Arabic sources speak of education in the 8th century. on the territory occupied by the Eastern Slavs, three political centers: Cuiaba, Slavia and Artsania (Artania).
Kuyaba is a political association of the southern group of East Slavic tribes, headed by the glades, with the center in Kyiv. Slavia is an association of the northern group of Eastern Slavs, led by the Novgorod Slovenes. The center of Artania (Artsania) causes controversy among scientists (the cities of Chernihiv, Ryazan and others are called).
Thus, during this period, the Slavs experienced the last period of the communal system - the era of "military democracy" that preceded the formation of the state. This is also evidenced by such facts as the sharp rivalry between military leaders, recorded by another Byzantine author of the 6th century. - Mauritius Strategist: the appearance of slaves from captives; raids on Byzantium, which, as a result of the distribution of looted wealth, strengthened the prestige of the elected military leaders and led to the formation of a squad consisting of professional military men - the prince's associates.
At the beginning of the ninth century the diplomatic and military activity of the Eastern Slavs is intensifying. At the very beginning of the IX century. they made campaigns against Surazh in the Crimea; in 813 - to the island of Aegina. In 839 a Russian embassy from Kyiv visited the emperors of Byzantium and Germany.
In 860, the boats of the Rus appeared at the walls of Constantinople. The campaign is associated with the names of the Kyiv princes Askold and Dir. This fact indicates the presence of statehood among the Slavs who lived in the middle Dnieper region.
Many scientists believe that it was at that time that Russia entered the arena of international life as a state. There is information about the agreement between Russia and Byzantium after this campaign and about the adoption by Askold and his entourage, warriors of Christianity.
Russian chroniclers of the beginning of the XII century. included in the chronicle the legend of the calling of the northern tribes of the Eastern Slavs as the prince of the Varangian Rurik (with brothers or with relatives and warriors) in the 9th century.
The very fact that the Varangian squads were in the service of the Slavic princes is beyond doubt (service to the Russian princes was considered honorable and profitable). It is possible that Rurik was a real historical figure. Some historians even consider him a Slav; others see him as Rurik of Friesland, who raided Western Europe. LN Gumilyov expressed the point of view that Rurik (and the Rus tribe that arrived with him) were from South Germany.
But these facts could in no way affect the process of creating the Old Russian state - to speed it up or slow it down.
6. Religion of the Eastern Slavs
The worldview of the Eastern Slavs was based on paganism - the deification of the forces of nature, the perception of the natural and human world as a whole.
The origin of pagan cults occurred in ancient times - in the era of the Upper Paleolithic, about 30 thousand years BC.
With the transition to new types of management, pagan cults were transformed, reflecting the evolution of human social life. At the same time, it is noteworthy that the most ancient layers of beliefs were not replaced by new ones, but were layered on top of each other, so restoring information about Slavic paganism is extremely difficult. It is also difficult because to this day there are practically no written sources.
The most revered of the pagan gods were Rod, Perun and Volos (Beles); at the same time, each of the communities had its own, local gods.
Perun was the god of lightning and thunder, Rod - fertility, Stribog - the wind, Veles - cattle breeding and wealth, Dazhbog and Hora - the deities of the sun, Mokosh - the goddess of weaving.
In ancient times, the Slavs had a widespread cult of the Family and women in childbirth, closely associated with the worship of ancestors. The clan - the divine image of the tribal community contained the entire Universe: heaven, earth and the underground dwelling of the ancestors.
Each East Slavic tribe had its own patron god and its own pantheons of gods, different tribes were similar in type, but different in name.
In the future, the cult of the great Svarog - the god of heaven - and his sons - Dazhbog (Yarilo, Khore) and Stribog - the gods of the sun and wind, acquires special significance.
Over time, Perun begins to play an increasingly important role - the god of thunder and rain, the "creator of lightning", who was especially revered as the god of war and weapons in the princely retinue environment. Perun was not the head of the pantheon of gods, only later, during the formation of statehood and the strengthening of the importance of the prince and his squad, the cult of Perun began to strengthen.
Perun is the central image of Indo-European mythology - a thunderer (ancient Ind. Parjfnya, Hittite Piruna, Slavic Perun, Lithuanian Perkunas, etc.), located "above" (hence the connection of his name with the name of the mountain, rock) and entering into combat with the enemy , representing "down" - it is usually "under" a tree, mountain, etc. Most often, the opponent of the Thunderer appears in the form of a snake-like creature, correlated with the lower world, chaotic and hostile to man.
The pagan pantheon also included Volos (Veles) - the patron of cattle breeding and the guardian of the underworld of the ancestors; Makosh (Mokosh) - the goddess of fertility, weaving, and others.
Initially, totemic ideas were also preserved, associated with the belief in the mystical connection of the genus with any animal, plant, or even object.
In addition, the world of the Eastern Slavs was "inhabited" by numerous coastlines, mermaids, goblin, etc.
Wooden and stone statues of the gods were erected on pagan sanctuaries (temples), where sacrifices were made, including human ones.
Pagan holidays were closely connected with the agricultural calendar.
In the organization of the cult, a significant role was played by pagan priests - the Magi.
The head of the pagan cult was the leader, and then the prince. During the cult rituals that took place in special places - temples, sacrifices were made to the gods.
Pagan beliefs determined the spiritual life of the Eastern Slavs, their morality.
The Slavs did not have a mythology that explains the origin of the world and man, tells about the victory of heroes over the forces of nature, etc.
And by the X century. the religious system no longer corresponded to the level of social development of the Slavs.
7. Formation of the state among the Slavs
By the 9th century the formation of the state began among the Eastern Slavs. This can be associated with the following two points: the emergence of the path "From the Varangians to the Greeks" and the change of power.
So, the time from which the Eastern Slavs enter world history can be considered the middle of the 9th century - the time when the path "From the Varangians to the Greeks" appeared.
Nestor in his Tale of Bygone Years gives a description of this route.
“When the glade lived separately along these mountains (meaning the Dnieper steeps near Kyiv), there was a path from the Varangians to the Greeks and from the Greeks along the Dnieper, and in the upper reaches of the Dnieper it was dragged to Lovat, and along the Lovat you can enter Ilmen, lake great; Volkhov flows out of the same lake and flows into the lake the great Nevo, and the mouth of that lake flows into the Varangian Sea ... And on that sea you can sail to Rome, and from Rome you can sail along that sea to Tsargrad, and from Tsargrad you can sail to Pontus is the sea into which the Dnieper River flows. The Dnieper flows out of the Okovsky forest and flows south, and the Dvina flows from the same forest and heads north and flows into the Varangian Sea. From the same forest, the Volga flows to the east and flows through seventy mouths into the Khvalis Sea. So from Russia you can sail along the Volga to the Bolgars and Khvalissy, and further east to go to the lot of Sim, and along the Dvina to the land of the Varangians, and from the Varangians to Rome, from Rome to the Ham tribe. And the Dnieper flows at its mouth into the Pontic Sea; this sea is reputed to be Russian.
In addition, after the death of Rurik in 879 in Novgorod, power passed to the leader of one of the Varangian detachments - Oleg.
In 882, Oleg undertook a campaign against Kyiv, by deceit he killed the Kyiv princes Askold and Dir (the last of the Kyi family).
This date (882) is traditionally considered the date of formation of the Old Russian state. Kyiv became the center of the united state.
There is a point of view that Oleg's campaign against Kyiv was the first act in the dramatic age-old struggle between pro-Christian and pro-pagan forces in Russia (after the baptism of Askold and his associates, the tribal nobility, the priests turn to the pagan princes of Novgorod for help). Proponents of this point of view pay attention to the fact that Oleg's campaign against Kyiv in 882 was least of all like a conquest (there is not a word about armed clashes along the way in the sources, all cities along the Dnieper opened their gates).
The Old Russian state arose thanks to the original political creativity of the Russian people.
Slavic tribes lived in clans and communities, engaged in agriculture, hunting and fishing. Being between Europe and Asia, they were subjected to constant military invasions and robberies from the steppe nomads and northern pirates, so history itself forced them to choose or hire princes with squads for self-defense and maintaining order.
Thus, from a territorial agricultural community with professional armed and administrative bodies operating on a permanent basis, the Old Russian state arose, in the foundation of which two political principles of social coexistence participated: 1) one-man or monarchical in the person of the prince and 2) democratic - represented by a veche assembly people.
Summing up what has been said, we note, first of all, that the period of the settlement of the Slavic peoples, the emergence of a class society among them and the formation of the ancient Slavic states, is poorly, but still covered by written sources.
At the same time, more ancient period The origin of the ancient Slavs and their initial development is almost completely devoid of reliable written sources.
Therefore, the origin of the ancient Slavs can be elucidated only on the basis of archaeological materials, which in this case are of paramount importance.
Migration ancient Slavs, contacts with the local population and the transition to settled life in new lands led to the emergence of the East Slavic ethnic group, which consisted of more than a dozen tribal unions.
The basis of the economic activity of the Eastern Slavs was, mainly due to the settlement, agriculture. The role of crafts and foreign trade increased noticeably.
Under the new conditions, a transition began from tribal democracy to a military one, and from a tribal community to an agricultural one.
The beliefs of the Eastern Slavs became more complex. The syncretic Rod, the main god of the Slavic hunters, is being replaced with the development of agriculture, the deification of individual forces of nature comes. At the same time, the inconsistency of the existing cults with the needs of the development of the East Slavic world is increasingly felt.
In the VI - the middle of the IX century. the Slavs retained the foundations of the communal system: communal ownership of land and livestock, the arming of all free people, the regulation of social relations with the help of traditions and common law, eternal democracy.
Trade and war among the Eastern Slavs, alternately replacing each other, increasingly changed the way of life of the Slavic tribes, bringing them close to the formation new system relations.
The Eastern Slavs underwent changes caused by both their own internal development and the influence of external forces, which together created the conditions for the formation of the state.
Where there are morals without enlightenment, or enlightenment without morals, it is impossible to enjoy happiness and freedom for a long time.
We already know what system of counting years was adopted in Ancient Russia, thereby determining its place in time. The second, no less important sign of civilization is the definition of its place on Earth. Where does your people live and with whom does it neighbor, what is outside the well-known territory and what is the Oikumene, that is, the entire part of the planet inhabited by mankind - these are the questions that literate people who studied the history of their people had to answer. (The arrival of letters to Russia and the appearance of the first literate people will be discussed later.)
The ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians in the distant past were a single people. They spoke the same - Old Russian - language and were called Great Russians, Little Russians and Belorussians (the latter name came from the fact that in White Russia, most people were distinguished by light, whitish hair and white, undyed, homespun clothes). They knew that they belonged to kindred tribes who called themselves Slavs. The Slavs derived their name from "glory". They explained their second name - "Slovenes" by the fact that they should be considered "understanding the word", those who did not understand their language, they called Germans (from the word "dumb").
According to Western chroniclers, who received writing earlier than the Slavs, these peoples, who inhabited eastern, southeastern and part of Central Europe, were distinguished by courage, courage, contempt for physical pain and such honesty that instead of an oath they said: “Be ashamed of me” , - and they never violated their words. In addition, they were extremely hospitable and, leaving the house, not only did not lock the doors, but left bread and milk on the table for any passer-by.
What kind of Slavic tribes lived in the territory, later known as Ancient Russia?
If we move along the East European Plain from north to south, then 15 tribes will appear in front of us in succession.
1. Ilmen Slovenes, the center of which was Novgorod the Great, which stood on the banks of the Volkhov River, which flowed from Lake Ilmen and on whose lands there were many other cities, which is why the Scandinavians neighboring them called the possessions of Slovenes "gardarika", that is, "the land of cities."
These were: Ladoga and Beloozero, Staraya Russa and Pskov. The Ilmen Slovenes got their name from the name of Lake Ilmen, which is in their possession and was also called the Slovenian Sea. For residents remote from real seas, the lake, 45 versts long and about 35 wide, seemed huge, which is why it bore its second name - the sea.
2. Krivichi, who lived in the interfluve of the Dnieper, Volga and Western Dvina, around Smolensk and Izborsk, Yaroslavl and Rostov the Great, Suzdal and Murom.
Their name came from the name of the founder of the tribe, Prince Kriv, who received the nickname Krivoy from a natural deficiency. Subsequently, the people called Krivich a person who is insincere, deceitful, capable of prevaricating, from whom you will not expect the truth, but you will encounter falsehood. (Moscow subsequently arose on the lands of the Krivichi, but you will read about this later.)
3. Polochans settled on the Polot River, at its confluence with the Western Dvina. At the confluence of these two rivers stood the main city of the tribe - Polotsk, or Polotsk, the name of which is also produced by the hydronym: "the river along the border with the Latvian tribes" - lats, years.
Dregovichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi and northerners lived to the south and southeast of the Polochans.
4. Dregovichi lived on the banks of the Pripyat River, getting their name from the words "dregva" and "dryagovina", meaning "swamp". Here were the cities of Turov and Pinsk.
5. Radimichi, who lived in the interfluve of the Dnieper and Sozha, were called by the name of their first prince Radim, or Radimir.
6. The Vyatichi were the easternmost ancient Russian tribe, having received their name, like the Radimichi, on behalf of their progenitor, Prince Vyatko, which was an abbreviated name Vyacheslav. Old Ryazan was located in the land of the Vyatichi.
7. The northerners occupied the rivers of the Desna, Seim and Sula and in ancient times were the northernmost East Slavic tribe. When the Slavs settled as far as Novgorod the Great and Beloozero, they retained their former name, although its original meaning was lost. In their lands there were cities: Novgorod Seversky, Listven and Chernigov.
8. The meadows that inhabited the lands around Kyiv, Vyshgorod, Rodnya, Pereyaslavl were called so from the word "field". The cultivation of the fields became their main occupation, which led to the development of agriculture, cattle breeding and animal husbandry. The glades went down in history as a tribe, to a greater extent than others, contributing to the development of ancient Russian statehood.
The neighbors of the glades in the south were Rus, Tivertsy and Ulichi, in the north - the Drevlyans and in the west - the Croats, Volynians and Buzhans.
9. Russia is the name of one, far from the largest East Slavic tribe, which, because of its name, became the most famous both in the history of mankind and in historical science, because in disputes over its origin, scientists and publicists broke many copies and spilled rivers of ink . Many prominent scientists - lexicographers, etymologists and historians - derive this name from the name of the Normans, almost universally accepted in the 9th-10th centuries, Russ (Russy). The Normans, known to the Eastern Slavs as the Varangians, conquered Kyiv and the surrounding lands around 882. During their conquests, which took place for 300 years - from the 8th to the 11th centuries - and covered all of Europe - from England to Sicily and from Lisbon to Kyiv - they sometimes left their name behind the conquered lands. For example, the territory conquered by the Normans in the north of the Frankish kingdom was called Normandy.
Opponents of this point of view believe that the name of the tribe comes from the hydronym - the river Ros, from where later the whole country began to be called Russia. And in the XI-XII centuries, Rus began to be called the lands of Rus, glades, northerners and Radimichi, some territories inhabited by streets and Vyatichi. Supporters of this point of view consider Russia no longer as a tribal or ethnic union, but as a political state formation.
10. Tivertsy occupied spaces along the banks of the Dniester, from its middle course to the mouth of the Danube and the shores of the Black Sea. The most probable seems to be the origin of their name from the river Tivr, as the ancient Greeks called the Dniester. Their center was the city of Cherven on the western bank of the Dniester.
The Tivertsy bordered on the nomadic tribes of the Pechenegs and Polovtsians and, under their blows, retreated to the north, mixing with the Croats and Volynians.
11. The streets were the southern neighbors of the Tivertsy, occupying land in the Lower Dnieper, on the banks of the Bug and the Black Sea coast. Their main city was Peresechen. Together with the Tivertsy, they retreated to the north, where they mixed with the Croats and Volynians.
12. The Drevlyans lived along the Teterev, Uzh, Uborot and Sviga rivers, in Polissya and on the right bank of the Dnieper. Their main city was Iskorosten on the Uzh River, and besides, there were other cities - Ovruch, Gorodsk, several others, whose names we do not know, but their traces remained in the form of settlements. The Drevlyans were the most hostile East Slavic tribe in relation to the Polans and their allies, who formed the Old Russian state with its center in Kyiv. They were decisive enemies of the first Kyiv princes, they even killed one of them - Igor Svyatoslavovich, for which the prince of the Drevlyans Mal, in turn, was killed by Igor's widow, Princess Olga.
The Drevlyans lived in dense forests, having received its name from the word "tree" - a tree.
13. The Croats who lived around the city of Przemysl on the San River called themselves White Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name that lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word "shepherd, guardian of cattle", which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.
14. The Volynians were a tribal association formed on the territory where the Duleb tribe had previously lived. Volynians settled on both banks of the Western Bug and in the upper reaches of the Pripyat. Their main city was Cherven, and after Volyn was conquered Kyiv princes, on the Luga River in 988 a new city was established - Vladimir-Volynsky, which gave the name to the Vladimir-Volyn principality formed around it.
15. In addition to the Volhynians, the Buzhans, located on the banks of the Southern Bug, entered the tribal association that arose in the habitat of the Dulebs. There is an opinion that the Volynians and Buzhans were one tribe, and their independent names came about only as a result of various places habitat. According to written foreign sources, the Buzhans occupied 230 "cities" - most likely, these were fortified settlements, and the Volynians - 70. Be that as it may, these figures indicate that Volyn and the Bug region were rather densely populated.
As for the lands and peoples bordering on the Eastern Slavs, this picture looked like this: Finno-Ugric tribes lived in the north: Cheremis, Chud Zavolochskaya, all, Korela, Chud; in the northwest lived the Balto-Slavic tribes: Kors, Zemigola, Zhmud, Yatvingians and Prussians; in the west - Poles and Hungarians; in the southwest - Volohi (ancestors of the Romanians and Moldovans); in the east - the Burtases, the related Mordovians and the Volga-Kama Bulgarians. Outside these lands lay "terra incognita" - an unknown land, which the Eastern Slavs learned about only after their knowledge of the world greatly expanded with the advent of a new religion in Russia - Christianity, and at the same time writing, which was the third sign of civilization .
From the book History of Russia. From ancient times to the 16th century. 6th grade author Kiselev Alexander Fedotovich§ 4. EAST SLAVIC AND FINNO-UGRIAN TRIBES AND UNIONS The ancestral home of the Slavs. The Slavs were part of the ancient Indo-European linguistic community. Indo-Europeans included Germanic, Baltic (Lithuanian-Latvian), Romanesque, Greek, Celtic, Iranian, Indian
From the book Eastern Slavs and the invasion of Batu author Balyazin Voldemar NikolaevichEast Slavic tribes We already know what system of numbering years was adopted in Ancient Russia, thereby determining its place in time. The second, no less important sign of civilization is the definition of its place on Earth. Where do your people live and who are they with?
From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century author Froyanov Igor YakovlevichIV. East Slavic lands and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th–16th centuries Russia, with the sword of Damocles hung over the population
From the book History of Rome (with illustrations) author Kovalev Sergey IvanovichItalian tribes The population of Italy in early Roman times was extremely diverse. In the Po Valley and somewhat to the south, the tribes of the Celts (Gauls) lived: Insubres, Cenomans, Boii, Senones. To the south of the upper Po, in the Maritime Alps and on the Genoese (Ligurian) coast were
From the book Invasion. Ashes of Claas author Maksimov Albert VasilievichGERMANIC TRIBES Burgundians and the Baltic Islands Burgundy on the Black Sea Langobards The physical type of the Germans Visigoths BURGUNDIES AND THE BALTIC ISLANDS Burgundy, Normandy, Champagne or Provence, And there is fire in your veins too. From a song to the words of Y. Ryashentsev O
From the book World History. Volume 1 Stone Age author Badak Alexander NikolaevichHunting tribes Compared with their ancestors, the ancient hunter in the Neolithic period achieved great success in labor activity. For example, the improvement of the bow, which was the main
From the book Ancient Russia. 4th–12th centuries author Team of authorsEast Slavic tribes BUZHA? NE - an East Slavic tribe that lived on the river. Bug. Most researchers believe that Buzhan is another name for Volhynians. On the territory inhabited by Buzhans and Volynians, a single archaeological culture was discovered. "Tale
From the book Domestic History (until 1917) author Dvornichenko Andrey YurievichChapter IV THE GRAND PRINCIPALITY OF LITHUANIA AND THE EASTERN SLAVIC LANDS § 1. The emergence and development of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania "Drang nah Osten" ("Onslaught on the East") - a terrible danger that threatened in the XIII century. Russia, with the sword of Damocles hung over the population
From the book of the Picts [Mysterious Warriors of Ancient Scotland] author Henderson Isabelle From the book Vikings. Hiking, discovery, culture author Laskavy Georgy ViktorovichAnnex 3 East Slavic princes of the 7th-9th centuries. and the Rurik dynasty until 1066. Genealogy and years of reign (direct relationship is indicated by a continuous line, indirect - by a dotted line; the equivalents of names known from Scandinavian sources are underlined) 1 E.A. Rydzevskaya
From the book World History. Volume 4. Hellenistic period author Badak Alexander NikolaevichIllyrian tribes The eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea was inhabited by Illyrian tribes. The Illyrians came into contact with the Greek world relatively late. By that time, they had already established a state system. Among the Illyrian tribes - Iapids, Liburs, Dalmatians,
From the book History of Ukraine from ancient times to the present day author Semenenko Valery IvanovichEast Slavic Tribes on the Territory of Ukraine Of the 15 large tribal associations (each tribe occupied an area of 40-60 square kilometers) that existed in the 7th-8th centuries, half are connected with the territory of modern cathedral Ukraine. Glade lived in the Middle Dnieper -
From the book On the Question of the History of Old Russian Nationality author Lebedinsky M Yu4. TRIBES OF THE SOUTH "In the interfluves of the lower Dnieper, Dniester and Prut, as well as the Carpathians, the Antian Prague-Penkovskaya culture was transformed by the 8th century into Luka-Raikovetska. Tribal differences are leveled and this area becomes ethno-united with various intertribal
From the book Stories on the history of Crimea author Dyulichev Valery PetrovichSarmatian tribes With the weakening of the Scythian power in the III century BC. e. the dominant position in the Black Sea region passes to the Sarmatians, Iranian-speaking tribes. A whole period of the ancient history of our Motherland is connected with them. Early ancient authors called them Sauromates (from
From the book Encyclopedia of Slavic Culture, Writing and Mythology author Kononenko Alexey AnatolievichA) East Slavic tribes (ancient) White Croats. Buzhan. Volynians. Vyatichi. Drevlyans. Dregovichi. Duleby. Ilmen Slavs. Krivichi. Polochane. Glade. Radimichi. Northerners. Tivertsy.
From the book Language and Religion. Lectures on Philology and the History of Religions author Mechkovskaya Nina BorisovnaThe second part of the article about the Slavic tribes. In the last article, we met with such tribes as: Duleby, Volynyan, Vyatichi, Drevlyane, Dregovichi, Krivichi, Polyana. Here we continue this long list of tribes. Speaking in dry scientific and historical language, then ancient Slavs- This is a settled people who were mainly engaged in agriculture, livestock breeding and various crafts. According to many researchers, it was this way of life that made our ancestors civilized - the development of agriculture, the construction of villages and cities, infrastructure, and much more turned us from nomads into the greatest country in the world. Since ancient times, all the other peoples of the world have been considered with Russia and, despite the wide variety of tribes, in difficult times, all Slavic peoples united to defend their lives and territories from enemies.
Radimichi. The union of tribes that lived in the eastern part of the Upper Dnieper, as well as on the Sozh River and its tributaries. If you believe, then Radim and his brother Vyatko (who later founded the Vyatichi tribe), who were of Polish origin, became the ancestor of the Radimichs. Archaeologists note some similarities between the tribes of Radimich and Vyatichi. In particular, both of them buried the ashes of the dead in a log house, and both of them used women's jewelry - temporal rings. In 984, the troops of the Radimichs were defeated by the governor of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich of Kyiv. All in the same chronicle, they are mentioned for the last time in 1169. After this date, the lands of this tribe entered the Chernigov and Smolensk principalities.
Russ. The Rus are still the most controversial, interesting and mysterious tribe. Many researchers in our time cannot agree among themselves on the history of this people and their role in the formation of the Old Russian State. Arab geographers in the 9th-10th centuries wrote that the Rus dominated the Slavs and were the ruling elite in the hierarchy of Russia of that period. German historian G.3. Bayer (1725), considered Russ and Normans to be the same tribe from which Rurik originated. Other modern historians believe that the Rus are connected with the Polyan tribe from the upper Danube. Thirdly, that the Russ are of the origin of the Northern Black Sea region and the Don basin. There is even such an assumption that the Rus are none other than the people of the island of Ruyan in the Baltic Sea or modern Rügen, which is better known as Buyan.
In ancient sources, the names of this tribe are called differently: rugs, horns, rutens, ruyi, ruyans, wounds, rens, rus, ruses, dews. There is a version that the word Rus has a similarity with the island, which may mean that the Rus were Baltic Slavs. There are many versions and therefore the riddle of the Rus tribe has not been solved so far and remains open for discussion and study.
northerners. The northerners are an East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the basins of the Desna, Seim and Sula rivers, presumably until the 9th-10th centuries. There are some questions connected with the name of this tribe. Northerners were not the most northern people, Radimichi and Vyatichi, for example, lived much further north, so the name is not usually associated with geographic location tribe. The researcher V.V. Sedov, who dealt with this issue, puts forward the following version of the origin: The word "Northerners" may be of Scythian-Sarmatian origin and is translated as "Black", in confirmation of this, the city of Severyan - Chernihiv.
Slovenian Ilmenskie. The Slovenian Ilmenskys lived next to the Krivichi on the territory of Novgorod Land, near Lake Ilmen, which is why the name actually came from. The Tale of Bygone Years mentions the Ilmen Slovenes as one of several tribes that called the Varangians.
Tivertsy. Tivertsy lived in the interfluve of the Dniester and the Prut, the Danube, the Budzhak coast of the Black Sea, on the territory of Moldova and Ukraine. The name Tivertsy, perhaps, goes back to the ancient Greek word Tiras, which they called the Dniester River. AT early XII centuries, the Tivertsy left their lands due to the constant raids of the Pechenegs and Polovtsy, subsequently mixed with other tribes.
Uchi. They lived in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, the Bug and along the shores of the Black Sea (PVL. - “The streets used to sit in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, but then they moved to the Bug and the Dniester”). The central city of the tribes was Crossed. It is likely that the ethnonym Ulichi comes from the word "Corner". It is known that in 885 Oleg the Prophet fought with the Streets. In the 10th century, the Kyiv voivode Svineld kept the main city of Peresechen under siege for three years.
Chud. The legendary tribe that lived in the north of the European part of Russia and the Urals. This tribe is mainly known only from the legends of the Komi peoples. It is currently believed that the Chud are the ancestors of modern Estonians, Veps, Karelians, Komi and Komi-Permyaks. The name is due to the fact that the other tribes believed that this tribe had a wonderful language and wonderful customs.
If you looked at my previous research on the toponymy of the Urals and Russia from the point of view of the Udmurt language (which, however, is very similar to the Komi-Permyak language, a little with the Komi language), then you can definitely say:
1) the language retained a clear word formation due to autochthonous development and little influence of other languages due to wars and forced assimilation. The Komi-Udmurt tribes were not inclined to conquer, or rather, only that part of the tribes that remained in their original habitat, because, as you know, due to the great migration of peoples from the territories of China and Mongolia, many peoples had to leave the Ural-Caspian steppes . The ancestors of today's Komi-Udmurts simply went to the forests, swamps and continued to live in a kind of isolated, and therefore language-preserving state.
2) Language carries the foundations ancient language Aryans who settled throughout the continent, and many words, as well as the toponymy of Eurasia, can be very easily identified and their meaning determined based on the Udmurt language.
3) 5-6 thousand years ago and in subsequent epochs (there were several Great Migrations), the tribes of pastoralists and fire worshipers who lived in the steppe regions south and west of the Urals either experienced an explosion in numbers, or one of the next invasions of the nomads of Mongolia and China (rather last!), and were forced to leave their original habitats.
The ancient name of the tribes of the Celts and Gauls from v.zr. udm.lang can be defined as "kelyt" - red, gallany - grin, show teeth. Therefore - Gauls are wolves? That is, the wolf was the totem of the Gauls. Perhaps, since the Saxon tribes still have a wolf, a predator by nature, on their coats of arms.
However, in the Udmurt language, the wolf is "kion", where ki is the hands, and "he" is probably the paws (pawn - in English). The emblem of the Hungarians was definitely a wolf, but what about the Gauls?
You can also see my reflections on the topic of "redheads" and in general all Ars - in the topics "Celts-redheads ..." and "Children of the Sun".
Saki - Scythians - later names of pastoral tribes. Sak - in Udm. attentive, sensitive, vigilant. Chips - from "rocks" - a cow, from ("and") - there, a place - people are cattle breeders. Scythians - this word remained in English scyth - a scythe.
The Irish call themselves Cymraeq - ky - awn, core, mer - people, egit - young - from a certain people, only one young core was left for a long journey to new lands.
Britons - can also be derived from "byryytyny" - choose, sort.
The invasion of the Anglo-Saxons is secondary in the British Isles. Prior to this, these tribes lived in the area of present-day Germany.
The sons of the Saks (sax-sons) - says that the Saxon tribes also chose the young for resettlement. The old and the weak remained in the steppes, climbed into the forests and mountains!??
Angles or An-Gauls - it looks like a little bit wrong Gauls (en -un -no), not wolves. or angle - angle - they wore something angular (as you know, the Saks had iron helmets on their heads).
Massagets - the name of the ancient tribes that roamed the Ural-Caspian steppe, can be determined almost exactly: mas - what, so - these, they, gete - to speak (what do they say?) - and this is the most ridiculous arrangement of the name of the tribe (see below) .
Tribes whose names are closer to modern times:
va (ya) tka - vyatichi (part of the tribe) - from cotton wool - hide,
kalyk - people;
measure - from measures - people;
muroma - pit, deepening;
meshchera - from me "h - steep (probably in the mountains), decisive -
were assimilated by the Slavic-speaking population who came from the steppes of the Black Sea region and the territory Western Europe, including a large proportion of Finno-Ugric borrowings in the language. However, at the same time, the non-assimilated part also included the neologisms of the Slavic languages in the speech.
Separating these paired borrowings is a lot of work.
It is obvious that shu-mers - from shu- light, or shud - happiness, mer (ya) - people - bright, happy people. It is possible that Merya is just the same Sumerians who "lost their happiness", rejected "shu" - light when moving to the north. Or maybe these are the Mari tribes, it would probably be worthwhile to draw linguistic parallels between these two languages.
====
The Moskal tribe - mo "ch- strength (or mo" s, compare Russian - power), kal - strength - that is, the strength of forces (there is Mount Moskal in the Southern Urals) left a mark on history in the slightly derogatory name of Russians in others Slavic languages (Ukrainian, Polish, Belarusian), probably because at some point there were a lot of people of a different language group (Vyatichi). Without knowing the true value, you can make a mistake. We can say that the second name, quilted jackets, which remained in the Ukrainian language, is not from the word "cotton wool" and clothes worn in winter, but just from the Udmurt name of the tribe - Vyatichi. (I remind you that "cotton wool" - hide, hide). The name of the capital of Russia - Moscow - retained a trace of the name of the tribe - Moskal - Mosk (al) -va - a place (va - part, offshoot of the tribe), where part of the former large community lived. The sacred name of Moscow is the place where the "power of forces" is located. Which is confirmed by the history of this city. Although, if you look at the map, it is quite far from the mouths of the rivers that gave rise to many other capitals of the world. (See the topic "Zyuratkul and the Burning Bush").
I read an article about representatives of the Dyakonovskaya (Andronovskaya) culture, who are now even impossible to restore, since they burned their bodies at the stake. It directly states that they came to the place of a different (Fatyanovo?) culture, and, obviously, forced them to leave in a slightly militant way (and these were most likely the ancestors of the Lithuanians). But then they lived quietly in this place for almost a thousand years, until guests arrived from Kyiv. Two hundred years before the arrival of the southern Slavs, the Finno-Ugric peoples changed their language and joined the community of the Drevlyans and Krivichi, like the Vyatichi.
----
Among the Krivichi, the second tribe that became the ancestor of the Russian people, and who most likely were at first close to the Balto-Lithuanians, but maybe Estonians (who are a Finno-Ugric people), however, modern Belarusians, most likely they are Krivichi, there was a very interesting snake cult. They kept monitor lizards at home and fed them milk.
If you look at the geographical map, you can clearly see that raising a large number of livestock is very convenient in the Mongolian steppes, the steppes adjacent to the Caspian Sea, in Altai.
The possibilities of these steppes were fully used by the ancient pastoralists. And from here many peoples went to conquer when, for example, dry years arose. It is hardly possible to feed a mass of cattle on dry grass. And, of course, it is worth going somewhere to the flood meadows to the north, where settled peoples lived. Cattle could be fed with grain. Hence the desire to take tribute from settled peoples, most likely in grain. Possessing great mobility, the nomadic peoples quickly assimilated the alien peoples, or changed their language during the next invasion from the Mongolian steppes. From here began the paths of many barbarians who destroyed the Roman Empire.
An ancient memory - energy connections - is still pulling former nomads settled in the west. Perhaps that is why there were completely incomprehensible from the point of view. sane person wars and displacements of people such as the crusades, the conquest of America, the invasion of Napoleon, the first and second world wars.
---
Astrological digression:
Astrologically, the movement of people to a new place of residence is associated with Jupiter - the planet of expansion, increase in space. He is associated with his house of possession - the 9th (sign of Sagittarius) and the 12th (sign of Pisces).
USA - have in their composition a large proportion of the ancient roots of nomads (sons of the Saks - sax-sons), if they promote constant movement as the basis of life (in natal chart USA - the sun is in conjunction with Jupiter, though in Cancer - the main movements still take place in their own home).
But the ancient basis of the people remaining on today's territory of the steppes and forests (former Saks and other tribes) is not nomads at all, but settled people.
Hence, it is very difficult to apply the psychology of nomads to sedentary peoples, it is very difficult to apply the principles that have been formed in a certain state of the West (including the Wild West) to settled states that have not rushed to other lands and villages for generations.
And to say that you need to change your place of work at least once every five years, as happens in the USA - for the settled population of the old woman of Europe and Russia and other similarly formed countries - is simply stupid. Nonsense.
In order to achieve any progress in life, settled peoples successfully use the energy of illumination, that is, the use of the energy flows of the Earth itself through their roots, like plants. Therefore, a strange country "e-go" arose literally from nothing (in Chinese - the country of surprises - Russia.
---
The tribes of the Bashkirs are the most ancient of the representatives of the Turkic-speaking population of the steppes of the Urals and the Caspian Sea. Are they not the descendants of the first invasion of the Mongol nomads, who moved the Aryans from their homes. Although the steppes are great, they did not get along together.
Since toponymy in the Urals largely has a Finno-Ugric basis, and a large percentage of the population of modern Bashkiria does not have a Mongolian gene component, we can again assume that the original Aryan population changed their language to the Turkic language.
The most interesting thing is that the Bashkirs themselves do not know, but only assume from which word the name of the tribe originated.
It is surprising that udm.yaz. retained the original basis of the names, which indicates a possible assimilation by newcomer tribes - the Finno-Ugric tribes, most likely due to the nomadic way of life, from which the Finno-Ugric tribes gradually moved away.
The name of the tribes Massagets (see above from the Udm. language - What do they say?), mentioned in the recorded chronicles, is well known now. But, judging by the sound
Translation, we can say that the word "Massagets" was originally just the name of a newcomer tribe in the tribes that lived in the steppes before him.
The Massagets (or maybe the Sakas, it is very difficult to judge this from the tablets that have not yet been deciphered - perhaps this is the ancestor of the English language ??? Komi ??? Udmurt ???) according to the descriptions, they differed in wedge-shaped hats on their heads, as well as in the custom of changing shape skull to wedge-shaped (ovoid) by winding the skull.
Bashkort (original name of the Bashkirs) - easily translated from Udm.
Bash - wedge, bushing; ko: rt - iron (There is an opinion that this is an Iranian word. Having searched in the dictionary, fortunately, now there are all kinds of dictionaries on the Internet, I did not find any correspondence kort - compare, dagger - dagger, or ko: rt with other languages, except for the nearest Mari and Komi languages, which speaks of its local origin.And this name of iron - see the topics "Iron", "Iron and metals" - bears a sign of origin in the form of a ring, a ball, in Genesis).
Since the tribe was distinguished by such hats, then the next. the meaning of the word "bash" - head, is simply connected with this particular feature of the newcomer Turks.
With the word bash in Udm.yaz. there are a few derivative words left: bashly - sensible (where ly - bone, cf. lyd - number, count - bones were originally considered, which indicates the cattle-breeding nature of the Udmurt tribe => and it is also interesting that arlyd - counting years - old man remained in English. like auld= modern. spelling old).
Bashlyk - from lyktyna, what comes to the head is a hood;
Bashlany - to start, from doe - desire (cf. English long);
Shoe - from a wedge-shaped pommel on the leg (makes - thigh, thigh - most likely, originally a shoe - something like large and long boots);
The tower is also connected with the wedge, nya - perhaps from nya-kyrtyny - to bend, nyalmytyny - to become sloping. Nya (on - in Russian) - this is clearly an angle (angle - angle in English - and immediately the question is: did the Angles ever wear something angular? Or is it still not Gauls - un-galls?)
---
The name of the people "Tatars" also has an obscure etymology from the point of view. today's knowledge about the coming of the Turks from Mongolia.
However, "ar" already speaks of the local Ural-Caspian region. Ar is udm. "year" or "year, age" (cf. English year) or a person walking through life as in one year. The word "hozh" in Udm. - the outlined circle, line, also resembles a "year". It is possible that this word is Russian. has to do with the solar circle and, if we recall the expression: "in the first circle", then, obviously, there are both the second and third circles of life. The annual circulation of the sun is embedded in the word "year-year".
So, based on the meaning of the words "ar" - this is a man-year-circle-sun. What is "tat"?
Udm.lang gives this: "tatu" - amicably, peacefully, in agreement. Tatars are a friendly circle of people, peaceful in nature. And, if you look at the history of the people, then its name is entirely justified. Even having an alien religion for the founding fathers of Orthodoxy, they managed to preserve their original beliefs (and, most likely, even more ancient than modern Islam). To trace the etymology of Tatar words from the point of view. the common kinship of the former nomadic peoples would be interesting. Interestingly, I recently read an article about the genotypic features of the Chechen people and ... it is close to the Udmurt. Chuvash and Russian genotypes, and the mountain Chechens are closer. Ancient migrations were reflected in the descendants.
It is also interesting that in the genotype of the Tatars there are genes similar to the genes of the people of the Middle East and the Dravidians (South India), which indicates the past mixing of nomads with the population of the places where they were before.
---
Armenians, Khaz-Ars, Ar-Abs, Ma-ari, Suv-Ars, Mad-Ars, Tat-Ars and just Udmurts-Vyatichi-Ars - all have AR in their composition - i.e. year, or the solar circle, or the life of a person at the basis of the name.
---
Just recently, I found another analogy and an interesting correlation of three languages, Mari, Udmurt and Russian.
How could they unite?
In just one word - artel.
I came to it through the site of the etymology of words from the point of view of the Tatar language. Obviously, those analogies that the Turkic language has (later I’ll find it, I’ve already forgotten, like ....), do not agree at all with the concept of an artel, a group of people who have gathered to produce certain things together.
And ... look at the Udmurt-Russian dictionary. Art or ard - side, neighboring side (English word - bastard - bast-yns - to take, ard - from the side). This word also correlates with the word ort - soul in Udmurt, or org - to organize, or horde - an organized community. What is el? This is the community, the people. Everything becomes clear - art-spruce - people, a community gathered from one side or the other, edges, places for conducting some kind of activity. It is obvious that in this case there is a correlation with the Kal - the people, since the energy of the incarnation Ka (kol - ball, circle) meets with the people, the el community - it turns out Ka-el or the later Kal - the people incarnated. Everything is so simple.
And why the Mari language? Yes, because the Republic of Mari El is called so - the people of the Mari. El - community, people.
---
It is interesting that ar- or ary in the Tatar language means "red" color. Obviously, in this case, the Turkic language simply fixed outside, as if a distinctive feature of the Aryans-Aryans. And this can be said about many words in the Tatar language, one has only to take the Tatar-Russian dictionary. The etymology of many words in Russian and other languages cannot be determined based on the Turkic languages, although they are still fond of this, since the Turks at one time managed to form their own state structure (there is an undoubted influence of centralization on the historical views of people - see the post "Driving Forces history"), but they are, though ancient, but still a newcomer population (unless, of course, they simply changed their language under the influence of an external force) on the territory of the Caspian steppes. At the same time, numerous borrowings from the Finno-Ugric languages in the Tatar or Bashkir languages \u200b\u200bcan be noted, which is natural, since many centuries have passed, multinational ties have left their mark on the languages.
---
It is obvious that the current Scots have some words in their language that have analogies in Russian, for example, the name scots itself - it is obvious that these are the words cattle, cattle breeders, then, oich is night, claideach is a sword-treasurer. This is just what I noted right away. But another name for the Scots is Gaelic or Gaels. And what could that mean? Everything is very simple from the point of view of the same Udmurt language. Ga is a modified "z:a" or "dza" or "tsa" (see posts on the topic "Etymology of the word Volga from the point of view of udm.yaz.", "Sun, king, Russia") - that is, fire , fever. Well, el - el is a community, a people. Translation: hot, bright, shining people. And the second name Albion - from the word Alba - white - this confirms the "bright" essence of Scotland. However, in the Udmurt language there is also such a description of the word Alba - al - scarlet, pink, well, Ba is the energy of Being (see posts on the topics of Ka and Ba). Fire of Being. Which is quite consistent with the passionate red-haired essence of Scotland, which has preserved many ancient beliefs through the centuries. And even retained their tribal tribal relations. Fire carries the Scots up the ladder of human ascension, one example of the Beatles and JK Rowling speaks volumes.
It can also be noted that the "redhead index", i.e. Availability a large number red-haired people in Scotland is also pronounced, as well as in Udmurtia and the Komi Republic.
---
As I wrote earlier, az - in the Udmurt language and not only in it, but, for example, in the language of the ancient Alans, and the current Ossetians, means - before, forward. Or front view, or full face, or facade, or face in English, which means face, facial image.
Interestingly, the same root -az- is associated with the root of coercion to act for a person and not only for him - "kaz" - in Russian. For example, the word "kaz-thread", "y (by) -kaz-yvat". In the Udmurt language, "kaz" turns into "kos": kosyny - indicate, the same in English - force - this is force (here, explicit for - for, as (c) person). The name of many peoples has this root: kaz-akhi, slightly modified - khaz-ar, ab-khaz... Kazakhs - Tengri, Khazars - ..., Abkhazians - ...
Yes, and the very name of the Russian word eye - could not do without a goal (oval) and az - in front.
By the way, Ab-Khazs are also connected with the connection of heaven and earth (see posts on the topic of Ka Energy), since Ab is a connection, a ray of energy, and the words: the shrine of Mecca - Ka-Ab-Ba shows this (Ka-Kol- Kal - a ball of manifestation energy, Ab - gravitational connection, beam, Ba - energy of Existence); Lake Ba-y-Ka-l and others ...
---
The name of the Mordvinian people is very interesting, which has rather distant dialects from each other - Erzya and Moksha. Well, firstly, the name itself is Mordovian, it is obvious that ma is "earth", ord is order, the organization of chaos into the form of earthly existence through third-party influence "urd" or "ard" (I recall that the English. the word "bast-ard" from bastyna - i.e. take, ard is a side, edge - a child taken, conceived from the side), va is a "branch" of a people born on earth, as well as the former people of Moscow ... or mos-cal-va.
It is interesting that "Erzya" is most likely an arrangement, a modification of "ar-dza" into the Mordovian language, i.e. "man of the crumbling light, people of the light" in Udmurt, the city of Ar-za-mas is still a well-known toponym (see the topic "People of the Light", "Arzamas and 36").
But moksha is a directly sacred name that has remained in Indian mythology as a synonym for Nirvana - a departure from the circle of incarnations, the wheel of Samsara. And this is the people of Nirvana, the people who have reached the peak of their energy capabilities to escape from the circle of generation on earth. Many toponyms on the territory of Mordovia confirm this and they largely repeat the names of the gods and goddesses of Egyptian mythology, which indicates ancient connections and the transfer of knowledge over a vast territory. It’s just that the Egyptians, due to historical features, managed to preserve the original names of the gods, even if they were aliens.
In the Udmurt language, moko is a bear, a scarecrow, a monster; shai is a shadow, or a graveyard...
---
Estonians - "Eston" in Udmurt means "stove", a source of fire. Compare the English word - stove.
It is surprising that Estonians have the highest index of white hair in their mass - true Aryans (look at the history of the Second World War!) - just like the Udmurts - the highest index of red hair (see the post "Celts are red ...") Could this circumstance be some kind of artificial selection in the ancient tribes, like "will we leave only white or only redheads, because we worship fire"? Why did this selection survive only among the Finno-Ugric peoples? However, the Russians were also noted for their blond hair, and their name from the Udmurt is quite logical - dz - white swans ... (see the posts "Geese-swans", "Children of the Sun").
So, if the Udmurts worshiped fire as an element, then the Estonians worshiped the fire that warms the house, driven into the stove. And they, most likely, were one of the first settled tribes in Europe. There are too many words in the Udmurt language that correlate with the nomadic way of life, including the clothes of the Udmurts. M. Semenova's book "Wolfhound" mentions the sacredness of the place of the stove, it was built closer to north side, as if protecting the dwelling from the cold northern winds.
In the word "Eston" you can also find another decoding by studying the Udmurt dictionary, since each syllable of the Udmurt language has its own meaning.
So, es is a modified "az" - see above.
Tone is "you", that is, an object that is outside the zone of "I", outside the zone of personality.
Connect me and you.
The fire of the original personality manifests itself outwardly. In the objects of the surrounding reality.
Again we see the sacredness of the name of the tribe, the original sign, which certainly still determines the deep essence of the people ... And, of course, such a name could not be accepted just like that, without the influence of people of light - the wisest and wisest of antiquity.
---
The Magyars and Hungarians also belong to the Ars, people who entered the annual circle of the sun.
Mad is a word, speech, song; ar is a person. People are storytellers, people are songwriters. From the Udmurt language. But what are Hungarians?
Very close in English. hungry to Hungarians - hungry??? (Now I noticed that the Uralskins in the Udmurt language are also starving. Why Ural mountains where, as it is known and roamed the ancient tribes of the Hungarians and Ars, are able to lead people to starvation ?? Funny!). In the Udmurt language there is an incomplete correspondence - congro - hook, congyrtyny - to cling and from Greek in geometry - congruent, i.e. mutually suitable, linked parts, images, etc. (There are studies of the Udmurt and Greek languages, at least five hundred words are identical there! It may be worth digging into Greek mythology, it is obvious that the most detailed classification of the forces of Nature in Greek mythology did not arise from scratch.) In English. hook - a hook, a little further.
So, my hypothesis is that Hungarians are people with hooks. And according to legend, there were ten tribes. People who cling to the environment with all their might and know how to adapt to it.
However, one can still divide the hung-hang-ar. It can be assumed that this is none other than the Ang-ly, only in a later modification, since they moved to Europe later. In Udmurt, an-ges is a chin, where an is the palate, ges is a comparative suffix, i.e. below. We look - below the sky, sons of the sky. And, perhaps, the same as English, where angle is the angle, the angle of reflection, or caps in the form of cones.
From the Turkish name of the Hungarians - onogur, it can be assumed that this is uno - a lot, a lot in Udmurt, gur - this is again a melody, a chant.
A complete coincidence of two names - mad-ar and uno-gur - people with a song, songs ... It's easy on the heart from a cheerful song ...
(Guess from the first time who the Indian gurus are???)
Most likely, it is. And it is not for nothing that the Verger song is still so different from others and recognizable in Europe.
And there is another tribe that is now in China - the Uighurs. Uy - evening in Udmurt, gur - song, speech. Evening song - beautiful! Are there peoples with a day song???
But why is there some discrepancy between Hungaria and Hungary? But there is a correspondence - the Hungarians and the supreme Kazakh, Bashkir deity Tengri.
Maybe Tengri is the patron of sound, song???
The word gur has several more meanings in the Udmurt language. One of them is a stove. Again - fire, limited by a wall, like the Estonians. From the gur in the Udmurt language comes the name gurt - a house, (t is a tyn - a fence, a wall).
So let's see what happens? Gur - and a song, a motive, and a stove, a fire. And even by analogy - people in whom the fire of life lives.
Obviously, the song in this case is not simple, but clearly a prayer to the place where a person is born and lives. And the guru in India is also a person who prays with the help of a motive, a song. The main action in the Muslim religion is also the singing of the holy book of the Koran by specially appointed people - muezzins (mu is not the lowing of cows, although it reminds you whether mu or ma is the land, homeland; well, dza is, as already mentioned, a crumbling light, scattering light, tsa-chi energy).
There are several surviving clan names of the Hungarian nomadic people.
Transparent from the point of view of the Udmurt language are - ono-gur (uno - a lot, gur - songs, stoves, fireplaces). Kutur-gur from ko:tyr - circle, gur - songs in a circle, stoves in a circle, round dance => possible location of dwellings of nomadic tribes in the parking lot - yurts with a stove inside. Or ko: tyr is a territory within sight, possession, i.e. country, compare country in English.
Sara-gur?? Ooty gur???
Barn - temporary building; Utyny is preservation, upbringing.
We can conclude: most likely these are not exactly the names of clans or clans, but simply the division of a certain tribe, and a nomadic tribe, according to work: some guard, others educate, others sing songs and pray, and then they unite together, for example, for winter time.
---
In fact, the Hungarians had other clan names (in Udmurtia they are called - vorshud - see the topic "Vorshud - steal a piece of happiness"). They were called - nyek, madieri, kyurt-dyarmat, taryan, ene, ker or kari, kesi or Kasi. The headquarters itself in the Wild Field (guess where? Well, of course, the current Ukraine, which is still shaking!) Was called Etelkez; the country itself in today's Hungarian is ursag or orszag.
From these names, one can approximately determine: ker is the core (cf. French couer - heart), keremet is the spirit of the ancestors; kyurt is ko:rt - iron; kesi - possibly from kesyny - to tear, kos-kaz - this is from ordering (see kaz-akhi, ab-khazy). In general, quite militant names.
Etelköz - approximately: these: z - dexterous, resourceful, nimble; el - people, people; kozmany - to bless, i.e. clever and resourceful and blessed people. Don't praise yourself...
In general, there are names that clearly bear the connection of the two languages, moreover, timeless, and, therefore, these were the names that were adopted at certain gatherings with the participation of priests, and therefore did not change over time. But there are names of tribes, clans, which have an implicit meaning and therefore were most likely the latest and have a touch of influence from other languages on Hungarian.
----
If you look at my topic "The Ball is just the beginning...", then you will immediately determine why the Bal-Kars are also people of the world, such as Ga-el - the Scots. Ba is being, ba-l is through a beam, through people, a ball of manifestation (cf. English ball), balli - in Udm. it is "shiny". Kar is a nest, a settlement.
Balkar - light, a ball of light that helped build the city, the settlement "kar".
Balga, one of the names of the Kazakh clans, Vorshuds - light crumbling, because "ga", this is a modified "dza" (see the topic "Etymology of the word Volga from the Udm. language")
---
About the Udmurts themselves, see the topic "The strange name of ud-murt".
In short: ud or uk is the preposition "without", mort or murt is "ma, mu - earth", ort is ord-a, organization, the same as in the word ko: rt - "iron " in Udmurt (see also about flame, fire, "o: r- er" - below). The people of the immortals, without the earthly organization of atoms, what causes the transition, Mort - death .... An amazing name for the people, don't you think???
---
The annals mention various tribes that earlier, before the arrival of the Turkic tribes, roamed the territory of the Ural-Caspian region. The Venedo-Alans are one of them. Wends are one of the Slavic tribes (how Slavic?), Alans are Ossetians who have settled in the North Caucasus today.
The biggest question is why, despite its large number (the territory of the distribution of the Ar tribes made up a vast part of Eurasia - Northeast China, Afghanistan, India, the Caucasus), did this group of tribes still leave ancient Turan? And now the historical description of this territory for some reason completely denies the previous millennia of development of the peoples of this area? Barbarians - that's what's left in the historical chronicles Western empires. But is "var-var" really a bad thing?
Var is a service, a service person, a slave - in Udmurt. "Yag" - forest, forest. "Var - yag" (there should be a postposition: "yn" - where from? from the forest) - i.e. Varangian - a forest man, and even in the service. Is it worth looking for some Ruriks from the north, if everything is right here, in the forests of the Russian Plain? Let me also remind you of other words with the root "yag" in Russian: yag-ode - wild berry, Baba-Yaga (yagyn - from the forest) - forest woman, snag - kor (log) - yaga (yagyn - from the forest) - log from forests, etc.
What strikes me most in my search for the etymology of Russian words is the complete denial of the etymology of Russian words from the Permian languages. Wherever they look, almost in the Indian language, Persian, Greek, Turkic. There are, of course, historical reasons for this, since the proclamation of the empire by Peter the Great, and before him the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible, and before him the planting of Christianity, and before him the invasion of Turkic tribes, etc. - completely blacked out the "local" view of the history of the tribes that made up the vast majority of people in the conquered territories. At the same time, written sources were lost (burned). So you have to come up with a new story with beautiful words (see. historical research A. Fomenko).
Many dialect words of the Russian language do not correlate with Western, southern languages, or with Turkic borrowings. But they correlate very well with the Permian languages. Here is the answer. Genetics also confirms the presence in the Russian people of the original autochthonous population of the Russian Plain, which by no means had the language of only the Slavic group, and the tribes that formed the current basis of the Russian people spoke the languages of the Permian group.
The presence of a historical taboo - fear, what if everyone starts speaking "non-Russian" again? - obviously. And in connection with this, the not entirely voluntary Slavicization of the autochthonous peoples of the places where Russia is now located is also obvious, otherwise this taboo would not exist. Dictionaries of languages of the Permian group were published in the 70s of the last century; just by opening the dictionary - you can find many, many words that are in Russian, but not in other Slavic languages. For example, the word "ball"; "sharyns" is to appear in Udmurt, sha is a shadow, this is light ... And other similar examples (see the topic "Celts are redheads ..."), but do we see them in etymological dictionaries? No.
---
Quote from Wikipedia:
Yurt - a portable frame dwelling with a felt covering among the Turkic and Mongolian nomads.
Name etymology
The most common meaning of the common Turkic word "jurt" is "people", as well as pasture, ancestral land. In the Kyrgyz and Kazakh languages, the word "Ata-Zhurt" means "Fatherland" is a synonym for the word "Motherland", literally: "Father's house". In modern Mongolian, the word yurt (ger) is synonymous with "home". In the Tuvan language, a yurt is pronounced "o:g", which, when added "-bo: (e) le", will form the word "family".
Wikipedia
The yurt is an invention of either the Turks, or the Mongols, or the Huns, made in the very area from which all these wild inhabitants flooded before becoming Siberian, Central Asian, European, etc. - somewhere in region of Inner Mongolia or slightly to the west.
So what is a yurt? The word "yurt" (yurt, jurt, jurd) is of Turkic origin. Among the Mongols (as well as among the Buryats, who are also almost Mongols), the yurt is called ger. Among the Turks, the word "yurt" originally meant a certain territory, possession, but gradually this name moved to the actual dwelling. Namely (in the most general case) - a dwelling based on a cylindrical wicker frame, covered with something to protect against rain, wind and cold, with a rounded or conical top. At the very top, a round hole is usually left for smoke to escape.
---
Question: What is the yurt for? And the name of the tribe?
If you noticed in the Mongolian language, as well as in the Permian languages, then here you can also notice - gur - but in the Mongolian language this is not a stove, but a community, a people. The stove there has a completely different name. From this we can draw an interesting conclusion that the "gur" tribes are not Mongolian, and migrated during the great migration of peoples not only to the west, but also to the east, which is confirmed by archaeological research.
Is there any correlation between fire and dwelling, herd or yurts?
There is an obvious analogy for the flame of fire in different languages. In Russian, it can be found in the word "bonfire" (see below). In English - fire, in Udmurt - To: ro - elder (plus here the fire is also twisted into a whirlwind - a toroid); then organize in Udmurt style loses r - gazeyans, hence - og (fire), hence God - Ba-og (Ba - being, compare - Ba-Ba), and even from here the word - Od-in, the god of Finnish mythology. Everywhere there is light and fire.
I mean: yur-ta is a place where a flame burns, a fire.
Fenced - tyn, suburban, as in the "herd" - a house with fire. What is the difference between "herd" and "yurt"? The fact that Ga - ur-tyn - is more durable, perhaps stone, more wooden. Hence the city. And also "City" in Udmurt - kar - a nest, or from "karyn" - to do.
Here it is also obvious that t-yur-k (al) is the people "kal", which has a fire "yur" or "ur", fenced outside the portable dwelling, the same and t-ur-k (al)-men-s - here is added transparent with t.sp. English men - people (cf. ar-myang-e). Such are the ancient connections of the former nomadic peoples, manifested in the language.
Further, I looked at the materials on the topic - the etymology of the word Kostroma. Obviously, this name contains - Ma or Mu - earth, earthly, material - as in the word "Kama"; "kostany" in Udmurt - "to roll", hence "deadwood", for a fire - a fire; for what: for fire - ir-o: r-yor-yur-ur - this is similar to English. fire - "flame", which is present in the word - ort-mort (ma-ort) - dead - court (Ka-ort - iron - see bash-kort above) and even the word Or-da and even the word yur-ta - a place where a flame burns, and a gur - a stove, and a city where there are many rivers, etc. Those. Kostroma - Persephone - is going from deadwood to burn it at the stake and bury Ma.
---
Bonfire in Udmurt - z: o: r (dzo: r). Lake Zyuratkul carries a fire-flame-bonfire. This is probably why they found the moose geoglyph there (see topics about Zyuratkul).
You can make one more assumption about the "gur".
It is possible that gur is a combination of the words "gu" - a pit in which a fire was made, ur is a modification of "yur", i.e. flame, heat of fire. Therefore, there is a difference between a herd - a capital house in the Udmurt style, and a yurt - a portable dwelling.
--
The tribes of "gur" can also be attributed to the American tribe of Indians - the Hurons. And they, too, "dance" from the stove.
Once I read one book with the mention of some phrases in the Comanche language - and noted very close words to English. But "com" in this case is the same as com in Russian (and in Udmurt), that is, an accumulation of particles in the form of an irregular ball (not an ideal accumulation, but effective!) And the words - command, commander (command , commander) - go from him. Those. "Comanche" is from the word "com" - a bunch.
The proximity of the Indian languages to the Altaic has been proven. But the Permian, the most ancient Aryan languages, for some reason, remain aloof from research, although they carry the clue to many names of ancient tribes (see above).
And here you can also speculate on the topic of the Altai tribes, for example, the Shors.
Exploring the astrological types of countries (see Separation: horoscopes of England and Scotland, the Sunset Zone), I found an undoubted correspondence of astrological events on the territory of Eurasia to the cardinal points and the zodiac map.
The most interesting thing is that somewhere there must be the middle of the continent (geographical? the center of mass of the Eurasian continent?), where, as it were, everything is "zero". And this is Altai.
It is Altai that is considered Shambhala... (See the topic "From Side to Side...")
So, about the middle ... I suddenly found out after watching a film on the theme of megaliths in Gornaya Shoria, wonderful, by the way. I myself was not there, but I lived nearby for almost three years in Novokuznetsk and visited those places a couple of times.
What can be noted? The people of the Shors - previously had a different, Ugric language (Uyghur? Hungarian?), although later they changed it to Turkic, close to Kyrgyz. But even now they separate themselves from the rest of the Kirghiz.
If you look at the topology of the Sayan Mountains, it is surprising that here you can also note some names that are completely translatable from the Udmurt language. For example, Tashtagol - tash - is "dense", that - this, goal - round, like "head-ova". Hearts, very beautiful and meaningful title.
So "shor", that's what the people call themselves, in Udmurt it is "the middle", there are still "shorkizhi" - Kizhiyans - to speak, conjure in Udmurt (see the island of Kizhi, famous for its wooden architecture), the people are also spoken, and the name "tor" also slips - this is "senior", and also the name of the totem is a crane, and this is also close to tor - "turi" in Udmurt.
It can also be noted that "shori" is "half" in Udmurt. Either the middle or half.
Most likely - Mountain Shoria - a middle country !!! Just like the empire of Qin, Xing, China (however, China clearly does not pull on the center of mass or geographical center, and the astrology of events confirms this).
No wonder everyone thinks that somewhere in the Altai, and this is next to the Sayans, there is a country of Shambhala (Shambalskyns - "discard" in Udmurt, something not of this world), and everyone stamps their feet on the famous Mount Belukha, where something they say there really is...
---
Types of light energy
There is a definition of light: o:r (as in the Udmurt word that: ro - elder) or yor (as in the word of the Russian language - a fire, let me remind you that "Costa" in Udmurt is "tumbled wood", that is, branches, firewood) . How can you define this light? Like a lightning light of several thousand volts coming from above (top ?? top? It is surprising that the English name coincides in spelling with the god Thor in the Scandinavian version, it is possible that this is simply a transfer of the signs of writing and runic letters into English in a slightly different pronunciation " top", which can also be judged by the English word circle - a circle, which, according to the original meaning, should be read "kirkl", but not sekl, see the topic "Celts are red, analogies ...") down (bottom, bottom? ?). Thor is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology. The Torah is a scholarly book considered sacred by the Jews.
But for some reason, there is no such god left in the Udmurt language. The Udmurts raised the sky (In), but not the god of fire and lightning.
There is also a definition of light, seemingly different from the previous one, but not quite: jur. As in the word "zyur" - a fire. Let us recall the transitional pronunciation from "o" to "u": zo:r - thunderstorm - in Udmurt. The transitional pronunciation of a syllable in the Udmurt language from o (yo) to u (yu) indicates that initially there was no strong difference between these two types of light. That is, this light was originally from the power of thunderstorm-lightning. From top to bottom (top - bottom)?
But in various names of tribes, for example, t-yur-ki, in the name of the dwelling of nomads - yur-ty, as well as in the name of the cardinal direction in Russian - south (from the word yugyt - light), it is clear that there is a difference "ё" from "yu".
My guess: yo - from top to bottom, yu - and the force is less, and the fire is associated with the surface, including the horizon line. And therefore, yur-ta is a place where a fenced-in fire burns. And the south is the light that is visible from the horizon (yugyt - light). However, then it is not clear why only one name remained in the Russian language - a fire. Is it really only out of great reverence for Perun the Thunderer?
And there is also y-ar - or z:ar (dzar) or heat (gar) For more details, see the topic "Etymology of the word Volga from the point of view of the Udmurt language".
---
I looked up the names of some clans in present-day Syria, including the name of the clan where the current Syrian President Bashar al-Assad comes from. This clan is called Kalbiya. Almost transparent with t.sp. in the Udmurt language: Kal is a people (see above), biyya is perhaps something connected with Genesis. The people who will always be (see the topic about the horoscope of Syria)
And the most interesting thing is when I read about all sorts of historical events in Syria, I came across one now notorious name of the people living in Russia - Marie. So it is quite possible that the Mari language or the Arabic language are in contact somewhere. I myself, having listened to native speakers, did not understand anything.
It can, however, be assumed that the difference in the languages of the meadow and mountain Mari did not happen by chance, but as a result of an unknown number of years spent by part of the people in the deserts of present-day Syria, and returned back together with the Volga Bulgars, the present Tatars, to their former ancient homeland. Multiple borrowings from Bulgar in the Mari language, therefore, are quite logical, since it was a joint resettlement. Most likely, the language of the mountain Mari is closer to the ancient basis than the meadow ones. Plus, of course, the influence of the Semitic languages of the Arabian Peninsula should also be felt.
Syria is one of the centers of the Arab Caliphate. We look - ar-abas - people-ares (see above), with a bunch of "ab" (see the topics "Energy of Ba and Ka ..."), as well as in the name of the Ka-Ab-Ba temple, carrying a semantic load connections of energy Ka (kol - rotation - rotation - ball) and Ba (Genesis).
The same for Mari: Ma-Ar-i - where Ma is the earth.
It can also be assumed that the Mari carry genes related to the representatives of the Arabian Peninsula, i.e. Arabs and Jews share a common genotype with them.
---
She was engaged in vorshuds, this is the same as clans in Scotland, only in Udmurtia, or teips in Chechnya, etc.
A lot of interesting things just from the name itself - vorshud.
Thief - from the word "crows" - i.e. "to steal" - a close meaning and even a word close in pronunciation, which speaks of the ancient connections between the Udmurt and Russian languages
As a result of reasoning and quotes from the Internet, it turned out that the "thief" is not exactly the thief who should be sent to places not so remote.
And a thief is a word that has no analogies in other Slavic languages, nevertheless, the Udmurt language gives the closest analogy from the word "vorany" - "to steal"; Hungarian and Uighur words - Op.
And the meaning of the word: va-or is a creature, a person who takes part of the va (twig) of fire (or) from the great fire of Thor, T-or is fire from above, millions of volts in one lightning. It seems that the god Thor did not give up fire so easily, and therefore he had to resort to all sorts of tricks so that Thor would not find out right away ....
But the most interesting thing is that both the energy of the Thief and the energy of Thor have a twisting moment, since - the gate - to turn around is similar to the word torus-oid, as if coming from Greek, right there and torsion fields were not drawn, etc.
So the very word Vor-shud also means the presence of torsion energy, gravitational energy, which then you need to carefully work with in order to get something...
---
Wa is still a kind of art, the work of T-va-or-eniya.
From a certain whole "O" - the original plus fire "Ra" (dza-zha-za-ga - let me remind you that this is a scattering light) - you need to create something. And so the person begins Ta-va-or-it. And we get - the goods. To-var - from the same group, as you can see. And who gets?
Var-var or var-yag (I remind you that this is "a service man from the forest" in Udmurt). Var - service. Var-it - to create something from a certain. Var-ra-va - a man twice skilled in service and creation, the Creator. But always from the whole one has to somehow single out a part, a branch of wa-.
Va-yat-el (as well as a ball) - this word also has no analogues in Slavic languages. And this is natural, since the word is not Slavic.
It turns out that the contact of the languages of the Permian and Slavic groups took place more than one year and not even one century, but many, many centuries, even if it is difficult to establish the original basis of the word even now.
Most of all, I like that the word "var-var" in this case turns out to be not quite what the ancient Roman authors had in mind, just as the word "Varangian" does not have direct Finnish roots at all. And quite accurately reflects the original meaning. "Va" - creation, the process of changing matter with the help of the power of "vi" - life. "Ar" - the annual circle, the zodiacal circle, the circle of the life of a human being. Wa-ar - twice. This is not "va-or", the one that, by the power of some art, is trying to split off part of the heavenly fire, branches ("va) of the eternal tree of life, but "va-ar" is akin to the "sculptor", which creates its life in the earthly circle ( va - to create, to unhook a part from the whole, "yat" in Udmurt "foreign, unfamiliar", any creation from the material will be alien in relation to the creator, "to yat" - that is, "cool" to create!). Double circle of "barbarians" "perhaps it comes at the expense of the imposition of the earthly and the heavenly ... (???) About the "Varangian" - it's simple, because "yag" is "forest, forest", and Baba Yaga, and Kor-Yaga, and ford -yaga - everyone exists in the forest ...
---
I decided to look at the etymology of the word "crisis", and for some reason it occurred to me to look at the name of the people "Kyrgyz".
There are, as it were, two pronunciations - kir-giz, and kir-giz.
Are there any differences between them?
Quote from internet:
Kirgi; s the name of the Turk. people. From Turkic. kyr;yz, chagat. kir;iz "Kyrgyz", Alt., Tel. kur;us (Radlov 2, 751 ff.). From Kazakh, Kirg., Tur., Azerb., Crimean-Tat. kуr "desert, field" (Radlov 2, 733 et seq.) and gizm;k "roam". Here is the Turk.-Bolg. ;;;;;; (Menander Prot., Fragm. 20; Müller, FHG. 4, 228b); see Markwart, Streifz. 354; UJb. 9, 89; Mladenov, Gesch. bulg. Spr. 17.
++++
From the Udmurt language transparently:
Kyr - steppe, and will, freedom, and wild.
Takyr - i.e. the place where the dirt is in its purest form, from here.
Kyr - close to omyr - air, dive - nose. And it all comes down to yr - or air in English, that is, air. In this case - ka - force (or stake - circle, ball), yr - air. Hence the freedom, wildness.
What is gyz.
It is also transparent from the point of view. Udmurt language: gyzy - slow, quiet, and affectionate
That is, a Kyrgyz is a person who loves freedom, the steppes are a nomad, and are in no hurry, love to take care of themselves and the herd
I read that among the southern (mountainous) Kirghiz about 20% are Finno-Ugric genes. Therefore, the analogy that "emerges" from the Udmurt language is not surprising.
About kyr-gyz - see the topic "Some names of ancient tribes with t.z.udm.yaz."
The second name, Kirghiz, seems to me to be more in line with the tradition of introducing fire, light into the name of the tribe (see Balkars, Russ, Turks).
Kir - from kirdans - fall, fall, kirgans - fall, fall. That is - kir - is connected with the process of descent down.
What is "giz" - from "gizya" - a particle, a fragment, a spark. That's where it is - light and fire.
Thus, it can be assumed that the Kirghiz is a shooting star, a spark that fell on the Earth. How beautiful!
People who fell into generation from the fire and light of the universe.
---
What is better? The Kyrgyz is a nomadic man with a philosophical attitude to life, he is in no hurry to go anywhere. Kirghiz is a spark, a star that has fallen [from the sky].
I think all titles are good. That's why both stayed. Ancient people were poets, therefore the names of different tribes reflected and reflect their dreams and their lives.
By the way, there is an interesting analogy with the Russian word "kiryat" - kir - to fall, to fall out, "yat" - someone else's, unfamiliar - that is, literally "to precipitate." Many slang words in Russian are simply modified Finno-Ugric expressions. Why? Probably because these tribes at one fine moment turned out to be outcast in reality when the union of Slavic tribes arose.
The word "cross" in the Udmurt language also changed into "kyros". Seems close, but...
Cyrus - fall into generation. From where - from God, here God is osto, compare "hosanna", "overshadow", etc. the words.
--
By the way, the name of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, originally from modern Turkestan on the territory of modern Turkey, Khan Osman, is associated with "OS".
Os is the name of a god. Man is a person. Divine man (cf. G-os-under).
The name of the Egyptian god Osiris is also associated with "os". God accepted the cross as a symbol of the new birth at his departure. The Christian religion in many ways comes from this cult. So, it is not clear what is primary "kir-os" or "cross" ...
--
As well as the Giza plateau, i.e. "a spark, a fragment of the sky", on which the pyramids of Egypt are located.
Gizy is also gu - pit, or go - path, izy - from the word "from" - a stone.
That is, the tranquility of the Giza - from a stone, from eternal sleep.
From Dahl's explanatory dictionary:
GIZA m. pl. thief. lower abusive nickname of courtyard people; serf, lakala, smerd, boor
Thus, there were "wild, steppe" Giza. And there were those who fell into slavery.
Here is another lost tribe in history.
What could the Giza do?
Most likely, they built all sorts of necropolises, mausoleums, dolmens, etc. structures. Therefore, the name of the plateau remained, where there was a large necropolis of Egypt by the name of the tribe. It came from the steppes of Eurasia along with the flow of the Hyksos and other tribes during the Great Migration.
In Russia, perhaps, there is also a mention of settled giza, who were able to build somewhere in the outskirts.
A very interesting conclusion about present-day Kyrgyzstan in connection with the past activities of the Giza. It just has to be littered with necropolises. However, the habitation of the former tribe may be in a completely different place on the territory of the Caspian Sea.
But, most likely, the Giza, as a tribe, moved to the territory of present-day France. The de Guise dynasty is widely known in the history of France. Guise - giz - the word retained in itself - gu - pit, and from - a stone in Udmurt.
Obviously, there will be some connections between the Kyrgyz, Coptic and Lorraine dialects of French. Although they seem to be languages different groups. By the way, doesn't it remind you of a Coptic digger? As well as Ptah - a bird and many other gods, who most likely were not born in Egypt. But they remained there in their most recorded form for future generations of historians.
There are also several villages with "giz" - in the Caucasus. Moreover, Irgiz is a "star", sort of like from Turkish.
--
Some digression: with the word stone - from, the notorious diagnosis of a "split" personality, an incorrect assessment of reality - sh (a) - from - of ofrenia, is also associated. "Shai" - a shadow or light, "from" - a stone or asleep. A soul turned to stone, asleep, and therefore not able to correctly assess reality.
A bit of "ir"
Obviously, "ir" is the accumulation, or the construction of the form. This is what "ka-ir" says, i.e. kol-ir - the formation of a body in the form of a ball (see topics about the energies of Ba, Ka). Or take the word "fat" (zhi is the energy of light, or qi, as in Chinese), where this accumulation is clearly visible (in English gear). Live, live...
We also recommend
Smartphone xperia z5 premium black
Download toilet paper business plan
Description Nokia X2 dual sim on the Android platform, powerful processor and support for two sim cards
Is it possible to open a hostel in an apartment?
Services to the public: the most promising business ideas
How to start farming?
Loading...