G alphabet. Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

The role of writing in the development of the entire human society cannot be overestimated. Even before the appearance of letters familiar to us, ancient people left various inscriptions on stone and rocks. At first these were drawings, then they were replaced by hieroglyphs. Finally, a letter more convenient for transmitting and understanding information appeared using letters. Centuries and millennia later, these signs-symbols helped to restore the past of many peoples. A special role in this case was played by written monuments: various codes of laws and official documents, literary works and memoirs of prominent people.

Today, knowledge of that language is an indicator not only of a person's intellectual development, but also determines his attitude to the country in which he was born and lives.

How it all began

In fact, the basis for the creation of the alphabet was laid by the Phoenicians at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. e. They came up with consonants, which they used for a long time. Subsequently, their alphabet was borrowed and improved by the Greeks: vowels already appeared in it. This was around the 8th century BC. e. Further, the history of the alphabet of the Russian language can be reflected in the scheme: Greek letter - Latin alphabet - Slavic Cyrillic. The latter served as the basis for the creation of writing among a number of related peoples.

Formation of the Old Russian state

From the 1st century AD, the process of disintegration of the tribes that inhabited the territory of Eastern Europe and spoke a common Proto-Slavic. As a result, in the region of the middle Dnieper, Kievan Rus, which later became the center of a large state. It was inhabited by part Eastern Slavs who, over time, developed their own special way of life and customs. Received further development and the story of how the Russian alphabet appeared.

The growing and strengthening state established economic and cultural ties with other countries, primarily Western European ones. And for this, writing was needed, especially since the first Church Slavonic books began to be brought to Russia. At the same time, there is a weakening of paganism and the spread throughout Europe of a new religion - Christianity. It was here that an urgent need arose for the "invention" of the alphabet, thanks to which the new teaching could be conveyed to all Slavs. It was the Cyrillic alphabet, created by the "brothers of Thessalonica".

The important mission of Constantine and Methodius

In the 9th century, the sons of a noble Thessalonica Greek, on behalf of the Byzantine emperor, went to Moravia - at that time a powerful state located within the borders of modern Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

Their task was to acquaint the Slavs who inhabited Eastern Europe, with the teachings of Christ and the ideas of Orthodoxy, as well as hold services in their native local population language. The choice fell on two brothers not by chance: they had good organizational skills, showed special diligence in their studies. In addition, both were fluent in Greek and Konstantin (shortly before his death, after being tonsured a monk, he was given a new name - Cyril, with whom he went down in history) and Methodius became the people who came up with the alphabet of the Russian language. This was perhaps the most significant result of their mission in 863.

Cyrillic base

When creating the alphabet for the Slavs, the brothers used the Greek alphabet. The letters corresponding to the pronunciation in the languages of these two peoples, they left unchanged. To designate the sounds of Slavic speech that were absent from the Greeks, 19 new signs were invented. As a result, the new alphabet included 43 letters, many of which subsequently entered the alphabets of the peoples who once spoke a common language.

But the story of who invented the alphabet of the Russian language does not end there. During the 9th-10th centuries, two types of alphabet were common among the Slavs: Cyrillic (it was mentioned above) and Glagolitic. The second contained a smaller number of letters - 38 or 39, their style was more complicated. In addition, the first signs were used additionally to indicate numbers.

So did Cyril invent the alphabet?

For several centuries, researchers have found it difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question. The "Life of Cyril" notes that "with the help of his brother ... and students ... he compiled Slavic alphabet... ". If this is true, then which of the two - Cyrillic or Glagolitic - is his creation? The matter is complicated by the fact that the manuscripts made by Cyril and Methodius have not been preserved, and in later ones (related to the 9th-10th centuries) none of these alphabets is mentioned.

To understand who invented the alphabet of the Russian language, scientists have done a lot of research. In particular, they compared one and the other with the alphabets that existed even before their appearance and analyzed the results in detail. They did not come to a consensus, but most agree that Cyril most likely invented the Glagolitic alphabet, and even before his trip to Moravia. This is supported by the fact that the number of letters in it was as close as possible to the phonetic composition of the Old Slavonic language (designed specifically for writing). In addition, in their style, the Glagolitic letters differed to a greater extent from Greek ones and bear little resemblance to modern writing.

The Cyrillic alphabet, which became the basis for the Russian alphabet (az + beeches is the name of its first letters), could have been created by one of Konstantin's students - Kliment Okhritsky. He named it after his teacher.

The formation of the Russian alphabet

Regardless of who invented the Cyrillic alphabet, it was she who became the basis for the creation of the Russian alphabet and the modern alphabet.

In 988 Ancient Russia accepts Christianity, which significantly influenced the further fate of the language. Since that time, the formation of their own writing begins. Gradually, the Old Russian language, the alphabet of which is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, is being improved. It was a lengthy process that ended only after 1917. Then were introduced last changes into the alphabet we use today.

How Cyrillic changed

Before the Russian alphabet acquired the form it has today, the fundamental alphabet underwent a number of changes. The most significant were the reforms in 1708-10 under Peter I and in 1917-18 after the revolution.

Initially, the Cyrillic alphabet, which was very reminiscent of the Byzantine script, had several extra, doublet, letters, for example, i=i, o=ѡ - they were most likely used to convey Bulgarian sounds. There were also various superscripts that indicated stress, aspirated pronunciation.

Before the reign of Peter I, letters denoting numbers were drawn up in a special way - it was he who introduced the Arabic account.

In the first reform (this was due to the need to draw up business papers: 7 letters were removed from the alphabet: ξ (xi), S (green) and iotized vowels, I and Y were added (they replaced the existing ones), ε (reverse). This greatly simplified alphabet, and it began to be called "civilian". In 1783, N. Karamzin added the letter Y. Finally, after 1917, 4 more letters disappeared from the Russian alphabet, and b (er) and b (er) began to denote only the hardness and softness of consonants .

The name of the letters has also completely changed. Initially, each of them was a whole word, and the entire alphabet, according to many researchers, was filled with special meaning. This showed the mind of those who invented the alphabet. The Russian language has preserved the memory of the first names of letters in proverbs and sayings. For example, “start from the basics” - that is, from the very beginning; "Fita yes Izhitsa - the whip is approaching the lazy." They are also found in phraseological units: “to look with a verb”.

Praise to the Great Saints

The creation of the Cyrillic alphabet became the greatest event for the entire Slavic world. The introduction of writing made it possible to pass on to the descendants the accumulated experience, to tell the glorious history of the formation and development of independent states. It is no coincidence that they say: "If you want to know the truth, start with the ABC."

Centuries pass, new discoveries appear. But those who came up with the alphabet of the Russian language are remembered and revered. The proof of this is the holiday, the Day which is celebrated annually on May 24 all over the world.

An alphabet is a collection of letters or other characters used to write in a particular language. There are many different alphabets, each with its own characteristics and history.

In this case, we will talk about the Russian alphabet. Over the course of several centuries of existence, it developed and underwent changes.

History of the Russian alphabet

In the 9th century, thanks to the monks Cyril and Methodius, the Cyrillic alphabet appeared. From that moment, Slavic writing began to develop rapidly. It happened in Bulgaria. It was there that workshops existed, where they corresponded, as well as translated from Greek liturgical books.

A century later, the Old Church Slavonic language comes to Russia, it is used church services. Gradually, under the influence of the Old Russian language, Old Slavonic undergoes some changes.

Sometimes an equal sign is put between the Old Slavonic and Old Russian languages, which is completely wrong. It's two different languages. However, the alphabet originated, of course, from Old Slavonic.

At first, the Old Russian alphabet consisted of 43 letters. But the signs of one language cannot be accepted by another language without amendments, because the letters must somehow correspond to the pronunciation. How many Old Church Slavonic letters were removed from, how many and what kind of letters were destined to appear, this is the subject of a separate article. We can only say that the changes were significant.

Over the following centuries, the alphabet continued to adapt to the requirements of the Russian language. Letters that were not in use were abolished. A significant reform of the language took place under Peter I.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian alphabet had 35 letters. At the same time, "E" and "Yo" were considered one letter, just like "I" and "Y". But the alphabet contained letters that disappeared after 1918.

Most of the letters of the alphabet until the beginning of the 20th century had names different from modern ones. If the beginning of the alphabet is familiar (“az, beeches, lead”), then the continuation may seem unusual: “verb, good, eat, live ...”

To date, the alphabet consists of 33 letters, of which 10 are vowels, 21 and two letters that do not represent sounds (“b” and “b”).

The fate of some letters of the Russian alphabet

For a long time, "I" and "Y" were considered variants of the same letter. Peter I, reforming, canceled the letter "Y". But after a while she again took her place in writing, since many words are unthinkable without her. However, the independent letter "Y" (and short) became only since 1918. Moreover, "Y" is a consonant letter, while "I" is a vowel.

The fate of the letter "Yo" is also interesting. In 1783, the director of the Academy of Sciences, Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, proposed introducing this letter into the alphabet. This initiative was supported by the Russian writer and historian N. M. Karamzin. but widespread did not receive a letter. "Yo" settled in the Russian alphabet by the middle of the 20th century, but its use in print media continues to be unsteady: either "Yo" is required to be used, or it is categorically not accepted.

The use of the letter "Yo" vaguely resembles the fate of the Izhitsa "V", the letter that once completed the alphabet. It was practically not used, because. was replaced by other letters, but continued to proudly exist in some words.

The next letter worthy of special mention is "Ъ" - a solid sign. Before the reform of 1918, this letter was called "er" and was used in writing much more often than now. Namely, it was necessarily written at the end of words ending in a consonant. The abolition of the rule to end words with "er" led to great savings in publishing, because the amount of paper for books was immediately reduced. But the solid sign in the alphabet remained, it performs very desired function when it is inside a word.

Oh yes, I remembered the lower grades when we wrote encryption, we used a digital system and put one letter in order, and the other against the order, by the way, the letter P it is the same in the account and back and forth it is the seventeenth - once I knew all this by heart and knew how to write ciphers quickly enough.

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet. Each letter has its own number. The distribution is based on the principle A - 1 letter of the alphabet, B - 2 letters of the alphabet, etc. to the last letter - I, which is 33 in a row.

It would seem, well, why would anyone need to know the serial numbers of letters in the alphabet of the Russian language? Probably, those who have passed tests to determine the IQ know that you need to know this in order to successfully cope with the tasks of the tests. There may be not one, or two, but many more such tasks in the test. For example, in this test there are five such tasks out of forty.

Here, for example, is the very first task of the test and the last fifth:

The alphabet is shown below in the figure, which shows which letter of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet has which serial number. The first digit is a forward count, the second digit is a reverse count. In this form, the numbering and the alphabet itself are easier to remember than a list.

There are only 33 letters in the Russian alphabet:

It is not always possible to find even the simplest things on the Internet, with regards to the numbering of the alphabet, the same thing.

The serial numbers of the letters, you can see in the table below, the correct order and correspondence of the serial number.

The letter A comes first.

The letter B is in second place.

The letter B is in third place.

The letter G is in fourth place.

The letter D is in fifth place.

The letter E is in sixth place.

The letter is in seventh place.

The letter J is in eighth place.

The letter Z is in ninth place.

The letter I is in tenth place.
The letter Y is in eleventh place.

The letter K is in twelfth place.

The letter L is in thirteenth place.

The letter M is in the fourteenth place.

The letter H is in fifteenth place.

The letter O is in sixteenth place.

The letter P is in seventeenth place.

The letter R is in eighteenth place.

The letter C is in nineteenth place.

The letter T is in twentieth place.

The letter U is in twenty-first place.

The letter F is in twenty-second place.

The letter X is in twenty-third place.

The letter C is in twenty-fourth place.

The letter H is in twenty-fifth place.

The letter W is in twenty-sixth place.

The letter Щ is in twenty-seventh place.

The letter b is in twenty-eighth place.

The letter Y is in twenty-ninth place.

The letter b is in the thirtieth place.

The letter E is in thirty-first place.

The letter Yu is in thirty-second place.

The letter I is in thirty-third place.

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet. Probably everyone knows this. And the serial number of the letter can be useful to solve some riddle, charade or read an encrypted letter.

Ordinal number of letters in the Russian alphabet.
- A - number 1 ,
- B - number 2 ,
- B - number 3 ,
- G - number 4 ,
- D - number 5 ,
- E - number 6 ,
- - 7 (some people forget that e and - it's still different letters, they should not be confused)
- F - 8,
- Z - 9,
- I - 10,
- Y - 11,
- K - 12,
- L - 13,
- M - 14,
- H - 15,
- O - 16,
- P - 17,
- R - 18,
- C - 19,
- T - 20,
- U - 21,
- F - 22,
- X - 23,
- C - 24,
- Ch - 25,
- Sh - 26,
- Shch - 27,
- b (solid sign) - 28,
- Y - 29,
- b ( soft sign) - 30,
- E - 31,
- Yu - 32,
- I am 33.
Russian alphabet in reverse order looks like this (first comes the serial number, and after the number the letter itself)
- 33 - A,
- 32 - B,
- 31 -B,
- 30 - G,
- 29 - D,
- 2 - E,
- 27 - ,
- 26 -F,
- 25 - Z,
- 24 - And,
- 23 - th,
- 22 - K,
- 21 - L,
- 20 - M,
- 19 - H,
- 18 - Oh
- 17 - P,
- 16 - P,
- 15 - C,
- 14 - T,
- 13 - U,
- 12 - F,
- 11 - X,
- 10 - C,
- 9 - H,
- 8 - W,
- 7 -Sch,
- 6 - b,
- 5 - S,
- 4 - b,
- 3 - E,
- 2 - Yu,
- 1 -I.
The letter A serial number-1

B-serial number-2

B-serial number-3

The letter E has number 6

The letter has serial number 7

F- number 8

Letter Z-number 9

I- has serial number 10

E girlfriend Y- number 11

K-12 in a row

Letter L-13

We count the letter H as 15 in a row

16 is the letter O

b-28 letter of the alphabet

A a a serial number 1

B b be ordinal number 2

V v ve ordinal digit 3

G g ge serial number 4

D d de serial number 5

E e ordinal digit 6

ordinal 7

Well well ordinal number 8

Z z ze serial number 9

And and and ordinal number 10

th and short ordinal number 11

K to ka (not ke) ordinal number 12

L l el (or el, not le) ordinal number 13

M m em (not me) ordinal number 14

N n en (not ne) ordinal number 15

O o o ordinal number 16

P p pe ordinal number 17

R p er (not re) ordinal number 18

S with es (not se) ordinal number 19

T te ordinal number 20

y y ordinal number 21

F f ef (not fe) ordinal number 22

X x ha (not he) ordinal number 23

Ts tse ordinal number 24

H h th ordinal number 25

Sh sh sha (not she) ordinal number 26

Щ shcha (not yet) ordinal number 27

Ъ ъ solid sign ordinal number 28

S s s ordinal number 29

b b soft sign ordinal number 30

E e e (e negotiable) ordinal number 31

Yu Yu Yu Ordinal Number 32

I am I ordinal number 33

It is useful to know the serial numbers of the letters of the Russian alphabet, it is not bad to know the reverse numbering of letters, it is also sometimes required to know the numbering of pairs of letters that are equally distant from the ends of the alphabet. This knowledge can help you decide logical tasks different kind.

So, the Russian alphabet is numbered in order:

Alphabet in reverse order:

Pairs of letters equally distant from the ends of the alphabet:

fourth

The letter Dd will be 5

Her letter will be 6

The letter will be 7

The eighth, ninth and tenth are the letters Zh, Z, I

Eleventh letter

twelfth letter

We use letters in writing oral speech- sounds. Letters represent the sounds we make. There is no simple and direct correspondence between letters and sounds: there are letters that do not designate sounds, there are cases when a letter means two sounds, and cases when several letters mean one sound. Modern Russian has 33 letters and 42 sounds.

Kinds

Letters are vowels and consonants. The letters soft sign and hard sign do not form sounds; there are no words in Russian that begin with these letters. The Russian language is “vociferous”, in Russian words there are many vowels (o, e, i, a), voiced consonants (n, l, v, m, p). Noisy, deaf, hissing (w, h, w, u, c, f) are much less. The vowels yu, e, e are also rarely used. In a letter, instead of the letter ё, they often write the letter e without losing the meaning.

Alphabet

The letters of the Russian language are listed below in alphabetical order. Showing capital and capital letters, their names are indicated. Vowels are marked in red, consonants in blue, letters ь, ъ in gray.

A a B b C c D d E f f f g f g h I i y y k k l l M m N n O P p p r s s t t u u v f x x z z z h Sh sh y y y y b

The letter L is called "el" or "el", the letter E is sometimes called "E reverse".

Numbering

Numbers of letters of the Russian alphabet in direct and reverse order:

Letter	BUT	B	IN	G	D	E	Yo	F	Z	AND	Y	TO	L	M	H	ABOUT	P	R	FROM	T	At	F	X	C	H	W	SCH	Kommersant	S	b	E	YU	I
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33
	33	32	31	30	29	28	27	26	25	24	23	22	21	20	19	18	17	16	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1

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