consonant sounds. What is a double consonant? How many consonants do not have a deafness-voiced pair

What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?

Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.

The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.

Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.

Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [s] — [s], [f] — [sh].

To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.

Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».

Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:

B,AT,G,D,F,W,Y,To,L,M,H,P,R,With,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.

In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.

Consonants are also hard and soft.

Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.

Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:

The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:

Solid	[f]	[w]	[c]
Soft	[h❜]	[n❜]	[th❜]

Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)

Note: in primary school hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants - in green, vowels are in red.

Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels BUT , O , At , S , E .

Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b (soft sign).

Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], injection[injection] - coal[ugal❜].

Unpaired voiced sounds [d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.

Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.

Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.

The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.

Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.

In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].

Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with

Voiced consonants

consonants pronounced with the participation of the voice, i.e. with close and tense vocal cords, for example, Russian "b", "c", "g", "h", etc. Z. s. on the basis of the presence of a voice, they are opposed to deaf consonants (See Deaf consonants) , with which they form pairs: “p” - “b”, “f” - “c”, “k” - “g”, etc. See consonants.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "voiced consonants" are in other dictionaries:

VOICED CONSONANTS. Noisy consonant sounds pronounced with the participation of the voice, with the same, but somewhat weaker articulation, as deaf consonants, but the vocal cords are stretched when pronouncing Z. S., and the exhaled air, passing between them, ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Voiced consonants- VOICED CONSONANTS. Noisy consonant sounds pronounced with the participation of the voice, with the same, but somewhat weaker articulation, as deaf consonants, but the vocal cords are stretched when pronouncing Z. S., and the exhaled air, passing between them ...

Consonants formed by noise accompanied by voice: (b), (b'), (c), 1c'), (d), (d'), (d), (d'), (g), (g' ), (h), (h'), (j). AT school practice, in addition to the indicated noisy ones, sonorous consonants are also referred to as voiced ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

It is necessary to check the quality of the translation and bring the article in line with the stylistic rules of Wikipedia. You can help improve e... Wikipedia

voiced consonants- Noisy consonant sounds pronounced with the participation of the voice, with the same, but somewhat weaker articulation, as deaf consonants, but the vocal cords are stretched when pronouncing Z.S., and the exhaled air, passing between them, leads them to ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

Consonants- Consonants are a class of speech sounds that are opposite in their properties to vowels. Articulatory properties of consonants: the obligatory presence of an obstruction in the vocal tract; From an acoustic point of view, consonants are characterized as sounds, during the formation of which ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Sounds (lat. consonantes). A current definition inherited from ancient grammatical theory and expressed in a Latin term that has received general use in translation among various New European peoples (Russian consonant, German Mitlaut, fr. ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

CONSONANTS. sounds, hallmark which is a non-musical noise produced by the convergence of the pronunciation organs (S. fricatives, see) or the rupture of closely closed pronunciation organs under the pressure of exhaled air (S. explosives, see). ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Consonants- CONSENT. Sounds whose characteristic feature is non-musical noise produced by the convergence of pronunciation organs (S. fricatives, see) or the rupture of closely closed pronunciation organs under the pressure of exhaled air (S. explosives, see) ... Dictionary of literary terms

Speech sounds opposed to vowels and consisting of voice and noise or only noise, which is formed in the oral cavity, where the air stream meets various obstacles. Consonants are classified: according to the participation of voice and noise, for example, sonorants ([m], ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Consonants, sentence and text, Elena Children's Publishing House. Young listeners will reveal the secrets of their native language, learn the rules, write a dictation and analyze them. And the guys will play games that develop literacy together and relax during breaks ... audiobook
• Russian language. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants. Training tasks. 1 class. Federal State Educational Standard, Kalinina Olga Borisovna, Zheltovskaya Lyubov Yakovlevna. The manual "Russian language. Paired voiced and deaf consonants. Grade 1" is intended to develop in schoolchildren the skill of competent written speech. To help students before each section are given ...

Exercise 17, p. ten

17. Help the cat and the dog to collect the letters that represent voiced consonants in one group, and the letters that represent voiceless consonants in another group. Connect the letters of each group with lines.

Deaf→ h → x → w → s → t → c → k → u → p → f

Voiced→ st → l → n → r → h → m → e → b → g → r → c

• Pronounce the sounds that can be indicated by the highlighted letters

h- [h '] m- [mm'], th- [th'] t- [t], [t ']

Exercise 18, p. ten

18. Read. Fill in the missing word in the sentence.

It's so cold outside
I'm like an icicle, all frozen.

L. Yakovlev

• Underline the letters in the underlined word that represent voiceless paired consonants.

Exercise 19, p. eleven

19. Read. Fill in the missing words-names of consonants.

1. A voiceless consonant is made up of noise.
2. A voiced consonant consists of noise and voice.

Exercise 20, p. eleven

20. Enter the missing letters in the "house", denoting consonants paired in deafness-voicedness.

• Pick up and write down the words that end with these letters.

Exercise 21, p. eleven

21. Find in the spelling dictionary of the textbook words with paired consonants in deafness-voicedness at the end of the word. Write down a few words.

Alphabet t , all of a sudden , city , plant , pencil , class , hammer , frost , people , lunch , handkerchief , drawing , student , language .

Exercise 22, p. 12

22. Read. What rule are you talking about? Why are the consonants so named?

Paired consonants- the most dangerous!
At the root, you check them -
Substitute a vowel next!

We are talking about the rule of spelling words with a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness at the root of the word. Such consonants are called "dangerous" because we can choose the wrong letter denoting a consonant paired by deafness-voicedness in the root of the word before another paired consonant. These are "error-prone" places, or spelling.

Exercise 23, p. 12

23. Read. Insert the missing letters.

1. There will be bread b , there will be lunch . 2. If there was a pie, there would be an eater. 3. Who is lazy, he is sleepy. 4. Ugly in face, but good in mind. 5. The bear is clumsy, yes hefty.

• Orally select test words for words with missing letters.

Khle b (bread), lunch (dinners), pie (pies), eater (eaters), lazy (lazy), sleepy (drowsy), ugly (ugly), good (good), bear (bears), clumsy (clumsy) .

Exercise 24, p. 12

24. Read.

Frost creaks. Angry frost.
And the snow is dry and prickly.
And the elm is cold, and the oak is frozen.
The fir-trees were chilled through.

G. Volzhina

• Choose the correct letter from the brackets for each word and underline it. Write down these words.

Moreau h, snow, elm, chill, oak, froze, through and through.

Exercise 25, p. thirteen

25. Read the lines from the American song translated by Leonid Yakhnin.

Pyro old Fogg bakes
In the kitchen by the stove
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog
He goes to water the flowers.
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog -
In it next to the table.

• What do you think is true in these lines?

Truth:
The pie is baked by Old Lady Fogg
In the kitchen at the stove...
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk...
The lines about the bulldog are fiction.

• Underline the spelling of the learned rules in the words.

Exercise 26, p. thirteen

26. Read. Write down the words, replacing the highlighted sounds with letters.

cha [sh] ka - cha sh ka uká [s] ka - decree ka
ló [sh] ka - lie ka ká [s] ka - kas ka
la [f] ka - lav ka ló [k] ti - lok ti
kó [f] ta - kóf ta kó [k] ti - kóg ti
shá [p] ka - sháp ka ló [t] ka - lod ka
shý [p] ka - shyb ka shche [t] ka - brush ka

• Get ready to prove that you spelled the words correctly.

Cha w ka (cup), spoon (spoon), bench (shop), jacket - dictionary word, you need to remember, hat (hat), fur coat (fur coats), decree ka (pointer), cas ka (helmet), lok ti (elbows), claws (claws), lod ka (boat), brush ka (brush ).

Exercise 27, p. fourteen

27. Read. Underline the consonants whose spelling needs to be checked.

But g ty, riddle, slippery, carrot, carrot, ruby, guard, ruby, slide, nail, guard, guess.

• Find a test word for each checked word. Write in the pattern.

(Ro b ok) ro b cue, (side well go) side well ka, (zaga d yvat) zaga d ka, (but G ot) but G ti, (how h it) how much h cue, (carrot in ny) carrot in ka.

Exercise 28, p. fourteen

28. Read. Name the stories.

1. 3 boobies, running away from the palace, lost a crystal slipper.
2. B elos gentle I became very friendly with the seven dwarfs.

• Insert missing words. Underline in them the letters that denote paired consonant sounds in deafness-voicedness.

Exercise 29, p. fifteen

29. Choose a single-root test word for each word. Write in the pattern.

Doo b ki - oaks, berries ka - berries.
Cue cue - cue, close cue - close.
Lie ka - spoon, mace ka - pin.
Please - ask, watchman - guard.
Polite - polite, good - good.

• Underline the letters in the words whose spelling you checked.

Exercise 30, p. fifteen

30. Read the riddle. Insert the missing letters and the word. Draw a clue.

I am round, I am smooth
And it tastes pleasantly sweet.
Every toddler knows
What is my name.

Exercise 31, p. fifteen

31. Read. Insert the missing letters.

1. Sl in ki, golu b tsy, pyro well ki, aquarius h .
2. Vdru G, blue h ka, sapo well ki, ruba w ka.

Unnecessary words - diver, all of a sudden, since the spelling is at the end of the word, and in the rest - at the root of the word.

• Underline the extra word in each group of words. Explain your answer.

Exercise 32, p. sixteen

32. Read. Select desired letter and paste it into words.

B? P?
Oak, screw, bug, button, flexible cue.
G? TO?
Iceberg, circus, easy cue, south, soft cue.
AT? F?
Island, giraffe, jacket, dexterous cue, beak.
D? T?
Yod, look, cage, riddle, mole.
F? Sh?
Siskin, mitten, ruff, frog, book.
Z? WITH?
Cargo, sauce, sled ki, mask ka, tale ka.

Exercise 33, p. sixteen

33. Read. Insert the missing letters.

1. Each tree has its own plot d. Floating on the river t.
2. In the hands of the boy t. Deep in the village d.
3. Blooming lu is beautiful in summer G. A green lu grew in the garden to.
4. In the flower bed with scarlet rho bush h.

• What is interesting about words with missing letters? In the last sentence, underline the main terms.

Each pair of words are pronounced the same but spelled differently.

Exercise 34, p. 17

34. Read. Complete the tasks given in the table.

• Explain how you selected test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound and for words with a paired consonant sound in the root of words in terms of deafness-voicedness.

We selected such test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound, so that the unstressed vowel sound would become stressed at the root. For a word with a paired consonant sound in the root of the word in terms of deafness-voicedness, we selected a single-root word so that the paired consonant sound in the root was in front of the vowel sound.

Exercise 35, p. 17

35. Read the riddles. Fill in the missing letters in the clues.

1. Sam hu d, a head with a pood, as it hits, it will become strong. (M o l o t o to)
2. Not snow, not ice, but silver bromine will remove trees. (AND not j)

• Underline the spelling in the words.

Exercise 36, p. eighteen

36. Read. Title the text.

January

I love you, I January!
For me you are I c best -
M about l about doy, b about big, skr and puffy,
W about l about as thick as amber b!
Sun, dream G, about chase, m about roses -
Flame white b e ryo h!

S. Kozlov

• Do you agree with the author's opinion? What does the word amber mean?

Amber is a fossilized resin, yellow-brown or golden in color.

• Which of the highlighted spellings can you not explain? Why? Underline these spellings.

We cannot explain the underlined spellings, because these are unstressed vowel sounds in the root, which cannot be verified. The spelling of such words must either be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary.

Exercise 37, p. eighteen

37. Read. Insert the missing letters.

Le hot frost, big snowdrift, silvery hoarfrost, Snow Maiden, snowfall, Santa Claus, fluffy snowflakes, soft snow, skates, smooth ice, snowman.

• What theme connects these words and combinations of words?

The theme of winter connects these words and combinations of words.

• Write an oral text on this topic.

It was slightly frosty outside. Yesterday's snowfall wrapped the city in soft snow, the roofs of the houses sparkled from the silvery hoarfrost. The blizzard has covered large snowdrifts.
The children couldn't stay at home. Putting on new skates, from the very morning they drew patterns on smooth ice. The kids played snowballs and made a snowman.
Fluffy snowflakes were spinning merrily, like children in a New Year's round dance with Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

4.7 (94%) from 10 voters

In this chapter:

§one. Sound

Sound is the smallest unit of sounding speech. Each word has a sound shell, consisting of sounds. The sound is related to the meaning of the word. At different words and forms of the word, the sound design is different. The sounds themselves do not matter, but they play an important role: they help us to distinguish between:

• words: [house] - [volume], [volume] - [there], [m'el] - [m'el']
• word forms: [house] - [lady´] - [do´ ma].

Note:

words written in square brackets are given in transcription.

§2. Transcription

Transcription- This special system recording, displaying the sound. Symbols accepted in transcription:

Square brackets, which are the designation of transcription.

[ ´ ] - stress. The stress is placed if the word consists of more than one syllable.

[b '] - the icon next to the consonant indicates its softness.

[j] and [th] - different designations the same sound. Since this sound is soft, these symbols are often used with an additional softness designation:, [th ']. On this site, the designation [th ’] is adopted, which is more familiar to most guys. The soft icon will be used to get you used to the fact that this sound is soft.

There are other symbols as well. They will be introduced gradually, as you become familiar with the topic.

§3. Vowels and consonants

Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
They have a different nature. They are pronounced and perceived differently, as well as behave differently in speech and play different roles in it.

Vowels- these are sounds, during the pronunciation of which air freely passes through the oral cavity, without encountering obstacles in its path. Pronunciation (articulation) is not focused in one place: the quality of vowels is determined by the form oral cavity which acts as a resonator. When articulating vowels, the vocal cords in the larynx work. They are close, tense and vibrate. Therefore, when pronouncing vowels, we hear a voice. Vowels can be drawn. They can be screamed at. And if you put your hand to your throat, then the work of the vocal cords when pronouncing vowels can be felt, felt with your hand. Vowels are the basis of the syllable, they organize it. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. For example: is he- 1 syllable, she is- 2 syllables, guys- 3 syllables, etc. There are words that consist of one vowel sound. For example, unions: and, a and interjections: Oh!, Ah!, Woo! other.

In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables.
stressed syllable one in which the vowel is pronounced clearly and appears in its basic form.
AT unstressed syllables vowels are modified, pronounced differently. Changing vowels in unstressed syllables is called reduction.

There are six stressed vowels in Russian: [a], [o], [y], [s], [i], [e].

Remember:

Words are possible that can only consist of vowels, but consonants are also necessary.
There are many more consonants in Russian than vowels.

§4. Method of formation of consonants

Consonants- these are sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle in its path. In Russian, there are two types of barriers: a gap and a bow - these are the two main ways of forming consonants. The type of barrier determines the nature of the consonant sound.

gap is formed, for example, when pronouncing sounds: [s], [s], [w], [g]. The tip of the tongue only approaches the lower or upper teeth. Slotted consonants can be pulled: [s-s-s-s], [sh-sh-sh-sh] . As a result, you will hear the noise well: when pronouncing [c] - whistling, and when pronouncing [w] - hissing.

bow, The second type of articulation of consonants is formed when the organs of speech are closed. The air flow abruptly overcomes this barrier, the sounds are short, energetic. That is why they are called explosive. You won't be able to pull them. These are, for example, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d] . Such articulation is easier to feel, feel.

So, when pronouncing consonants, noise is heard. The presence of noise hallmark consonants.

§5. Voiced and voiceless consonants

According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf.
When pronouncing voiced consonants, both voice and noise are heard, and deaf- just noise.
Deaf people cannot be spoken loudly. They cannot be shouted.

Compare words: house and cat. Each word has 1 vowel and 2 consonants. The vowels are the same, but the consonants are different: [d] and [m] are voiced, and [k] and [t] are deaf. Voiced-deafness is the most important sign of consonants in Russian.

voiced-deafness pairs:[b] - [n], [h] - [c] and others. There are 11 such pairs.

Pairs for deafness-voicedness: [p] and [b], [p "] and [b"], [f] and [c], [f "] and [c"], [k] and [g], [k"] and [g"], [t] and [d], [t"] and [d"], [w] and [g], [s] and [h], [s"] and [ h"].

But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of sonority - deafness. For example, the sounds [p], [l], [n], [m], [th '] do not have a voiceless pair, but [c] and [h '] do not have a voiced pair.

Unpaired in deafness-voicedness

Voiced unpaired:[r], [l], [n], [m], [th "], [r"], [l"], [n"], [m"] . They are also called sonorous.

What does this term mean? This is a group of consonants (9 in total) that have pronunciation features: when they are pronounced, obstacles also arise in the oral cavity, but such that the air stream, passing through the barrier, forms only a slight noise; air passes freely through the opening in the nasal or oral cavity. Sonorants are pronounced with the help of a voice with the addition of a slight noise. Many teachers do not use this term, but everyone should know that these voiced unpaired sounds.

Sonorants have two important features:

1) they are not deafened, like paired voiced consonants, before deaf and at the end of a word;

2) there is no voicing of paired deaf consonants before them (i.e., the position in front of them is strong in deafness-voicedness, as well as before vowels). For more information about positional changes, see .

Deaf unpaired:[c], [h "], [w":], [x], [x "].

What is the easiest way to remember lists of voiced and voiceless consonants?

Phrases will help memorize the lists of voiced and deaf consonants:

Oh, we didn't forget each other!(Here only voiced consonants)

Foka, do you want to eat a soup?(Here only voiceless consonants)

True, these phrases do not include hardness-softness pairs. But usually people can easily figure out that not only hard [s] is voiced, but soft [s"] too, not only [b], but also [b"], etc.

§6. Hard and soft consonants

Consonants differ not only in deafness-voicedness, but also in hardness-softness.
Hardness-softness- the second most important sign of consonants in Russian.

Soft consonants differ from solid special position of the language. When pronouncing hard ones, the entire body of the tongue is pulled back, and when pronouncing soft ones, it is shifted forward, while the middle part of the tongue is raised. Compare: [m] - [m ’], [h] - [h ’]. Voiced soft ones sound higher than hard ones.

Many Russian consonants form pairs of hardness-softness: [b] - [b '], [ c] - [ c '] and others. There are 15 such pairs.

Pairs by hardness-softness: [b] and [b "], [m] and [m"], [p] and [p "], [c] and [c"], [f] and [f"] , [h] and [h "], [s] and [s"], [d] and [d"], [t] and [t"], [n] and [n"], [l] and [l "], [p] and [p "], [k] and [k"], [g] and [g "], [x] and [x"].

But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of hardness-softness. For example, the sounds [zh], [w], [c] do not have a soft pair, but [y '] and [h '] do not have a hard pair.

Unpaired in hardness-softness

Solid unpaired: [w], [w], [c] .

Soft unpaired: [th"], [h"], [w":].

§7. The designation of the softness of consonants in writing

Let's digress from pure phonetics. Consider a practically important question: how is the softness of consonants indicated in writing?

There are 36 consonants in Russian, including 15 pairs of hardness-softness, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft consonants. There are only 21 consonants. How can 21 letters represent 36 sounds?

For this, different methods are used:

• iotated letters e, yo, yu, i after consonants except sh, w and c, unpaired in hardness-softness, indicate that these consonants are soft, for example: uncle- [t’o´ t’a], uncle -[Yes Yes] ;
• letter and after consonants except sh, w and c. Consonants denoted by letters sh, w and c, unpaired hard. Examples of words with a vowel and: no´ tki- [n’i´ tk’i], sheet- [l'ist], cute- [cute'] ;
• letter b, after consonants except sh, w, after which the soft sign is an indicator grammatical form. Examples of soft words : request- [proz'ba], stranded- [m'el'], distance- [gave '].

Thus, the softness of consonants in writing is transmitted not by special letters, but by combinations of consonant letters with letters i, e, e, u, i and b. Therefore, when parsing, I advise you to turn Special attention to adjacent letters after consonants.

Discussing the problem of interpretation

School textbooks say that [w] and [w ’] - unpaired in hardness-softness. How so? After all, we hear that the sound [w ’] is a soft analogue of the sound [w].
When I studied at school myself, I could not understand why? Then my son went to school. He had the same question. It appears in all the guys who are thoughtful about learning.

Bewilderment arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound [w ’] is also long, but the hard [w] is not. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one feature. And [w] and [w ’] - two. Therefore, [w] and [w’] are not pairs.

For adults and high school students.

In order to maintain correctness, it is necessary to change the school tradition of transcribing the sound [sh ']. I think it's easier for guys to use one more additional character rather than being confronted with an illogical, unclear, and misleading statement. Everything is simple. So that generation after generation does not rack their brains, it is necessary, finally, to show that a soft hissing sound is long.

There are two icons for this in linguistic practice:

1) superscript above the sound;
2) colon.

The use of an accent mark is inconvenient because it is not provided by the character set that can be used in computer typing. This means that the following possibilities remain: the use of a colon [w':] or a grapheme denoting the letter [w'] . I think the first option is preferable. Firstly, at first, guys often mix sounds and letters. The use of a letter in transcription will create a basis for such confusion, provoke an error. Secondly, the guys now start learning early foreign languages. And the [:] sign, when used to indicate the length of a sound, is already familiar to them. Thirdly, a transcription with a colon [:] for longitude will perfectly convey the features of the sound. [w ':] - soft and long, both features that make up its difference from the sound [w] are presented clearly, simply and unambiguously.

What advice would you give to children who are now studying according to generally accepted textbooks? You need to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact the sounds [w] and [w ':] do not form a pair of hardness-softness. And I advise you to transcribe them as your teacher requires.

§eight. Place of formation of consonants

Consonants differ not only in the signs you already know:

• deafness-voicedness,
• hardness-softness,
• method of formation: bow-slit.

The last, fourth sign is important: place of education.
The articulation of some sounds is carried out by the lips, others - by the tongue, its different parts. So, the sounds [p], [p '], [b], [b '], [m], [m '] are labial, [c], [c '], [f], [f ' ] - labio-dental, all the rest - lingual: front-lingual [t], [t '], [d], [d '], [n], [n '], [s], [s '], [s ], [h '], [w], [g], [w ':], [h '], [c], [l], [l '], [p], [p '] , middle lingual [th '] and back lingual [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x], [x '].

§nine. Positional changes in sounds

1. Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional vowel changes. Reduction

People do not use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it.
Speech is a sound stream, but a stream organized in a certain way. The conditions in which a particular sound appears are important. The beginning of a word, the end of a word, the stressed syllable, the unstressed syllable, the position before the vowel, the position before the consonant - these are all different positions. We will figure out how to distinguish between strong and weak positions, first for vowels, and then for consonants.

Strong position one in which the sounds are not subject to positionally determined changes and appear in their main form. A strong position is distinguished for groups of sounds, for example: for vowels, this is a position in stressed syllable. And for consonants, for example, the position before vowels is strong.

For vowels, the strong position is stressed, and the weak position is unstressed.
In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and not pronounced as distinctly as under stress. This change in vowels in a weak position is called reduction. Due to reduction, fewer vowels are distinguished in the weak position than in the strong position.

Sounds corresponding to stressed [o] and [a], after hard consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. Normative in the Russian language is recognized as "akanye", i.e. nondiscrimination O and BUT in an unstressed position after hard consonants.

• under stress: [house] - [lady] - [o] ≠ [a].
• without accent: [d a ma´] -at home´ - [d a la´] -dala´ - [a] = [a].

Sounds corresponding to stressed [a] and [e], after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. The normative pronunciation is "hiccups", i.e. nondiscrimination E and BUT in unstressed position after soft consonants.

• under stress: [m'ech '] - [m'ach '] - [e] ≠ [a].
• without stress: [m'ich'o´ m] - sword´ m -[m'ich'o´ m] - ball´ m - [and] = [and].
• But what about the vowels [and], [s], [y]? Why was nothing said about them? The fact is that these vowels in a weak position undergo only quantitative reduction: they are pronounced more briefly, weakly, but their quality does not change. That is, as for all vowels, an unstressed position for them is a weak position, but for a schoolchild these vowels in an unstressed position do not present a problem.

[ly´ zhy], [in _lu´ zhu], [n'i´ t'i] - both in strong and weak positions, the quality of vowels does not change. Both under stress and in an unstressed position, we clearly hear: [s], [y], [and] and write the letters with which these sounds are usually denoted.

Discussing the problem of interpretation

What vowel sounds are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after hard consonants?

Performing phonetic analysis and transcribing words, many guys express bewilderment. In long polysyllabic words, after solid consonants, it is not the sound [a] that is pronounced, as school textbooks say, but something else.

They are right.

Compare the pronunciation of the words: Moscow - Muscovites. Repeat each word several times and listen for the vowel in the first syllable. With a word Moscow everything is simple. We pronounce: [maskva´] - the sound [a] is clearly audible. And the word Muscovites? In accordance with the literary norm, in all syllables, except for the first syllable before the stress, as well as the positions of the beginning and end of the word, we pronounce not [a], but a different sound: less distinct, less clear, more like [s] than [ a]. In the scientific tradition, this sound is denoted by the icon [ъ]. So, we really say: [malako´] - milk ,[harasho´ ] - well ,[kalbasa´] - sausage.

I understand that by giving this material in textbooks, the authors tried to simplify it. Simplified. But many children with good hearing, who hear clearly that the sounds in the following examples are different, cannot understand why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same. Actually:

[in a Yes ] - water´ -[in b d’other’] - water ´ th:[a]≠[b]
[dr a wa´ ] - firewood´ -[dr b v’ino´ th’] - wood fired:[a]≠[b]

A special subsystem is the realization of vowels in unstressed syllables after sibilants. But in the school course, this material is not presented at all in most textbooks.

What vowels are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after soft consonants?

I have the greatest sympathy for the guys who study from textbooks offered on the spot BUT,E, O after soft consonants, hear and translate the sound “and, prone to e” in transcription. I consider it fundamentally wrong to give schoolchildren as the only option the outdated pronunciation norm - “ekanye”, which is much less common today than “hiccups”, mainly among very elderly people. Guys, feel free to write in an unstressed position in the first syllable before the stress in place BUT and E- [and].

After soft consonants in other unstressed syllables, except for the position of the end of the word, we pronounce a short weak sound resembling [and] and denoted as [ь]. Say the words eight, nine and listen to yourself. We pronounce: [vo´ s'm '] - [b], [d'e´ v't '] - [b].

Do not confuse:

Transcription marks are one thing, but letters are quite another.
The transcription sign [ъ] denotes a vowel after hard consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before stress.
The letter ъ is a solid sign.
The transcription sign [ь] denotes a vowel after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before stress.
The letter b is a soft sign.
Transcription signs, unlike letters, are given in square brackets.

end of word- special position. It shows clearing of vowels after soft consonants. The system of unstressed endings is a special phonetic subsystem. In her E and BUT differ:

Building[heel n’i’e] - building[building´ n’i’a], me´ nie[mn’e´ n’iy’e] - me´ nia[mn’e´ n’iy’a], mo´ re[mo´ r'e] - seas[mo´ r'a], vo´ la[vo´ l'a] - at will[na_vo´ l'e]. Keep this in mind when doing phonetic parsing of words.

Check:

How does your teacher require you to designate unstressed vowels. If he uses simplified system transcription, no big deal: it's widely accepted. Just do not be surprised that you really hear different sounds in an unstressed position.

2. Strong-weak positions for consonants. Positional changes of consonants

For all consonants without exception, the strong position is position before a vowel. Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, when doing phonetic analysis, do not be afraid to make a mistake characterizing a consonant in a strong position: [dacha] - country house,[t'l'iv'i´ zar] - TV set,[s’ino´ n’im] - synonyms,[b'ir'o´ zy] - birches,[karz "and´ us] - baskets. All consonants in these examples are before vowels, i.e. in a strong position.

Strong positions in voicelessness:

• before vowels: [there] - there,[ladies] - ladies,
• before unpaired voiced [r], [r '], [l], [l '], [n], [n '], [m], [m '], [d ']: [dl'a] - for,[tl'a] - aphid,
• Before [in], [in ']: [own'] - mine,[ringing] - ringing.

Remember:

In a strong position, voiced and deaf consonants do not change their quality.

Weak positions in deafness-voicedness:

• in front of pairs for deafness-voicedness: [weak tk’y] - sweet,[zu´ pk'i] - teeth.
• before deaf unpaired ones: [apkhva´ t] - girth, [fhot] - entrance.
• at the end of a word: [zoop] - tooth,[dup] - oak.
  

Positional changes of consonants according to deafness-voicedness

In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced ones become deaf, i.e. deafened, and the deaf - voiced, i.e. voiced. Positional changes are observed only in paired consonants.

Stunning-voicing of consonants

Voiced stunning occurs in positions:

• in front of paired deaf people: [fsta´ v’it’] - in become,
• at the end of a word: [clat] - treasure.

Voicing of the deaf happens in position:

• before paired voiced: [kaz'ba´] - to with bba´

Strong positions in hardness-softness:

• before vowels: [mat'] - mother,[m'at'] - crush,
• at the end of a word: [out] - out,[out'] - stink,
• before labial-labial: [b], [b '], [n], [n '], [m], [m '] and back-lingual: [k], [k '], [g], [g' ], [x[, [x'] for sounds [s], [s'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [n ], [n'], [r], [r']: [sa´ n'k'i] - Sa´ nks(born pad.), [s´ ank'i] - sled,[bu´ lka] - bu´ lka,[bu´ l'kat'] - boo' lkat,
• all positions for sounds [l] and [l ’]: [forehead] - forehead,[pal'ba] - firing.

Remember:

In a strong position, hard and soft consonants do not change their quality.

Weak positions in hardness-softness and positional changes in hardness-softness.

• before soft [t '], [d'] for consonants [c], [h], which are necessarily softened:, [z'd'es'],
• before [h '] and [w ':] for [n], which is necessarily softened: [by´ n'h'ik] - donut,[ka´ m'n'sh': ik] - bricklayer.

Remember:

In a number of positions today, both soft and hard pronunciation is possible:

• before soft front lingual [n '], [l '] for front lingual consonants [c], [h]: snow -[s'n'ek] and, piss off -[z’l’it’] and [zl’it’]
• before soft anterior lingual, [h ’] for anterior lingual [t], [d] - lift -[pad’n’a´ t ’] and [padn’a´ t’] , take away -[at’n’a´ t’] and [atn’a´ t’]
• before soft anterior lingual [t "], [d"], [s "], [s"] for anterior lingual [n]: vi´ ntik -[v'i´ n "t" ik] and [v'i´ nt'ik], pension -[p’e´ n’s’iy’a] and [p’e´ ns’iy’a]
• before soft labials [c '], [f '], [b '], [n '], [m '] for labials: write in -[f "p" isa' t '] and [fp" is' at '], ri´ fme(dat. pad.) - [r'i´ f "m" e] and [r'i´ fm "e]

Remember:

In all cases, in a weak position, positional softening of consonants is possible.
Writing a soft sign with positional softening of consonants is a mistake.

Positional changes of consonants according to the features of the method and place of formation

Naturally, in the school tradition it is not customary to state the characteristics of sounds and the positional changes that occur with them in all details. But general patterns phonetics must be mastered. It's hard to do without it phonetic parsing and complete tests. Therefore, below is a list of positionally determined changes in consonants according to the features of the method and place of formation. This material is a tangible help for those who want to avoid errors in phonetic parsing.

Assimilation of consonants

The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by the likeness of sounds if they are similar in some way and at the same time are close.

Learn the list:

[c] and [w] → [w:] - sew

[h] and [g] → [g:] - compress

[s] and [h ’] - at the root of words → [w':] - happiness, account
- at the junction of morphemes and words → [w':h'] - comb, dishonest, with what (a preposition followed by a word is pronounced together, like one word)

[s] and [w':] → [w':] - split

[t] and [c] - in verb forms → [ts:] - smiles
-at the junction prefixes and roots → [cs] - sleep

[t] and [ts] → [ts:] - unhook

[t] and [h’] → [h’:] - report

[t] and [t] and [w’:]←[c] and [h’] - Countdown

[d] and [w ':] ← [c] and [h '] - counting

Distinguishing consonants

Dissimilarity is a process positional change opposite to likeness.

[g] and [k '] → [x'k '] - easy

Simplifying consonant clusters

Learn the list:

vstv - [stv]: hello, feel
zdn - [zn]: late
zdts - [sc] : under the bridle
lnts - [nts]: sun
NDC - [nc]: Dutch
ndsh - [nsh:] landscape
ntg - [ng]: x-ray
RDC - [rc]: a heart
rdch - [rh']: heart
stl - [sl ']: happy
stn - [sn]: local

Pronunciation of groups of sounds:

In the forms of adjectives, pronouns, participles, there are letter combinations: wow, him. AT place G they pronounce [in]: him, beautiful, blue.
Avoid spelling. say the words him, blue, beautiful right.

§ten. Letters and sounds

Letters and sounds are different purpose and different nature. But these are comparable systems. Therefore, the types of relationships need to be known.

Types of ratio of letters and sounds:

1. A letter denotes a sound, such as vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.
2. The letter has no sound value of its own, for example b and b: mouse
3. The letter stands for two sounds, for example, iotized vowels e, yo, yu, i in positions:
   • the beginning of a word
   • after vowels,
   • after the separation b and b.
4. The letter may indicate the sound and quality of the preceding sound, such as iotized vowels and and after soft consonants.
5. The letter may indicate the quality of the preceding sound, for example b in words shadow, stump, firing.
6. Two letters can represent one sound, often a long one: sew, squeeze, rush
7. Three letters correspond to one sound: smile - ts -[c:]

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What determines the quality of a vowel sound?

   • From the shape of the oral cavity at the moment of pronouncing the sound
   • From the barrier formed by the organs of speech at the moment of pronouncing the sound

2. What is called reduction?

   • pronunciation of vowels under stress
   • pronouncing unstressed vowels
   • special pronunciation of consonants

3. At what sounds does the air stream encounter an obstacle in its path: a bow or a gap?

   • Vowels
   • Consonants

4. Can voiceless consonants be pronounced loudly?

5. Are the vocal cords involved in the pronunciation of voiceless consonants?

6. How many pairs form consonants according to deafness-voicedness?

7. How many consonants do not have a deafness-voiced pair?

8. How many pairs do Russian consonants form according to hardness-softness?

9. How many consonants do not have a pair of hardness-softness?

10. How is the softness of consonants conveyed in writing?

    • Special icons
    • Letter combinations

11. What is the name of the position of the sound in the flow of speech, in which it appears in its basic form, without undergoing positional changes?

    • Strong position
    • Weak position

12. What sounds have strong and weak positions?

    • Vowels
    • Consonants
    • All: both vowels and consonants

Right answers:

1. From the shape of the oral cavity at the moment of pronouncing the sound
2. pronouncing unstressed vowels
3. Consonants
4. Letter combinations
5. Strong position
6. All: both vowels and consonants

In contact with

In Russian, there are voiced and deaf consonants. When studying phonetics (the science of speech sounds) and graphics (the science of the letters of the alphabet), it is necessary to clearly know which sound is deaf and which is voiced.

What is it for?

The fact is that in Russian it is not necessary that the letters denoting voiced consonants will be read loudly in all cases. There are also cases when letters denoting deaf sounds are read loudly. The correct correlation of letters and sounds will greatly help in learning the rules for writing words.

Let us examine in more detail what the concepts of deafness and sonority mean. The formation of voiced consonants occurs due to noise and voice: the air stream not only overcomes the obstacle in the oral cavity, but also vibrates the vocal cords.

• The voiced sounds include the following sounds: b, c, d, d, f, s, l, m, n, p, d.
• However, in phonetics, from this series of sounds, the so-called sonorants are also distinguished, which are as close as possible in their characteristics to vowel sounds: they can be sung, extended in speech. These sounds include th, r, l, n, m.

Deaf consonants are pronounced without the participation of the voice, only with the help of noise, while the vocal cords are relaxed.

• These letters and sounds include the following: k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u. In order to make it easier to remember all the deaf consonants in Russian, you need to learn the phrase: “Stepka, do you want a cabbage?” - "Fi!" All consonants in it are deaf.

Pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants

Voiced and deaf sounds and the letters denoting them are opposed in Russian and form pairs:

1. b-p,
2. w-f,
3. g-k,
4. dt,
5. s-s,
6. f-sh.

If we take into account that the consonants in these pairs can also be soft (except w-w), then in total there will be 11 opposed pairs of deafness-voicedness. These sounds are called paired. The remaining voiced and deaf sounds do not have pairs. The voiced unpaired ones include the above sonorants, and the deaf ones - x, c, h, u. The table of consonants presented on our website will help you to study these sounds in more detail.

Click on the picture to print the table with voiced and voiceless consonants

How is it that letters in the Russian alphabet can represent several sounds?

The pronunciation of a sound is often predetermined by its position in a word. So, ringing sound at the end of the word it is stunned, and this sound position is called “weak”. Stunning can also occur before the next deaf consonant, for example: pond, booth. We write voiced consonants, but we pronounce: rod, but ka.

Conversely, a deaf consonant can become voiced if it is followed by a voiced sound: threshing, but we pronounce malad ba. Knowing this feature Russian phonetics, we check the spelling of consonants at the end and middle of a word using test words: hammer - thresh, pond-ponds, booth - booth. We select the test word so that after the doubtful consonant there is a vowel.

In order to remember what a sound is according to its characteristics, it is necessary to associate the sound with some object, event or natural sound in the mind. For example, the sound sh is similar to the rustling of leaves, and the sound j is like the buzzing of bees. The association will help you get your bearings in time. Another way is to create a phrase with a specific set of sounds.

Thus, knowledge of the relationship between letter and sound is extremely important for spelling and correct pronunciation. Without studying phonetics, it is impossible to study and correctly perceive the melody of a language.

Video lesson about voiced and voiceless consonants:

Tralik and Valik about voiced and voiceless consonants

Another video lesson for children with riddles about voiced and deaf consonants