Presentation on the history of Russia "the era of palace coups". History presentation - the era of palace coups

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History presentation on the topic: "Palace coups".

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General characteristics of the period.
In the years that separated the death of Peter 1 from the accession of Catherine 2, 6 sovereigns and sovereigns were replaced on the throne: Catherine 1, Peter 2, Anna Ioannovna, Elizaveta Petrovna, Peter 3. These were people different ages, dissimilar characters and tastes, nevertheless they had much in common. Previously, none of them was distinguished by the talent of a statesman, most of them ended up on the throne by chance.

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Peter and Catherine considered themselves servants of the state. The purpose of the service is the achievement of the common good, the goal in the modern view is mythical, but their whole life and activity was subordinated to it. Peter's successors, although occasionally used his terminology about the common good, did so out of inertia or outward imitation. During the reign of six kings, the state was mainly ruled by their favorites. The kings were not interested in the state. Rule was like satisfying a common whim.

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The coup of Catherine 1.
The coup of Catherine 1.
Peter 1 in the "Charter on the succession of the throne" granted the right to the reigning sovereign to appoint his heir, but he himself did not have time to do this. In 1725, he died before he could say who would become the heir to the throne. From point of view common law the throne was to be inherited by the eldest son of the king - Tsarevich Alexei. But he tragically died during interrogations. The nobles, fearing for their future, decided to enthrone the wife of the king - Catherine 1.

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The coup of Catherine 1.
This illiterate, weak-willed, but kind woman, a former laundress, suited Menshikov and Tolstoy, and they, relying on the guards, elevated her to the throne. It was a kind of palace coup. During the reign of Catherine 1, the Supreme Privy Council was created in 1826, which included Peter's associates. In fact, during the reign of Catherine, next to her, as a favorite, was Menshikov. It was he who had a great influence on the empress.

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Russian Empress in 1725 - 1727 Second wife of Peter I. Daughter of a Latvian peasant. Was in the service of pastor E. Gluck. In 1701 - 1702 she married a Swedish dragoon. During the capture of Marienburg in 1702, she was captured by the Russians. She lived with B.P. Sheremetev, then with A.D. Menshikov. Since 1705 - a favorite, since 1712 - the wife of Peter I. She gave birth to 8 children, of which daughters Anna and Elizabeth survived to adulthood. In 1711 she participated in the Prut campaign. She was crowned empress in 1724, but was not proclaimed the official heir to the throne, possibly due to adultery with chamberlain V. Mons. In 1725, she was elevated to the throne under the pressure of A. D. Menshikov and the guards. Rules in conjunction with the Supreme Privy Council established by her.
Personality of the Empress

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Statesman and military leader, closest associate of Peter I, His Serene Highness Prince (since 1707), field marshal (since 1709), generalissimo (since 1727). The son of a court groom, in his youth he sold pies peddling. He began his service in 1686 as a batman for Peter I.
Menshikov Alexander Danilovich

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Actively participated in the Northern War, supervised the construction of St. Petersburg. Petersburg Governor in 1703 - 1724 He commanded the cavalry in the battle of Lesnaya, the vanguard and the left flank of the Russian army in Poltava battle. Led the conquest of Livonia. In 1718 - 1724 and 1726 - 1727. - President of the Military College. He played a key role in the enthronement of Catherine I. Under Catherine I, he was a member of the Supreme Privy Council, the de facto ruler of the state. He tried to intermarry with the royal family, marrying Peter II to his daughter Maria. In September 1727 he was taken under house arrest, deprived of his property and exiled to Berezov. Died in exile. Two children of A. D. Menshikov were returned from exile and restored to their rights by Empress Anna Ivanovna.

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The reign of Peter 2.
The reign of Catherine 1 lasted two and a half years, she was replaced by Peter 2 in May 1727. The appearance of a 12-year-old boy on the throne was the result of a radical change in Menshikov’s attitude towards him: from an implacable opponent, he turned into an ardent admirer of his accession. Even during the life of Catherine, he decided to intermarry with the reigning family, marrying Peter his daughter Maria.

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Menshikov's plan came true, if not for Osterman. Thanks to his intrigues, Peter 2 freed himself from Menshikov, proclaimed himself emperor, and sent his failed father-in-law into exile in Berezov. Menshikov's place was taken by the Dolgorukis. The 20-year-old Ivan Dolgoruky became Peter's favorite and addicted the emperor to hobbies unusual for his age. Ivan's father, Alexei Dolgoruky, tried to marry Peter to his daughter Catherine. A. Dolgoruky addicted Peter to hunting. They are almost all year round rushed through the fields and meadows, and the body of the lad was so exhausted that he fell ill. Then he caught a cold at the feast of the blessing of water on the ice of the Moscow River, and on January 18, 1730, he died.

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Russian Emperor since 1727, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. He died of a cold while hunting.
Peter 2

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The trick of the leaders.
On January 19, 1730, the autocrat Peter 2 died. He was the last direct descendant in the male line in the Romanov family. Everyone was worried about the question - who will come to power? Will these be the descendants of Peter 1 with Catherine 1: his twenty-year-old daughter Elizaveta Petrovna or two-year-old grandson Karl Peter Ulrich - the son of the then deceased Anna Petrovna and the Duke of Holstein Karl Friedrich? Or maybe a new dynasty will be on the throne? This is exactly what the princes Dolgoruky dreamed of. They also belonged to the Rurik family, although they belonged to a side branch. They were under Peter 2 during his reign. Alexei Dolgoruky managed to marry his daughter to the emperor. Dolgoruky, after the death of Peter2, came up with a sinister plan to seize power. They made a false will, allegedly indicating that after his death, Peter II was handing over the reins of government to his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna (i.e. Dolgoruky).

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At a meeting in the Lefortovo Palace of the Supreme Privy Council, A. Dolgoruky laid out this will. But none of the leaders did not support Dolgoruky. The council began to consider candidates for the throne, and chose Anna Ioannovna. The leaders decided that she was the most suitable candidate for the throne. The leaders decided to limit the power of Anna Ioannovna to conditions (that is, to provide her with certain conditions of government). The leaders wanted to rule the state with the help of Anna Ioannovna.

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It was decided to send Vasily Lukich Dolgoruky to Mitava in good condition. Arriving there and meeting with the future empress, Dolgoruky outlined everything to Anna Ioannovna. Conditions shed light on the overthrow of the autocracy and the actual establishment of the power of the Supreme Privy Council. Arriving in Moscow, Anna Ioannovna saw that the nobles did not support this idea. On February 25, 1730, Anna broke her condition and proclaimed herself an autocrat.

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Russian Empress in 1730 - 1740 The middle daughter of Tsar Ivan V (brother of Peter I). In 1710 she was married off to Duke Friedrich Wilhelm of Courland. Widowed almost immediately. She lived in the capital of Courland, Mitava (now Jelgava). Since 1727, E. I. Biron became Anna Ivanovna’s favorite. In February 1730, having signed the "conditions", she arrived in Moscow for accession to the Russian throne. Having received a petition from the nobility to restore the autocracy, she broke the "conditions". She was crowned in April 1740. In 1731 she established the Cabinet of Ministers. In 1731, she canceled the decree on single inheritance, established the gentry corps. In 1736 she limited the service of the nobility to 25 years. In everyday life, she adhered to old Moscow traditions.
Personality of the Empress

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The reign of Ivan Antonovich
Anna Ioannovna left the throne as unexpectedly as she appeared on it - in the fall of 1740 she died, leaving a will in favor of the infant Ivan Antonovich. Where did he come from, what are his rights to the throne? Peter 1 married Anna Ivanovna to the Duke of Courland, and her sister Catherine to the Duke of Mecklenburg. The last family life did not work out, she was forced to leave her absurd and despotic husband and, together with her daughter, settle in Russia. After the adoption of Orthodoxy, the daughter was named Anna Leopoldovna. The Empress married her niece to Anton Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick. On August 24, 1740, Princess Anna Leopoldovna gave birth to a son, Ivan Antonovich.

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The daughter of Peter the Great, Elizabeth, had the preferential right to the crown, but Anna Ivanovna decided to secure the throne for her branch of the dynasty. Another reason for appointing the baby as successor was the desire to do good to Biron, who, under Elizabeth Petrovna, would not have had a place in the government. It was announced to astonished contemporaries that not his mother, but the favorite of the late Empress, the Duke of Courland, Biron, was declared the emperor’s regent until he came of age. In the conditions of general dissatisfaction with Biron and the murmur of the guard, which the regent tried to "scatter" among the army regiments, Minich without special work managed to make on November 8, 1740 another palace coup, depriving Biron of the rights of regent, which he used for only three weeks. Minich proclaimed Anna Leopoldovna regent. After all the intrigues, Ivan Antonovich began to rule without any intrigues and slander. But this did not last long. In 1741, another coup took place in favor of Elizabeth Petrovna.

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Russian emperor in 1740-1741. Great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, son of Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick and Anna Leopoldovna, niece of Empress Anna Ivanovna. He inherited the throne according to the will of Anna Ivanovna after her death. He was overthrown by Elizaveta Petrovna in November 1741. He was exiled with his parents to Kholmogory, where he was excommunicated from his parents, kept in solitude. In 1756, he was secretly transported to the Shlisselburg Fortress, where he was kept as a secret prisoner, without mentioning his name. He knew about his origin, was literate, but was mentally unbalanced. Killed by guards during an attempted release by V. Ya. Mirovich.
Emperor's personality

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In the dead of night on November 25, 1741, Tsesarevna Elizaveta Petrovna committed coup d'état, arresting the baby - Emperor Ivan Antonovich and his parents - Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick and Anna Leopoldovna. This coup was not a surprise to anyone - rumors about it spread throughout the capital and became the property of the capital. Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter 1 and the former Livonian peasant woman Marta Skavronskaya (after converting to Orthodoxy, Ekaterina Alekseevna), was born on December 18, 1709. The marriage relations of Peter 1 and Ekaterina Alekseevna at the time of the birth of Elizabeth were not yet officially formalized, which subsequently influenced the fate of Elizabeth. In August 1721, Peter 1 assumed the imperial title, after which Anna and Elizabeth began to be called "Tsesarevnas". This title separated the emperor's children from other members of the Romanov family. Peter, the son of the executed Tsarevich Alexei, was called the Grand Duke, and Peter's niece Anna was called the princess.
The coup of Elizabeth Petrovna

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After the unexpected death of Peter 2 in 1730, Elizabeth turned out to be the legitimate heir to the throne, since her sister Anna renounced the rights to the Russian throne for herself and her descendants. However, the Supreme Privy Council, recognizing Elizabeth as illegitimate, denied her the rights to the throne, inviting Anna Ioanovna to take her place. After the death of the ruler in 1740, her two-month-old great-nephew Ivan Antonovich inherited the throne. As a result of the conspiracy of Field Marshal Munnich, real power passed to Anna Leopoldovna. The new ruler treated Elizabeth with sympathy, but she was unlikely to reciprocate. Probably already Elizabeth was visited by thoughts of taking the throne. The coup d'etat of Elizabeth Petrovna had an important feature: more than ever before, the participation of foreign powers - FRANCE AND SWEDEN - was noticeable in it.

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Both states, helping to ascend the throne to Elizabeth, hoped that the empress would generously pay for the service rendered. Sweden hoped that Russia would return Estonia and Livonia to her. Events, however, did not develop according to the Swedish scenario: the Swedish ambassador failed to persuade Elizabeth to put her signature on the obligation to return these lands to Sweden. France also intended to benefit from the accession of Elizabeth Petrovna - she counted on a change in Russia's foreign policy: turning into an obedient executor of the will of French diplomacy. Finally, the last but not least feature of the coup was that it was directed against German dominance and was an expression of the growth of national consciousness. Everything happened without noise and bloodshed: the grenadiers entered the Winter Palace, took the ruler, her husband and emperor into custody. Munnich and Osterman were arrested. Both were sent into exile in Siberia.

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Russian Empress in 1741 - 1761 Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I (born before the marriage of her parents). She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup, overthrowing the ruler Anna Leopoldovna and the infant emperor Ivan VI Antonovich. During her reign, Russia participated in the Russian-Swedish (1741 - 1743) and the Seven Years' Wars. She practically did not deal with issues of domestic policy, entrusting it to the ministers, in particular P.I. Shuvalov. She had a passion for dress and entertainment. She founded the Moscow University and the Academy of Arts. Favorites - A. G. Razumovsky and I. I. Shuvalov.
Personality of the Empress

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The disorderly life of the empress led her to death at the age of 54. The throne was taken by her nephew Peter 3 - a representative of the Petrine branch of the Romanov dynasty. He was the son of Anna Petrovna, the eldest daughter of Peter the Great, who married her to the Duke of Holstein. Karl's mother, Petra, died shortly after giving birth, and his father died in 1739, leaving an 11-year-old orphan in poor health in the care of rude and ignorant educators. By the will of fate, Karl-Peter turned out to be the heir to three thrones: he could become the duke of Holstein, the Swedish king and the Russian emperor. That is why Elizaveta Petrovna, having become the Empress, hastened to deliver her nephew to St. Petersburg in order to prepare him for the succession to the throne.
The coup of Peter 3.

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After the adoption of Orthodoxy, Karl-Peter was named Peter Fedorovich, and his wife, Anhalt, the Tserbian princess Sophia Frederick Augusta, was named Ekaterina Alekseevna. Being married, i.e. as an adult, Pyotr Fedorovich showed strange properties of his nature: either he was fond of playing with dolls, then playing soldiers, then training dogs, then playing the violin. But nothing attracted him so much as exercises and watch parades. Having taken the throne on December 25, 1761, nothing kept Peter 3 from strange behavior and manifestations of an unbalanced character: he began to devote even more time to drill and parades, casually insulted the courtiers, punished those close to him in anger for trifling acts, spent long hours in incredibly smoky rooms drinking and card games. During his reign, he issued in 1762 a manifesto on the freedom of the nobility. But this reign did not last long. In 1762, Peter 3 was overthrown from the throne with the help of the guards, his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna. Thus ended the male branch in the Romanov dynasty.

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Russian emperor in 1761 - 1762 Son of the daughter of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter I, and Duke Karl Friedrich of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. In 1742 he arrived in Russia and was declared heir to the throne. In 1745 he was married to Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst (the future Catherine II). In December 1761, after the death of his aunt, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, he ascended the throne.
Personality of Peter 3.

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Being a fan of the Prussian king Frederick II, he concluded a separate peace with him, returned to Prussia all the conquests of Russia in Seven Years' War, was about to start a war with Denmark for the return of Schleswig to the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp. He issued a Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility, liquidated the Secret Chancellery, announced the secularization of church and monastery lands, stopped the persecution of schismatics, sent a decree to the Senate on the equalization of all religions. He was overthrown as a result of a palace coup organized by Catherine II.

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With the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in December 1761, the Romanov dynasty came to an end. The throne passed to Karl - Peter - Ulrich, who managed to give rise to a new dynasty in a short reign - the Romanovs-Holstein-Gottorps. The name of the Prince of Holstein, the grandson of Peter the Great and Charles 12, was associated with many hopes and worries. In 1745, the Grand Duke was married to his second cousin, sixteen-year-old Princess Sofia Augusta from the petty principality of Anhalt-Zerbst. After the adoption of Orthodoxy, the princess was given the name Ekaterina Alekseevna. The transition of the throne to Peter 3 went smoothly - without Catherine's attempts to counteract this. Presumably pregnancy played a role. Grand Duchess- in April 1762, she had a son from Grigory Orlov - the future Count Alexei Bobrinsky.
The coup of Catherine II.
Count, favorite of Catherine II. One of the organizers of the palace coup of 1762. Suppressed the Plague Riot in Moscow in 1771.

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Already six months after the accession of Peter the society was revolutionary against him. The clergy expressed dissatisfaction with the secularization of church lands, as a result, rumors spread throughout the country about the tsar’s neglect of the foundations of Orthodoxy, about how Peter 3, laughing out loud, walks around the church during the service, and in general is going to introduce Lutheranism into Russia. The guard did not approve of the plans of the emperor to send her to war with Denmark. Industrialists opposed the ban on the purchase of serfs to factories. Officials were worried about Peter's unpredictability. Yes, and the nobility, at first intending to thank him for the manifesto on the freedom of the noble construction of the golden statue of the emperor, quickly realized that nothing good could be expected from Peter.

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The national feelings of the Russian people were offended by the emphatic reverence of the emperor for the Prussian king, a recent enemy of Russia, who suffered a crushing defeat from the Russian army. Peter defiantly walked in a Prussian military uniform, wore a Prussian order on his chest, and a ring with a miniature portrait of Friedrich on his hand, and was proud that the king made him a major general in the Prussian army. Ekaterina Alekseevna had a hard time. The French envoy Breteuil wrote: “The position of the Empress is the most desperate: she is expressed with utter contempt, ... The emperor redoubled his attention to the girl Vorontsova. He appointed her chamberlain. She lives at court and enjoys extraordinary honor ... ”Peter's affection for Elizaveta Romanovna Vorontsova was strong and deep. This was the danger for Catherine. The favorite was supported by the Vorontsov clan, led by her uncle, Chancellor Mikhail Illarionovich. In a letter to Baron Austen in June 1762, Catherine wrote that the Vorontsovs planned to imprison her in a monastery and put her relative next to her on the throne.

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Catherine's friends offered her, using the general hatred of Peter, to overthrow him, imprison him in a casemate, so that she herself could rule as an autocrat or as a regent under the young emperor Paul. The same Breteuil reported: “I believe that the empress, whose courage and ardor I know, decide sooner or later on extreme measures. She has friends who try to calm her down, but they will do anything for her if she demands it. Among the most active conspirators are guards officers led by the five Orlov brothers, the chief of the Izmailovsky regiment, the president of the Academy of Sciences, Count K. Razumovsky; tutor of Grand Duke Paul, an experienced diplomat N. Panin and his brother General P. Panin, their niece E. Dashkova, Native sister favorites of Peter 3 M. Vorontsova, and a number of others. Each of them had their own reasons for the palace coup. So, Nikolai Panin expected that Catherine would become only a regent under the young Pavel. The Orlov brothers hoped that the enthronement of Catherine would exalt them, and perhaps even lead to marriage with Gregory. The young and romantically inclined Dashkova simply sympathized with the empress deceived by her husband, and Razumovsky, as Catherine later claimed, was slightly in love with her.

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An atmosphere of conspiracy quickly thickened around Peter 3, which was felt by his close friend King Frederick, who strongly recommended that security measures be taken. The plan of the Orlov brothers was to capture the emperor in his chambers, following the tried and tested model of the St. Petersburg palace revolutions, declaring him deposed and thereby limiting the event to the boundaries of the imperial palace. This plan was not carried out, since Peter 3 left St. Petersburg and went to the summer residence of Oranienbaum on the Gulf of Finland, about 40 kilometers from the city. Because of this, the speech against the emperor was transferred from the walls of the palace to the guards barracks and to the streets of St. Petersburg. The term of the coup was determined by Peter 3 himself, giving the order to the guards to prepare for a speech against Denmark. In addition, one had to reckon with the possibility of arresting Catherine and concluding her in a monastery.

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On June 12, the emperor went to Oranienbaum, leaving his wife and son in the capital. On June 17, Catherine also left Petersburg and arrived in Peterhof, entrusting Pavel to the care of the teacher Nikolai Panin. On June 19, the Empress visited her husband in Oranienbaum, where she attended a theatrical performance, during which Peter played the violin. Then she returned to Peterhof. On the night of June 28, Catherine was awakened by Alexei Orlov, the brother of her lover, who said that it was necessary to act immediately, since one of the conspirators, guards officer Pyotr Passek, had been arrested.

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A little earlier, Fyodor Orlov told Kirill Razumovsky that brother Alexei was going to follow Catherine to Peterhof in order to deliver her to the Izmailovsky regiment, where there were many officers located to the Empress. Razumovsky notified the academic printing house to start printing a manifesto on the accession to the throne of Catherine 2. Since Catherine did not want to be content with the role of regent for her son, the manifesto, ahead of events, said that her loyal subjects had already taken an oath of allegiance to her as empress and autocrat of all Russia. From Peterhof, Catherine rushed to St. Petersburg at such a speed that the driven horses had to be changed along the way. In the capital, she was met by Grigory Orlov, and they immediately went to the barracks of the Izmailovsky regiment. All the guardsmen shouted "Hurrah" after Catherine. When leaving for Nevsky Square, the people greeted Catherine with joyful cries. At 9 o'clock in the morning, Catherine, accompanied by a group of officers, arrived at the overcrowded Kazan Cathedral. The ceremony of accession to the throne of the new empress began.

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And what was Peter 3 busy with? In the morning the emperor arrived at Peterhof, where it was planned to celebrate his name day. But Catherine was not there. Peter returned to Oranienbaum and began to send messengers to Petersburg to find out what had happened. But they didn't return. Upon learning of the coup, half of them swore allegiance to the empress. After some time, Peter learned that a coup had taken place in St. Petersburg. Without thinking for a second, he sent a decree to Kronstadt for three thousand soldiers to arrive in Peterhof. He did not manage to enter Petersburg with the soldiers, since everyone told him that there was no Peter 3, but there was Catherine 2. Meanwhile, Catherine gathered a large army and went to Oranienbaum to arrest her unlucky husband. Having reached Strelna, Peter 3 sent a letter to Catherine asking for forgiveness and that he would change. But she didn't answer him.

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In Peterhof, Peter's envoy handed over a note to the Empress, in which Peter promised to renounce the throne in exchange for a small pension, the Holstein throne, and the maid of honor Vorontsov. In response, Catherine sent her husband an act of renunciation, which he had to sign. By lunchtime, Grigory Orlov brought from Oranienbaum the abdication of Peter III, signed by himself. The emperor himself was arrested and taken to the Ropsha estate under the supervision of Alexei Orlov, captain of Peter Passek. Then he was taken to Shlisselburg. The regiments returned to the capital on 30 June. This day was declared the day of general drunkenness. Shortly after Catherine's accession to the throne, a manifesto was issued stating that the former emperor Peter 3 became seriously ill and would die soon. But not everyone believed this, even the son of the Empress Pavel. Only after the death of the Empress did he find letters from Alexei Orlov from Shlisselburg in her desk. It said that Peter was very ill with colic and that Orlov was afraid whether he would survive or not. The last letter is dated June 6th. It says that Peter died. A. Orlov does not know why. Peter argued with Baryatinsky and ... .. he was gone. To refute the suspicion that arose about the poisoning, Catherine ordered to open the body and nothing was found there.

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It can be assumed that this death was beneficial for Catherine. Her subjects knew that she needed it and helped to achieve the speedy killing of Peter. Catherine understood that society would suspect her of the death of the muse and played a small performance. She walked around the palace all dejected, forgetful, wept a lot defiantly. It was publicly announced that the former emperor died of "hemmoroidal" colic. Catherine did not participate in the burial of the murdered. Peter 3 was buried in the church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra without a tombstone and an inscription. The conspirators were not punished. Catherine achieved everything she wanted: she bypassed the legitimate heir of Paul and took the throne without any legal basis.

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Russian Empress in 1762 - 1796 Born Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. In February 1744, at the invitation of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, she arrived in Russia, in 1745 she was married to the heir to the throne, Peter Fedorovich (the future Peter III). From her youth, she was distinguished by a penchant for serious literature, she read Voltaire, Diderot, and other enlighteners. In 1762 she overthrew Peter III and took the throne. Carried out a number of reforms: the reorganization of the Senate (1763), the secularization of church lands (1763 - 1764), the abolition of the hetmanship in Ukraine (1764), the provincial reform (1775). She issued letters of commendation to the nobility and cities (1785), liquidated the Zaporozhian Sich (1775), attached Ukrainian peasants to the land (1783), resettled Ukrainian Cossacks to the Kuban (1791).
Personality of the Empress

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In 1764 - 1765. was "Instruction" for the convened in 1767 - 1768. The laid commission, however, the attempt to create a new Code ended in failure due to the inability to reconcile the interests of the estates and overcome the resistance of the nobles to the easing of serfdom. Catherine was an opponent of mercantilism and sought to reduce state intervention in the economy, fought against trade monopolies, and abolished farming.

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During her reign, Russia waged successful wars with Turkey (1774 - 1768 and 1787 - 1791), annexed the Crimea, Kuban, the Black Sea coast to the Dniester, participated in the partitions of Poland, annexed Lithuania, Belarus, Right-bank Ukraine. Catherine II pursued a policy of enlightened absolutism, corresponded with the enlighteners, and contributed to the development of Russian culture. She had many favorites (up to 15), but, although among them were outstanding statesmen, for example, G. A. Potemkin, she always ruled independently.

• Palace coups, their causes
• Catherine I
• Peter II
• Board of Anna Ioannovna
• Ivan Antonovich and Anna Leopoldovna
• The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna
• Peter III

Complete the worksheet "Palace coups"

After the death of Peter, a period of palace coups began, which lasted 37 years.

Peter, having introduced by decree of 1722, the appointment of a successor by the reigning emperor, gave rise to an unstable situation in the country.

Guards regiments began to interfere in the succession to the throne, hoping for rewards from the emperors they had placed on the throne.

Coups did not change the essence of power, which was actually exercised not by the monarch, but by a group of his close associates and favorites.

Historian Klyuchevsky V.O.

The aggravation of the problem of succession to the throne in connection with the adoption of the Decree of 1722, which broke traditional mechanism transfer of power

An intense struggle between various factions for power.

Increasing the role of the Guard in political life countries

Weakening of the ruling dynasty during the period of Peter's reforms

Prerequisites for palace coups

Establishment of dynastic ties with the German states, which led to the emergence of foreign claimants to the throne

The construction of a new capital, where the monarch was cut off from the main part of the country and became a hostage of his own environment

The passivity of the masses, absolutely far from the political life of the capital

Peter I in 1724 he crowned his wife, Catherine. A.D. took advantage of this. Menshikov, who elevated her to the throne with the help of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovites.

Menshikov actually became the first minister. In 1726, he established the Supreme Privy Council, which included Peter's associates. He was supposed to help Catherine govern the state.

The Supreme Soviet supervised all collegiums and institutions of the Russian Empire. The role of the Senate has been reduced.

A. I. Osterman

A. D. Menshikov

F. M. Apraksin

Laws came into force after the signature of the Empress or the Supreme Privy Council.

G. I. Golovkin

P. A. Tolstoy

D. M. Golitsyn

Karl Friedrich

Holstein

Formally, the Council continued the policy of Peter I :

• Poll tax reduced;
• The ban on the use of the army to collect tax arrears;
• The conditions of service of the nobles were facilitated;
• Discussion of cutting spending on the army and navy.

In May 1727 Catherine I passed away.

I - Petr Alekseevich. Menshikov hoped to maintain his power by passing off as Peter II his daughter Mary.

He controlled every step of the emperor, but in the summer of 1727 he fell ill and the emperor fell under the influence of I. Dolgorukov, with whom he began to spend his free time.

In September 1727, Menshikov was arrested and exiled to the Urals to Berezov, where he died in 1729.

Huge impact on Peter II began to provide Dolgoruky and Golitsyn, who took seats in the Supreme Privy Council.

They removed Peter's associates from the service I and reversed the reforms.

Wanting to secure their position, the Dolgoruky tried to marry Peter II on E. Dolgoruky.

Shortly before the wedding in January 1730, Peter II hosted a parade on the river. Yauze, caught a cold and died suddenly.

The leaders wanted to enthrone the "tsar's bride", but could not.

Members of the Supreme Privy Council decided to opt for Peter's niece I Anna Ioannovna.

Anna was given in marriage to the Duke of Courland in 1710. A year later, her husband died and Anna ruled the duchy with the help of favorites.

The leaders offered her "conditions" that limited autocratic power.

Anna agreed, but when she arrived in Moscow, she tore the sheet with "conditions". Anna was a narrow-minded woman who loved the fun of jesters and the stories of the head of the Secret Office, S. Ushakov.

In questions government controlled she did not delve into it and the country actually ended up under the rule of the Courlanders who arrived with her.

The greatest influence at the court of the Empress was her favorite, Ernst Biron.

The most important positions at the court were given to the Germans, who occupied all the seats in the Supreme Privy Council.

Why do you think?

Bribery and embezzlement have become widespread.

Artemy Volynsky, the only Russian in the Supreme Privy Council, protested against German dominance.

His speech ended tragically - in 1740 Volynsky was executed on charges of embezzlement.

B. H. Minich

A. I. Osterman

Anna, who had no children, shortly before her death invited her nephew Ivan Antonovich and his parents Anton Ulrich and Anna Leopoldovna to Russia.

When Anna Ioannovna died in the year 1740, Ivan VI was only 2 months old. According to the will, E. Biron was appointed regent.

Biron was in power for six months.

Army officers, led by Field Marshal A. Minikh, arrested Biron and exiled him to Yaroslavl.

The emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna, was proclaimed regent. But under her, nothing has changed in the life of the country, and a new conspiracy has arisen among the guards.

On November 25, 1741, the Transfiguration officers elevated Elizaveta Petrovna to the throne. Peter's daughter returned to the service of Peter's nobles and restored the effect of her father's decrees.

Foreigners were removed from the court, and A. Razumovsky, the Shuvalov brothers, A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, and others began to play a huge role in government.

A. G. Razumovsky

I. I. Shuvalov

In 1742, Elizabeth appointed Pyotr Fedorovich, the grandson of Pyotr I . Soon his wedding took place with the German Princess Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future Catherine II .

But Peter was an admirer of Prussia. Elizabeth was disappointed in him and after the birth of Catherine Paul decided to transfer the throne to him.

She took the boy to her upbringing, but in 1761 she died.

The new emperor was the grandson of Peter I Pyotr Fedorovich (Peter III ), who ruled for only six months.

He accepted 192 documents in 186 days of rule, but his unpredictability and cringing before the Prussian king Frederick the Great led to a new conspiracy.

On June 28, 1762, he was overthrown and arrested, and a week later he died (according to some versions, he was killed).

Catherine became the new empress II , which soon received the title of "Great".

History presentation -The era of palace coups

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1722 - Decree of succession to the throne:
By Peter's decree of February 5, 1722, on the succession to the throne (confirmed in 1731 and 1761), the emperor appointed himself a successor from among the members of the imperial family.
Peter I did not have time to appoint a successor, and after his death, his wife Catherine I Alekseevna (1725-27) took the throne. The son of Peter I - Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich was executed on June 26, 1718 for actively opposing the reforms.

January 28, 1725 emperor died Peter I. The Russian throne became the object of the struggle of various groups. Russia entered the so-called era of palace coups. Guards regiments became an instrument of struggle for the throne; with the end Northern war Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments were constantly in St. Petersburg or Moscow, accompanying the imperial court. Political significance the guard increased already during the illness of Peter I, when two groups clashed in the struggle for power: the new Peter's nobility ( Menshikov, Apraksin, Tolstoy etc.) and the old boyar aristocracy ( Golitsyn, Dolgoruky, Repnin and etc.). The struggle unfolded around the question of the heir to the throne. In 1722, in connection with the case of Tsarevich Alexei and the early death of the sons of Peter I from marriage with Catherine, Peter issued a decree according to which the throne passed according to the will of the monarch. Peter himself did not leave such a will. The matter was complicated by the fact that Peter had no direct male offspring, except for the grandson of Peter Alekseevich, the son of Tsarevich Alexei. There were also descendants of the brother of Peter I - Tsar Ivan (two daughters - Anna, Duchess of Courland, and Catherine, Duchess of Mecklenburg).

Catherine I(1684, Dorpat - 1727, Petersburg) - first Russian empress in 1725-1727.
The daughter of the Lithuanian inhabitant Samuil Skavronsky before the adoption of Orthodoxy was called Martha Skavronskaya. After the early death of her parents, she was brought up in the house of a Protestant pastor. Literacy was not taught. Married to the dragoon Johann Ribot, who served in the Swedish detachment. In Marienbad, Catherine I fell into Russian captivity and ended up with B.P. Sheremetev, who ceded her to A.D. Menshikov. In 1703, she became the actual wife of Peter I. Contemporaries noted that Catherine I had a sound, active mind and had a strong moral influence on Peter I; was indispensable for him and even accompanied him on campaigns. According to legend, during the Prut campaign in 1711, Catherine I persuaded the Turkish pasha to peace with a valuable gift, thus saving the Russian. army and king from captivity (Order of St. Catherine). The role of Catherine I was greatly exaggerated by Peter I in order to justify their official marriage with his first wife Evdokia Lopukhina imprisoned in a monastery. From 1704 to 1723, Catherine I and Peter I had 11 children, of whom two daughters survived: Anna, who married the Duke of Holstein, and Elizaveta Petrovna. In 1724 a manifesto was published announcing the coronation of Catherine I. Not distinguished by aristocratic elegance, she was stately, fresh, good-looking. She knew how to be courteous and amiable with others. After the death of Peter I, Catherine I, with the support of the guards, was enthroned by A.D. Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of Russia. Catherine I was not engaged in state affairs, even after becoming the empress, she did not want to learn to read and write. During her reign, the Supreme Privy Council was created. She handed over the throne to the grandson of Peter - Peter II.

Order of Saint Catherine established by Peter I in 1714 in gratitude to his wife for her noble deed during the unsuccessful Prut campaign of 1711 (in which Catherine accompanied Peter) - the Russians were surrounded and found themselves in a difficult situation. Catherine advised to raise money to bribe the Turkish command and was the first to remove her jewelry, urging the officers' wives to do the same. Values ​​allowed the Russian troops to leave their positions with honor and return home.

Peter II(1715, St. Petersburg - 1730, Moscow), Emperor (since 1727).
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. In fact, he did not take part in government; the development of the government course was carried out by the Supreme Privy Council. Initially (until September 1727), A.D. had the greatest influence under Peter II. Menshikov, then princes A.G. and I.A. Dolgoruky. In connection with the coronation celebrations in Moscow, Governor-General F.Yu. Romodanovsky was ordered to build and decorate three gates along Tverskaya Street: in Earthen City - at the expense of the treasury, in the White City - at the expense of the merchants, in Kitai-Gorod - from the Synod. February 25, 1728 Peter II was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. The coronation celebrations continued until February 28 and took place in the Palace of Facets and Kremlin Palace. From the spring of 1728, the Lefortovo Palace became the residence of Peter II; yard moved to Moscow, the most important government agencies. Peter II often left the city, leaving to hunt in estates near Moscow. On November 30, 1729, the betrothal of Peter II to Princess E.A. took place in the Lefortovo Palace. Dolgoruky. During Peter's illness on January 18, 1730 in the Golovinsky Palace, where A.G. Dolgoruky with his daughter, the question of the possibility (in the event of the death of Peter II) of the enthronement of E.A. Dolgoruky. Peter II is buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. With his death, the male line of the Romanov dynasty came to an end.

Anna Ioannovna(1693-1740) - Russian Empress (1730-1740), daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. F. Saltykova. She was brought up at the court of Peter I in St. Petersburg. In 1710-1711. was married to the Duke of Courland, after his death she lived mainly in Mitau. After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council decided to invite Anna to the Russian throne, subject to the restriction of her power by the Supreme Privy Council. Having agreed to these conditions, Anna soon “at the request” of the guards-nobles broke the conditions, dispersed, and later abolished the Supreme Privy Council. She was crowned in Moscow in April 1730. Restored the Senate. Ruled the country with the help and support of a number of foreigners (E. I. Biron, R. and K. Levenwolde, B. K. Minich, G. Biron, K. Mengden, P. Lacy, and others). In 1731, she established the Cabinet of Ministers and renewed a number of orders. Since 1731, the Secret Investigative Office began to operate, using cruel torture. Anna Ioannovna expanded the privileges of the nobility, to whom she owed autocratic power: she abolished the law on single inheritance; established the gentry cadet corps; allowed the management of estates to one of the sons of the owners; limited indefinite public service nobles for 25 years. She brutally suppressed any attempt by the opposition (she imprisoned and executed many representatives of the Dolgorukovs, Golitsyns, A.P. Volynsky, and others). She ordered to draw up an inventory of state-owned protected forests in order to protect and preserve them. Ordered the Synod to keep clean Orthodox faith and intensify the fight against heresies. For this, in particular, on her orders, theological seminaries were opened in 16 cities of Russia. In 1738 established the death penalty for blasphemy. Conducted initiated by Minich military reform. Contributed to the election of Biron Duke of Courland and Semigalle (1737). Not being able to defend the Caspian territories annexed under Peter I, she returned them to the Persian Nadir Shah. Successful for Russia war with Turkey 1735-1739. due to the passivity of Russian diplomacy, it did not lead to the consolidation of success in the peace treaty concluded in Belgrade on conditions unfavorable for Russia. She sought to consolidate power for the descendants of Ivan V. To do this, before her death, she appointed Ivan Antonovich's grand-nephew as successor, and E. I. Biron as regent under him until adulthood.

Biron Ernst Johann(1690-1772) - ruler-regent under the minor Ivan VI Antonovich (October 17 - November 9, 1740). Duke of Courland and Semigallia (since 1737). Favorite of Empress Anna Ioannovna. In the last period of her reign, he undertook to update the guard at the expense of people from the taxable estates. During the regency, he reduced the poll tax, granted amnesty to those convicted in a number of cases. He forbade wearing court dresses made of expensive fabrics. Strengthened police control in St. Petersburg. During the coup carried out by Minikh in favor of Anna Leopoldovna on November 9, 1740, he was arrested and accused of lack of religiosity, forcible seizure of regency powers, and intention to remove the imperial family from the country in order to usurp power in Russia for his family. The commission sentenced Biron to quartering, which was replaced by Anna Leopoldovna's exile to Pelym and confiscation of all property. In 1742 returned from Pelym by Elizaveta Petrovna and exiled to Yaroslavl. After the accession of Peter III, he was returned from exile and reinstated in ranks (1762). In August of the same year, Catherine II returned the Duchy of Courland to Biron, where he left. He died in Mitau at the end of 1772.

Ivan VI Antonovich(1740-1764) - Emperor of All Russia (1740-1741). The son of the niece of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna - Mecklenburg Princess Anna Leopoldovna and Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. The great-grandson of Ivan V. On October 17, 1740, he was proclaimed the All-Russian Emperor, and Duke E. I. Biron as regent under him. After Minich's coup on November 9 of the same year, the regency passed into the hands of the emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna. And as a result of the coup on November 25, 1741, Ivan Antonovich was overthrown from the throne by Elizaveta Petrovna. Initially, she signed a decree on the expulsion of Ivan Antonovich and his family abroad, to relatives. However, this soon had to be abandoned due to possible subsequent complications (including foreign policy and military ones) associated with the restoration of Ivan Antonovich's rights to the throne. For this reason, the whole family was arrested and exiled, first to Dynamünde, then to Ranenburg, and later to Kholmogory, where Ivan Antonovich (he was four years old at that time) was isolated from his relatives. At the age of 16, Ivan Antonovich was imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress, where his name was unknown even to the commandant. Any connection with outside world were strictly prohibited. Despite this, the prisoner knew about his origin. By decrees of Peter III, and later Catherine II, who visited him in 1762, it was ordered to tighten the regime for his detention, and in the event of an attempt to release him, not to extradite him alive. On the night of July 5, 1764, when Lieutenant V. Ya. Mirovich attempted to free the prisoner, Ivan VI was killed. He was buried in the Shlisselburg fortress.

Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761) - Russian Empress (1741-1761). Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I, born out of wedlock. It was this circumstance that explained the fact that during the official consideration of the issue of succession to the throne in 1725-1730. never considered as one of the contenders for the throne. Taking advantage of the decline in authority and influence of power during the reign of Anna Leopoldovna, Elizaveta Petrovna, with the support of the guards, carried out a coup d'état on November 25, 1741, during which she overthrew Ivan VI and the ruler-regent Anna Leopoldovna. The main principles of domestic and foreign policy proclaimed a return to Peter's reforms. Abolished those that arose after the death of her father state institutions(Cabinet of Ministers, etc.), restored the role of the Senate, collegiums, Chief Magistrate. Abolished the death penalty (1756). Eliminated domestic customs. In 1754 created a Legislative Commission to develop a new set of laws. The commission developed draft reforms aimed at the secularization of church lands, the legislative registration of noble privileges, etc. In general domestic politics Elizabeth Petrovna was distinguished by stability and focus on the growth of authority and power state power. According to a number of signs, we can say that the course of Elizabeth Petrovna was the first step towards the policy of enlightened absolutism, which was then carried out under Catherine II. was active and foreign policy Elizabeth. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743. Russia received a significant part of Finland. In an attempt to counter the growing power of Prussia, Elizabeth abandoned traditional relations with France and entered into an anti-Prussian alliance with Austria. Russia under Elizabeth successfully participated in the Seven Years' War. After the capture of Koenigsberg, Elizabeth issued a decree on the annexation of East Prussia to Russia as its province. The culmination of Russia's military glory under Elizabeth was the capture of Berlin (1760). Empress attached great importance development of Russian culture, education, science. In 1755, at her command, the first Moscow University in the country was opened. The Academy of Arts was founded, outstanding cultural monuments were created (Catherine's Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, etc.). She provided support to M. V. Lomonosov and other representatives of Russian science and culture. In the last period of her reign, she was less involved in issues of public administration, entrusting it to P. I. and I. I. Shuvalov, M. I. and R. I. Vorontsov, and others. In 1744, she entered into a secret morganatic marriage with A. G. Razumovsky , from which, according to contemporaries, she gave birth to several children (after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, many impostors appeared who called themselves her children from this marriage. Among them, the so-called Princess Tarakanova became the most famous figure). Elizabeth appointed her nephew (Anna's sister's son), Pyotr Fedorovich, as the official heir to the throne. Elizaveta Petrovna died on December 25, 1761.

Palace coups

1725 - 1762

To the textbook Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. "The history of Russia is the end XVI - XVIII century." M .: "Enlightenment", 2007.

history teacher MBOU Bocharovskaya secondary school

LESSON PLAN

• Palace coups and their causes.
• Who claimed the Russian throne?
• Change of government (from Peter I to Catherine II ).
• Check yourself.

Palace revolutions.

The period in the history of the Russian Empire when there was a violent change of ruling monarchs or palace groups.

This term was first used by the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky. During these years, various noble groups fought for the influence of the Russian monarchs.

1 . The culprit of instability supreme power in the 18th century, it was Peter I who ended up in Russia, who published in 1722 "Charter on the Succession to the Throne".

This normative legal act secured for the autocrat the right to appoint any successor to himself at his discretion. But by the time of Peter's death I never had time to express his will about the heir to the throne. This was the reason for the era of palace coups.

Remember the essence of this decree?

Petr Alekseevich (Great) I 1682-1725 .

Causes of palace coups

• 2. The decisive role in the revolutions belonged to guards .
• 3. Guardsmen became nobles .
• 4. Gang fight tribal aristocracy.

Who is the contender for the throne?

PETER II

ANNA

ELIZABETH

ALEXEI

(DIED IN PRISON)

EVDOKIYA LOPUKHINA

EKATERINA I

Working with educational material Fill the table

Palace coups 1725-1761

Who ruled

…………… ..

Reign time

Ruler's support

…………… ..

Ekaterina I (1725-1727)

At the call of the wife of Peter I, the guards demanded that Ekaterina Alekseevna be proclaimed empress.

To reconcile the warring palace parties was created Supreme Privy Council which included as representatives old nobility, and "chicks of Petrov's nest". Key positions in it were Alexander Danilovich Menshikov.

What did Catherine do? I in order to reconcile two warring camps - supporters of the old tribal aristocracy and associates of Peter I ?

Petr Alekseevich II (1727 –1730)

In May 1727, after the death of Catherine, Peter II Alekseevich, the grandson of Peter I, became emperor.

The old nobility succeeded in arresting Menshikov and exiling him to the Siberian town of Berezov. In the struggle between the princely families won Dolgoruky - representatives of the old tribal nobility who opposed Peter's reforms.

Why is this time (1727) considered the second palace coup?

Peter II died in 1730 from smallpox. With his death, the male line of the Romanov family came to an end.

1730 "VERHOVNIKI" (Supreme Privy Council)

REFLECTED THE INTERESTS OF THE GENIAL ARISTOCRACY

Anna Ioannovna ( 1730-1740 )

In January 1730, after the death of Peter II, the next palace coup took place. The old nobility called to the throne Anna Ioannovna, the niece of Peter I (daughter of Ivan Alekseevich), who received the crown at the price of signing Conditions.

Conditions Anna Ioannovna's invitations to the throne: - not to marry and not to appoint an heir; - do not start wars and do not conclude peace; - not to introduce new taxes; - transfer command of the army to the Supreme Privy Council; - do not encroach on the life, estates and honor of the nobles; - do not favor estates and villages with serfs.

Thus, for the first time, an attempt was made limit the absolute power of the Russian monarch

What were the terms of the Condition aimed at?

With the support of the nobility and the guards, she destroyed the "conditions", and abolished the Supreme Privy Council. Her favorite became the all-powerful ruler under Anna Ioannovna E.I. Biron ("Bironism")

John Antonovich (1740-1741)

As a result of the conspiracy of the guards in 1740 under the leadership of B.K. Minikha against Biron, Anna Leopoldovna (niece of Empress Anna Ioannovna) was proclaimed regent with her infant son Ivan Antonovich IV (2 months) - this is another palace coup.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761)

The guard helped the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth Petrovna, take the throne. On the night of November 25, 1741. another revolution took place.

Yes, one can agree with the words of O.V. Klyuchevsky, because Elizabeth was the daughter of Peter I. She supported the policy return to Peter's transformations, restoration of orders and bodies created under Peter I .

Do you agree with the words of V. O. Klyuchevsky, who calls Elizabeth as follows: "The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter I."

Petr Fedorovich (1761-1762)

Peter III, grandson of Peter I, occupies the Russian throne after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna in 1761.

He abolished the Secret Investigative Office and gave the nobles the opportunity to choose between service and a carefree life on his estate. ( "Manifesto on granting freedom and liberties to the Russian nobility").

He was blamed for: disrespect for Russian shrines and the conclusion of a "shameful peace" with Prussia.

186 days of reign.

Ekaterina Alekseevna ( 1762-1796 )

german princess Sophia Augusta Frederica of Angelt-Zerbskaya

On the morning of June 28, 1762. wife of Peter III last coup, with the help of the guards, she overthrew her husband from the throne and began to rule under the name Catherine II.

How can you evaluate the arrival of Catherine II to power?

The end of the era of palace coups.

Palace coups 1725-1762

Who ruled

Reign time

Ekaterina I Alekseevna

Ruler's support

Peter II Alekseevich

Guards regiments, associates of Peter I, the Supreme Privy Council.

Anna Ioannovna, Duchess of Courland

Guards regiments, the court group of princes Dolgoruky, the Supreme Privy Council.

John VI Antonovich

Elizaveta Petrovna

Guards regiments, the German nobility led by Biron, A. I. Osterman, B. K. Minich. Secret Office.

German nobility.

Peter III Fedorovich

Guards regiments

Ekaterina Alekseevna

Had no support.

Guards regiments, Russian nobility

CHECK YOURSELF

• Set the board sequence

• Peter II . 5. Peter I .
• Anna Ivanovna. 6 . Elizabeth I .
• Ekaterina II . 7 . Ekaterina I .
• John Antonovich 8. Peter III

CHECK YOURSELF

• WHO WAS THE ACTUAL RULER OF THE STATE UNDER CATHERINE I?

BUT) chancellor G.I. Golovkin

B) Prince A.D. Menshikov

AT) Minister E.I. Byron

G) Vice Chancellor A.I. Osterman

CHECK YOURSELF

• THE PRINCE FAMILY THAT ACTUALLY RULED RUSSIA UNDER PETER II ?

A) Lopukhins

B) Galitsyns

B) Dolgoruky

HOMEWORK

• PARAGRAPH 20 – 21 , questions and tasks for the paragraph

GLOSSARY

• Guard(ital. guardia"guard, protection") - selected privileged part of the troops.

• Nobility – privileged part of the military class .

• Ancestral aristocracy – the privileged class of society, mainly consisting of representatives of the most noble families, the nobility.

GLOSSARY

Conditions conditions for an invitation to the throne.

Bironovshchina- an extremely reactionary regime in Russia in the 30s. 18th century during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna. It got its name by the name of the favorite E.I. Biron - the inspirer and creator of this regime. characteristic features of Bironism - the dominance of foreigners, mainly Germans, in all branches of the state and public life, predatory exploitation of the people, plunder of the wealth of the country, cruel persecution of the discontented, espionage, denunciations.

Ernst Biron

The regency of Ernst-Johann Biron, which became possible with the active support of the same Minich, Osterman, Cherkassky, lasted no more than three weeks. This speaks solely of the inability of E. I. Biron to independently manage the state, of his inability (or rather, unwillingness) to consolidate with those who could be useful to him.