What part of speech is called an interjection. "An unfortunate misunderstanding", or Interjections

Interjection - a special part of speech, combines words that express feelings, motivations, wills, without naming them: oh, oh, well, alas; hello, ay, stop, my God, cheers, tsyts, chu etc. Interjections also include etiquette formulas: thank you.

Interjections do not refer to either independent parts of speech or auxiliary parts of speech. From significant parts of speech interjections differ in that they do not name any objects, signs, or actions, but from service ones - in that they do not express the relationship between words in a phrase and sentence, do not serve to connect words and sentences, do not introduce additional semantic shades into the sentence.

Interjections are words-signals for the shortest expression of a person's reaction to various events of reality or for expressing a demand, desire, command.

Interjections are widely used in colloquial speech, in artistic speech they are more often used in dialogues. Interjections enhance the emotionality of statements, convey the features and styles of live speech. AT poetic works, for example, there is an interjection about!, which contributes to the creation of solemnity: Oh, there is a fire that oblivion does not dare to touch ... Interjections can play an important role in the characterization of characters, for example, Ellochka the cannibal from the novel The Twelve Chairs.

Interjections do not have lexical, grammatical meanings, i.e. interjections do not change, are not members of a sentence and are not syntactically related to the members of the sentence.

In a sentence, interjections are separated by commas or exclamation point, if pronounced with special force: Pass, please, book; To me, Alas, bad luck; Fathers!; I still can't forget the people who, Alas! no more now.

But: Interjections before the personal pronouns you and you, followed by an appeal, are not separated by commas: Ouch you, Volga, who does not love your shores!

Sometimes interjections can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech, then they acquire a specific lexical meaning and become members of the proposal. In such cases, interjections are not separated by commas:

predicate: her fiancé Oh oh oh!
subject and object (at the same time, interjections can have a definition and change in cases and numbers): All these hee hee, ha ha- an abomination. far away Hurrah.
circumstance: The people lay down - ah-ah!
definition: Ah yes honey!

Interjections do not include onomatopoeic words that imitate the sounds of wildlife and inanimate nature ( like a car, ding, gurgle, tra-ta-ta etc.), and words-verbs in interjective form denoting instantaneous actions (bang, bang, slap, break, look, plop, lope, grab, click etc.) and acting in the function verbal predicate, because they do not express feelings and motives ( ..And with a cart boo into the ditch.). But, words used to call or control animals ( kitty-kitty, fas!) are motivating interjections.

According to the meaning of interjections, there are three categories:

emotional interjections express feelings, moods:
- satisfaction (approval, pleasure, joy, admiration): ah, ah, ah, aha, ba, yes, cheers, thank God, bravo, ha, ho, by God;
- dissatisfaction (reproach, protest, annoyance, anger): ah, ah, brr, alas, fu, fi, ugh, here's another, oh, oh-oh-oh, my God, fathers, Lord, well, those times, no matter how, uh, uh, uh, and others;
Most of these interjections are ambiguous, so their meaning is clear from the context.
imperative (imperative-motivating) interjections express various urges to action, commands, orders (call, hail, urge, prohibition, assurance):
ay-yes, apport, hello, ay, down, guard, march, but-oh!, plee!, well, kitty-kitty, away, out, well, well, well, hey, scat, coven, ay, march, whoa!, kitty-kitty, chick-chick, choo! and etc.

These interjections can be functionally correlated with imperative mood verb. They are signals that a response to these words is desired. Incentive interjections can carry an appeal, sometimes they themselves replace the appeal: Hey, Vanka!; Hey, come here!
etiquette interjections (not distinguished in all teaching materials) - the words of the norms of speech etiquette: hello, hello, thank you, please, excuse me, all the best.

Origin interjections:

non-derivative interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech: ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ba, brr, shove, gay, uh, oh, wow, oh, oh, whoa, whoa, ugh, uh, alas, uh, uh, fi, frr, fu, eh, oh, hee, ha, ho, ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh, tsyts, uh, hey, etc ..;
interjection derivatives are formed from words of other parts of speech:
- from verbs: hello, goodbye, think, have mercy, pli (from the fall), say;
- from nouns: priests, guard, Lord, God, devil;
- from adverbs: enough, full, out, away, down, full; (from quieter ->) those, tsh, sh-sh, ts;
- from pronouns: the same;
- borrowed words: come on, atu, hello, bravo, bis, kaput, basta, stop, cheers, coven

Interjections by structure:

simple, i.e. consist of one word: ah, oh, alas;
complex, formed by combining two or three interjections: ah-ah-ah, fathers-lights;
compound, consisting of two or more words: alas and ah, that’s the same, here you are, here’s your time, my God, righteous God, Lord my God, God forbid, God forbid, Lord have mercy, thank God, damn it, damn it, what the hell , hell with two, damn it, go crazy, come on, here you are, here you are once, that's it, as if it were not so, to you.

Examples. Unfortunately, I'm out of luck. O! I don't like to joke. Ah, my head hurts. Ba! All familiar faces. Alas, he does not seek happiness and does not run away from happiness. Hey, look here. Well, well, Ivanovich! Have you heard how he sings? O! Miracle!

Morphological analysis of interjection

Since the interjection does not have non-permanent morphological features, then morphological analysis it is not carried out at school. They only explain the spelling. If parsing, then according to the following plan:

Part of speech - interjection
Morphological features:
- immutable word;
- rank by value;
- category by origin, by structure;
The syntactic function is not a member of the sentence.

Examples.

Ouch I got bitten by a wasp! Ouch- interjection, unchanged, emotional, expresses a feeling of fear, non-derivative, simple, not a member of a sentence.
Oh Oh my God, I'm not talking about that at all. Oh- interjection, unchangeable, emotional, is not a member of the sentence; my God - interjection, immutable, emotional, is not a member of the sentence.
Goodbye! I'm leaving. Goodbye- interjection, unchangeable, etiquette, serves to express farewell, derivative, simple.
Chu! Do you hear? Chu- interjection, immutable, imperative, expresses motivation, non-derivative, simple, not a member of a sentence.

In the 18th century, the French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau said, "To exist is to feel." The language has special words that express a variety of feelings. These are interjections. In the lesson, you will learn all about interjection as a special part of speech. You will also learn how interjections are written and what punctuation marks are isolated.

Theme: Interjections

Lesson: Interjection as a part of speech. Hyphen in interjections

Interjection- a special part of speech that is not included in either independent or official parts of speech, which expresses various feelings, impulses, but does not name them.

For example: oh, ah, hooray, ba, my God, etc.

Features of interjections:

are not grammatically related to other words;

Do not answer questions

do not change;

are not members of the proposal;

Unlike service parts of speech, interjections do not serve to connect words in a sentence, nor to connect parts of a sentence.

By origin, interjections are divided into non-derivative and derivative

· Non-derivative interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds: ah, oh, uh, ah, oh, eh, wow, alas. Compound interjections like ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh etc.

· Derived interjections formed from words of other parts of speech:

a) verbs ( hello, goodbye, think);

b) nouns ( fathers, guards, lord);

c) adverbs ( pretty, full);

d) pronouns ( the same).

The derivative interjections also include the words foreign origin (hello, bravo, bis, kaput).

According to the structure of the interjection can be:

· simple, that is, consist of one word (a, oh, oh, alas);

· complex, i.e. formed by combining two or three interjections ( ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh, father-lights);

· constituent, that is, consist of two or more words (alas and ah; that's the same; here you are; here you are).

Types of interjections by meaning:

· emotional interjections express, but do not name feelings, moods (joy, fear, doubt, surprise, etc.): oh, oh-oh-oh, alas, my God, fathers, these are the times, thank God, no matter how, fu and etc.;

interjections that express call to action, commands, orders: well, hey, guard, kitty-kitty, out, shoo, march, whoa, come on, shh, ay;

· etiquette interjections are the formulas of speech etiquette: hello, hello, thank you, please, excuse me, all the best.

Interjections are adjacent, but do not include words denoting instant actions ( bang, clap, slap, etc.), as well as words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds ( tra-ta-ta; boom Boom Boom; Meow meow; WOF WOF; ha-ha-ha, etc.).

Interjections are used in colloquial speech and in art style to express the author's emotions or convey the mood of the hero of the work.

Sometimes interjections pass into the category of independent parts of speech, while they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a member of a sentence.

For example: Far away it roared Hurrah».

Fee - Alas and Oh.

Homework

Exercises #415-418. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Task number 1. Read. Pay attention to the intonation with which interjections are pronounced. Write down the sentences in the following sequence: 1) sentences with emotional interjections; 2) sentences with incentive interjections. Specify shades of emotions and motives.

1. Ah! Cursed Cupid! And they hear, they don't want to understand... 2. Well! Guilty! What a hook I gave. 3. Oh, the human race! it fell into oblivion that everyone himself must climb there, into that little chest, where he neither stands nor sits. 4. Sorry; I was in a hurry to see you sooner, I did not stop by home. Farewell! I'll be back in an hour... 5. Ah! Alexander Andreich, please, sit down. 6. Oh, Alexander Andreevich, it's bad, brother! 7. Hey, tie a knot for memory; I asked to be silent... 8. Women shouted: hurrah! and threw caps into the air! 9. Ah! My God! Fell, killed! 10. Tightened the reins. Well, what a miserable rider. 11. Ah! Evil tongues are worse than a gun. 12. Hey! Filka, Fomka, well, tricky! 13. Eh! Brother! It was a glorious life back then. 14. Hello, Chatsky, brother! 15. Well, I dispersed the cloud. 16. Wow! I definitely got rid of the noose: after all, your father is crazy ... (A. Griboyedov)

Task number 2. In the examples from A. S. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", highlight the words, phrases and sentences that act as interjections.

1.God is with you, I remain again with my riddle. 2. Pardon me, we are not guys: why are the opinions of strangers only holy? 3. Prince Pyotr Ilyich, princess, my God! 4. And a present for me, God bless him! 5. "I've done it." - "Good! I plugged my ears." 6. And the ladies? .. God grant patience - after all, I myself was married.

Didactic materials. Section "Interjection"

Didactic materials. Section "Onomatopoeic words"

3. Culture writing ().

The culture of writing. Interjection.

Interjection. Encyclopedia Around the World.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

Interjection- it's special immutable a part of speech that is not related to either significant parts of speech or service parts, which serves to direct expression of emotions, feelings, expressions of will, appeals, without naming them.

Scientific discussion

Despite what colloquial speech ns does without interjections, this category words are the least studied. In the course of the development of Russian linguistics, the grammatical nature interjections understood ambiguously. Some linguists have defined an interjection as a syntactic class standing those dividing words into parts of speech(F. I. Buslaev, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, L. M. Peshkovsky, D. N. Ushakov, G. Paul). Other linguists believed that interjections are part of the parts of speech system but stand in isolation. For example, F.F. Fortunatov divided all words into "full", "partial" and interjections. A separate position is occupied by interjections in the classifications of parts of speech by A. A. Shakhmatov and V. V. Vinogradov.

Despite disagreements in determining the grammatical nature of interjections, most scholars note that interjections serve in speech to expressions of emotions. So, A. M. Peshkovsky called them "signs feelings, but not representations", A. A. Shakhmatov pointed out that interjections "reveal the internal and external sensations of the speaker, as well as his will" .

According to the definition of V. V. Vinogradov, "interjections in the modern Russian language constitute a living and rich layer of purely subjective speech signs that serve to express the emotional-volitional reactions of the subject to reality, for the direct emotional expression of experiences, sensations, affects, expressions of will" . Wed: Ah, renounced! U, bastard!(M. Bulgakov) - interjection ah indicates the guess of the subject of speech regarding the actions of the evaluated object, interjection at expresses a feeling of disgust, contempt that arises when communicating with a person who is a traitor, emphasizes negative characteristic faces.

Due to the heterogeneity of interjections, L. V. Shcherba characterized them as "an obscure and vague category", indicating that their meaning "reduces to emotionality, the absence of cognitive elements" .

The modern researcher Komine Yuko, characterizing interjectional statements from the point of view of informativeness, noted the following:

1) interjectional statements do not contain less information than required, since they express the speaker's attitude to already known facts; 2) they do not contain unnecessary information, because they do not present already known facts; 3) it is impossible to say in them what is considered false, since the proposition is not expressed; 4) interjectional statements cannot lead away from the topic, as they are closely related to other remarks or directly to the current situation.

Interjections as words associated with the emotional sphere of the speaker, one of the means of expressing a person's attitude to reality, attracted the attention of researchers. Interjections were considered in different aspects. Their characteristics were studied: structural(phonetic), syntactic(N. R. Dobrushina, 1995; L. P. Karpov, 1971), morphological(A. A. Grigoryan, 1988), semantic(I. A. Sharonov, 2002), pragmatic(S. Yu. Mamushkina, 2003) and ethnocultural(A. Vezhbitskaya, 1999); them functions in speeches(A. N. Gordey, 1992) and dialogue(I. A. Blokhina, 1990). Studied specific systems interjections of individual languages (A. I. Germanovich, 1966; Karlova, 1998), was carried out comparative analysis interjections different languages(L. A. Kulichova, 1982; I. L. Afanas'eva, 1996). Interjections are mentioned in the works of linguists who consider such functional-semantic categories as the category of evaluation (T.V. Markelova), the category of targeting (I.D. Chaplygina), the category of gradualness (S.M. Kolesnikova).

From the point of view of semantics, interjections differ from all significant parts of speech in that they do not have a nominative function, but are peculiar speech signs (symbols) for brevity in expressing a person’s reaction to various events of reality or for expressing his requirements, desires. Wed meanings of interjections that are understandable only in context: Hey, heyhow the hut got cold! (N. Nekrasov) - regret: Ay,what a heinous act! - censure; Ay,Pug! know she's strong / What barks at an elephant!(I. Krylov) - approval with a touch of irony; Ah ah ah!what a voice! canary, right, canary! (N. Gogol) - admiration, etc.

Emotions can also be indulged in the form quality, image actions, states (Ah! Oh! Well! Alas! Shhh! Oh! Eh! Ay! etc. - Hee hee hee ha ha ha ha! / Not afraid to know sin(A. Pushkin)).

By morphological properties of the interjection immutable. From point of view syntactic interjection functions differ from other parts of speech. Interjection syntactically independent, those. are not members of the proposal, although intonation associated with sentences, to which they are adjacent or in which they are located. Some interjections (serving to express will) may subjugate others sentence members, compare: Go away! Immediately! (K. Paustovsky); ... well, absolutely!(D. Mamin-Sibiryak).

To clarify the syntactic and morphological features of the interjection, its place in the sentence plays an important role. So, in fact interjection meaning are interjections that are at the beginning ( preposition) or at the end (postposition) suggestions. Being a kind of emotional-volitional symbol, interjections in preposition report the subsequent content of the sentence: uh,I don't like this pop!(M. Gorky). If the interjection is postpositive, then the meaning of the sentence becomes clearer from the previous sentence: Well, it was for me for this case from my grandmother, Oh oh(V. Bianchi).

Interjections are fixed only for spoken language. They can act as individual members of the sentence or act as reinforcing particles, cf.: Tatyana – Oh! and he roar(A. Pushkin) - as a predicate; No, the people do not feel mercy: / do good – he won't say Thank you...(A. Pushkin) - in the function of complement.

Sometimes an interjection (interjection-predicate) performs function subordinate clause: At that time, the boss ... was such a beast that at!!! (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Substantiated interjections act as subject and object: far away Hurrah: / The regiments saw Peter(A. Pushkin). In the role of circumstances and definitions, interjections acquire the corresponding meanings: That skinny one uh,easy to lift (wow= "very"). Interjections inside a sentence perform the function amplifying particles, matching with words how, what: The sea of arrogance oh howdoes not love! (L. Sobolev).

In modern Russian, the phenomenon of occasional substantiation and verbalization interjections. The occasional transition of interjections into nouns and verbs is the result of the use of interjections in the function of the subject, object, predicate and other members of the sentence. In the role of members of the sentence, interjections acquire a nominative meaning, i.e. cease, in fact, to be interjections, and they can be replaced by nominative words, which indicates their synonymy with full-meaning words. When moving to other parts of speech, such as substantiation, interjections can acquire the features of a noun (gender, number, case).

Traditionally to the category interjections include words that act as "signs of feelings", "emotional signals", signals of will and appeals. A. A. Shakhmatov emphasized that "the meaning of some interjections makes them related to verbs", and V. V. Vinogradov noted that interjections very often represent "holistic statements", "sentences", "equivalents of sentences": Oh! Thank God! etc.

Interjections are morphologically unchangeable sound complexes, which are short cries: Ouch! Oh! Wow! etc. As part of the interjection sentences, as a rule, do not syntactically relate to other words and are not members of the proposal. Wed in the texts of M. Bulgakov: uh,what splendor! (Days of the Turbins); Oh,scoundrels! (Notes of a young doctor). O,stupid woman! (Adam and Eve)– interjections reinforce the graded-evaluative semantics of the whole sentence/statement, while intonation and speech situation play an important role in conveying meaning.

This use is confirmed by the words of V. V. Vinogradov: "Interjections ... are functionally close to modal words, with amplifying particles ... In other cases, interjections, connecting with the union what, expressively characterize the degree and quality of something. For example: At that time, such a beast was the head of the province, what y!!! (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin) ".

By meaning distinguish the following groups of interjections:

1) emotional: about, oh, oh, ah, ah, ah, uh, uh, eh, eh, hey, wow, alas, uh, fi, fu, ugh, ba, um, m-yes, bravo, God, damn it, pipes, fathers , My God and etc.;
2) imperative (incentive), expressing a call or motivation to action): hello, hey, ay, guard, chu, scat, tsyts etc.;
3) interjections associated with expression in speech etiquette: thank you, hello, goodbye etc.

In a special group are onomatopoeic words- special sound complexes, which are an imitation of a living ( meow meow, woof woof) and inanimate ( Ding Ding etc.) nature: And screams. "Kiri-ku-ku.Reign lying on your side!"(A. Pushkin).

Scientific discussion

The classification of A. A. Shakhmatov reflected emotional interjections with diffuse and specialized functions, as well as words serving the sphere of etiquette. For the pass is a valuable thought about informative interjection, referring to the characteristics of interjections capable of expressing certain feelings. In the works of V. V. Vinogradov, a more detailed classification of interjections is presented. He identifies 10 main semantic-grammatical categories of interjections:

1) primary, non-derivative interjections that express feelings, emotions : Αx, I'm so happy for my brother...(I. Turgenev) - strong joy;
2) interjections, derivatives from nouns like 6atyushki! nonsense! passion! etc.: Oh, devil, even frost on the skin, how much I love you!(L. Filatov) - a combination of interjections ah the devil contributes to the expression of the ultimate degree of manifestation of feelings of love;
3) interjections, which are not so much a direct expression of emotions, moods and sensations, how much emotional characteristic or condition assessment, For example: cover, kayuk, kaput – similar words indicate the limit in the development of the action;
4) interjections that express volitional expressions, motives: get out, away, down, full, tsyts, ts etc. These interjections in a certain contextual environment can perform a gradual function: Sit quietly. Shh! - interjection Shh! expresses requirement sit very quiet so you can hear every sound:
5) interjections that express emotional-volitional attitude to the speech of the interlocutor, the reaction to it or in which affective assessments are found caused by the interlocutor's remarks: Yes, of course, right, here's another, by God, etc.
6) interjections that are peculiar expressive sound gestures, which are exchanged according to public etiquette: merci, thank you, hello, sorry etc.;
7) swear words interjections: damn it, damn it and etc. - Ah, tit your mother, how you offended a dog, dumbass! (G. Vladimov);
8) vocative(vocative) interjections: Oh my God etc. - Oh my God, what interesting news I learn from you! (N. Gogol);
9) reproducing, or onomatopoeic, exclamations; bam, bang, clap etc. - Here we make noise, we laugh – and suddenly clap, the end! (A. Chekhov);
10) interjectional verbal forms: shast, fuck, fue and etc. - So you wait for the door to open and walk ...(N. Gogol).

The interjections of the first group are of the greatest interest, since they introduce an additional gradual meaning - amplification of positive/negative ratings in a specific sentence/statement.

By way of education interjections fall into two groups - primitives and derivatives. The first group includes interjections, consisting of one vowel sound (BUT! O! Wu! etc.) or from two sounds - a vowel and a consonant (Hey! Ay! Ugh! etc.). In some cases they are used in the form combinations of two(or three) identical interjections (Ha-ha-ha! Fi-fi! etc.). Part of the primitive interjections is formed from three or more sounds ( Alas! Aha! Hey! etc.). The endings of the second person plural of verbs and particles can be attached to individual primitive interjections (come on, fuck it, oh-oh). The group of secondary (derivatives) is made up of interjections formed from other parts of speech:

- from nouns ( nonsense! Trouble!):
- verbs ( Hello! Farewell!):
- adverbs (Full!):
- pronouns (That's the same!).

By origin interjections can be primordially Russian

(Ay! Mother! etc.) and borrowed(Bravo! Hello! Kaput! Bis! Aida! etc.). In the process of language development, individual phraseological units:My God! Holy Fathers! Case – tobacco! Hell! and etc.

Interjections used in statements with a "special" intonation and contextual environment refer to the means of expressing evaluation. They are characterized by the expression of an assessment of a hidden, "shadow" nature. Evaluation as a "shadow" meaning of the statement is highly emotional. For example: But this life! O,how bitter she is!(F. Tyutchev) - the interjection emphasizes the bitterness of life, indicates a feeling of suffering that arose due to unbearably difficult living conditions. Interjections refer to a complex of means of expressing the periphery of the functional-semantic field of evaluation and are capable of expressing the meanings "very good / very bad", i.e. extreme manifestations of any signs of an object, states, actions.

When considering constructions in which interjections function as a measure of gradation, it should be taken into account that subject gradualness in them can be a speaker or a third person, object- emotions, sensations experienced by the subject of speech, as well as certain persons, objects, signs, actions evaluated by the subject.

Emotional interjections acting as indicator graduator, can be subdivided into several groups, based on the object of reality, in grading the value of which they participate:

1) self-emotional interjections are used to emphasize the power of manifestation of emotions, feelings, physical sensations experienced by the subject of speech;
2) intellectual-emotional interjections contribute to the expression of the degree of manifestation of the sign, the intensity of the performance of the action, the state and are the reaction of the subject of speech to the act of understanding the objects of reality.

Consider the cases of using interjections using examples from the works of M. Bulgakov: Oh,great person! (Adam and Eve); Oh,what kind of person! (Notes of a young doctor)- interjection actualizes positive appreciation and expresses a feeling of admiration, delight. Or: Oh,cute chinese! Oh,Chinese!.. Oh,language! (Zoyka's apartment); Oh,which Summer... Oh,miracle! Miracle! (Crimson Island)- interjection Oh(or combination oh what, oh what) expresses a feeling of admiration, delight and surprise about the object of speech-thought, enhances the positive semantics of the noun, proper or common noun. Wed: Oh you, swindler!Oh you, impudent vagabond! .. Oh you,what a grief! (Don Quixote); Oh youtramp! (Ivan Vasilyevich) – interjection Oh used in combination with semi-service you, performing the function amplifying particles.

Combination Oh you basically expresses negative emotional assessment: annoyance, indignation, indignation, anger, anger. The negative properties of a person, living beings are emphasized by a combination of interjections Oh with reinforcing element to what: Oh, to what strange subject (Master and Margarita)- the meaning of surprise, indignation, bewilderment. The use of homogeneous type constructions Oh captivity... Oh ruin... (Alexander Pushkin) reinforces the negative emotional evaluation contained in nouns bondage -"coercion, necessity"; ruin- "loss of wealth, prosperity."

Interjection ooh, ah, ooh, ooh, ooh before pronoun which, adverbs how, how much used in exclamatory sentences to emphasize high degree of manifestation something high intensity any indication: Oh what a shame! Oh what aboredom! These combinations are also used to express admiration, surprise at the high degree of manifestation of something, the high intensity of any sign, cf .: Oh what a beauty! = Oh what a beautiful! Components a... and... reinforce the value of the gradient assessment: Well, women too!- through a combination well, so... Gradual assessment-sarcasm is expressed.

To create an emotional and expressive assessment in the structure of a nominative (evaluative-existential) sentence, non-derivative interjection, indecomposable combinations interjections with a particle or a pronominal word. For example:

1) Woo...d-fool ... (Devil's); 2) Oh, how lovely! (Notes on cuffs). Main member of the first sentence is expressed by an evaluative noun - stupid; interjection Woo... expresses reproach, threat. Very often, such sentences additionally convey the gradual semantics, which consists in conveying degree of manifestation feature, object or amplification expressed sign (negative assessment, low degree of manifestation of the sign - stupid= "stupid woman"). The reduplicated form of the interjection is Ooh reinforces the estimated value; adds an extra touch intonation sentences, graphic and explicit phonetic (when pronouncing) design - d-fool. In the second sentence, the interjection Oh actualizes the positive semantics contained in the combination whichcharm - charm – "about something charming, bewitching."

duplication tokens reinforces the meaning regret, annoyance, disappointment, for example: Ah, black, black...(Alexander Pushkin) , Ah, scoundrel, scoundrel!(Crimson Island), Ah, people, people!(Dog's heart) , Ah, men, men!(Zoyka's apartment), Ah, wife, wife!(Adam and Eve); Ah, Berlioz, Berlioz!(The Master and Margarita).

Sometimes the meaning of surprise, joy (or disappointment) is enhanced by the use of two interjections in one sentence/statement: Oh, My God,red wine! (Days of the Turbins). Separate evaluative-existential sentences with interjections use pronouns of the second and third person, which are neither subject nor address: their role is non-functional and close to the function of an intensifying particle Oh that's what it isunderwear! (Don Quixote). Interjection in combination with amplifying elements Oh that's what it is expresses a feeling surprise.

Interjection Oh may be complicated by semi-service this, this one, performing the function particle, For example: Oh this oneAugust! (Adam and Eve); Oh this oneMasha! (Days of the Turbins) and etc.

Often, nominative sentences contain qualitative and qualitative-evaluative adjectives, which is direct quality indicator object or person, phenomenon or event, etc. For example: Ah, insidiousMoor! (Don Quixote); Ah damndistraction! (Ivan Vasilyevich) – insidious- "distinguished by deceit, prone to it"; lexeme damn(simple) is used to denote a strong manifestation of something.

The expression of positive/negative feelings through the interjection o depends on speech situation and context: Odesired home!(feeling of delight) Ojoy!(rapturous joy) (Dop Quixote); O,blissful moment, bright hour! (Crimson Island); Omarvelous confirmation of evolutionary theory! .. O,selfless person! (Dog's heart); O,dear engineer! (Adam and Eve). Interjection in such syntactic constructions expresses delight, admiration qualities a specific person (often expressed by adjectives). Sometimes interjection O! used to convey surprise O,cigarette case! Gold! (Days of the Turbins). The meaning is determined by the context. Wed with nominative sentences with negative semantics: O,unfortunate fate! O,my premonition!(desperately) (Adam and Eve); O,dusty days! O,stuffy nights! (Notes on cuffs);

O,vile creature! (Crimson Island)- the meaning of indignation, indignation, bitterness, regret, etc.

Interjection eh marked "colloquial" in the structure of evaluative sentences expresses positive and negative assessments with additional shades of meanings (irony, contempt, disapproval, annoyance, regret, etc.; admiration, delight, etc.). Wed: Eh,Kyiv city, the beauty,Maria Konstantinovna! (Run)- the meaning of admiration, delight is especially emphasized by the use of the word the beauty- "something very good"; Eh,trouble! (Days of the Turbins)- the meaning of regret with a touch of irony; Eh,hat! (Days of the Turbins)- the meaning of reproach, reproach; Eh,what complication! (The Master and Margarita) etc. Use of an interjection eh in evaluative existential sentences with duplicated forms of the main member conveys the meaning of annoyance, regret and disappointment: Eh,money money! (Notes of the deceased).

Interjection oh used in the structure of evaluative existential sentences to express annoyance, regret, fear: Ouch,fool!.. Oh, shame].. Oh, hack!(Ivan Vasilyevich); Ouch,horror, horror, horror! (Crimson Island)- meaning negative estimates intensifies due to the three-time use of graded-evaluative horror- "about something ordinary in its own way negative qualities", thereby conveying the meaning of a strong fright, fear.

Productive use of interjection oh my god (oh my god)(with notes "obsolete", "colloquial") in sentences with graded-evaluative vocabulary. pronominal word what (what, what) enhances the feeling of admiration and delight - God, whatyou have strength! .. (Crimson Island); God, whatthe words!.. God, whattype! (Ivan Vasilyevich); surprise - God, whatheat!(Adam and Eve); grief - God, whatmisfortune!(Crazy Jourdain); resentment, indignation God, whatscoundrel!(Crazy Jourdain); God, whatblockhead!(Crimson Island); My God, whatterrible style!(Notes of the deceased). In these sentences, gradual semantics is also created through the use of a qualitatively evaluative adjective horrible – "terrifying", pronominal word which; interjection My God reinforces the meaning of indignation, indignation.

In the analyzed sentences there is an interjection Lord Jesus, amplifying the meaning of surprise, bewilderment, for example: Lord Jesus...That's the fruit] (Dog's heart) - fruit- "about a suspicious and close-minded person" (colloquial, contemptuous), "about a person causing displeasure, irritation" (scornful); complicated particle like this reinforces the negative.

Use of an interjection wow in evaluative-existential sentences, it realizes the meaning of surprise: Whoa whatinteresting guy! (Days of the Turbins)- pronoun which emphasizes the shade of irony; Oh wow, to whatinteresting person! (Run) – the graded estimate is also expressed due to the amplifying component up to what.

Interjection a usually used to express admiration: BUT,Poles, Poles ... Ay, yai, yai! .. (Kyiv-gorod) - additional use of the interjection series Ai, yay, yai! .. here conveys the meaning of surprise, bewilderment; to express anger, malice: BUT,infidel dogs! (Bliss).

Mostly negative feelings and evaluations are expressed by the interjection at in the structure of evaluative existential sentences: U,bedbugs!.. U,bastard!.. U,nest!.. U,vile city! (Run) , U... s-d-drag! (White Guard) -, U,cunning, cowardly creature] (Days of the Turbins); Oohdamn hole] (Master and Margarita)- the meaning of indignation, anger, anger. Only in combination with adjectives (or nouns) with positive semantics, this interjection conveys joy or surprise: Wow, blessedcase] (Running), cf: Wow, what a joy]

Interjection ugh the meaning of contempt, disgust is conveyed: Ugh,and voice what a disgusting! .. Fu,abomination! (Notes on cuffs); Ugh,neurasthenia! (Notes of a young doctor)– a special intonation enhances the negative-evaluative semantics.

Interjection ah, fathers; Ugh; Bravo convey the meaning of regret: Ay,hole! (Alexander Pushkin); surprise - Ba... Fathers,so dog! (Dog's heart); resentment and contempt Ugh,fool ... (Fatal eggs). Conversely, cf.: Bravo, bravo, bravo, bravowonderful answer! (Cabal of saints)- quadruple use of interjection Bravo – "an exclamation expressing approval, admiration" - and quality adjective great convey the graded-evaluative meaning of the entire sentence.

Scientific discussion

With the syntactic use of interjections, the functional-semantic field of the category intersects gradients with fields estimates and denial, due to the qualitative nature of these categories. Functional words play a specific role in judgments gradation index, designed to actualize the gradual meaning in speech and the process of communication.

The question of the gradual function of Russian interjections is indicated in the works of N. V. Rogozhina and G. V. Kireeva. In particular, one of the papers notes: Interjection are one of the means of creating a gradient. Offers with gradators designed with interjections, differ in the manifestation of a gradation value. Interjection complement emotional condition of these constructions and contribute to the implementation of the gradient function. In such proposals, the role interjections boils down to amplification of the expressed value(feature or object) - positive / negative assessment - joy, admiration, contempt, indignation, indignation, etc.: Ah, how embarrassing. Oh how charming this woman is! Fu, what a mess! Oh, what a horror! The meaning of surprise, joy or grief is enhanced by the use of two or more interjections in one sentence: A x, my God, my God, how unhappy I am" .

Thus, at present, linguists point to the ability of interjections to enhance the feelings expressed in the utterance or to emphasize the degree of manifestation of an attribute of an object, action, state, i.e. fulfill gradient function. Shcherba L. V. See: Rogozhina N.V. Decree. op. S. 17.

A special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods, and urges. Interjections do not refer to either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections - a feature conversational style, in works of art used in dialogues.

Groups of interjections by meaning

Interjections are non-derivative (uh, uh, uh, uh etc.) and derivatives derived from independent parts of speech ( Drop it! Fathers! Horror! Guard! and etc.).

Interjection do not change and are not members of the proposal . But sometimes the interjection is used in the meaning of an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. Here came the "ay" in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “shout”, is the subject. Tatyana ah! and he roar . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection "ah" is used in the meaning of the verb "gasped", is a predicate.

You have to differentiate!

From interjections it is necessary to distinguish onomatopoeic words. They transmit various sounds of animate and inanimate nature: a person ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bool, woof, cap) or repeating syllables (bul-bul, woof-woof, cap-cap - are written with a hyphen).

Words of other parts of speech are formed from onomatopoeic words: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shuddered, and the girl hee hee hee yes ha ha ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed”, are predicates.

Signals used to express requirements, desires, incentives for action, as well as for a person to quickly respond to various events in reality. Onomatopoeia various natural phenomena, animals, etc. studies the section of linguistics - onomatopoeia (ideophone).

Many well-known linguists paid attention to the study of interjections. All the variety expressed in different time points of view can be reduced to three.

An interjection is a syntactic class of heterogeneous composition, standing outside the division of words into parts of speech.
Interjections are included in the system of parts of speech, but stand in it in isolation.
Interjections are included in the circle of parts of speech, and within the latter - in the category of "particles of speech" along with prepositions and conjunctions.

Substitutive functions of interjections and their living connections with words different parts speeches are actively studied in modern linguistics.

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Interjections perform an expressive or motivating function, expressing, for example, the speaker's feelings (oh! hoo! hoo !!!), an appeal (hey! chick-chick!) or an order (shush!). They also include obscene exclamations, to which the same punctuation rules apply. Many interjections originate from emotional exclamations and sounds that accompany the body's reflexes to external stimuli (Ah, Ah, it hurts! Wow, it's hard! Brr. Cold!), Such interjections often have a specific phonetic appearance, that is, they contain rare or sounds and sound combinations unusual for a given language: in Russian, an interjection can be expressed by non-standard sounds and sound combinations, for example, a labial vibrant (whoa! brr, hm), a combination (jin-jin [d'z'], ts, tss). According to a number of features, onomatopoeia is adjacent to interjections, which are conditional deliberate reproductions of sounds accompanying actions performed by a person, animal or object.
Interjections are substitutes for known certain expressions and whole sentences. Instead of “ugh” or “brr”, you can say “what a disgusting!”, instead of “ts” - “quiet, don’t make noise”, instead of “hey” or “pss” - “come here”, “listen” or just make a draft hand gesture, etc. The use of interjections as members of a sentence in connection with other members is very rare. A few examples can be cases like: “so hot to me miserable”, “alas to me poor” (Latin heu me nuserum, German wehe dem Armen), etc.
Interjections in English language in connected speech they can act as separate sounds expressing the feelings or motivations of the speaker, as in Russian and any other: Ok! Oh! Ah! Bravo! Hush! Hurrah! etc. or individual expressions that carry the function of interjections, such as: For shame! Ashamed! Well done! Great! etc. Sentence options: “Well, perhaps you are right! - Well, maybe you're right.", "Oh! what a pleasure! - Oh, how nice!
Interjections in Russian: oh, oh, plea, uh, fu, fi, aha, ah, apchkhi, fathers, bravo, Lord, you, my God, oh damn, don’t give a damn! ah, well done!, well done!, well done! ... These words do not have lexical and grammatical meanings, do not change and are not members of the sentence. The exception is cases when interjections act as a significant part of speech, for example, a noun: “A formidable hey was heard in the dark.”
Most often, pictorial words (sound-pictorial, onomatopoeic) act as interjections, words in which the sound is partially predetermined by the meaning of the word. There are onomatopoeic words that use sounds acoustically reminiscent of the phenomenon being denoted (Russian “bul-bul”, “ku-ku”, Ossetian tæpp - “clap, bang, bang”, German “puffi! hopsa!”; kanuri ndim-dim - o deaf, booming knock, etc.), sound-like (ideophonic) words, in which sound creates a figurative impression of the shape of objects, their movement, location in space, qualities, etc., based on associations between sounds and non-sound phenomena (movement, form etc.), for example, in the Nilotic language lango bim-bim - “fat-thick”, Chuvash yalt-yalt - about the flashing of a distant lightning, Japanese bur-buru - about trembling, ewe (Africa) bafo-bafo - about the gait of a living moving a person of small stature, boho-boho - about the gait of a full, heavily stepping person, wudo-wudo - about a careless gait.
Interjections do not change by gender and number, and are neither a significant nor a service part of speech, and unlike them, interjections do not have a connecting function. Sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech. At the same time, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence: “Oh, yes honey!”, “Here,“ ay ”was heard in the distance.”

Classification

Interjections can be classified according to different features, for example by origin, structure and meaning:
- by origin: non-derivatives, derivatives.
- by structure: simple, complex, compound.
- by value: emotional, motivating, etiquette.
Classification of interjections by genetically related groups with significant words, this group of interjections is more extensive:
- nouns: Fathers, Lord, God, etc.
- verbs: ooh, ooh, ooh, etc.
- pronouns, adverbs, particles and conjunctions: so-and-so, eka, sh-sh, just about, etc.
Interjections also include:
- adhesions: on you, well, yes, yes, oh, that's how, here are those times and others;
- set phrases and phraseological units: fathers of light, thank God, etc .;
- words denoting instantaneous actions: bang, clap, slap, boom, woof, etc .;
- words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds: tra-ta-ta, ba-bang, meow-meow, jin-jin, etc.
When used in plural interjections become nouns. The main source of replenishment of interjections are evaluative-characterizing nouns (fear, horror, trouble) and expressive verbs (wait, wait, come on, go ahead, muddy, muddy).

Interjections in Russian

Punctuation

Gesticulation

Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, with a heavy sigh, people say “wow, well ... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said just by the intonation of the voice: whether it was a “message” (insult or anger) or just a playful saying (friendly greeting).
In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous cries, are conventional means, that is, those that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs proper. For example, like no other linguistic interjection signs are associated with gestures. So, Russian interjection"On the!" only makes sense when accompanied by a gesture, and in some languages West Africa there is an interjection that is pronounced at the same time as the welcome hug.
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