Alexander Ilarievich Germanovich (1896-1973) - linguist, teacher, author of works on the morphology and style of the Russian language, the history of the Russian literary language, Russian literature, teaching methods of philological disciplines.

Born in the Belarusian village of Rodionovka, he studied at the Mstislav Theological School, the Mogilev Theological Academy, and the Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute. He taught at primary and secondary schools in Belarus, in the Smolensk and Moscow regions (1923–1931), at the Kazakh Pedagogical Institute and the Novgorod Teachers' Institute (1934–1938). Almost 40 years of his life (1938–1973) A. I. Germanovich gave to the Crimean Pedagogical Institute, which was later transformed into Simferopol State University (now the Taurida National University named after V. I. Vernadsky, the largest university in Crimea).

Special attention of the scientist was attracted by interjection. He devoted many works to this part of speech, including the fundamental work "Interjections in Russian". Actually, the “official” status of the part of speech of the interjection was largely due to A.I. Germanovich: in the middle of the 20th century, there were numerous disputes about these words among linguists (for example, academician L.V. "an unfortunate misunderstanding"). A. I. Germanovich considered interjections in detail from the content, word-formation, syntactic and formal intonation sides.

We bring to the attention of the readers of the portal an article by Alexander Ilarievich Germanovich "Interjection as a part of speech", published in the journal "Russian Language at School" (№ 2, 1941) . In this article, the author proposes a classification of interjections and considers the syntactic role of interjections in a sentence.

Interjection occupies a very special place in a number of parts of speech. Concerning this category most of all disputes and disagreements. There are still linguists today who do not consider interjections to be part of speech1.

The peculiarity of the words included in the category of interjections lies in the fact that they are not the names of feelings or wills (like nouns, adjectives, verbs or adverbs). Interjections are words-signals for expressing the feelings and will of a person. Most interjections were formed by transition from other parts of speech. "Transitivity" is the main way of forming the category of interjections. Relatively recently, interjections have formed from cult words, appeals to an invisible force, to ancestors, etc. These are words and word combinations such as the devil!, the devil take it!, to the devil!, Lord!, the abyss!, fathers!, mothers! etc. A similar transition of other parts of speech and phrases into interjections, always associated with a jump - the complete loss of the old meaning of the word and the formation of a new one, often expressed by intonation, can be called interjection (from the Latin interjectio - interjection).

Verbs undergo interjection together with a change in sound form. Wed: quiet! gave « tsh! chsh! ts!"; bite!, bite! passed into uh! - an interjection with which dogs are set on (cf. verb induce).

The words of the call and driving away of animals, known to the literary language and found in huge numbers in dialects, go back to the names of animals (nouns). These are, for example, quite obvious mow!, tel!, kyz!(from goat), wow!(from duck) and many others. others

The group of interjections is also peculiar, going back in its history to nouns, verbs and other parts of speech of various foreign languages. These include stop!(English imperative stop), Hello!(now a telephone call, before a call from one ship to another, nautical, English) guard!(Turkish Kara Kol), let's go!(Tatar), etc.

A number of foreign verbs, nouns gave rise to interjections calling and driving away animals. These are, for example, our drank!,kush!, shersh! and others (from French verbs). In various dialects we have kut!(cf. kutia - dog in Finnish), ketch!(the word for calling a goat, Turkish Käri - a goat).

Some interjections got their meaning from various actions (often cult) or physiological acts. These are ugh!, brrr!, ha-ha-ha! The phonetic side of such interjections is wider than the phonetic system of other parts of speech. In writing, they are transmitted only conditionally. These words are closely adjoined by the clicks of the tongue, whistling, smacking, well-known in everyday life.

We do not yet have etymologies for interjections consisting of one vowel (ah!, eh!, and!, oh!, woo!), vowel combined with a consonant x, y (ah, eh, them, uh, oh, ah, oh, hey).

Words such as shast, grab, lope, look. These, as A. M. Peshkovsky rightly argued (“Russian Syntax in Scientific Illumination”, ed. 6th, pp. 199–200), are ultra-instant verbs, an indicator of which is a zero affix. These words, neither in their meaning, nor in their syntactic function, nor in their form, are suitable for interjections. They are the names of certain actions, have a nominative meaning, which cannot be said about interjections in general. In a sentence, they act only as a predicate.

Without sufficient reason, onomatopoeic words and phrases are also classified as interjections. Onomatopoeia are not signals for expressing feelings and will, but serve for an emotional-figurative representation of reality.

Classification of interjections

Until now, there is no indisputable semantic classification of interjections. This is due to the fact that within the category of interjections we have groups that are heterogeneous in their structural properties2.

It must be especially considered emotional(expressing feeling) interjections and interjections imperative(imperative), expressing the will of man. Each of these groups has its own semantic and structural divisions.

So, emotional interjections are divided into a) interjections, the meaning of which is determined by intonation, and b) interjections with a stable, more or less definite meaning.

The first group includes heterogeneous and etymologically heterogeneous words in form. First of all, these are the already mentioned interjections, consisting of one vowel sound or a vowel in combination with some consonants. The meaning of these interjections is determined not so much by sounds, their characteristic features, due to articulation, but by the nuances of tone, duration and pitch of the sound. An extremely rich and peculiar intonation gives these interjections the most diverse meanings. It would be difficult to give a semantic classification of these interjections: it would be necessary to classify different types of intonation that determine the semantics of interjections. Mimicry and gesture often supplement their expressiveness. Pre-punching marks in writing, double and triple letters only to a small extent convey the intonational properties of these interjections. BUT!, for example, it expresses conjecture, surprise, horror, pain, discontent, annoyance, determination, threat, reproach, mockery, irony, malevolence, disgust and other feelings and all their various shades. Examples are well-known. Other interjections of this group also differ in a similar polysemy.

The former cult exclamations are also ambiguous. (God!, fathers!, devil! and etc.). They express complaint, suffering, annoyance, surprise, surprise, delight, a passionate desire for something, indignation, approval, praise and other feelings and moods.

The second group of emotional interjections are interjections with a stable meaning, more or less independent of intonation. Here we have several groups, isolated both in form and in meaning.

already mentioned brrr!, ugh! express indignation, contempt or disgust. This can also include ha ha, hehe or hee hee, expressing ridicule or sarcasm.

A compact group is made up of interjections expressing joy, delight, greeting, encouragement, gratitude (hooray!, bravo! thanks, folklore use And goy and etc.).

Regret, longing and grief are expressed by interjections Alas! And Oh!

The stable group also includes interjectional phrases, idioms, which are widespread in the spoken language. These are: here you go!, here you go!, here you go!, here's another!, still!, well, still!

This also includes various interjections such as pipes! - interjection familiar refusal, ba!, expressing surprise yeah!, expressing conjecture, and some others.

imperative interjections can be divided into a) interjections of call: hey!, ay!, hello!, guard! Each of them has its own specific meaning and a different scope of use. So, ay! is a word of call in the forest (figuratively used in the sense of an emotional interjection: Ay! your time has passed!) Hello! - telephone signal: "listen" or "listen"; guard! - help signal; b) orders to move or stop (motor interjections): go!, march!, stop!, fuit!; c) orders to be silent: ssss!, shshsh!, shshsh!, colloquial poof! And nishkni!; d) numerous groups of professional interjections - special cries, signals characteristic of a particular type of production. So, we can single out, for example, a group of marine interjections: coven!, stop!, lane!, vira! (raise! lower!), semindra! (watch out!), eat!(English yes!), which informs that the order is understood and will be executed.

You can talk about interjection cries that help regulate the work. Sometimes it's normal one, two, acting as a signal for the application of a common effort. For example, N. A. Nekrasov spoke about such cries, describing the work of barge haulers:

You walk under the yoke
No more beautiful than a prisoner in chains,
Saying hateful words
From the century the same: "one yes two!"
With a painful chorus: "Oh!"
And shaking my head to the beat...

In labor songs, such signaling words are the refrains: ah, ah-yeah, ah-yeah-yeah, oh, uh, oh-one, eh-one, ah and others. Sometimes the entire labor song is subordinated to the task of regulating the rhythm of work. The meaning of her words is insignificant.

This group of interjections can also include those that calm or lull children: yeah And bye.

Professional interjections originally included a large group of words for calling and driving away animals. These are, first of all, shepherd, cab, hunting, peasant interjections. Many of them have become well known.

Interjections in syntax

Interjections are signal words in their specificity, and as such they are independent sentences. These are one-of-a-kind one-part sentences. Such are all the words of the call and driving away of animals, all professional interjections, the rest are imperative and most of the emotional interjections. They do not enter into any combinations with other words, forming an independent and complete whole that does not need to be supplemented. Kitty-kitty!, Scat!, Stop!, Hello!, Fathers! etc. are examples of such independent sentences.

Being basically an invariable word, an interjection often requires a syntactic connection with neighboring words. The grammar of M. V. Lomonosov (1775), taking into account the linguistic practice of his time, also fixes the norms of the usual connection of interjections with neighboring words. So, "interjections: here, something, fu – composed with a nominative: here book; so-and-so expensive thing; Ugh what a non-agile. Woe, use up, on, here on before the dative rely: grief we are poor; use well done; on, here on your hand. With a vocative they compose: poof, away, gay, well: poof you, do not bark;away, importunate; gay, passerby; well, sloth! Exclamation about! among the Slavs it is necessary with parental harmony: about wonderful industry! but the Russians tend to nominative: O wonderful pro-thought! 3 .

The old language gives a large number of interjections related to the sentence. In the life of Archpriest Avvakum we read: « about wondrous and quick hearing; Oh righteous soul; Oh time to that; Alas sinful soul; Alas to me like a plank - from that it didn’t get stuck with me in the water, ”4 etc. In the message of Ivan Vasilyevich to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery we also find: « Alas me a sinner Oh me bad"; we have the same with Simeon of Polotsk: “ ole evil enemies, what are the essence of seduction; Alas US; Alas me"), etc.

In folklore, a number of interjections also have additions in the dative case. For example: « Ino so hot me to grieve; ohti I’m young to grieve”; " ohti I’m sick young ”; " Oh to me"; " use you, father"(Songs, recordings by Rich. James, Shane, etc.) 5 .

Some interjections from the modern Russian language are combined with nouns. For example: « Ayda to the Volga!(Lyashko, "In the rift"), « March to hunt"; "What an asshole you are! What a fool! - And, suddenly angry, he spat. - Fuck you! (M. Gorky, vol. III, p. 156); Ay, a-tu him! a-tu!(Ne-krasov, "The Peddler"). In such combinations, interjections let's go, march even closer in meaning to verbs.

The process of the rebirth of the interjection, its approximation to the significant parts of speech, when it acts in the meaning of a member of the sentence (most often the predicate), is even more clearly manifested. Let us give examples first from folklore6: I have a wife oh shit. Naked - Oh and then God himself. They turn a hole on his side, and he: ha ha ha! Someone else's foolha ha!, and your fool -Oh oh! This tea isAh ah ah! Not tea, but ah! old age eh-ma! And youth isOh oh!

We also meet constructions with a predicate-interjection in literature, in the colloquial language of characters. For example: Such a wifeshe wow! (Lyashko, "In the rift"). The whole capital shuddered, - andgirl -hee hee hee ha ha ha! Not afraid to know sin(Pushkin, "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel"). Here is Kirila Kirilych ... rich, healthy, all his life hee hee hee ha ha ha Yes, the wife suddenly left: since then, and hung his head(Gonchar-ditch, "Cliff", vol. II, ch. 17). The interjection-predicate does not express the speaker's experience in these examples, but contains a statement, a thought and contains an evaluative attitude to this thought: in a sentence girl hee hee hee ha ha ha ha! the interjection-predicate not only states the frivolous attitude of the girl to events, but also expresses the reproach of the laughing one. In the Ambassador "someone else's fool -ha ha !, and your fool - Oh oh!» we also have not only a thought, but also an assessment of the fact, a reproach to the one who laughs at the misfortune of others. A similar reproach to the one who does not know how to stand up for himself is felt in the saying: “They turn a hole on his side,a on xa- xa -xa!» Replacing the predicate-interjection with a verb, noun or adjective, we would change the meaning of the sentence, we would lose the speaker’s evaluative attitude to what was being said, we would make the sentence less expressive, sometimes we would lose all the “salt” of the proverb.

An interjection can also act as a subordinate clause. It is connected by ordinary unions, most often by the union what: Bored like that Oh oh oh! (Ryleev, "Song"); At that time, such a beast was the head of the province, what have!!! (Saltykov-Shchedrin, "The first story of the clerk").

In the role of a complement, we meet only a substantiated interjection. In sentences: Made my own ooh yeah ooh! Would say Oh God forbid(Dal) I love your conversations and "ha-ha-ha" and "hee-hee-hee!"(Lermontov, "From the album of S. N. Karamzina"), The troops shouted "Hurrah" - interjections oh hee hee hooray are rather signs of interjections, they are devoid of intonation, and with it expressiveness, devoid of what is leading for most interjections. When we speak Troops screamed Hurrah, we ourselves may not experience feelings that are expressed by the word Hurrah, we're just stating the facts.

Everything that relates to the interjection-addition, can be said about the interjection-subject. A substantiated interjection is not an interjection in the usual sense of the word. It is also a sign of interjection. In sentences: Hooray resounded in the distance Ah and ooh so tired -hooray, ahh, ohh are not expressions of feelings. These are simple names of well-known interjections. Therefore the words ahi And Oh and and have the nominative plural form. numbers.

Word formation from interjections is closely connected with the phenomenon of substantiation. From interjections we have verbs, nouns, adjectives, sometimes even adverbs in colloquial language, for example so hot: Excellently fought Shalashnikov, and not so hot received great income(Nekrasov, "To whom it is good to live in Russia", ch. III). The most famous verbs are: gasp, hoot, groan, ooh, hi-hi-kat, poof, hoot, hoot,attack(hunting), poke, poke, sometimes whoa and others, for example: “The wolf cannot gasp, not breathe" (Krylov, "Wolf and Crane"), "Peasant gasp I didn’t have time when the bear settled on him ”(He,“ The Cross-Janin and the Laborer ”). Sometimes an interjection without verb formatives is perceived as a verb. Right prof. L. V. Shcherba (“Parts of speech”, “Russian speech”, II series, 1928, p. 9), counting Oh in a sentence Tatyana - Oh! and he roar - verb. In that Oh no fear, it is equivalent to the verb gasped. The phenomenon of substantiation is also associated with the formation of such complex nouns as cheer patriot, cheer offensive, hitchhiking(a recent invention for the automatic instant stop of a train).

Emotional interjections sometimes come close in function in a sentence to amplifying particles, differing from the latter in emotional meaning and the ability to be used independently. Ah, eh, ah oh, oh, uh, uh, and and others introduce a variety of content into the sentence, depending on the intonation. Oh introduces into the meaning of the sentence to which it adjoins a shade of regret. In a sentence: « Oh, Vasya, I slaughtered a calf from him ”(Krylov) - Oh expresses the attitude of the wolf to the fact he has committed. Depriving this sentence of interjection and intonation, we get a simple statement of fact. The exclamatory sentence at the same time would turn into a declarative one.

Sometimes and wow plays the role of a kind of expressive-emotional particle. Describing a lady pleasant in all respects, Gogol writes: “although, of course, at X what a bitter agility of a woman's character! and although sometimes in every pleasant word she stuck out wow what a pin!" ("Dead Souls").

An interjection is always in an intonation connection with the sentence to which it refers, it forms the melodic pattern of the sentence, giving the expressed a certain meaning and meaning. Intonationally, it is always the central word, taking on the greatest power of expression, expressed in its emphasized pronunciation, in strength or increase in tone. Sometimes, along with the maximum height, the interjection also has the greatest duration, which also determines certain shades of meaning. For example: Oh-oh, but here you won’t get enough raps!(Dal); ABOUT! what a good king; I asked for one, and he brought seven(Zelenin, “Great Russian Tales of the Vyatka Province,” p. 35); ABOUT, it would be, heavenly life!(Gogol); BUT! it's you! Ah! Me and I forgot to tell you; Ooh, which! Uh, not good etc. Punctuation is so imperfect that the possibility of discrepancies is always very wide with us. Interjection is the word richest in intonation nuances. It differs from the rest of the words of the phrase in height, strength and duration of the sound and in a peculiar, hard-to-count, expressiveness. As if at his expense, the remaining words of the phrase are pronounced with less stress, while maintaining a maximum of lexical significance. The peculiar intonation of the interjection determines its maximum conciseness, makes it a means of the shortest expression of feelings and will. Due to this circumstance, it is possible to replace entire phrases and phrases with interjections.

Let's add one more to the above examples. In Gogol's (Dead Souls, ch. V) we read: “There are faces that exist in the world not as an object, but as extraneous specks or specks on an object. They sit in the same place, hold their heads in the same way, they are almost ready to be mistaken for furniture and you think that a word has not yet come out of such mouths; and somewhere in the maid's room or in the pantry it will be just - hoo!» A peculiar repetition of an interjection or its second part (wow, heh heh, wow from ah-ah-ah, ooh from Oh oh oh) reinforces its meaning.

The feeling and will of a person cannot be mechanically opposed to thoughts. The study of interjections in syntax makes it possible to establish that they are a means of emotionally expressive expression of our thoughts and feelings. N.V. Gogol, depicting the insignificance of the tsarist officials, their sycophancy and cowardice, the transformation of "Prometheus" under the authorities into a fly, into a grain of sand, concluded: “Yes, this is not Ivan Petrovich,” you say, looking at him. “Ivan Petrovich is taller, but this one is both short and thin, that one speaks loudly, has a bass voice and never laughs, but this devil knows what: he squeaks like a bird and laughs all the time.” You come closer, you look like Ivan Petrovich. Ehe, he! think to yourself...("Dead Souls", ch. III). It's curious that heh, heh! I think it's not even pronounced in this heh, heh and regret, and reproach, and the thought of the insignificance of a morally crippled person. Replacing a phrase or sentence, an interjection cannot but reflect the movement of thought. If in relation to the modern language we are talking about the expression of feelings by an interjection, then this emphasizes only the leading meaning of the interjection. For an earlier period of human speech, the question cannot even be posed in this way. Thought and feeling were indivisible.

1 Compare, for example, the interpretation of the interjection by V. A. Bogoroditsky (“The General Course of Russian Grammar”, ed. 1935, pp. 106 and 198–199.

2 The closest thing to the correct resolution of the issue of classification of interjections came A. A. Shakhmatov (see "Syntax of the Russian language", part II, pp. 100-101).

3 Works of M. V. Lomonosov, ed. Academy of Sciences, 1898, vol. IV, pp. 216–217.

4 We do not save the spelling of monuments.

5 See also Potebnya, From Notes, vol. I, p. 80.

6 V.I. Dal, Dictionary and Proverbs II, 93 and IV, 69.

A special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods, and urges. Interjections do not refer to either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are a feature of colloquial style; in works of art they are used in dialogues.

Groups of interjections by meaning

Interjections are non-derivative (uh, uh, uh, uh etc.) and derivatives derived from independent parts of speech ( Drop it! Fathers! Horror! Guard! and etc.).

Interjection do not change and are not members of the proposal . But sometimes the interjection is used in the meaning of an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. Here came the "ay" in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “shout”, is the subject. Tatyana ah! and he roar . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection "ah" is used in the meaning of the verb "gasped", is a predicate.

You have to differentiate!

From interjections it is necessary to distinguish onomatopoeic words. They transmit various sounds of animate and inanimate nature: a person ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bool, woof, cap) or repeating syllables (bul-bul, woof-woof, cap-cap - are written with a hyphen).

Words of other parts of speech are formed from onomatopoeic words: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shuddered, and the girl hee hee hee yes ha ha ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed”, are predicates.

10th grade

"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjection

Lesson Objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.

DURING THE CLASSES

Introduction by the teacher.

Interjections are the least studied class of words in modern Russian. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection "an obscure and vague category", "an unfortunate misunderstanding", referring to the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished. The first concept is associated with the name of M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scientists consider interjections to be words, recognize these words as part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, and the history of education. A great contribution to the study of interjections was made by academician V.V. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of the study of the syntax of living oral speech. The peculiarity of interjections V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions and feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor a service part of speech.

N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from the parts of speech.

In the school course of the Russian language, interjections are considered as a special part of speech.

Updating of basic knowledge.

- What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech? (Morphology.)

- What does the concept mean? parts of speech? (Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories, according to which the words of the language are distributed on the basis of certain features.)

– What are these signs? (Firstly, this is a semantic feature (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological features (morphological categories of a word); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of a word).)

What are the two groups of parts of speech? (Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and service.)

- What part of speech occupies a special place, not related to either independent parts of speech or official ones? (This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions, and do not serve to link words. They convey our feelings.)

Studying the topic of the lesson.

So, what is an interjection? (Interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and service parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)

How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (Interjection is a class of grammatically unchanged words and phrases, which is why the expression is used in the concept sound complexes.)

– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections "have a semantic content conscious of the collective." How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradov? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, the interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fie, how disgusting!), interjection Ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, tired of it!) interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired you are!).)

– Right. The attachment to one or another interjection of a certain content is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “The Speech”:

Capacitive than the organ and louder than the tambourine
Molv - and one for all:
Oh - when it's hard and ah - when it's wonderful,
But it is not given - oh!

What is the difference between interjections and auxiliary parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of linking sentence members or parts of a complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not give additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)

– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From the point of view of a morphological interjection, they are lexical units that do not have inflection forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not enter into connection with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. Interjections are always kept as part of a sentence. apart, which is emphasized by putting a comma or an exclamation mark on the letter.)

– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; fathers, something, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)

– Give a linguistic commentary on the following examples:

1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) hoo, ege-ge;
3) oh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, wow.

1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.

2) The repetition may be incomplete.

3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a rearrangement of the vowel and consonant.

4) Separate interjections are able to connect with the pronominal ty, plural imperative ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)

- What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: uh-huh, shoo, puss-kiss, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien to the literary language [] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh no vowel sounds. In an interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)

- Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they remain connected with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and functional words. And on the basis of interjections, significant words can be formed: gasp etc.)

- According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try to divide the following interjections into two groups and establish a certain pattern: bis, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, pah, cheers, fathers, hello, God, shh, fi, away. (Interjection oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, father, lord, fi, damn, bravo, cheers, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, serve to identify a person's attitude to reality, to the interlocutor's speech.

Interjection encore, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express various types and shades of motivation to action.)

- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections, to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: Oh And ba. (Interjection ba unambiguous, but interjection Oh polysemantic. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection Oh can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, chagrin, joy. Interjection ba expresses surprise.)

Determine which category the following interjections belong to: full, well, let's go, march. (These are motivating interjections.)

– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotions and motivation. Try to include interjections in various speech situations. well.(Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers! In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.)

- Some linguists as a special category of interjections - etiquette - distinguish well-known sound complexes: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holiday, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists is that these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by considering whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections. (These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means that they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections.

The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions of the same type see you, all the best, good night, good morning retain the direct nominative values ​​of their components.

Expressions goodbye(those), forgive(those), sorry(those), hello(those) are imperative verbs. Only in special cases, for example, the word Hello expresses surprise, displeasure:

– I won’t go to the cinema today.

Hello, you promised.

Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest, disagreement: Should I go to the store again? No, I'm sorry.)

- Well done! And now I will name a few verbal complexes. You have certainly heard them: Lord, my God, mother queen of heaven, tell me for mercy ... What do they express? (Feelings and emotions.)

– Scientists note their structural dissection, phraseology, semantic integrity. Try this series of examples to continue. (Fathers, my God, the devil knows what, that's how, an empty thing, that's a miracle, you're the abyss, tell me, that's how a pound, etc.)

- Make up sentences using these examples.

Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving language resources. (For example, you did not expect to see, meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And you're here, how did you get here? You didn't mean to come here. Who do I see? or with one interjection: Ba!

You can call for silence, you can calm down with sentences: Hush, please, can't hear anything or with one interjection: Shh!)

The practical part of the lesson.

Exercise 1. Dictionary dictation-crossword on the theme "Feelings". The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, the students write down the word corresponding to the given lexical meaning.

Supreme satisfaction, delight. - Delight.

Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. - Anger.

The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. - Astonishment.

A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what the matter is. - Perplexity.

Feelings of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. - Annoyance.

Feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being, success of another. - Envy.

A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. - Pleasure.

A strong objection to something. - Protest.

Expression of disapproval, condemnation. - Censure.

Task 2 . Insert appropriate interjections in front of the indicated values ​​in the table. Students were given sheets with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled. Interjections for choice: ehma, chur, u, fu, uh, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, tsyts, eh. Think of examples of the use of interjections in speech.

When finished, the table will look like this:

No. p / p	Interjection	Expressed interjection meaning	Examples use in speech
1	Sha	An exclamation in the meaning of "it's time to finish, that's enough"	Let's run - and sha!
2	hy	Expresses disbelief, ridicule	Hey, what do you want!
3	Chu	Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, obscure or distant sound	Chu! Something crackled in the garden.
4	E	Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings	Hey, how did you get here? Eh, I don't agree.
5	wow	Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings	Wow, fidget! Wow, you will get from your grandmother!
6	Chur	1. An exclamation that demands to comply with some condition. 2. Exclamation (usually in children's games), which are forbidden to touch something, to go beyond some limit	Just don't touch me! Damn not me!
7	At	Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions	Wow, how tanned you are! O, shameless!
8	tsyts	A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or to be silent	Tsyts, Valentine!
9	Eh	Expresses regret, reproach, concern	Oh, what can I say after all!
10	uv	Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief	Wow, how hard!
11	ehma	Expresses regret, surprise, determination, and similar feelings	Ahma, I didn't expect this.
12	Ugh	Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust	Fu, tired!
13	Oh	Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings	Oh, I can't take it anymore!

Task 3. Determine the part of the underlined words. Justify the answer.

1) AND I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) There are hopes And he became cheerful again.

1) Write with a pen, but not with a pencil. 2) BUT, gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk but?

Task 4. In offer Painfully! try inserting different interjections.

(Aw, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ooh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Ah, it hurts!)

Task 5. Make a linguistic comment on the following examples: fullness, come on, come on, let's go to the river, march into the room.

Many motivating interjections are close to the forms of the imperative mood, this proximity is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire a plural indicator -those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle -ka(take that), able to manage other words (well, go to the river, march into the room).

Task 6. Remember the proverbs, which include interjections.

Chur alone - do not give to anyone.

Ay-ay, the month of May is warm, but cold.

Ah, ah, but there is nothing to help.

Ah, what a sadness! I would not let go of a piece, I would eat everything and sing songs.

Oh-ho-ho-ho-honyushki, life is bad for Afonyushka.

Task 7. Determine what syntactic functions the interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer.

2) If the guy in the mountains is not Oh, if it immediately became limp and down, the step stepped onto the glacier and wilted ... (V. Vysotsky)

3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination! (A. Tolstoy)

4) He could not be silent, could not smile condescendingly or get rid of his nasty "BUT!" he had to say something. (Yu.Kazakov)

5) What lay down for the people - ah-ah! (D. Furmanov)

Answer. The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as different members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 - predicate, example 3 - subject, example 4 - object, example 5 - circumstance. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it acquires the ability to have a definition with it.

Task 8. Linguists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:

a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;

b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;

c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.

Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.

but) Aha!, ah!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurrah! etc.;

b) ah!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, ugh!, fu! etc.;

in) ba!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, like a cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.

The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are the interjections ah!, ah!, ah!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! and etc.

Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to a particular group.

1) Someone, distilling, said over her ear: “Ah yes eyes!”. (A. Tolstoy)

2) Oh, bring them back! groaned the nervous lady. “Ugh, how stupid you all are!” (A. Kuprin)

3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A.Chekhov)

4) Pantelei Prokofievich looked at the black head protruding from the pile of diapers in a businesslike manner, and, not without pride, certified: “Our blood ... Ek-hm. Look you!”. (M. Sholokhov)

5) - That's it! Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)

Sentences 1, 4 - interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - that means they belong to the first group.

Sentence 2 - interjections ah, fu express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, belong to the second group.

Sentences 3, 5 - interjections dude, like this express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.

Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scat!, hello!, hey!, gop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections? Try to group them. What do you think: is it possible?

Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc. (come on!, scat!, gop!, get out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means to attract attention, etc. (ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!).

Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express.

1) Don't play! the foremen waved to the musicians. - Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. (A.Chekhov)

2) - Guard! Cut! he shouted. (A.Chekhov)

3) Guys! It's warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)

4) - Hey! Grigoriev shouted and waved. The wagon turned into a field road and soon rolled up. (V.Ketlinskaya)

5) - Well, - I said, - lay out what you need? (K. Paustovsky)

In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond, serve as a means to attract attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to some action.

Task 10. Compare the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name guests.(A. Griboedov). Rewrite! Fast, well!(Vs. Ivanov)

Answer. In the first example, the interjection well! is emotional, in the second - motivating.

Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a variety of feelings of a person, his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in works of fiction, they enhance the emotionality of the statement. Often, interjections, as it were, absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the conciseness of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, nothing will come of it—nothing. If it succeeds - Wow! (D.Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the features of lively speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, expression. Interjections play an important role in characterization.

Task 12. All of you have read A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". What do you think: why is Repetilov's speech full of interjections?

Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise”. His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations sprinkled with interjections. (Oh! Get to know him; Oh! Wonder!; ...Ah! Puffer, my soul...)

Remember the famous Ellochka Schukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate?

Answer. Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three are interjections (ho-ho!, think about it!, wow!). This testifies to the linguistic and mental wretchedness of the character.

Task 13. Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. The second column is empty. In the second column, students write down a comment.

Examples

1. Interjection as a part of speech.

2. Meanings of interjections.

3. Discharges of interjections by meaning.

§ 1. Interjection as a part of speech.

Interjection- these are immutable words that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses, grammatically not always associated with other words, for example: Oh what a night it was! What is better than them(Garshin). Ba ! familiar faces!(Griboyedov).- Guard ! Cut!-he cried(Chekhov).- Rewrite! Fast,well (Vs. Ivanov).- Hey , where?-the toothless man called out to him(Furmanov).

In the Russian language, interjections make up a large and very rich - in terms of the range of sensations, experiences, volitional impulses, moods they express - a layer of words. According to the "Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language" (M., 1974), in the modern Russian language there are 341 interjections - more than prepositions (141), conjunctions (110), particles (149).

§ 2. Meanings of interjections.

Interjections express emotions and wills, but not called them. In this property they differ from significant parts of speech. Yes, interjection Alas ! expresses regret, lamentation, but it is not the name of a state, as, for example, verbs regret, complain. This is just a kind of sign that indicates a feeling of regret.

Interjections can be many significant. Yes, interjection about! has two meanings: "Oh - int. 1. Expresses some kind of. strong feeling. ABOUT motherland-mother! ABOUT, If you only knew! 2. Strengthens the affirmation or denial. ABOUT Yes! ABOUT No!"(Dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov.) Oh! wow! hoo! ouch! eh! Hey! Oh! Hurrah! eh! Oh ! and etc.

The property of interjections to express a very diverse and sometimes rather motley range of feelings (often diametrically opposed, for example: joy and sorrow, indignation and admiration, etc.) is determined by the fact that the linguistic context, the situation of speech, play an extremely important role in the implementation of their lexical meanings. rich intonation design and gestural, motor, and mimic accompaniment.

§ 3. Discharges of interjections by meaning.

1. emotional interjections: uh!, oh!, ah!, bah! ,oh!, .e-x/; and!, oh /, alas!, hurrah!, fu!, wow!, ah yes!, ah!, well!, ah! !, my God /, bravo!, encore!, like this and others. Interjections of this category express the whole variety of positive and negative emotions (even indifference and indifference!), which arise as a person's reaction to reality, to the behavior of other people, the state of the environment, nature, specific objects. They not only convey the state of mind of the speaker, but also serve as an emotional evaluating what causes the reaction. Many interjections express complex emotional and intellectual states of a person: reflection, conjecture, doubt, reproach, regret, complaint, praise, encouragement, etc. Examples: - Wow! - exclaimed the general, looking at a sample of calligraphy presented by the prince, - but this is a copybook!(Dostoevsky).- Oh, mother, - aunt groaned, when Anna Akimovna suddenly ran into the dining room ... - Scared me to death(Chekhov).- Phew! - he sighed with relief and joy.(Staniukovich

2. Incentives(imperative, imperative) interjections: out! chick!, choo!, shh!, hey!, hello!, ay!, oh-hoo!, chick-chick!, quiche!, scat!, but-oh! , stop! , fetch!, tubo! bite!, both! etc. They express various types and shades of commands and are divided into several groups.

1. Interjections with the general meaning of command, motivation (they can have either broad or narrow semantics): tsyts!, shsh!, well!, let's go!, stop! and etc.: - Well, speak quickly, What have you heard about freedom?(Nekrasov). tsyts ! don't you dare joke about it(Leskov).- Shh. .. gentlemen, - says Koshkin, putting his index finger to his lips, do not wake him up!(Grigorovich).

2. Interjections that serve as a signal for attention, expressing a call to respond:ay!, hey!, choo!, hello!, guard!, oh-hoo! and etc. – Hey , beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin? (Gogol)Chu ! - long shot! A stray bullet buzzed (Lermontov).ay ! Wife... where are you? (Chekhov).

3. Interjections, with the help of which they drive away or call on someone: but) get out!, away!, scat!, march! and etc.: - Won ! - the old man exploded with a thunderous cry ...(Azhaev). Guys, Vanya, Shura, Kostya,march for trout(N. Uspensky). - How he (the cat) snorts! I:scat !.. (Pushkin); b)-Kus, kis , - called I, - come here, Ryzhko(V. Belov). At her feet were crowded with chickens, turkeys, ducks, pigeons ... -Tsyn, tsyn, ty, ty, ty! Ghoul! Ghoul! Ghoul! - the girl invited the birds with an affectionate voice to breakfast(Goncharov). Combined with various circumstances denoting the direction of movement, both of these meanings can express the interjection let's go (other than the general meaning of the command). Wed: come here And get out of here .

Outside the two semantic types of interjections, there are various forms of politeness, words expressing greeting, farewell, gratitude, etc. : hello (those)!, farewell (me)!, sorry!, thank you!, thank you!, merci! etc. However, referring them to interjections is not generally accepted.

Often, interjections also include words like kayuk!, kanut!, the end! (to him),that's enough!, that's enough! etc. It is advisable to consider them as impersonal predicative words, that is, to include them in the category of state.

Do not refer to interjections and the so-called verbal interjections ("ultra-instant verbs"): bang!, bang!, bang!, fuck!, can! etc. These are special verb forms.

On the grammatical properties of interjections . There is an opinion that interjections are outside of grammar. Meanwhile, things are not quite like that. They, of course, are included in the grammatical structure of the language, are used in accordance with certain laws and rules of compatibility / incompatibility of language units. Hence the limited possibility of inserting certain interjections into a specific context. So, the possibilities of moving interjections in statements are limited (or completely absent): Ba, poultry house! Appeared, lost ( Bitter).- Oh! disgusting and now remember(L. Tolstoy). Wu! how fresh and good(Gogol). BUT, that's it!

Interjections change the intonation pattern of a phrase. They are intonationally connected with other words in the structure of a complex syntactic whole. As you know, intonation is a grammatical means of communication of language units.

Interjections have their own lexical environment, which can be grammatically formed in a peculiar way (in accordance with the requirements of the interjection). They are often accompanied by words naming feelings, emphasizing their meaning, words on the semantics of which the meaning of the interjection is based. Wed: I wanted to kiss her... She cried out:« Ay, not him! not him!”-and fell without memory(Pushkin) .- And ingratitude...ouch! what a vile bastard(Turgenev). Ai , Moska! She is strong to know that she barks at the Elephant(Krylov). Largely due to a variety of contextual means (lexical, grammatical) interjection ouch! realizes here three different meanings: 1) fright; 2) reproach, censure; 3) admiration.

Their grammatical inferiority lies in the fact that they are devoid of forms of inflection and do not have a system of grammatical forms. "In relatively rare cases, they are combined with other parts of speech into a syntactic unity" 2. However, these cases are not so rare. The following facts testify to this:

1) the ability of a certain part of interjections to enter into syntactic relations with other words: We could getOh what injuries(D. Poor). Ugh, you(Bitter). - Ah yes Nadezhda Ivanovna!Hooray Nadezhda Ivanovna! Lord! let's rock Nadezhda Ivanovna in our arms(Saltykov-Shchedrin). Away strife, envy, anger(Pushkin). In every pleasant word she stuck outwow what a pin!(Gogol). Oh what are you!;ABOUT Yes!;ABOUTNo!,Atu his!;well you!;Shish you!;Ayda to fish!;Away from me!,scat from here!;shh there!;Down with war!;

2) the ability of interjections to be substantiated, used in the function of members of a sentence: - What you...-the old woman did not give up.-Youth is...ay ! (said). He himself understood that youth- ay (Karavaeva). Here it wasay (sub.) far away(Nekrasov). You are only -Ugh! (narration) (Dostoevsky). Bored like thatOh oh oh (sk.) (Ryleev).

These properties are especially characteristic of motivating interjections.

Interjections are easily combined with particles: come on , Tanya, speak(Bitter). Ah yes well done! The particle can be used between repeated components of an interjection: Ear, uh-same -hey, well cooked!(Krylov). Wed also: Oh well-those !, well-those !, well-ka , scatthose ; let's gothose .

Finally, interjections are connected through various channels with other parts of speech: nouns, verbs, modal words, particles. So, from nouns to interjections moved Lord!, fathers!, horror!, nonsense!, trouble!, grief!, pipes ! and others. Separate verb forms (forms of the imperative mood) have passed into motivating interjections: drop it!, drop it!, drop it! ! (in meaning enough). Whole phrases act as interjections: what passions! hell! just think!, like this cranberry!, well, well!, here you go!, still!, to-mo!, here you are! and others. And vice versa, individual interjection combinations turn into particles, for example: oh is it?(expresses doubt).

During the transition to interjections, the grammatical forms of the changed words lose their categorical meaning and grammatical features. For example, interjection come on! no longer denotes a process in the sense in which the verb is used bring down, is not included in the system of forms of this verb; word fathers! does not indicate faces, does not bow.

Formation of new interjections due to the transition of words of other parts of speech or the lexicalization of their grammatical forms, it is the main source of replenishment of the composition of interjections in modern Russian.

The second important source of replenishment of interjections is syntax. It is associated with the formation of compound interjections or stable combinations with an interjection meaning.

Many interjections in Russian came from other languages. Borrowed from Turkic languages guard!, let's go! From Western European languages ​​came march!, ba!, atu!, fi!, tubo!, pil!, fetch!, fu!, fuy!, fuit!, stop! and many others.

Interjections themselves play a significant role in enriching other parts of speech. So, interjections take part in the formation of verbs in a suffixal way: groan : (cf. derivatives from it: okhanah, groan, groan, groan and etc.), gasp: (cf.: gasp, gasp, gasp, gasp, gasp and etc.), butscreech, screech, yell, yell and etc.

The structure of interjections. According to their structure, interjections are divided into primitives(primary) and derivatives, among which stand out c o s t a v n e.

F irst interjections consist of: 1) one vowel sound: a, o, u, a, and ; from a vowel and iota (th): oh, oh, uy, hey; 3) from a vowel and consonant sound: ah!, ooh!, wow!, ah!, them!, wow! ; 4) consonant and vowel sound: well!, ba!, heh!, fu!, fi!; 5) vowel, consonant and vowel: aha!, wow!, alas! and etc.

The words of the first four groups are easily doubled and tripled, as a result of which new interjections are usually (but not always) formed with different meanings. Wed: but! And a-a-a!; ouch! And Ah ah ah! Interjection ouch! expresses: 1) pain, fear, fear, etc.; 2) reproach, censure, regret, etc. Interjection Ah ah ah! has another meaning: expresses disapproval, reproach: - Ah ah ah! be ashamed, - said Pyotr Ivanovich(Goncharov). Such interjections should be considered derivatives. Wed also: but! And ah! A simple interjection expresses bewilderment, amazement, distrust, etc. feelings ( uh, yes it's you!) as well as determination, objection to someone else's speech ( E,No, I disagree!).

Interjections are also derivatives, correlative with words of other parts of speech. Wed: fathers! And priests(im. p. pl. noun father), woe! And woe, have mercy! And have mercy(imperative form of the verb pardon) etc.

TO composite various combinations include: pray tell!, those times!, here's another!, was not there!, to hell!, like a cranberry!, like that thing!, what a disaster! and etc.

Hey! Today I want to tell you about little words, called interjections. Interjection - this Part of speech, which expresses the senses speaking, but not calls them. If you read literature in Russian, then you probably already noticed that Russians are very fond of using various small words (interjections): oh, ah, ah, oh, eh, well, wow, ugh, alas, na, etc.

There are so many interjections in Russian that I don'tI dare all of them list, it will take a very long time. After all, I not only need to list them, but also explain what emotions they express and how to use them correctly, and this is not so simple, because the same interjection can express the mostvariousemotions. For example, the interjection "Oh!" can expressdelight, astonishment, disturbance, regret, joy etc.

I I will divide interjections by groups depending on the what feelings they express and I will only name most used interjections and I will also try to give at least a few examples, so that it would be easier for you to understand in what situation you can use these or other interjections.

1 group. admiration, satisfaction, joy, fun, approval, delight (positive Feelings: Wow! Bravo! That's it! Oh! BUT! Blimey! God! God bless!

Examples:
Oh how good.
Hooray! Our Goal scored.
Bravo! he shouted in delight.
God! What a beauty!
BUT! It's you! I `ve been waiting for you for so long.

2 group. Interjections expressing grief, melancholy, sadness, regret: Alas! Oh! Eh! Oh oh oh!

Examples:
I had to finish my work, but- Alas!- It was impossible.
Eh there is no truth in this world.
Oh, I was wrong!

3rd group. Interjections that help express feelings surprise, fright, perplexity, mistrust: BUT! ABOUT! Wow! Well well! Ba! Oh! Fathers! Mother! God!

Examples:
Fathers! What happened to your face?
Ba! What people! What are you doing here?
Wow, How is he sang!

4 group. annoyance, anger, displeasure, protest: BUT! Oh! Oh you! Hell! Hell no! What the hell! Here's to you!

Examples:
Oh you, scoundrel!
Hell no! You won't get anything, I won't give you anything!
Here's to you! Again everything failed b!
What the hell! What is happening?

5 group. Interjections that express gloat, sarcasm, contempt, irony, disgust: Ugh! Fi! Ugh! Look!

Examples:
fi, an abomination! And how I was before all this nasty things did not notice.
Ugh, tired!
Ugh I don't even want to look at you.
Look, which impudent!

I could go on, because there are really a lot of interjections. But I think that's enough, I don't want you load redundant information.

In parting, I want to demonstrate the effectiveness of interjections and how they simplify our everyday life. For example, if you met your friend in some place where you did not expect to meet him, then you can express your surprise with the sentences: Who do I see! Are you here too? What people! , or you can use one interjection: Ba!