Separation of applications and inconsistent definitions. Separated and non-isolated inconsistent definitions

Isolation(separated by commas) inconsistent definitions also depends on several factors:

a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (circumstantial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and the way of expressing the definition.

However, in general, the isolation of inconsistent definitions is less categorical than the isolation of agreed definitions. It occurs in the event that in this context it is required to highlight any feature, to strengthen the meaning expressed by it.

Conditions for separating inconsistent definitions

A) Definition expressed by indirect cases of nouns (more often with prepositions)

1. Noun definitions are isolated if they refer to a personal pronoun:

Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(M. Gorky).

2. Noun definitions are isolated if they are separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence:

After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress with black headband, sitting Carolina(Goncharov).

3. Definitions-nouns are isolated if they form a series homogeneous members preceded or followed by a stand-alone agreed definition:

This crowd people gaily dressed, with tanned faces And with squirrel tails on headdresses, made a strange impression(Arseniev).

4. Definitions-nouns are usually isolated if they refer to a proper name, since they complement, clarify the idea of ​​a person or an object.

Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of the head and in a shawl sitting on the couch(Goncharov).

5. Definitions-nouns are usually isolated if they refer to a noun that characterizes a person by the degree of kinship, position, profession, etc. The noun definition in this case gives an additional characteristic to the person. Such a definition is more common, that is, it contains dependent words. Quite often there are several such definitions.

came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck (Goncharov).

Note!

1) When arranging punctuation marks, it is very important to correctly determine the type minor member, expressed by a noun, since it can be not only a definition, but also an addition, a circumstance.

Wed: came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace. - Mother came out in a lilac dress, in lace.

2) If the inconsistent definition expressed by the noun is isolated, it is distinguished by pauses.

3) The isolation of inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun is often not mandatory, but optional. If the author wants to give an additional characteristic to the person, if the isolation of the definition serves as a way of intentionally separating the turnover from the neighboring predicate, then such a definition is isolated.

women, with a long rake in hand, wandering into the field(Turgenev).

In this case, I.S. Turgenev wanted to emphasize that the turnover with a long rake in hand does not refer to the predicate wander, and to the subject women(“Women with a rake”, not “wandering with a rake”).

4) Separate inconsistent definitions are synonymous subordinate clauses.

Wed: women, with a long rake in hand, wander in the field. - Women with a rake in their hands, wander in the field.

B) Definition expressed by turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective

1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, are usually isolated, since they are close in meaning to a weakened, secondary predicate. Therefore, such definitions can be replaced by a subordinate clause or an independent clause. Such turns usually come after the word being defined and have dependent words:

Strength, stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev). - Wed: This power was stronger than his will. This force threw him out of there.

Often, before the noun being defined, there is another definition, agreed upon. In this case, the definitions have a hint of explanation (meaning "namely"):

short beard, slightly darker hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Other guys, come on, looked at us with delight(Trifonov).

2. A definition with the form of the comparative degree of an adjective is not isolated if it is closely related to the noun being defined:

But at other times it was not man is more active (Turgenev).

C) Definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb

1. A definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is isolated (using a dash) if it has an explanatory meaning and you can put words in front of it, namely. IN oral speech such infinitive definitions are preceded by a pause:

But this lot is beautiful - to shine and die(Bryusov).

2. The definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is not isolated if it forms a single phrase together with the noun. Usually such definitions are in the middle of a sentence and are pronounced without pauses:

Thought marry Olesya more and more often came to my mind(Kuprin).

Note!

1) Infinitive definitions are marked with a dash, not a comma or colon.

2) If isolated definition, expressed by the infinitive, is in the middle of the sentence, then it is separated by a dash on both sides.

Each of them solved this the question is to leave or stay- for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma should be after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

Since there was only one choice - lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the last(L. Tolstoy).

Separate agreed definitions

1. As a rule, common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: A cloud hanging over high peaks poplars, it was already raining (Kor.); Sciences alien to music were disgusting to me (P.).

Definitions of this type are not isolated if the defined noun in itself in this sentence does not express the lexically necessary concept and needs to be defined, for example: I have not seen a person more exquisitely calm, self-confident and autocratic (T.).

Common post-positive definitions are also not isolated if, in meaning, they are connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: I sat immersed in deep thought (P.); Taiga stood silent and full of mystery (Kor.). This usually happens with verbs of motion and state that can act as a significant connective.

2. Two or more postpositive ones are isolated single definitions, explaining the noun, for example: In the air, sultry and dusty, a thousand-voiced dialect (M. G.).

However, the separation of two uncommon definitions obligatory only when the noun being defined is preceded by another definition. Wed: I want to know the secrets of a wise and simple life (Bruce). - Spring spirit, cheerful and dissolute, went everywhere (Bagr.).

3. A single post-positive definition is isolated if it has an additional circumstantial meaning, for example: People, amazed, became like stones (M. G.).

4. The definition is isolated if it is torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence; in these cases, the definition in meaning is also connected with the predicate and has an additional adverbial connotation. For example: Here, alarmed by a whirlwind, a corncrake flew out of the grass (Ch.); Sun-drenched, buckwheat and wheat fields lay behind the river (Shol.).

5. The definition immediately before the noun being defined is isolated if, in addition to the attributive, it also has a circumstantial value (causal, conditional, concessive), for example: Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who were rich in his understanding (I. Ostr.); Cut off from the whole world, the Urals withstood the Cossack siege with honor (Furm.).

6. Definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated; such definitions are attributive-predicative in nature and have an additional circumstantial value. For example: Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore (T.); How, poor thing, should I not grieve? (Cr.).

Separate inconsistent definitions

1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns, are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: The headman, in boots and an Armenian coat, with cloaks in his hand, noticing the priest from afar, took off his bright hat (L. T.).

Most often, inconsistent definitions are isolated with a proper name, since it, being the bearer of an individual name, in itself quite specifically designates a person or object, and an indication of a sign in this case has the character of an additional message clarifying the indication, for example: Shabashkin, with a cap on his head , stood akimbo and proudly looked around him (P.).

The same is observed with personal pronouns that indicate an object or person already known from the context, for example: He, with his mind and experience, could already notice that she distinguished him (P.).

Often the isolation of an inconsistent definition serves as a means of deliberately separating it from one member of the sentence (usually the predicate), to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring to another (usually the subject), for example: Baba, with a long rake in their hands, wander in the field (T.).

2. Usually, inconsistent postpositive definitions expressed comparative degree adjective; in these cases, the commonly defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition. For example: Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall ... (Ch.).

Standalone Applications

Separate applications in some cases have a purely attributive meaning, in others adverbial shades of meaning are attached to it, which is associated with the degree of prevalence of a separate construction, its place in relation to the word being defined, and the morphological nature of the latter.

1. A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun; such applications are usually postpositive, less often they occur in the prepositive position. For example: a) On the trash, always with a pipe in his teeth, lies a hospital watchman, an old retired soldier (Ch.); b) Unfortunately faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun (P.);

2. A single application related to a common noun is isolated if the noun being defined has explanatory words with it, for example: One girl, a polka, took care of me (M. G.).

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single definable noun, for example: And the enemies, fools, think that we are afraid of death (Fad.).

3. An application related to a proper name is isolated if it is in a postposition; a prepositive application is isolated if it has an additional adverbial value. For example: a) Lying under a mound overgrown with weeds, sailor Zheleznyak, partisan (Utk.); b) An admirer of Bach and Handel, an expert in his field, ...Lemme with time - who knows? - would become one of the great composers of his homeland (T.).

4. A person's own name can act as a separate application if it serves to clarify or clarify common noun(before such an application, you can put the words viz. without changing the meaning). For example: The rest of the brothers, Martyn and Prokhor, are similar to Alexei (Shol.) to the smallest detail.

5. The application is always isolated with a personal pronoun, for example: It's a shame for me, an old man, to listen to such speeches (M. G.).

6. A separate application may refer to a word missing in this sentence, but clear from the context or situation, for example: The child herself, did not want to play and jump in a crowd of children (P.).

7. A separate application can be joined by a union like (with a causal meaning), words by name, surname, nickname, family, etc. For example: The commandant friendly advised me to leave poetry, as it is contrary to the service and does not lead to anything good (P.); At the gatehouse there was a huge black dog of an unknown breed, named Arapka (Ch.).

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Inconsistent definitions, expressed by oblique cases of nouns (more often with a preposition), stand apart if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted the streets and the boulevard. Inconsistent definitions can also stand before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a dandy overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Such inconsistent definitions are usually isolated:
if they refer to their own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl, was sitting on a sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual;
if referring to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous members with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a peasant, wet, in tatters, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of kinship, profession, position, and so on, because due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old Kartuz without a visor, squints, smiles at something.
The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating this turnover from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject: Baba, with a long rake in their hands, wander into the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, is not isolated: But at another time there was no person more active than him.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated and separated with a dash, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, before which one can put the words without prejudice to the meaning, namely: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for himself, for his loved ones. But if, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter

BUT) The definition expressed indirect cases of nouns (often with prepositions)

1. when referring to a personal pronoun:

Today she, in a new blue hood , was especially young and impressively beautiful (M. Gorky).

2. Definitions-nouns are isolated, if separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence:

After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where,in a black dress, with black headband , sat Caroline(Goncharov).

3. Definitions-nouns are isolated, if they form a series of homogeneous members preceded or followed by a separate agreed definition:

This crowd of people, colorfully dressed, with tanned faces And with squirrel tails on headdresses , made a strange impression (Arseniev).

4. if they refer to a proper name, because they complement, clarify the idea of ​​a person or an object.

Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of the head And in a shawl , sat on the sofa (Goncharov).

5. Noun definitions are usually isolated, if they refer to a noun that characterizes a person by the degree of kinship, position, profession, etc. The noun definition in this case gives an additional characteristic to the person. Such a definition is more common, that is, it contains dependent words. Quite often there are several such definitions.

came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck (Goncharov).

Note! G

1) When placing punctuation marks, it is very important to correctly determine the type of a minor member expressed by a noun, since it can be not only a definition, but also an addition, a circumstance.

Wed:came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace. – Mother came outin a lilac dress, in lace.

2) If the inconsistent definition expressed by the noun is isolated, it is distinguished by pauses.

3) The isolation of inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun is often not mandatory, but optional. If the author wants to give an additional characteristic to the person, if the isolation of the definition serves as a way of intentionally separating the turnover from the neighboring predicate, then such a definition is isolated.

women, with a long rake in hand , wandering in the field (Turgenev).

In this case, I.S. Turgenev wanted to emphasize that the turnover with a long rake in hand does not refer to the predicate wander, but to the subject women (“Women with a rake”, not “wandering with a rake”).

4) Separate inconsistent definitions are synonymous with subordinate clauses.

Wed: women, with a long rake in hand, wander into the field. - Women with a rake in their hands, wander in the field.

B) Definition, expressed by turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective

1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, are usually isolated, since they are close in meaning to a weakened, secondary predicate. Therefore, such definitions can be replaced by a subordinate clause or an independent clause. Such turns usually come after the word being defined and have dependent words:

Strength, stronger than his will , threw him out of there (Turgenev). -Wed:This power was stronger than his will. This force threw him out of there.

¯ Often, before the noun being defined, there is another definition, agreed upon. In this case, the definitions have a hint of explanation (meaning "namely"):

short beard, slightly darker hair , slightly shaded the lips and chin (A.K. Tolstoy); Other guys, younger , looked at us with delight.

2. The definition with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, if it is closely related to the noun it defines:

But at other times it was not human more active than him (Turgenev).

IN) Definition, expressed in the indefinite form of the verb

1. The definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) is isolated (using a dash), if it has an explanatory meaning and it can be preceded by the words viz. In oral speech, such infinitive definitions are preceded by a pause:

But this one is beautiful lot– brighten Anddie (Bryusov).

2. Definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive), does not separate if it forms a single phrase together with a noun. Usually such definitions are in the middle of a sentence and are pronounced without pauses:

Thought marry Olesya more and more often came to my mind (Kuprin).

Note! G

one) Definitions-infinitives highlighted with a dash , not a comma or colon.

2) If a separate definition expressed by the infinitive is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by a dash on both sides.

Each of them solved this question - leave or stay - for yourself, for your loved ones (Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma should be after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

Since I was left alone choice – lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow , then the field marshal had to choose the latter (L. Tolstoy).

Topic exercises

"Separation of agreed definitions"

Exercise 1. Find isolated or non-isolated definitions in sentences. Emphasize. Fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. The weather, frowning in the morning, began to gradually clear up (Arseniev). 2. He already opened his mouth and got up a little from the bench, but suddenly, stricken with horror, he closed his eyes and fell off the bench (M. Gorky). 3. Seized with evil despair, I saw around only these waves with whitish manes (M. Gorky). 4. Overwhelmed by some kind of vague premonition, Korchagin quickly dressed and went out into the street (N. Ostrovsky). 5. Meresyev sat silent and anxious (Field). 6. A stoker who looked like a Negro passed by and did not close the door near me (Bunin). 7. While the tarantass, accompanied by barking, rolls with a roar along the bridges through the ravines, I look at the piles of bricks left over from the burnt house and drowned in the weeds and think about what the old man Kologrivov would do if he saw impudent people jumping around the yard of his estate (Bunin) . 8. Pavel went into her room and tiredly sat down on a chair (Field). 9. The fire of a bomb that exploded near him instantly illuminated two people standing above and the white foam of greenish waves cut by the ship (L. Tolstoy). 10. A heavy, unheard-of roar shook the air (A.N. Tolstoy). 11. Chichikov only noticed through the thick cover of pouring rain something like a roof (Gogol). 12. Frightened by the noise, the badger rushed to the side and disappeared from sight (Arseniev).

Exercise 2. Place the missing punctuation marks.

1. The girl plucked a sprig from a currant bush and, delighted with the aroma of buds, caught up with her companion and handed him a sprig (Prishvin). 2. In the long beard of the father of the archpriest and in his small mustache connecting with the beard at the corners of the mouth, several black hairs flash, giving it the appearance of silver trimmed with niello (Leskov). 3. His eyes are brown, bold and clear (Leskov). 4. The sky is almost not reflected in the water, cut through by the blows of the oars of steamship propellers with the sharp keels of Turkish feluccas and other ships plowing the narrow harbor in all directions (M. Gorky). 5. A long dam lined with silvery poplars closed this pond (Turgenev). 6. She was in a white coat stained with blood in a scarf tightly tied to the very eyebrows (A.N. Tolstoy). 7. Long, girthy pines raised their wide arms and try to hold on to the clouds (Kuranov). 8. Angry in appearance, he was a good-natured soul (Fadeev).

9. Energetic, tall, slightly angry and mocking, he stands as if rooted to the logs, and in a tense pose, ready to turn the rafts every second, he vigilantly looks ahead (M. Gorky). 10. The blue southern sky, darkened by dust, is cloudy (M. Gorky). 11. Mountains resembling a flock of clouds protruded from the sea, and behind them swirled clouds resembling snowy mountains (Krymov). 12. The ringing of anchor chains, the rumble of coupled wagons carrying cargo, the metal shriek of iron sheets falling from somewhere on the pavement stone, the dull thud of wood, the rattling of cab carts, the whistles of steamboats, then the piercingly sharp, then the dull roaring cries of loaders, sailors and customs soldiers - all these sounds merge into the deafening music of labor day (M. Gorky). 13. And the people themselves who originally gave birth to this noise are ridiculous and pathetic: their dusty, ragged, brisk figures, bent under the weight of goods lying on their backs, fussily run here and there in clouds of dust in a sea of ​​heat and sounds, they are insignificant compared to the iron colossi surrounding them piles of goods, rattling wagons and everything they created (M. Gorky). 14. Long, bony, slightly stooped, he slowly walked over the stones (M. Gorky). 15. He is a very kind person, but with rather strange concepts and habits (Turgenev). 16. But paying two hundred and three hundred rubles for something at least the most necessary suddenly seemed to them almost suicide (Goncharov). 17. The next day we learned that Soviet intelligence entered the city, but shocked by the monstrous picture of flight, she stopped at the slopes to the port and did not open fire (Paustovsky). 18. Obviously, depressed by memories, Arzhanov fell silent for a long time (Sholokhov). 19. He looked around and saw that an overturned and long-torn apart truck lying on the road was smoking quickly flaring up (Field). 20. The dawn came, and Kazbek (Zabolotsky) lit up in the fire, chained in snow with a two-headed fragment of a crystal. 21. And the prisoner in the correct square either rushes about and rushes over the fence, then silently flies around the garden (Shefner). 22. I never entered the house, sat on a bench and left unnoticed by anyone (Nikitin). 23. But besides the song, we also had something good, something we loved and, perhaps, replaced the sun for us (M. Gorky). 24. He stood surprised by an unexpected meeting and was also going to leave, embarrassed (N. Ostrovsky). 25. Soft and silvery it [the sea] merged there with the blue southern sky and sleeps soundly, reflecting in itself the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds of motionless and not hiding the golden patterns of stars (M. Gorky).

Topic exercise

"Separation of inconsistent definitions"

Exercise 1. Find inconsistent definitions in the sentences. Emphasize. Fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. One of them was Stoltz, the other was his friend, a full writer with an apathetic face, thoughtful, as if sleepy eyes (Goncharov). 2. Blue in the constellations lasts midnight (Lugovskoy). 3. It was Lyoshka Shulepnikov, only a very old crumpled one with a gray mustache, unlike himself (Trifonov). 4. The desire to talk with her daughter disappeared (Trifonov). 5. Broad-shouldered, short-legged in heavy boots in a thick caftan the color of road dust, he stood in the middle of the steppe as if carved out of stone (M. Gorky). 6. And all of her in an old tunic with a burnt-out cap on dark blond smooth hair seemed to Alexei very tired and tired (Field). 7. The next morning, Luzgina, in a smart blue silk dress with whipped bouffants of light blond hair, fresh, ruddy, lush and fragrant with bracelets and rings on her plump hands, hurriedly drank coffee, afraid to be late for the ship (Stanyukovich). 8. The lifter at the entrance, gloomy with drooping cheeks, greeted Lyosha with a nod of his head (Trifonov). 9. Suddenly out of the white door with frosted pimply glass came out old woman with a cigarette in his mouth (Trifonov). 10. In a white tie in a dandy overcoat wide open with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone (Turgenev). 11. Elizaveta Kievna with red hands in a man's dress with a pitiful smile and meek eyes did not come out of memory (A.N. Tolstoy). 12. I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this (L. Tolstoy). 13. With her defenselessness, she evoked in him a chivalrous feeling to shield protect protect (Kataev). 14. Sometimes, in the general harmony of the splash, an elevated and playful note is heard - one of the waves crept closer to us more boldly (M. Gorky). 15. Suddenly, everyone left work, turned to face us, bowed low, and some older peasants greeted their father and me (Aksakov). 16. Older children were spinning under his arms (Rylenkov). 17. So I have only one dubious pleasure to look out of the window at fishing (Kuprin). 18. She was pursued by a secret dream of going into the partisan underground (Fadeev). 19. Kirill Ivanovich felt a desire to repeat each word several times (M. Gorky). 20. On the bridge, dressed in raincoats with short-brimmed southwests on their heads, are the captain and the watch officer (Stanyukovich).

REPEAT! FIXING!

Inconsistent definitions are expressed by the forms of indirect cases of nouns, with or without prepositions, the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, the infinitive. The conditions for isolating such definitions are created by the context. These conditions include the way of expressing the word being defined, the degree of prevalence of the definition and its location, the presence of other, contact-located definitions and attributive turns, special shades of meaning associated with the statement of signs perceived as temporary, inherent in the subject in this moment; cf .: The harmonist twirled his mustache thoughtfully, and the man in the jacket went to the window and stood there, leaning against the wall and ridiculously stretching his head towards the singers (M. G.). - A tall man is standing on the cart, in a white shirt, in a black fur hat, from under which, cutting his forehead, a strand of bright red hair hung down (M. G.).

1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by nouns in the form of oblique cases, are separated if necessary to indicate signs that are quite specific or highlight the subject at a given moment in time. Such definitions are located after the word being defined: Crumbs, the size of a hemp seed, must be carefully selected and again equally divided into twelve parts (Sparrow); The headman, in boots and an overcoat, with tags in his hands, noticing dad from afar, took off his bright hat (L.T.).

As a rule, definitions relating to names already sufficiently characterized, known, i.e. having prepositive definitions with them: The door opens, and a small, dry old man enters the room, with a sharp, gray beard, wearing heavy glasses on a red, cartilaginous nose, in a white, long apron and with a lamp in his hand (M. G.); There was a large photograph in the album: the inside of some empty chapel, with vaults, with shiny walls made of smooth stone (Bun.).

2. Inconsistent definitions, if they refer to common names, often take on an additional clarifying meaning: He had a whole collection of bells, from very small to already quite large (Tsv.); Strong manifestations are needed, with a wide scope (Sol.). Definitions related to proper names are also separated, since given name in itself characterizes the person as the only and quite specific, therefore, the definitions indicate the signs attributed to the person at the moment: A minute later, Ivan Markovich and Sasha, in coats and hats, go down the stairs (Ch.).

Note. Forms of indirect cases of nouns can have a clarifying meaning, referring to the distributor of the predicate: Alexei Yegorych walked as he was, in a tailcoat and without a hat, illuminating the path three steps forward with a flashlight (Vant.) - "walked as he was, i.e. in a tailcoat and no hat."

3. The inconsistent definitions before the defined name are separated in order to avoid its merging with the predicate: black bindings).

4. As a rule, inconsistent definitions are included in homogeneous rows along with agreed definitions: The artist, short in stature, youthfully light despite his age, in a beret and velvet jacket, walked from corner to corner (Bun.); Out of the dusty carriage, slightly picking up her traveling dress, Maria Shcherbatova - tall, thin, with a bronze sheen in her hair (Paust.); Motka, barefoot, in a long shirt, stood in the sun (Ch.); Grandmother, bony, humpbacked, with short gray hair, which fluttered in the wind, drove geese from the garden with a long stick (Ch.); On a sunny day, already almost spring, but rather piercing, with a pale blue, in some places smeared sky, I went out into the street and went down to the nearest metro station (Bun.); It was seen how the steamer came from Feodosia, illuminated by the morning dawn, already without lights (Ch.).

5. Inconsistent definitions are necessarily isolated if they refer to combinations of nouns and non-isolated definitions that spread them: But then a gentleman in pince-nez, with astonished eyes, drove up to the porch, in a black velvet beret, from under which greenish curls fell, and in a long dokha of a shiny chestnut fur (Bun.) - the combination of a gentleman in a pince-nez is determined; Next to the school, I built a hostel for twenty people, with a room for an uncle, a comfortable dining room and bright kitchen so that the students could, taking turns on duty in it, themselves monitor the good quality of the provisions (Sol.) - the phrase hostel for twenty people is defined.

Note 1. Prepositional-case forms as inconsistent definitions may or may not be isolated under the influence of the context; cf .: Sitting in the pavilion at Vernet, he [Gurov] saw a young lady, a short blonde, in a beret, walk along the embankment; a white Spitz (Ch.) ran after her; And then one day, in the evening, he was having dinner in the garden, and the lady in the beret came up slowly to take the next table (Ch.) - in the first case, the word form in the beret, being isolated, reveals a double syntactic connection with the predicate passed and the phrase young lady ; without highlighting, the beret-wearing blonde would have made contact; in the second case, in the combination lady in beret, the word form in beret is perceived as a stable, characterological sign of the name and therefore is not isolated. This is how the path of definition is traced - from the designation of the attribute attributed (a separate definition with a predicate meaning) to the sign of a constant characteristic of an object in a given situation (a non-isolated definition). Wed similar definitions, the isolation or non-isolation of which is determined by the context: the Consul, with a briefcase under his arm, jumped out of the car and ran along the gangway, an officer quickly followed him in yellow leggings and in a short wolf coat with fur outside, deliberately rude and warlike, and immediately the winch rattled, and a loop of rope began to descend to the car ... Two sentries, two blue soldiers in iron helmets, stood with carbines on their shoulders near the gangway. Suddenly, from somewhere, a furiously out of breath gentleman appeared in front of them in a beaver hat, in a long coat with a beaver collar (Bun.).

Note 2. The non-isolation of the inconsistent definition can be caused by the nature of the word being defined, for example, its semantic insufficiency for the given context: winter, very crumpled hat, came not alone, but with an accompanying person, in whose hands were rather thick folders, and the one in glasses and a hat immediately approached Kornilov, extended his hand to him (Hall.) - the word is a man from due to excessive generalization and, therefore, the uncertainty of its meaning in this context, it requires specification by pointing to features faces (a man with glasses and a strange hat).

6. Definitions related to distantly located defined words are isolated: Immediately, all in the transparent summer sun, Maria Shcherbatova (Paust.) bowed over him; In her long dress, with a hat on her head, a green veil and loose curls, she entered the hall (T.).

7. Inconsistent definitions related to personal pronouns are separated. Such definitions reveal an additional connection with the predicate and have a circumstantial shade of meaning.

Additional condition for isolation here, as in the case of the use of agreed definitions, is the lack of lexical compatibility with a personal pronoun: Today, in a new blue hood, she was especially young and impressively beautiful (M. G.) - "especially young and beautiful in a new blue hood "; I looked out the window through the branches of ash trees and I see: the river is all blue from the moon, and he, in a white shirt and a wide sash with the ends loose on the side, is standing with one foot in the boat and the other on the shore (M. G.) - " standing in a white shirt ... "

8. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives are separated. Such definitions have a complicated meaning of predicability, which is manifested in their semantic proximity to subordinate clauses: I looked where the old woman pointed with her trembling hand with crooked fingers, and saw: shadows floated there, there were many, and one of them, darker and thicker, than others, she swam faster and lower than her sisters (M. G.) - cf .: which was darker and thicker than others; Sometimes, in the general harmony of the splash, a more elevated and playful note is heard - this is one of the waves, bolder, crawled up to us (M. G.) - cf .: which was bolder.

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive are usually not isolated, they form a single phrase together with a noun: a desire to learn, an order to leave, an idea to create a charity society, a dream to do art, an order to complete a task; I gave the command to lie down and begin to study the defensive system of the enemy (Ev.); The general refused the offer to pull out a bad tooth (Ch.); One must have the courage to admit one's failure (Kopt.); She completely went into the economy, greedily surrendering to the charm of novelty to have her own, dispose of her own (Ser.); Kirill Ivanovich felt a desire to repeat each word several times, but for some reason he was afraid to do it (M. G.); The point is that Leningrad still has its own face, its own pronounced individuality. It makes sense to travel from other cities: from Budapest, Paris, Cologne, Tbilisi, Samarkand, Venice or Rome, it makes sense to travel from these cities to the banks of the Neva... (Sol.); Senya's face invariably expressed readiness for action, but if someone entered into a conversation with him, Senya immediately had the urge to interrupt this conversation and run somewhere, on some business (Hall.).

10. An infinitive as a definition is separated by a dash if the name being defined has a prepositive definition. In this case, the infinitive definition acquires the meaning of an additional clarification (an insertion of words is possible, namely): Vikhrov's old dream came true - once again to touch his cheek to the dryish breast that nursed him (Leon.). Separate infinitive definitions are located at the end of the sentence: I will impose one duty on everyone - to create (M. G.).

When located inside the sentence, infinitive definitions, even if there are additional definitions with the name being defined, are not distinguished: And although there is no pleasure in making a conclusion and speaking it out loud, the conclusion still suggests itself (Hall.); But, perhaps, my ability to comprehend the surrounding world was given to me in order to someday transfer me to another space? (Hall.). If it is possible to locate inside the sentence, infinitive definitions can take on the character of plug-in structures with a clarifying and explanatory meaning: These two completely different events in themselves - to leave their native land and set foot on the land of France - each of which should be an independent grandiose event, merge into two - three common words of the telegraph text: "Flew safely" (Sol.).