Automated workplace of a specialist. Automated workplace for various categories of workers on the example of LLC "theory"
State educational institution
higher professional education
"Russian Customs Academy"
St. Petersburg named after V.B. Bobkov branch
Russian Customs Academy
Department of Informatics and ITT
on the topic "Automated workplace of a specialist"
Performed:
5th year student
full-time education
Faculty of Economics
groups 541
Vershinina Irina
Introduction
The problem of automation of production processes and management processes, as always, has been and remains relevant in the national economy. The need to automate the management of the national economy and its links is explained by the tasks of facilitating the work of managerial personnel, curbing the growth of their numbers, caused by the development of production; the complication of industrial relations; increase in the volume of management functions. An important role is played by the task of matching the technical base of management with a similar base of production, in relation to which automation is carried out.
At the present stage of automation of production management, the most promising is the automation of planning and management functions based on personal computers installed directly at the workplaces of specialists. These systems are widely used in organizational management under the name of automated workstations (AWPs). This will allow people who do not have special knowledge in the field of programming to use the system, and at the same time will allow supplementing the system as needed. The current scale and pace of introduction of management automation tools in the national economy with particular urgency poses the task of conducting comprehensive research related to a comprehensive study and generalization of the problems that arise in this process, both practical and theoretical.
This essay discusses the concept of AWS and its main characteristics. This topic is very relevant in our time of modern technology and innovation. The active implementation of the automated workplace leads to the improvement and acceleration of production processes, and, accordingly, to the growth of economic indicators in general.
§ 1. The concept and general characteristics of the workstation
Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.
For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles of creating workstations should be general: consistency, flexibility, sustainability, efficiency. According to the principle of consistency, workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose.
The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.
The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWP system must perform the main functions, regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that malfunctions in its individual parts should be easily eliminated, and the system's performance should be quickly restored.
The efficiency of the workstation should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.
AWP is a set of software and hardware that provides human interaction with a computer, provides the ability to input information and its output. Most often, the workstation is part of an automated control system (ACS). AWP - can be defined as a set of information, software and technical resources that provide the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area.
According to their purpose, workstations are computer systems located at the workplaces of specialists, which serve to automate their work. The role of workstations is determined by the nature of their participation in the management process of a particular area of production activity.
AWP as a tool for rationalization and intensification of management activities is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of the workstation is information and reference services. Although this function is inherent in any workstation to one degree or another, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the user category. Workstations have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area.
AWP has the following properties:
availability. (The set of technical, software, information and other means available to the user);
the possibility of creating and improving projects for automated data processing in a specific field of activity;
data processing by the user;
interactive mode of interaction between the user and the computer both in the process of solving control problems and in the process of their design.
The following main functions of the ARM can be distinguished:
Satisfying the information and computing needs of a specialist;
Minimum response time to user requests;
Adaptation to professional needs;
Ease of mastering work on the workstation; - Ability to work in the network.
The ARM usually includes:
A set of software tools and software (applied and auxiliary programs);
Complex of information and methodological support
The use of workstations in a modern office facilitates the work of a specialist as much as possible, freeing up time and effort that were previously spent on performing routine data collection operations and complex calculations for creative, science-based activities in solving professional problems.
The advantages of implementing AWP are:
Automation of labor, the use of labor-saving technologies (for example, the use of computers);
Improving production safety (when used in industry);
Faster management decision making;
Mobility of workers;
Increasing labor productivity
The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and workload are properly distributed between a person and machine tools for processing information, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the workstation become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.
§2. Purpose and types of workstation
industrial workstation
The use of workstations in a modern office facilitates the work of a specialist as much as possible, freeing up time and effort that were previously spent on performing routine data collection operations and complex calculations for creative, science-based activities in solving professional problems. The purpose of the implementation is to improve the following indicators:
automation of labor, the use of labor-saving technologies (for example, the use of computers);
improving production safety (when used in industry);
faster management decision making;
mobility of workers;
increase in labor productivity
To characterize the workstation, we can single out the main components of the information technology that implements it. These include:
Technical and hardware support (computers, printers, scanners, cash registers and other additional equipment);
Information support (standards of documents and unified forms, standards for the presentation of indicators, classifiers and reference information);
Network and communication devices (local and corporate networks, e-mail).
The characteristics of these components determine the level of the workstation, its purpose and features. Workstations are designed to provide conditions for comfortable, high-performance and high-quality work of a specialist and must meet the following requirements:
the user interface should be simple, convenient and accessible even to an unprepared user. It should contain a hint system, preferably in a demonstration form (video, sound, animation);
it is necessary to ensure the safety of a specialist and the fulfillment of all ergonomic requirements (comfort, color and sound gamut corresponding to the best perception, convenience in the location of information and the availability of all the means necessary for work, a unified style of performing operations, etc.);
the user of the workstation must perform all actions without leaving the system, therefore, it is required to be equipped with all the necessary operations;
ensuring the uninterrupted operation of the workstation should guarantee the user the timely completion of tasks, in accordance with the work schedule. Failures in production are unacceptable;
rational organization of work of a specialist creates comfortable working conditions and increases the productivity of a specialist;
AWP software must be compatible with other systems and information technologies, therefore the most valuable technologies are those that combine several AWPs.
§3.Principles used in the creation of workstations
The creation and use of workstations is based on a number of general principles for designing data processing systems:
The principle of maximum orientation to the end user. This principle is implemented by creating special means of adapting the workstation to the level of user training and to the possibility of his learning and self-learning, so the workstation is often supplied with special demonstration videos. It is necessary that the input of new data and the correction of information be accompanied by automation of operations, built-in control and a hint system, which allows even an unskilled worker in the computer field to quickly learn how to work in the workstation.
Problem orientation. Each workstation specializes in solving a certain class of tasks, united by a common data processing technology, unity of operation modes, unity of data processing algorithms.
The principle of matching the information needs of users to the technical means used. The characteristics of the technical means used must correspond to the amount of information and algorithms for its processing. This means that only after a thorough analysis of the user's information needs, one can begin to determine the composition and functions of the workstation.
The principle of creative contact between AWS developers and their potential users. The joint participation of the user and the developer in the creation of the workstation helps to better understand the problem situation, stimulates the intellectual activity of the future user of the workstation and, ultimately, improves the quality of the workstation.
Complete documentation, which should contain explanations for the tasks performed using the workstation, instructions for installing and operating the workstation, instructions for filling out and maintaining input and output documents.
§4. Workstation and prospects for its development
The current scale and pace of introduction of management automation tools in the national economy with particular urgency poses the task of conducting comprehensive research related to a comprehensive study and generalization of the problems that arise in this process, both practical and theoretical. In recent years, the concept of distributed systems for managing the national economy has emerged, which provides for local processing of information. To implement the idea of distributed control, it is necessary to create automated workstations (AWPs) based on professional personal computers for each level of control and each subject area. Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work. For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles of creating workstations should be general: consistency, flexibility, sustainability, efficiency. According to the principle of consistency, workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose. The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements. The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWP system must perform the main functions, regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that malfunctions in its individual parts should be easily eliminated, and the system's performance should be quickly restored. The efficiency of the workstation should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system. The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and workload are properly distributed between a person and machine tools for processing information, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the workstation become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists. The development of electronics has led to the emergence of a new class of computers - personal computers (PCs). The main advantage of a PC is its relatively low cost and at the same time high performance. So, for example, if we analyze the characteristics of large computers of the early 60s, minicomputers of the early 70s and PCs of the 80s. , it turns out that the performance is about the same. Low cost, reliability, ease of maintenance and operation expands the scope of the PC, primarily through those areas of human activity in which computers were not previously used due to the high cost, complexity of maintenance and interaction. These areas include the so-called institutional activities, where the use of PCs.
Conclusion
In recent years, the concept of distributed systems for managing the national economy has emerged, which provides for local processing of information. To implement the idea of distributed control, it is necessary to create automated workstations (AWPs) based on professional personal computers for each level of control and each subject area.
For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles of creating workstations should be general: consistency, flexibility, sustainability, efficiency.
The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and workload are properly distributed between a person and machine tools for processing information, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the workstation become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.
List of sources used
1. Automated workplace for statistical data processing / V.V. Shurakov, D.M. Dayitbegov, S.V. Mizrokhi, S.V. Yasenovsky. -
M.: Finance and statistics, 1990. - 190 p.: ill.
Appak M.A. Automated workplaces based on personal computers. - M.: Radio and communication, 1989.-176 p.: ill.
Automated systems for processing accounting and analytical information /
V.S. Rozhnov, V.B. Lieberman, E.A. Umnova, T.V. Voropaev. - M.: Finance and
statistics, 1992. - 250 p.
Information systems for leaders / Ed. F. I. Peregudova M.: Finance and statistics, 1999.
Computer technologies in personnel services / M.A. Vinokurov, R.D. Gutgarts, V.A. Parkhomov - I.: IGEA Publishing House, 1997. - 198 p.
Automated workplace (AWS) - a complex of computer equipment and software, located directly at the employee's workplace and designed to automate his work within the specialty.
Automated workplaces must be created strictly in accordance with their intended functional purpose. However, the general principles for creating workstations remain unchanged, they include:
Consistency;
Flexibility;
sustainability;
Efficiency.
The principle of consistency means the following: an automated workplace should be a system of interconnected components. At the same time, the structure of the workstation must clearly correspond to the functions for which this workstation is created.
The principle of flexibility is of great importance in the creation of modern and efficient workstations. This principle means the possibility of adapting the workstation to the proposed modernization of both software and hardware. At present, when the rate of obsolescence of software and hardware is constantly growing, compliance with this principle is becoming one of the most important conditions for creating workstations.
To ensure the principle of flexibility in real working automated workplaces, all subsystems of a single workstation are implemented as separate, easily replaceable modules. To avoid incompatibility problems when replacing, all elements must be standardized.
The principle of sustainability is of great importance. It consists in performing the functions inherent in the workstation, regardless of the impact of both internal and external factors. In the event of failures, the performance of the system should be quickly restored, the malfunctions of individual elements should be easily eliminated.
The principle of efficiency implies that the costs of creating and operating a system should not exceed the economic benefits from its implementation. In addition, when creating an automated workplace, it must be taken into account that its effectiveness will be largely determined by the correct distribution of functions and workload between the employee and the computer means of information processing, the core of which is a PC. Only if these conditions are met, the workstation becomes a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.
The practical experience of using workstations allows us to highlight the following requirements for an efficient and fully functioning workstation:
Timely satisfaction of the information needs of the user;
Minimum response time to user requests;
Adaptation to the level of user training and the specifics of the functions performed by him;
The ability to quickly train the user in the basic methods of work;
Reliability and ease of maintenance;
Friendly interface;
Ability to work as part of a computer network.
The means necessary for the operation of the operating workstation are shown in Figure 12
Figure 12 - AWP scheme
5.5 Personal computer as the basis of the workstation - its main
subsystems
A modern personal computer consists of several main blocks or nodes:
system block;
monitor;
keyboards;
mouse manipulator.
A personal computer, or the main hardware component of a computer, consists of a processor, memory, and input/output devices; each component is represented by one or more modules. For a computer to fulfill its primary purpose of running programs, the various components must be able to communicate with each other.
CPU. It controls the actions of the computer, and also performs the function of data processing. If there is only one processor in the system, it is often called the central processing unit (CPU).
main memory. This is where data and programs are stored. Typically, this memory is temporary. It is often referred to as real, random access, or primary memory.
I/O devices. Serve to transfer data between the computer and the external environment, consisting of various peripheral devices, which include secondary memory, communication equipment and terminals.
System bus. Certain structures and mechanisms that provide interaction between the processor, main memory, and I / O devices.
A simplified block diagram showing the main functional components of a computer system in their relationship is shown in Figure 13. Later we will get acquainted with these devices.
Figure 13 - Scheme of a personal computer
Automated workplace - an individual complex of hardware and software designed to automate the professional work of a specialist and provides preparation, editing, search and display and printing of documents and data necessary for him. The workstation provides the operator with all the tools necessary to perform certain functions.
Synonyms: workstation
See also: Workstations Automated systems
Finam Financial Dictionary.
See what "Workstation" is in other dictionaries:
automated workplace- AWP Software and technical complex AS, designed to automate activities of a certain type. Note Types of workstations, for example, are workstations of the operator of the technologist, workstations of the engineer, workstations of the designer, workstations of the accountant, etc. [GOST 34.003 90] ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook
- (AWP) the workplace of the operator, dispatcher, designer, technologist, etc., equipped with computer technology for automating processing processes and displaying information necessary to complete the production task ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (AWP), the workplace of the operator, dispatcher, designer, technologist, etc., equipped with computer technology for automating processing processes and displaying information necessary to complete the production task ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (AWP) a complex of technical means of computer technology that ensures effective interaction of the user (designer, designer, researcher, etc.) with a computer-aided design system (including aviation ... ... Encyclopedia of technology
AWP is a software and hardware complex designed to automate the activities of a certain official from the users of automated systems. Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Emergencies Dictionary
Automated workplace- Automated workplace, workstation (workstation): a certain combination and spatial arrangement of production equipment in a production environment, the parameters of which are determined by the production program ... Source: ... ... Official terminology
automated workplace- 3.1 workstation; AWP (local control station): Operator's workplace with means of control and management of automated equipment. Source: GOST R ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
- (AWP) software and hardware complex designed to automate activities of a certain type. SCADA systems are usually used in the development of workstations to control technological equipment. AWP combines programmatically ... ... Wikipedia
automated workplace- ‘workplace’ Syn: workstation, workstation ... Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary
- (AWP) the workplace of the operator, dispatcher, designer, technologist, etc., equipped with computing facilities. technology for automating processing processes and displaying the information necessary to carry out production. tasks … Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary
Books
- Automated workplace of an economist, V. D. Kovaleva, V. V. Khisamudinov. The essence of the automated workplace (AWP) as a means of implementing new information technologies in organizational and economic management is disclosed. The tasks to be solved are formulated…
- Automated workplace of an economist: textbook. allowance (neck) , Kovaleva VD. The essence of the automated workplace (AWP) as a means of implementing new information technologies in organizational and economic management is disclosed. The tasks to be solved are formulated…
AUTOMATED WORKPLACE
12.1 Automated workplace of a specialist: purpose and specifics of the tasks to be solved
Automated workstation (AWP) is a set of methodological, linguistic, technical and software tools that allow organizing the work of end users in a certain subject area. The specifics of the workstation - if earlier computer users were people with special programming and engineering training, now PC users are people of a wide variety of professions, as a rule, who do not have such special training.
Therefore, it is necessary to provide each PC user with the opportunity to work in terms familiar to him, to operate with the concepts and rules that make up the essence of his profession.
AWS has a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area. The localization of the workstation allows for the rapid processing of information immediately upon its receipt, and the results of processing can be stored for an arbitrarily long time at the request of the user.
In the context of the implementation of the management process, the purpose of introducing an automated workplace is to strengthen the integration of management functions, and each more or less "intelligent" workplace should provide work in a multifunctional mode.
In the most complex systems, workstations can be connected through special equipment not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems).
The capabilities of the created workstations depend on the technical and operational characteristics of the computers on which they are based. Any configuration of the workstation must meet the general requirements for the organization of information, technical, software.
An automated workplace (AWS) can be defined as a set of information, software and technical resources that provides the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area.
The creation of an automated workplace assumes that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computers, and the economist performs some of the manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in preparing management decisions. Personal equipment is used by the user to control production and economic activities, change the values of individual parameters in the course of solving the problem,
as well as input of initial data into AIS for solving current problems and analysis of management functions.
Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.
For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles for creating workstations should be:
- systematic;
– flexibility;
- stability;
- efficiency;
– maximum focus on the end user;
- problem orientation to the solution of a certain class of problems;
– ergonomics;
- the principle of matching the information needs of the user to the technical
funds;
– the principle of creative contact between workstations and their potential users.
According to the principle of consistency, workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose.
The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.
The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWP system must perform the main functions, regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that malfunctions in its individual parts should be easily eliminated, and the system's performance should be quickly restored.
The efficiency of the workstation should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.
The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and workload are properly distributed between a person and machine tools for processing information, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the workstation become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.
Workstation as a tool for rationalization and intensification of managerial
activity is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of the workstation is information and reference services. Although this function is inherent in any workstation to one degree or another, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the user category.
Workstations have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area. Professional workstations are the main tool for communication between a person and computer systems, playing the role of autonomous workplaces. Workstations perform decentralized simultaneous processing of information at the workplaces of performers as part of a distributed database. At the same time, they have access through the system device and communication channels to the PC and database of other users, thus ensuring the joint functioning of the PC in the process of collective processing.
AWS created on the basis of personal computers is the simplest and most
a common version of the workstation for workers in the field of organizational management. Such a workstation is considered as a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides a specific employee (user) with all types of support exclusively for the entire session of work. This corresponds to the approach to designing such a component of the workstation as internal information support, according to which the information fund on magnetic media of a particular workstation should be at the exclusive disposal of the user of the workstation. The user himself performs all the functional duties of converting information.
The creation of a PC-based workstation provides:
Simplicity, convenience and user friendliness;
Ease of adaptation to specific user functions;
Compact placement and low requirements for operating conditions;
High reliability and survivability;
Relatively simple maintenance organization.
An effective mode of operation of the workstation is its functioning within the local area network as a workstation. This option is especially expedient when it is required to “distribute” information and computing resources among several users.
Typical structure of the workstation
The creation of an automated workplace for organizational management systems involves their structuring and parameterization at the design stage. The structuring of the workstation includes a description of the operating environment: supporting and functional subsystems and connections between them, interfaces with the user and hardware, information and software tools
Parametrization provides for the selection and study of parameters selection and study of the parameters of hardware, software and information tools that meet the requirements and restrictions formed during structuring
Structurally, AWS includes functional and supporting parts. The functional part defines the content of a specific workstation and includes a description of a set of interrelated tasks that reflect the features of the automated functions of the user's activity. The development of functional support is based on the user's requirements for the automated workplace and its functional specification, which includes a description of the input and output information, means and methods for achieving the reliability and quality of information, the carriers used, and communication interfaces.
Usually, this also includes descriptions of means of protection against unauthorized access, system recovery in failure situations, management in non-standard cases. The supporting part includes traditional types of support: information, software, technical, technological, and others.
Information support includes a description of the organization of the information base, regulates information communications, predetermines the composition and content of the entire information display system.
AWP software is divided into general and functional. General software is supplied with a PC and includes operating systems, application programs that extend the capabilities of operating systems, dialog software, and others.
General software is designed to control the operation of the processor, organize access to memory, peripheral devices, launch and control the processor, execute application programs, and ensure the execution of programs in high-level languages.
Functional software is designed to automate the solution of functional tasks, includes universal programs and functional packages. When designing these software tools, it is necessary to follow the principles of user-centric development.
The set of requirements for software and hardware is displayed on a variety of user functions, and this allows solving the problem of professional user orientation. AWS hardware is a complex of technical means of information processing based on a PC, designed to automate the functions of a specialist in the subject and problem areas of his professional interests. The workstation of a specialist in the field of organizational management is usually based on a PC for individual or collective use.
The technological support of the workstation is designed to organize the technological process of using the workstation in relation to the complex of tasks to be solved, corresponding to the functions of a specialist. The technological process is a set of functional works, including the provision of input, control, editing and manipulation of data, accumulation, storage, search, protection, and receipt of output documents. Due to the fact that the user is, as a rule, a member of a certain team and performs certain work in it, it is necessary to provide for the technological interaction of performers in solving problems, to ensure the conditions for the joint work of specialists. These provisions should be reflected in
qualification requirements and job descriptions of AWP users.
AWP classification
A number of classification features can be used as the basis for the classification of AWS. Taking into account the areas of application, it is possible to classify the workstation according to the functional feature:
1. AWP of administrative and managerial personnel;
2. Workstation of a designer of radio-electronic equipment, automated control systems, etc.
3. Workstation of a specialist in the field of economics, mathematics, physics, etc.
4. Workstation for production and technological purposes.
An important classification feature of the workstation is the mode of its operation, according to which single, group and network modes of operation are distinguished. In the first case, the workstation is implemented on a separate PC, all the resources of which are at the exclusive disposal of the user. Such a workplace is focused on solving non-standard, specific tasks, and low-power computers are used for its implementation. In the group mode of operation on the basis of one computer, several workplaces are implemented, united according to the principle of administrative or functional community. In this case, more powerful computers and rather complex software are required.
The group mode of operation is usually used to organize distributed data processing within a separate department or organization to serve stable groups of specialists and managers. The network mode of operation of the workstation combines the advantages of the first and second. In this case, each workstation is built on the basis of one computer, but at the same time it is possible to use some common computer network resources. One of the approaches to the classification of workstations is their systematization by types of tasks to be solved.
The following groups of workstations are possible:
1. To solve information and computing problems;
2. To solve the problems of preparing and entering data;
3. To solve information and reference problems;
4. To solve accounting problems;
5. To solve the problems of statistical data processing;
6. For solving problems of analytical calculations.
Reasonable attribution of workstations to a certain group will contribute to a deeper and more thorough analysis, the possibility of a comparative assessment of various similar workstations in order to select the most preferable.
A more complex form is an AWP using a PC as
intelligent terminal, as well as with remote access to the resources of the central (main) computer or external network.
In this case, several PCs are connected via communication channels to the main computer, while each PC can also work as an independent terminal.
device.
In the most complex systems, workstations can, through special equipment,
connect not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems, etc.).
The capabilities of the created workstations largely depend on the technical
operating characteristics of the computer on which they are based. In this regard, at the design stage of an automated workplace, requirements are clearly formulated for the basic parameters of technical means for processing and issuing information, a set of component modules, network interfaces, ergonomic parameters of devices, etc.
A prerequisite for the functioning of the workstation is technical support. This is a reasonably chosen set of technical means for equipping them.
Information processing tools - computers of different capacities and types - form the basis of the technical support of computer networks. A characteristic feature of the practical use of technical means in organizational and economic management at present is the transition to decentralized and network processing based on a PC.
If a PC is used as an workstation of a small local network, on which all the information necessary for work is centrally stored, the amount of information being processed is small. The speed of work is determined not by the speed of the computer, but by the speed of the dialogue between the operator and the machine. It follows from this that in this case a PC with low speed and a minimum amount of RAM is quite acceptable.
In another case, if the computer is intended for the regular preparation of voluminous documents and uses large amounts of information for this, it is necessary to install powerful machines with a large amount of external and internal memory.
The information content of the automated workplace in determining the range of users and clarifying the essence of the tasks they solve is carried out by the information support of the automated workplace. In the field of organizational management, users can be roughly divided into three categories:
managers, management staff and maintenance staff. Developed workstations for different categories of users differ in the types of data presentation. For example, service personnel usually deal with the internal data of the organization, solve repetitive tasks, and use, as a rule, structured information.
Managers require both internal and external data to implement a management goal or decision.
The use of workstations should not disrupt the rhythm of work familiar to the user. Workstations concentrate the user's attention on the logical structure of the tasks being solved, and not on the characteristics of the software system that implements them. However, if the action specified by the system is not performed, the user must know the reason, and information about this must be displayed on the screen.
The Orion system is an object-oriented system designed for
organization of the workplace of the duty operator of the security service and management of the following subsystems: security and fire alarms, access control, video surveillance, fire automation control, management of engineering subsystems
The operator of the 'Orion' system works directly with the 'Operational task of the system' and must use the following commands and functions of this program:
1) program launch and operator identification;
2) change of duty;
3) arming and disarming zones and sections;
4) handling of alarms;
5) running control scripts;
6) management of access control elements;
7) display of statistics and regulation of smoke and dust thresholds;
8) start the screen saver;
9) disabling the alarm sound notification;
10) viewing the list of connected devices;
12) viewing the status of the program;
13) switching between floor plans;
14) receipt of a report for the shift;
15) regular shutdown of the program.
Also observe the 'Procedure in the event of an operating system failure'.
An automated workplace can be defined as a set of information, software and technical resources that provide the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area of the management process.
Automated workstation (AWS) - a workplace for personnel of an automated control system or other information processing system (for example, a planner's workstation in an automated control system, an accountant, an economist-analyst), equipped with a personal computer (which is connected to a local computer network and other information networks), as well as special software designed to solve the tasks of the user of the workstation.
The creation of automated jobs suggests that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computers, and the manager performs some of the manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in preparing management decisions.
Personal technology is used in the process of user management to control production and economic activities, change the values of individual parameters in the course of solving a management problem, as well as enter initial data to solve current problems and analyze management functions.
An automated workplace as a tool for rationalizing and intensifying management activities is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of an automated workplace is information and reference services. Although this function is inherent in any workstation to one degree or another, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the user category.
Automated workplaces have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area of the management process. Professional workstations are the main tool for human communication with computer systems, playing the role of autonomous workplaces, intelligent terminals of large computers, workstations in local networks. Automated workstations have an open architecture and are easily adapted to problem areas of management processes.
Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.
For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles of creating workstations should be general: consistency, flexibility, sustainability, efficiency.
According to the principle of consistency, workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose.
The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.
The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWP system must perform the main functions, regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that failures in its individual parts should be easily fixed, and the system's performance should be quickly restored.
The efficiency of the workstation should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.
The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and workload are properly distributed between a person and machine tools for processing information, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the workstation become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.
The localization of the workstation allows for the rapid processing of information immediately upon receipt, and the processing results can be stored for an arbitrarily long time at the request of the user.
In the context of the implementation of the management process, the purpose of introducing an automated workplace is to enhance the integration of management functions, and each more or less "intelligent" workplace should provide work in a multifunctional mode.
An automated workplace based on personal computers is the simplest and most common version of an automated workplace for employees in the field of organizational management. Such a workstation is considered as a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides a specific user with all types of software exclusively for the entire session of work.
Let us consider the main components of the AWP of workers of economic services, management activities, etc., the prospects for their development and use. On fig. 1 shows the general scheme of the PC, which is the technical basis of the workstation.
Fig 1. Generalized scheme of a PC:
1-microprocessor, 2-main memory, 3-VZU, 4-display, 5-keyboard, 6-printer, 7-system highway
All PC devices interact through the system backbone. However, the information from the VZU must first be rewritten to the RAM, and only then it becomes available to the processor.
Recall that the most effective organizational form of using PCs is the creation on their basis of workstations of specific specialists (economists, statisticians, accountants, managers), since this form eliminates the psychological barrier in the relationship between man and machine.
The accumulated experience suggests that the workstation must meet the following requirements:
timely satisfaction of the information and computing needs of a specialist.
minimum response time, and user requests.
adaptation to the user's level of training and his professional needs.
ease of mastering the methods of work on the workstation and ease of communication, reliability and ease of maintenance.
user tolerance.
the ability to quickly train the user.
the ability to work as part of a computer network.
The generalized scheme of the workstation is shown in fig. 2.
Fig 2. Scheme of an automated workplace.
General software (software) ensures the functioning of computer technology, the development and connection of new programs. This includes operating systems, programming systems, and utilities.
The professional orientation of the workstation is determined by the functional part of the software (FPO). It is here that the focus on a specific specialist is laid, the solution of problems of certain subject areas is provided.
When developing FPO, a lot of attention is paid to the organization of human-machine interaction. It is interesting and exciting for the user to work on a computer only when he feels that he is engaged in a useful, serious business. Otherwise, unpleasant sensations await him.
An analysis of dialog systems from the point of view of organizing this dialog showed that they can be divided (according to the principle of user-machine interaction) into:
command language systems;
"man in the world of objects";
dialogue in the form of a "menu";
Let us now consider two approaches to the development of workstations. The first approach - functional is the automation of the most typical functions.
Let's see how functional software (FPO) adapts to specific application conditions. Let us note the software tools that are basic for AWS for various professions related to the processing of business information and the adoption of managerial decisions.
The first to appear were software tools for automating the work of technical personnel, which was probably due to the large formalization of their functions. The most typical example is text editors (processors). They allow you to quickly enter information, edit it, search for errors themselves, and help prepare the text for printing. The use of text editors will significantly increase the productivity of typists.
Specialists often have to work with large amounts of data in order to find the required information for the preparation of various documents. To facilitate this kind of work, database management systems (DBMS) were created: DBASE, RBASE, ORACLE, etc.). DBMS allow you to store large amounts of information, and, most importantly, quickly find the right data. So, for example, when working with a card index, you constantly need to search through large data archives to find the necessary information, especially if the cards are not sorted according to the desired attribute. The DBMS will cope with this task in a matter of seconds.
A large number of specialists are also associated with the processing of various tables, since in most cases economic information is presented in the form of tabular documents. CATs (Large Format Spreadsheets) help create such documents. They are very convenient, since they themselves recalculate all the final and intermediate data when the original data changes. Therefore, they are widely used, for example, in forecasting sales volumes and revenues.
AWP software tools for monitoring and coordinating the activities of an organization are quite popular in institutions, where all management activities are described as a set of processes, each of which has start and end dates and responsible executors. At the same time, the activities of each employee are linked to the rest. Thus, a work schedule is created. The package can automatically generate tasks for executors when the deadline comes, remind you of the deadline for completing work and accumulate data on the performance of employees.
An important role in institutional activities is played by the rapid exchange of data, which takes up to 95% of the time of the manager and up to 53% of the time of specialists. In this regard, software tools such as "e-mail" have become widespread. Their use allows you to distribute documents within the institution, send, receive and process messages from various workplaces, and even hold meetings of specialists located at a considerable distance from each other. The problem of data exchange is closely related to the organization of the work of APM as part of a computer network.
Currently, there is a trend towards the creation of so-called integrated packages that contain the capabilities of text editors, spreadsheets, and graphic editors. The presence of a large number of different programs for performing essentially the same operations - creating and processing data is due to the presence of three different basic types of information: numerical, textual and graphic. To store information, DBMS are most often used, which allow you to combine all these types of data into a single whole. Now there is a rapid development of two other types of information: sound and video information. For them, their own editors have already been created, and it is possible that soon these types of information will become an integral part of most databases.
Although modern FPO meets almost all the requirements imposed on it by workers of various professions, something is still always missing. Therefore, a big plus of such software is the possibility of its refinement and change. As for the development of new software tools in the workstation, it is carried out in two directions: the creation of new software for new professions and the specialization of software for existing professions. At present, there is a trend towards the creation of professional workstations. It is expressed as follows:
accounting of tasks to be solved
interaction with other employees
taking into account professional habits and inclinations
development of not only FPO, but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic dialing of telephone numbers, etc.)
Equipping specialists with such workstations makes it possible to increase the productivity of office workers, reduce their number and, at the same time, increase the speed of processing economic information and its reliability, which is necessary for effective planning and management.
The representation of freedom of choice in the variability of solutions, objectively speaking, allows you to determine the choice of a specific combination of CT tools and basic software in the absence of knowledge about them, and in addition, it allows you to reduce the dimension of the problem used to solve the model in order to increase the efficiency of using CT tools.
Looking into the future, it should be noted that the further development of market relations, as well as the widespread introduction of PCs and workstations based on them, should lead to a significant development of the domestic PS market and, accordingly, increased competition, which is already being felt very significantly. And competition, as you know, is an important factor in reducing the prices of PS, reducing the cost of their creation, as well as improving their quality.
The technical support of an automated workplace should guarantee high reliability of technical means, organization of user-friendly operating modes, and the ability to process the required amount of data at a given time. Since the workstation is an individual user tool, it must provide high ergonomic properties and user comfort.
The software, first of all, focuses on the professional level of the user, combined with its functional needs, qualifications and specialization. The user from the side of the software environment must feel the constant support of his desire to work in any mode, actively or passively. Therefore, during their interaction, it is envisaged to ensure the convenience of human work by improving software tools.
2. LOCAL AND INDUSTRY NETWORKS OF AUTOMATED WORKPLACES
At present, most computers are not used in isolation from other computers, but are constantly or from time to time connected to local or global computer networks to receive this or that information, send and receive messages, etc.
If there are several computers in one room, building or complex of nearby buildings, the users of which must jointly solve some problems, exchange data or use common data, then it is advisable to combine these computers into a local network.
A local area network (sometimes the term "local area network" is used, abbreviated as LAN) is a group of several computers interconnected by means of cables (sometimes also telephone lines or radio channels) used to transfer information between computers. To connect computers to a local network, you need network hardware and software.
Local networks allow you to provide:
collective processing of data by users of computers connected to the network and data exchange between these users;
sharing programs;
sharing printers, modems and other devices.
Therefore, almost all firms that have more than one computer combine them into local networks. Many laptop users connect to the company's local network either by coming to the office or by connecting to the company's computer via telephone channels using a modem.
To ensure the functioning of the local network, a special computer is often allocated - a server, or several such computers. Server disks contain shared programs, databases, and so on. The rest of the computers on the local network are often referred to as workstations. Workstations that only need to process data on the server (for example, enter information into a shared database of orders and sales) often do not install hard drives to save money (or for security reasons). In networks with more than 20-25 computers, a server is required - otherwise, as a rule, network performance will be unsatisfactory. The server is also necessary for joint intensive work with any database.
Sometimes a certain specialization is assigned to servers (storage of data, programs, provision of modem and facsimile communication, printing, etc.). Servers are generally not used as user workstations. Servers that provide valuable data are often located in an isolated room that only specially authorized people have access to (as in a bank vault).
There are three main types of computer networks:
local area network (LAN);
regional computer network (RSN);
global computer network (Internet).
In addition, each of the listed networks can be:
Single-server - the network is served by one file server (FS);
Multiserver - the network is serviced by several FS;
Distributed - Two or more local networks connected by internal or external bridges (a bridge or interconnection controls the process of exchanging data packets from one cable system to another). WAN users can use the reserves (such as: files, printers or disk drives) of all connected local networks;
- multi-server local - when the local network is served by more than one file server;
— multiserver distributed.
Also, LANs can be peer-to-peer (all computers on the network are equal, i.e. there is no FS, Any workstation can access any other workstation) and with centralized management (dedicated server).
A local area network is a group of computers that can communicate with each other, share peripheral equipment (such as hard drives, printers, etc.), and access remote central computers or other local area networks.
A corporate network is a complex system that includes thousands of various components: computers of various types, from desktops to mainframes, system and application software, network adapters, hubs, switches and routers, and cabling.
The main task of system integrators and administrators is to ensure that this cumbersome and very expensive system copes as best as possible with the processing of information flows circulating between employees of the enterprise and allows them to make timely and rational decisions that ensure the survival of the enterprise in a tough competition. And since life does not stand still, the content of corporate information, the intensity of its flows and the methods of its processing are constantly changing. The latest example of a drastic change in the technology of automated processing of corporate information in full view - it is associated with the unprecedented growth in popularity of the Internet in the last 2 - 3 years.
Group information systems are focused on the collective use of information by members of the working group (one unit), most often built as a local computer network PC or less often as a multi-terminal centralized computer system. Single-type or specialized workstations provide a call to one or more specific applications. The general information fund is a database or a collection of document files. Sharing of information is organized with the help of record and file locks. These applications are developed using multi-user "desktop DBMS", workgroup database servers (Btrieve, NetWare SQL, Gupta SQLBase, Sybase Anywhere SQL, MS SQL Server, Progress, Informix-SE, Workgroup Oracle, etc.) and appropriate development tools or document management systems and their tools. User interaction occurs through a centralized database or through a network file system or via e-mail.
Corporate information systems are the development of systems for workgroups and are focused on the scale of the enterprise, they can support geographically dispersed nodes or networks. They may have a hierarchical structure of several levels. The main feature is the provision of access from the unit to the central or distributed database of the enterprise (organization) in addition to access to the information fund of the working group. Such systems are characterized by a client-server architecture with specialization of servers. They are built on corporate SQL database servers (Oracle7, Informix-OnLine, Informix-DSA, Sybase, CA-Ingress, etc.) and related tools. In addition to proprietary development tools, independent multi-platform tools are often used, supplemented with interfaces, drivers, and gateways for communicating with different DBMS.
For such systems, the requirements for reliability of operation and data safety are increasing. The latter property is provided by maintaining the integrity of data, links and transactions in database servers. A transaction is an indivisible set of database operations, it completes successfully when all of its operations are completed, otherwise it rolls back to the state that preceded the transaction.
The main types of local area networks are Ethernet and ARCNET. Moreover, Ethernet can have several types of cable:
- thin Ethernet cable - otherwise called "Thinnet". Has a number of advantages such as using a cheaper cable compared to a thick Ethernet cable system and using equipment that is easier to install;
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