Russian scientists and inventions that shook the world. Ten World Achievements of Russian and Soviet Medicine of the 19th–20th Centuries

To the question Who do you consider the greatest scientist of the 20th century? given by the author scarface the best answer is still Einstein. As one academician wrote on his centenary, "not everyone manages to create a picture of the world." And the point is not only in the theory of relativity - this is just not the greatest achievement of ours, although the most "hyped" one. It was Einstein who finally proved the existence of atoms and molecules (theory brownian motion). Paradoxically, but until 1905 there were scientists, and world-class ones, who did not believe in this. After the publication of Einstein's work, they also gave up.2. Quantum mechanics. Again, paradoxically, Planck himself did not believe in the quantum nature of light. And it was not Planck, not Bohr with Rutherford, and not Dirac who really proved this - they developed quantum mechanics, but it was Einstein who founded it. And he also proved the quantum nature of light, explaining the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect ( Nobel Prize).3. And finally, SRT and GR. In general, for all science, and indeed for understanding the nature of things, it is very important to understand what kind of world we live in. Until the middle of the 19th century. everything was simple and understandable - all the observed phenomena could be explained from the point of view of Newtonian mechanics. BUT then misunderstandings began - the ether, Michelson's experiment... And again, Einstein's theory explained the observed phenomena and gave a consistent picture of the world. And if someone has not seen twins with a beard / pacifier, then you guys are just looking in the wrong direction - the "twin paradox" is experimentally observed for relativistic elementary particles, relativistic time dilation has been experimentally established and even taken into account in space flights (for example, GPS systems use an atomic frequency standard of fucking accuracy, and without taking into account the effects of SRT, this simply would not work), the shift in the perihelion of Mercury's orbit coincides with the conclusions of general relativity, and so further. At the same time greatest discovery In the 20th century, I still think that this is not all, but the discovery of DNA. But the greatest scientist is still old Einstein.

Answer from Џ [guru]
A Einstein

Answer from Igor[guru]
Likhachev

Answer from Mota-Mota[guru]
Einstein. Undoubtedly.

Answer from Stanley13[guru]
Einstein, of course! Well, Bor, maybe...

Answer from User deleted[newbie]
Nikola Tesla in any way 🙂

Answer from INESGEN[guru]
I am also for Einstein

Answer from User deleted[guru]
Richard Feynman

Answer from LKG[guru]
Tesla, Einstein... people know physics from Hollywood movies. Bohr ... Well, let's also Rutherford, Curie and others to the company and the award for the nuclear guillotine hanging over humanity. Feynman... is that the one who slid away from the army in World War II and covered plastic with chrome? And how did they sell it to the client, so did it exfoliate? There were a lot of scientists and it was difficult to give priority to someone. For example, Jean Paul Dirac predicted in 20-something years a complete heresy - a positive electron! Hop! And he was discovered. Then the magnetic monopole! They are still looking for ... Kapitsa, Prokhorov, damn it, this is physics! And Vavilov? And Wiener? And Tsiolkovsky (just don't talk about the fact that he had no titles!) What did Einstein discover? HUNDRED? They didn't guess - the 19th century, Umov. Einstein's theory confirmed? Yes? Have you seen twins - one with a beard, the other with a pacifier? Do they often talk about him on TV? About diapers even more often;))) So, the greatest scientist is PAMPERS!!! (Lithuanian, or what?)

Answer from mastermind[active]
Dofiga scientists, who are much cooler than all that we know, they passed away, leaving us with a mystery that they solved and we will never know about them! And from the famous ones, you can’t reduce everything to one. Einstein was not the only one who created the theory of relativity, which raises more questions than answers ... Max Planck, Feynman ... Tesla ... In general, Gauss, Newton, Euler, Fermat were the coolest of all ...

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Aristotle is an ancient Greek encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, the founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories were refuted, they greatly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.

Archimedes (287-212 BC)

Archimedes - ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists classical period antiquity. Among his contributions to the field of physics - fundamental principles hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of action on the lever. He is credited with inventing pioneering mechanisms, including siege engines and screw pump, named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very big numbers.

Galileo (1564–1642)

In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo - an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called "the father of observational astronomy" and "the father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and a proportional compass.

Michael Faraday (1791–1867)

Michael Faraday - English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical effect of current, diamagnetism, the effect of a magnetic field on light, and the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday the best experimenter in the history of science.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)

Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific journal Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time with a record number issued patents in his name - 1093 in the US and 1239 in other countries. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, an improvement in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.

Marie Curie (1867–1934)

Maria Sklodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman to win the Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. First female professor teaching at the Sorbonne University. Her accomplishments include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements- radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Most important achievement Pasteur is considered to be the work of bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and named after him later. All Pasteur's works have become a vivid example of a combination of fundamental and applied research in chemistry, anatomy and physics.

Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)

Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, bible scholar, and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, built the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to mathematically describe the phenomenon of tides.

Albert Einstein (1879–1955)

Second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of general and special relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of more than 300 scientific papers in physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.

Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)

Russian scientists have removed the veil of the unknown, contributing to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many worked abroad in research institutions with a worldwide reputation. Our countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The discoveries became a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge throughout the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the basis of the scientific achievements of famous Russian scientists.

World in the field of chemistry glorified our compatriots for centuries. did the most important discovery for the world of chemistry, he described the periodic law of chemical elements. The periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world over time and is now used in all corners of our planet.

Sikorsky can be called great in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical specifications for vertical takeoff and landing - helicopter.

Not only Russian scientists contributed to the aviation business. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, in addition, he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.

Famous Russian scientists were also in medicine: Pirogov, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he was the first in Russia to conduct research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.

On the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of all that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our compatriots glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, from medicine and biology to developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure scientific knowledge to provide us with colossal material for the creation of new great discoveries.

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, the author of the materialistic theory of the appearance of life on Earth.

Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize.

Childhood and youth

Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, a huge tree can grow from a tiny seed, manifested itself in the boy very early. Already in childhood, he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.

The Oparin family moved from Uglich to a country house in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood passed there.

Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.

In the 1960s, he became world famous thanks to scientific justification flight method spaceships to the moon.

The trajectory calculated by him was called the “Kondratyuk route”. It was used by the American Apollo spacecraft to land a man on the lunar surface.

Childhood and youth

This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.

For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother again.

Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.

The apparatus made it possible to use radio and electrical signals that traveled through the wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18-19 centuries. in the face of growing urbanization and the development of technology, data sharing has become relevant.

This problem was solved by the telegraph, the term from the ancient Greek language was translated as "to write far away."

Emily Khristianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.

From the school bench, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by the current in the conductor is proportional to the current strength and the resistance of the conductor.

Another well-known law is the "Lenz rule", according to which induction current always moves in the opposite direction to the action that gave rise to it.

early years

The original name of the scientist is Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.

His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father's footsteps and became a physicist.

Trediakovsky Vasily is a man with a tragic fate. So it was fate that two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.

From schoolboy to philologist

In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old boy went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

But he stayed in it for a short time (2 years) and without regret left to replenish his baggage of knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, suffering need and hunger, he studied for 3 years.

Here he participated in public disputes, comprehended mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, studied French and Italian abroad.

"Father of Satan", academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on 10/25/1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow - to his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I did a part-time job, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from a printing house. At the end of the FZU, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.

MAI student. The beginning of a professional career

In 1931, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in aircraft engineering, and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel settled in the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later, his supervisor to defend his graduation project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin ". Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a designer of the 2nd category, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, engaged in the development of projects for fighters of new modifications.

February 13, 1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction of the USSR, visits the United States - for the purpose of a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a rather active period in cooperation between the USSR and the USA, and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft construction, in particular, it was purchased (in rather limited quantities) weapon- Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.

Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Mikhail Leontievich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.

Childhood, education, youth

Mikhail Leontiev was born on November 22, 1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia at the end of 25 years of naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, was engaged in an aircraft modeling circle. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Mishin's model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.

Mikhail graduated from elementary school in Irkutsk, after which, in 1925, he entered the Siberian Institute of Technology.

A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of the muscular and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Childhood. Education

The birth of Alexei Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. There he spent his childhood and youth. This Volga city forever left in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich the warmest and most tender memories. He proudly called himself Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from elementary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and assigned to the local cadet corps. The son obediently finished it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of a young man who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.

Fascination with philosophy

Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about the eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Eventually philosophical mysteries led him to study the natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.

A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera "Prince Igor", the symphony "Bogatyrskaya" and other musical works.

He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.

Origin. early years

A.P. Borodin was illegitimate son 62-year-old Georgian prince L.S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (November 12), 1833.

He was recorded as the son of the serf servants of the prince - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigoryevna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father's house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son free, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, after marrying her to the military doctor Kleineke.

The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as the nephew of Avdotya Konstantinovna. Since Alexander's origin did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium course, in addition to German and French having received an excellent home education.

Russia is rich in great scientists and inventors who have made a significant contribution not only to Russian progress, but also to the world. We invite you to get acquainted with the ingenious fruits of engineering thought of our compatriots, which you can rightfully be proud of!

1. Electroplating

We so often come across products that look like metal, but are actually made of plastic and only covered with a layer of metal, that we no longer notice them. There are also metal products coated with a layer of another metal - for example, nickel. And there are metal products that are actually a copy of a non-metal base. We owe all these miracles to the genius of physics Boris Jacobi - by the way, the elder brother of the great German mathematician Carl Gustav Jacobi.

Jacobi's passion for physics resulted in the creation of the world's first electric motor with a direct shaft rotation, but one of his most important discoveries was electroforming - the process of deposition of metal on a mold, which allows you to create perfect copies of the original object. In this way, for example, sculptures on the naves of St. Isaac's Cathedral were created. Electroplating can be used even at home.

The electroforming method and its derivatives have found numerous applications. With its help, they did and still don’t do anything, up to the cliches of state banks. Jacobi received the Demidov Prize in Russia for this discovery, and a large gold medal in Paris. Possibly made in the same way.

2. Electric car

In the last third of the 19th century, a uniform electrical fever swept the world. Therefore, electric cars were made by all and sundry. This was the "golden age" of electric cars. Cities were smaller, and 60 km on a single charge was quite acceptable. One of the enthusiasts was the engineer Ippolit Romanov, who by 1899 had created several models of electric cabs.

But the main thing is not even that. Romanov invented and created in metal an electric omnibus for 17 passengers, developed a scheme of city routes for these progenitors of modern trolleybuses, and received a work permit. True, at your own personal commercial fear and risk.

The inventor could not find the required amount, to the great delight of competitors - horse-drawn horse owners and numerous cabbies. However, a working electric omnibus aroused great interest among other inventors and remained in the history of technology as an invention killed by the municipal bureaucracy.

3. Pipeline transport

It is difficult to say what is considered the first real pipeline. One can recall the proposal of Dmitry Mendeleev, dated as far back as 1863, when he proposed to deliver oil from the extraction sites to the seaport at the Baku oil fields not in barrels, but through pipes. Mendeleev's proposal was not accepted, and two years later the first pipeline was built by the Americans in Pennsylvania. As always, when something is done abroad, it starts to be done in Russia as well. Or at least make money.

In 1877, Alexander Bari and his assistant Vladimir Shukhov again came up with the idea of pipeline transport, already relying on the American experience, and again on the authority of Mendeleev. As a result, in 1878 Shukhov built the first oil pipeline in Russia, proving the convenience and practicality of pipeline transport. The example of Baku, which was then one of the two leaders in world oil production, became contagious, and "getting on the pipe" became the dream of any enterprising person. In the photo: view of a three-furnace cube. Baku, 1887.

4. Electric arc welding

Nikolai Benardos comes from Novorossiysk Greeks who lived on the Black Sea coast. He is the author of more than a hundred inventions, but he went down in history thanks to electric arc welding of metals, which he patented in 1882 in Germany, France, Russia, Italy, England, the USA and other countries, calling his method "electrohephaestus".

Benardos' method spread across the planet like wildfire. Instead of fiddling with riveted bolts, it was enough to simply weld pieces of metal. However, it took about half a century for welding to finally take the dominant position among the installation methods. It seems to be a simple method - to create electric arc between the consumable electrode in the hands of the welder and the pieces of metal to be welded. But the solution is elegant. True, it did not help the inventor to adequately meet old age, he died in poverty in 1905 in an almshouse.

5. Multi-engine aircraft "Ilya Muromets"

It is hard to believe now, but just over a hundred years ago, it was believed that a multi-engine aircraft would be extremely difficult and dangerous to fly. Igor Sikorsky proved the absurdity of these statements, who in the summer of 1913 took off a twin-engine aircraft, called Le Grand, and then its four-engine version, the Russian Knight.

On February 12, 1914, in Riga, at the training ground of the Russian-Baltic Plant, the four-engine Ilya Muromets took off. There were 16 passengers on board the four-engine aircraft - an absolute record of that time. The plane had a comfortable cabin, heating, a bath with a toilet and ... a promenade deck. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the aircraft in the summer of 1914, Igor Sikorsky flew the Ilya Muromets from St. Petersburg to Kyiv and back, setting a world record. During the First World War, these aircraft became the world's first heavy bombers.

6. ATV and helicopter

Igor Sikorsky also created the first production helicopter, the R-4, or S-47, which Vought-Sikorsky began producing in 1942. It was the first and only helicopter that participated in World War II, in the Pacific theater of operations, as a staff transport and for the evacuation of the wounded.

However, it is unlikely that the US military department would have given Igor Sikorsky the courage to experiment with helicopter technology, if it were not for the amazing rotorcraft of Georgy Botezat, who in 1922 began testing his helicopter, which the US military ordered him to. The helicopter was the first to really take off from the ground and could stay in the air. The possibility of vertical flight has thus been proven.

Botezata's helicopter was called the "flying octopus" because of its interesting design. It was a quadcopter: four screws were placed at the ends of metal trusses, and the control system was located in the center - exactly like modern radio-controlled drones.

7. Color photo

Color photography appeared in late XIX century, however, the images of that time were characterized by a shift to one or another part of the spectrum. The Russian photographer was one of the best in Russia and, like many of his colleagues around the world, dreamed of achieving the most natural color reproduction.

In 1902, Prokudin-Gorsky studied color photography in Germany, under Adolf Miethe, who by that time was a world star in color photography. Returning home, Prokudin-Gorsky began to improve the chemistry of the process and in 1905 patented his own sensitizer, that is, a substance that increases the sensitivity of photographic plates. As a result, he was able to produce exceptional quality negatives.

Prokudin-Gorsky organized a number of expeditions around the territory Russian Empire, shooting both famous people (for example, Leo Tolstoy), and peasants, temples, landscapes, factories - thus creating an amazing collection of colored Russia. Prokudin-Gorsky's demonstrations aroused great interest in the world and prompted other specialists to develop new principles for color printing.

8. Parachute

As you know, the idea of a parachute was proposed by Leonardo da Vinci, and several centuries later, with the advent of aeronautics, regular jumps from under balloons: parachutes hung under them in a partially open state. In 1912, the American Barry was able to leave the plane with such a parachute and, importantly, landed alive.

The problem was solved by whoever in what much. For example, the American Stefan Banich made a parachute in the form of an umbrella with telescopic spokes that were attached around the pilot's torso. This design worked, although it was still not very convenient. But the engineer Gleb Kotelnikov decided that it was all about the material, and made his parachute out of silk, packing it in a compact satchel. Kotelnikov patented his invention in France on the eve of World War I.

But besides the backpack parachute, he came up with another interesting thing. He tested the opening of the parachute by opening it while the car was moving, which literally stood up in his tracks. So Kotelnikov came up with a brake parachute as an emergency braking system for aircraft.

9. Theremin

The history of this musical instrument, which makes strange "cosmic" sounds, began with the development of alarms. It was then that a descendant of the French Huguenots, Lev Theremin, in 1919 drew attention to the fact that a change in body position near antennas oscillatory circuits affects the volume and tone of the sound in the control speaker.

Everything else was a matter of technique. And marketing: Theremin showed his musical instrument leader of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin, an enthusiast cultural revolution, and then demonstrated it in the States.

The life of Lev Theremin was difficult, he knew both ups and downs, glory, and camps. His musical instrument lives on to this day. The coolest version is Moog Etherwave. Theremin can be heard from the most advanced and quite pop performers. This is truly an invention for all time.

10. Color television

Vladimir Zworykin was born into a merchant family in the city of Murom. The boy had the opportunity from childhood to read a lot and to make all sorts of experiments - his father encouraged this passion for science in every possible way. Starting to study in St. Petersburg, he learned about cathode ray tubes and came to the conclusion that it was for electronic circuits the future of television.

Zworykin was lucky, he left Russia on time in 1919. He worked for many years and in the early 1930s he patented a transmitting television tube - an iconoscope. Even earlier, he designed one of the variants of the receiving tube - a kinescope. And then, already in the 1940s, he broke the light beam into blue, red and green colors and got color TV.

In addition, Zworykin developed a night vision device, an electron microscope, and many other interesting things. He invented all his long life and even in retirement he continued to amaze with his new solutions.

11. VCR

The AMPEX company was created in 1944 by Russian emigrant Alexander Matveevich Ponyatov, who took three letters of his initials for the name and added EX - short for "excellent". At first, Poniatov produced sound recording equipment, but in the early 50s he focused on the development of video recording.

By that time, there were already experiments recording a television image, but they required a huge amount of tape. Ponyatov and colleagues suggested recording the signal across the tape using a block of rotating heads. On November 30, 1956, the first recorded CBS news aired. And in 1960, the company, represented by its leader and founder, received an Oscar for outstanding contribution to technical equipment film and television industries.

Fate brought Alexander Poniatov with interesting people. He was a competitor of Zworykin, Ray Dolby, the creator of the famous noise reduction system, worked with him, and one of the first clients and investors was the famous Bing Crosby. And one more thing: by order of Poniatov, birches were planted near any office - in memory of the Motherland.

12. Tetris

A long time ago, 30 years ago, the Pentomino puzzle was popular in the USSR: it was necessary to lay various figures consisting of five squares on a field lined in a box. Even collections of problems were published, and the results were discussed.

From a mathematical point of view, such a puzzle was an excellent test for a computer. And so Aleksey Pajitnov, a researcher at the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, wrote such a program for his Elektronika 60 computer. But there was not enough power, and Alexey removed one cube from the figures, that is, he made a “tetramino”. Well, then the idea came up that the figures fell into the "glass". This is how Tetris was born.

It was the first computer game from behind the Iron Curtain, and for many, the first computer game at all. And although many new toys have already appeared, Tetris still attracts with its apparent simplicity and real complexity.

01/17/2012 02/12/2018 by ☭ USSR ☭

There were many outstanding figures in our country, which we, unfortunately, forget, not to mention the discoveries that were made by Russian scientists and inventors. The events that changed the history of Russia are also not known to everyone. I want to correct this situation and recall the most famous Russian inventions.

1. Plane - Mozhaisky A.F.

The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890) was the first in the world to create a life-size aircraft capable of lifting a person into the air. Before A.F. Mozhaisky, people of many generations, both in Russia and in other countries, worked on the solution of this complex technical problem, they went in different ways, but none of them managed to bring the matter to practical experience with full-scale aircraft. A.F. Mozhaisky found the right way to solve this problem. He studied the works of his predecessors, developed and supplemented them using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Of course, he did not manage to resolve all issues, but he did, perhaps, everything that was possible at that time, despite the extremely unfavorable situation for him: limited material and technical capabilities, as well as distrust of his work on the part of the military bureaucratic apparatus tsarist Russia. Under these conditions, A.F. Mozhaisky managed to find in himself spiritual and physical forces to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. Unfortunately, the surviving documentary materials do not allow us to give a description of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky and its tests in the necessary detail.

2. Helicopter– B.N. Yuriev.

Boris Nikolaevich Yuryev - an outstanding aviator scientist, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, lieutenant general of the engineering service. In 1911, he invented the swashplate (the main unit of a modern helicopter) - a device that made possible construction helicopters with stability and control characteristics acceptable for safe piloting by ordinary pilots. It was Yuriev who paved the way for the development of helicopters.

3. Radio receiver- A.S. Popov.

A.S. Popov first demonstrated the operation of his device on May 7, 1895. at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. This device became the world's first radio receiver, and May 7th was the birthday of the radio. And now it is celebrated annually in Russia.

4. TV - Rosing B.L.

On July 25, 1907, he applied for the invention "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." The beam was scanned in the tube by magnetic fields, and the signal was modulated (brightness changed) using a capacitor that could deflect the beam vertically, thereby changing the number of electrons passing to the screen through the diaphragm. On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, Rosing demonstrated the transmission of television images of simple geometric shapes and receiving them with playback on the CRT screen.

5. Knapsack parachute - Kotelnikov G.E.

In 1911, the Russian military man, Kotelnikov, impressed by the death of the Russian pilot Captain L. Matsievich, who he saw at the All-Russian Aeronautics Festival in 1910, invented a fundamentally new parachute RK-1. Kotelnikov's parachute was compact. Its dome is made of silk, the lines were divided into 2 groups and attached to the shoulder girths of the suspension system. The dome and slings were placed in a wooden, and later aluminum satchel. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed a parachute bag made in the form of an envelope with honeycombs for slings. In 1917, 65 parachute descents were registered in the Russian army, 36 for rescue and 29 voluntary.

6. Nuclear power plant.

Launched on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk (then the village of Obninskoye, Kaluga Region). It was equipped with one AM-1 reactor (“peaceful atom”) with a capacity of 5 MW.
The reactor of the Obninsk NPP, in addition to generating energy, served as a base for experimental studies. At present, the Obninsk NPP has been decommissioned. Its reactor was shut down on April 29, 2002 for economic reasons.

7. Periodic table of chemical elements– Mendeleev D.I.

Periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) - a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on charge atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression periodic law, established by the Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev in 1869. Its original version was developed by D. I. Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight (in modern terms, on atomic mass).

8. Laser

The prototype laser masers were made in 1953-1954. N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, as well as, independently of them, the American C. Towns and his colleagues. In contrast to the Basov and Prokhorov quantum generators, which found a way out in the use of more than two energy levels, the Towns maser could not operate continuously. In 1964, Basov, Prokhorov and Townes received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which made it possible to create generators and amplifiers based on the principle of a maser and a laser."

9. Bodybuilding

Russian athlete Eugenia Sandov, the title of his book “body building” - bodybuilding was literally translated into English. language.

10. Hydrogen bomb– Sakharov A.D.

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.

11. The first artificial earth satellite, the first astronaut, etc.

12. Gypsum - N. I. Pirogov

Pirogov, for the first time in the history of world medicine, used a plaster cast, which made it possible to accelerate the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov used the help of the sisters of mercy, some of whom came to the front from St. Petersburg. It was also an innovation at the time.

13. Military medicine

Pirogov invented the stages of military medical service, as well as methods for studying human anatomy. In particular, he is the founder of topographic anatomy.

Antarctica was discovered on January 16 (January 28), 1820 by a Russian expedition led by Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, who approached it on the sloops Vostok and Mirny at the point 69 ° 21? Yu. sh. 2°14? h. (G) (area of the modern Bellingshausen Ice Shelf).

15. Immunity

Having discovered the phenomena of phagocytosis in 1882 (which he reported on in 1883 at the 7th congress of Russian naturalists and doctors in Odessa), he developed on their basis a comparative pathology of inflammation (1892), and later - the phagocytic theory of immunity ("Immunity in infectious diseases" , 1901 - Nobel Prize, 1908, together with P. Ehrlich).

The main cosmological model, in which the consideration of the evolution of the Universe begins with a state of dense hot plasma, consisting of protons, electrons and photons. The hot universe model was first considered in 1947 by Georgy Gamow. Since the late 1970s, the origin of elementary particles in the hot universe model has been described using spontaneous symmetry breaking. Many shortcomings of the hot universe model were solved in the 1980s as a result of the construction of the theory of inflation.

The most famous computer game, invented by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985.

18. The first machine - V. G. Fedorov

An automatic carbine designed for firing bursts from the hands. V. G. Fedorov. Abroad, this type of weapon is referred to as an "assault rifle".

1913 - prototype under a special cartridge intermediate in power (between pistol and rifle).
1916 - adoption (under the Japanese rifle cartridge) and the first combat use (Romanian front).

19. Incandescent lamp- Lodygin's lamp A.N.

The light bulb does not have a single inventor. The history of the light bulb is a chain of discoveries made different people in different time. However, Lodygin's merits in the creation of incandescent lamps are especially great. Lodygin was the first to propose the use of tungsten filaments in lamps (in modern electric light bulbs, filaments are made of tungsten) and twist the filament in the form of a spiral. Also, Lodygin was the first to pump air out of the lamps, which increased their service life many times over. Another invention of Lodygin, aimed at increasing the life of lamps, was filling them with an inert gas.

20. Diving apparatus

In 1871, Lodygin created a project for an autonomous diving suit using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen had to be produced from water by electrolysis.

21. Induction oven

The first caterpillar mover (without a mechanical drive) was proposed in 1837 by staff captain D. Zagryazhsky. Its caterpillar mover was built on two wheels surrounded by an iron chain. And in 1879, the Russian inventor F. Blinov received a patent for the “caterpillar track” he created for a tractor. He called it "a locomotive for dirt roads"

23. Cable telegraph line

The Petersburg-Tsarskoye Selo line was built in the 1940s. XIX century and had a length of 25 km. (B. Jacobi)

24. Synthetic rubber from petroleum– B. Byzov

25. Optical sight

“A mathematical instrument with a perspective telescope, with other accessories and a spirit level for quick guidance from a battery or from the ground at the indicated place to the target horizontally and along levation.” Andrey Konstantinovich NARTOV (1693-1756).

In 1801, the Ural master Artamonov solved the problem of lightening the weight of the wagon by reducing the number of wheels from four to two. Thus, Artamonov created the world's first pedal scooter, the prototype of the future bicycle.

27. Electric welding

Way electric welding metals were invented and first used in 1882 by the Russian inventor Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos (1842 - 1905). "Stitching" of metal with an electric seam he called "electrohephaestus".

First in the world Personal Computer was invented not by the American company Apple Computers and not in 1975, but in the USSR in 1968
year by the Soviet designer from Omsk Arseny Anatolyevich Gorokhov (born 1935). Author's certificate No. 383005 describes in detail the "programming device", as the inventor then called it. They did not give money for an industrial design. The inventor was asked to wait a little. He waited until once again a domestic "bicycle" was invented abroad.