Economic activity of the ROC and its shadow component. search for ways to improve the organization of the production system

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Economic Analysis Cheat Sheet

Sosnauskene O.I., Schroeder N.G.

1. Subject and method economic analysis economic activity organizations

2. Scientific Foundations economic analysis

3. Goals and objectives of economic analysis

4. Place of analysis in the system of economic science

5. The role of economic analysis in information support of management

6. Economic analysis and its relation to control

7. The concept of production analysis of the economic activity of the organization, its goals and objectives

8. Concept financial analysis economic activities of the organization, its goals and objectives

9. The concept of managerial analysis of the economic activity of the organization, its goals and objectives

10. Methods and methodology of economic analysis, their composition and relationship

11. The sequence of application of methods of economic analysis

12. Economic and mathematical methods (umm) of economic activity analysis

13. Application of emm in solving typical analytical problems

14. Information support of economic analysis

15. System of complex economic analysis

16. Search system for reserves, improve the efficiency of economic activity

17. Types of reserves and their classification

18. Comprehensive assessment of production reserves

19. Extensive and intensive factors of production growth

20. Methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the main indicators of economic activity

21. Basic concepts of economic analysis

22. History and prospects for the development of economic analysis of the activities of enterprises in the context of strengthening market relations

23. History and prospects for the development of economic analysis of enterprises in the context of reform balance sheet

24. Analysis of the structure of intangible assets

25. Analysis of the structure of construction in progress and evaluation of its effectiveness

26. Analysis of the structure of profitable investments in material assets

27. Analysis of the structure of long-term financial investments

28. Financial accounting and financial statements as an information base for economic analysis

29. Management accounting as an information base for economic analysis

30. Financial accounting as an information base for economic analysis

31. Financial statements as an information base for economic analysis

32. Qualitative Methods economic analysis

33. Quantitative methods of economic analysis

34. The main directions of factor analysis of the financial and economic activities of the organization

35. Comparative characteristics of index and integral methods of factor analysis, advantages and disadvantages

36. Interrelation of the dynamics of costs of changes in the volume of production

37. Economic efficiency of information technologies

38. The role of complex economic analysis in the development of business plans

39. The role of complex economic analysis in monitoring business plans

40. Methods for evaluating business performance

41. Methodology for calculating indicators characterizing the volume of production

42. Methodology for calculating indicators characterizing the volume of sales

43. Characteristics of production volume indicators

44. Characteristics of sales volume indicators

45. Methods and principles of marketing analysis

46. Estimated calculation of sales volume and justification of the price of goods as an element of marketing analysis

47. Principles of analysis of the price system for products

48. Features of the analysis of the impact of product sales on changes in sales profit

49. Features of the analysis of the impact of sales of goods on the change in profits from their sales

50. Features of the analysis of the impact of the volume of sales of works on the change in profits from their sales

51. Features of the analysis of the impact on the volume of production of the use of production resources

52. Characteristics of methods for evaluating business performance

53. Calculation and assessment of the impact on the cost of sales of labor costs

54. Calculation and assessment of the impact on the cost of sales of the cost of materials

55. Calculation and assessment of the impact on the cost of sales of expenses for fixed production assets

56. Analysis and evaluation of the impact of the cost of goods sold on the amount of profit from sales

57. Analysis and evaluation of the impact of the cost of services sold on the amount of profit from sales

58. Analysis and evaluation of the impact of the cost of work performed on the amount of profit from sales

59. Characteristics of the method of analysis costs - sales - profit

60. Goals, objectives and main purpose of the analysis method costs - sales - profit

61. Margin calculation

62. Calculation of the threshold of profitability of sales

63. Calculation of the margin of financial strength

64. The concept of "operating leverage" in economic analysis

65. Profit as an indicator of the effectiveness of economic activity

66. Methods for assessing the impact of inflation on financial results

67. Features of factor analysis of profit from sales of products produced by the organization's own resources

68. Analysis of the composition and dynamics of non-current assets

69. Analysis of the structure and dynamics of non-current assets

70. Analysis of the receipt and disposal of fixed assets (OS)

71. Analysis technical condition fixed assets

72. Analysis of the moral and physical depreciation of fixed assets (OS)

73. Analysis of the structure of short-term financial investments

74. Principles of economic analysis of information about the sources of formation of their own working capital

75. The principle of economic analysis of information on the sources of formation of attracted working capital

76. Analysis of the effectiveness of attracting borrowed funds

77. Calculation and evaluation of the amount of own working capital

78. Calculation and assessment of the value of net current assets

79. Analysis of the provision of the organization with its own working capital

80. Analysis of the dynamics of indicators of turnover of current assets

81. Principles for calculating net current assets

82. Characteristics of profitability indicators

83. Characteristics of indicators of business activity of the organization

84. Characteristics of indicators of capital productivity of the organization

85. Principles for calculating financial ratios of market stability and their main purpose

86. Principles for calculating financial liquidity ratios of current assets and their main purpose

87. The main factors of insolvency (financial insolvency) of the organization

88. Analysis of the signs of bankruptcy according to the absolute data of financial statements

89. Characteristics of the method of comprehensive assessment of the production and financial activities of the organization and its divisions

90. Requirements for the disclosure of analytical information in the explanatory note to the annual financial statements

1. The subject and method of economic analysis of the economic activity of the organization

- economic processes of enterprises, unions, associations, socio-economic efficiency and the final financial results of their activities, formed under the influence of objective and subjective factors, reflected through the system of economic information.

It follows from the definition that:

1) economic analysis deals with the economic processes of enterprises. The economics of enterprises is studied in dynamics and in statics;

2) final results and business processes are influenced by external factors. Constantly influencing economic activity, they reflect the actions of economic laws;

3) final results and economic processes are influenced by subjective (internal factors). Subjective factors are associated with specific human activities, entirely dependent on him. Even skillful forecasting in economic practice of the actions of objective conditions, objective factors can be interpreted as a subjective phenomenon;

4) economic processes and their results are reflected in the system of economic information. The system of economic information is a set of data that comprehensively characterizes economic activity on various levels. The information system is dynamic; it includes a set of input data, the results of their intermediate processing, output data and final results entering the control system.

Features of the method of economic analysis: use of a system of indicators that comprehensively characterize economic activity; study of the reasons for the change in these indicators; identification and measurement of the relationship between them in order to increase socio-economic efficiency.

Economic processes are considered in formation and development. They are characterized by transitions of quantity into quality, the emergence of a new quality, the negation of negation, the struggle of opposites, the withering away of the old and the emergence of a new, more progressive one. The system of indicators used in the analysis is formed in the course of planning, in the development of systems and subsystems of economic information, which does not exclude the possibility of calculating the emergence of new indicators in the course of the analysis.

Economic phenomena are due to causation and causation, That's why analysis task- disclosure and study of these causes (factors). Economic activity, even a single indicator, can be influenced by various reasons. In this case, it is necessary to establish the most significant reasons affecting the indicator.

A prerequisite for a correct analysis is an economically sound classification of the causes that affect economic activity and its results. Relationship and interdependence between indicators determined by the objective conditions of production and circulation of goods. Each indicator depends on the other, each factor has its own value.

2. Scientific foundations of economic analysis

Economic analysis as a science is a system of special knowledge related to:

1) with scientific justification business plans, with an objective assessment of their implementation;

2) with generalization best practices, with the adoption of optimal management decisions;

3) with the study of economic processes in their interconnection, formed under the influence of objective economic laws and subjective factors;

4) identifying positive and negative factors and quantitative measurement of their action;

5) with the disclosure of trends and proportions of economic development, with the definition of unused on-farm reserves. The study of economic processes begins with a small, single- from a separate economic fact, phenomenon, situation, which together represent the economic process, expressing the essence of economic activity in one or another link of the controlled subsystem and the control system.

In the course of economic analysis, economic processes are studied in their relationship, interdependence and interdependence. A causal link connects all economic facts, phenomena, situations, processes. Without this connection, economic life is unthinkable. Causal or factorial analysis proceeds from the fact that each cause, each factor receives a proper assessment. The reasons-factors are preliminary studied, for which they are classified into groups: essential and non-essential, main and secondary, defining and non-determining. Further, the influence on economic processes, first of all, of essential, basic, determining factors is studied. The study of insignificant, non-determining factors is carried out, if required, in the second turn. Establishing the impact of all factors is difficult and not always necessary. In the process of analysis, not only the main factors influencing economic activity are revealed and characterized, but also the degree (strength) of their action is measured. For this, appropriate methods and techniques of economic and mathematical calculations are used.

Methodological unity of consistency and complexity of economic analysis finds its expression in the unity of political and economic, economic and social; in the unity of the whole and its parts; in the development of a unified, universal system of indicators; in the use of all types of economic information.

The formation of a market economy determines development of analysis primarily at the micro level- at the level of individual enterprises and their internal structural divisions, since these links form the basis of a market economy. In this case, the analysis has a specific content: analysis of the justification and implementation of business plans, a comparative analysis of specific marketing activities, including a comparison of the actual development of events with the expected for a certain period of time, analysis of production and marketing opportunities, analysis of the supply and demand ratio, analysis of specific consumers and product quality assessment, analysis of commercial risk and etc.

3. Goals and objectives of economic analysis

Purpose of economic analysis- identification and implementation of reserves for increasing the efficiency of enterprises, increasing the production of products (works, services) with minimal labor and funds, ensuring the profitable operation of the enterprise.

Tasks of economic analysis:

1) study and objective assessment of the implementation of the plan and the efficiency of production for the enterprise as a whole and for individual divisions;

2) the establishment of quantitative characteristics of the action of various factors on the development of the economy of the enterprise and its divisions;

3) providing scientific, technical and calculation-but-economic substantiation of decisions made;

4) identification of intra-production reserves and ways of their rational use. Identification of reserves occurs through a comparative study of the implementation of the plan by internal divisions of the enterprise, homogeneous enterprises, as well as the study and fullest use of domestic and foreign best practices;

5) generalization and distribution of best practices to improve production efficiency;

6) assistance in the implementation of current control over the activities of enterprises and its divisions. All production activities of enterprises and their financial results depend on compliance with the principles of commercial calculation. It promotes communication between enterprises united by one form of ownership, between enterprises based on different forms of ownership, between enterprises and the state. A correct assessment of compliance with the principles of commercial calculation and financial results requires an analysis of the factors that influenced the studied indicators, which depend and do not depend on enterprises;

7) increasing the scientific and economic validity of business plans and standards (in the process of their development). Achieved by the implementation of a retrospective analysis of economic activity. The construction of time series over a significant period of time makes it possible to establish certain economic patterns in economic development. Further, the main factors that have had in the past and may have a significant impact on the economic activity of the enterprise are identified. The conclusions of the retrospective analysis are combined with current observations and are used in a generalized form in planned calculations. The retrospective and current analysis ends with a prospective (forecast) analysis, which gives access to planned and estimated indicators. Methods are used comparative analysis final production and financial results, indicators of socio-economic efficiency of advanced enterprises and organizations;

8) determination of the economic efficiency of the use of labor, material and financial resources;

9) substantiation and verification of the optimality of managerial decisions. The success of economic activity at all levels of the management hierarchy directly depends on the level of management, on timely management decisions.

4. Place of analysis in the system of economic science

Economic analysis- a special branch of knowledge, the formation of which as a science was determined by the objective requirements and conditions inherent in the emergence of any new branch of scientific knowledge.

1. practical need. Professional marketing activities, market relations, the study of internal and external factors that determine the final financial results are requirements that determine the need for subsequent, current and future analytical developments.

2. The development of science in general and its individual branches. Economic analysis was formed as a result of the differentiation of the social sciences. Separate forms of economic analysis were inherent in the accounting sciences - accounting, statistics. With the deepening of economic work at enterprises, it became necessary to single out analysis as a separate system of knowledge.

Having formed into an independent science, economic analysis comprehensively, systematically uses data, methods, techniques for studying statistics, planning, accounting, mathematics and other sciences.

The closest links exist between accounting and economic analysis. Accounting is the main "supplier" of information for economic analysis. The closeness of the connection between economic analysis and statistics is expressed, firstly, in the fact that statistical accounting and reporting serve as an information base for analysis, and secondly, in the fact that statistical science, which develops methods of groupings, indices, correlations, regressions and others, significantly replenishes the methods and techniques of economic analysis.

Adoption management decisions requires the development of possible courses of action and their justification by conducting an economic analysis of various management options. The development of marketing programs and control over their implementation is impossible without analyzing the impact on the economy of the enterprise of the external and internal environment; analysis of the state of the market; analysis of consumers and buyers; analysis of the competitive environment; analysis market prices and formation of own pricing policy; analysis of final financial results. Therefore, economic analysis is one of the components of scientifically based planning, regulation and management.

An enterprise in a market economy begins its work with the preparation of a business plan, which analyzes the idea of the “business” being started, assesses its prospects and financial performance. A business plan cannot be justified without the use of analytical methods and techniques.

The connection between analysis and mathematics is determined by the fact that both fields of knowledge study quantitative relations. Mathematical methods are widely used in economic analysis.

The connection between economic analysis and audit is manifested in the use of a number of economic analysis coefficients for analyzing the financial condition and financial stability (the ratio of own and borrowed funds, the coefficient of maneuverability of own funds, etc.).

5. The role of economic analysis in information support of management

Economic analysis is based on a system of economic information, which underlies optimal management decisions. Principles for creating a rational flow of information for management:

1) identification of information needs and ways to most effectively meet them;

2) objectivity of reflection of the processes of production, circulation, distribution, consumption, use of resources;

3) the unity of information coming from various sources (accounting, statistical and operational accounting), as well as planned data, elimination of duplication in primary information;

4) efficiency of information, comprehensive development of primary information with the derivation of derived indicators on its basis;

5) possible limitation of the volume of information and increase in the coefficient of its use;

6) development of programs for the use and analysis of primary information for management purposes;

7) coding of primary data for the purpose of effective use.

For the purposes of management in economic analysis, the economic and financial activities of enterprises are measured by indicators that can be summarized in a certain system. Indicators:

1) cost and natural- depending on the gauges underlying;

2) quantitative and qualitative- depending on which side of the phenomena, operations, processes is measured;

3) volumetric and specific- depending on the application of individual indicators or their ratios.

The analysis is closely related to the principles of management:

1) demographic approach to the management process;

2) coordination, which is directly related to the verification of performance, to the operational analysis of what has been done, regulation of work, unity of command, collegiality;

3) economy mode, the implementation of which requires a deep analysis of costs by items and elements, unproductive costs and losses, economic efficiency of production, profit;

4) concreteness, efficiency of management, objectivity and scientific validity of decisions made. All management decisions must be justified and optimal. Information support provides operational analysis.

The theory of managerial decision-making is based on multivariance, uncertainty, the influence of additional factors on each individual option, and the establishment of optimality parameters. Multivariance makes necessary analysis various options for management decisions. Choice the best option carried out with the help of economic and mathematical modeling and system analysis. The development and implementation of marketing programs is associated with analytical calculations. Marketing programs are impossible without:

1) analysis of the impact on the economy of enterprises of the external and internal environment;

2) analysis of the state of the market (globally, by product groups and individual products);

3) analysis of buyers and consumers (existing and potential);

4) analysis of the competitive environment;

5) analysis of market prices and formation of own pricing policy;

6) analysis of final financial results.

6. Economic analysis and its relation to control

Economic analysis is the identification of economic patterns from the facts of economic reality. Economic analysis involves decomposing the economy into separate parts (economic categories) and is associated with:

1) with the study of economic processes in their relationship;

2) with scientific substantiation of business plans, with an objective assessment of their implementation;

3) with the identification of positive and negative factors and the quantitative measurement of their action;

4) with the disclosure of trends and proportions of economic development, with the determination of unused on-farm reserves;

5) with the generalization of best practices, with the adoption of optimal management decisions. Objects of economic analysis- main economic results of economic activity:

1) production and sale of products;

2) production cost;

3) use of labor, material and financial resources;

4) financial performance and financial condition of the organization.

Subject of economic analysis- economic activities of organizations, their structural divisions, associations, associations and the effectiveness of their activities, reflected in the system of indicators of the plan, accounting and reporting.

Tasks of economic analysis: 1) increasing the scientific and technical validity of business plans and standards;

2) an objective and comprehensive study of the implementation of business plans and compliance with regulations;

3) determination of the economic efficiency of the use of labor, material and financial resources (separately and in aggregate);

4) evaluation of final financial results;

5) identification and measurement of internal reserves;

6) substantiation of the optimality of managerial decisions. Under the method of economic analysis the method of approach to the study of economic processes in their formation and development is understood. The features of the method of economic analysis are the use of a system of indicators that comprehensively characterize economic activity, the study of the causes of changes in these indicators, the identification and measurement of the relationship between them in order to increase efficiency.

All methods of economic analysis are divided into two large groups: qualitative and quantitative.

Qualitative Methods allow, based on the analysis, to draw conclusions about the financial condition of the organization, the level of its liquidity and solvency, investment potential, creditworthiness.

Quantitative Methods are designed to assess the degree of influence of certain factors on the performance of the organization. They allow you to build economic and mathematical models for planning and forecasting, to choose options for the optimal use of resources. Quantitative methods of economic analysis are divided into statistical, accounting and economic-mathematical.

The purpose of economic analysis:

1) assessment of the current and prospective property and financial condition of the organization;

2) identification of possible sources of funds and analysis of their feasibility;

3) forecast of the organization's position in the capital market.

7. The concept of production analysis of the economic activity of the organization, its goals and objectives

Manufacturing Analysis- a method of systematic study of the functions of an individual product, a certain production and economic process, a management structure, aimed at minimizing costs with high quality, usefulness and durability. A feature of production analysis is isolation- finds expression in the fact that the starting point is usually the preparation for the release of predetermined and mastered products and services that have not passed the test of their compliance with scientific and technical requirements.

Principles of production analysis: 1) creative thinking; 2) consistency;

3) complexity;

4) the functionality of the objects of analysis and the costs of their implementation.

Tasks of production analysis:

1) determining the ratio of the economic efficiency of production at all levels (especially at the micro level) with the total cost of living and materialized labor (while minimizing the latter with the obligatory observance of all parameters of the final product or service);

2) development of a system of indicators and technical and economic standards acceptable at all levels of the management system;

3) organization of the technological and management process along the entire chain of production and financial activities;

4) activation of economic levers, the influence of which was previously diminished;

5) systematic monitoring of efficiency, reliability, long-term use of products and services.

Stages of production analysis:

1) informational and preparatory. It begins with the choice of an object (for example, the creation of a fundamentally new product or a radical reconstruction of an earlier one);

2) analytical and creative. A necessary condition is the multivariance of ideas;

3) commissioning stage. Associated with the experimental verification of a new product;

4) in-line production;

5) commercial and marketing;

6) control and operational. Production analysis features:

1) the choice of such objects of analysis, which are characterized by extreme instability in the implementation of business plans, standards, the presence of technologically unmotivated defects, excessive consumption of electricity, materials, staff turnover, low safety standards;

2) collection and preliminary analysis of the totality of economic information;

3) building an external structural model of the production system, its communication links with other systems and subsystems, the composition of the inputs and outputs of the system;

4) structural description of the production system;

5) functional description of the production system with the allocation of the main function that determines its specialization, secondary functions that characterize communication links with the external environment, internal functions associated with private production systems;

6) assessment of production costs, the quality of the functioning of the production system and the level of its organization;

7) search for ways to improve the organization of the production system;

8) conducting an integrated assessment of options;

9) choosing an implementation option for implementing an improved system from a set of rational options.

8. The concept of financial analysis of the economic activity of the organization, its goals and objectives

Existing methods of financial analysis of the organization's activities according to financial statements, as a rule, include the following main interrelated blocks of initial and calculated indicators:

1) financial results: income, expenses, profit;

2) return on capital, assets, production and sales of products;

3) business activity: turnover and efficiency of use of resources (assets, capital);

4) financial condition: structure and dynamics of balance sheet indicators, liquidity, solvency, financial stability.

Based on the results of the financial analysis, an assessment of the organization's activities as a whole is carried out, specific factors that have had a positive and negative impact on its results are identified, and options are developed for making optimal management decisions both for the company's management and for its business partners.

Financial statements- this is a unified system of data on the property and financial condition of the organization and on the results of its economic activity, compiled on the basis of accounting data in accordance with established forms. The indicators of financial statements make it possible to assess the economic and financial potential, performance and efficiency of the company as a whole and for each type of its activity, as well as to conduct various analytical studies.

The central place in the reporting is occupied by the balance sheet, the indicators of which make it possible to analyze and evaluate the financial condition of the organization as of the date of its compilation, the following most important indicators are evaluated:

1) the composition, structure and dynamics of the asset and liability data of the balance sheet;

2) availability of own working capital;

3) the amount of net assets of the organization;

4) financial stability ratios;

5) solvency and liquidity ratios, etc.

The balance sheet provides detailed information about the value of the organization's assets and the amount of its debts. The most important form of expression of the business activity of the organization is the financial result of its activities. Information about the formation and use of profits is considered along with information about the property status as the most significant part of the organization's accounting report. The profit and loss statement (form No. 2) is structured in such a way that it separately reflects income and expenses in various areas of the organization's activities. Statement of changes in equity (Form No. 3) consists of four sections and references. The structure of the first three sections reflects the dynamics of the organization's capital indicators for the reporting year: balances at the beginning of the year, receipts, expenditures and balances at the end of the year. The cash flow statement (Form No. 4) contains information about cash flows in the context of the current, investment and financial activities of the organization and cash balances at the beginning and end of the reporting period. From the appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5) you can get additional information for analytical research.

9. The concept of managerial analysis of the economic activity of the organization, its goals and objectives

In the context of the development of market relations, accounting is divided into two branches: financial and management accounting.

Management analysis is included in the content of management accounting, which consists of systematic traditional accounting and problematic accounting, aimed at developing management decisions in the interests of the owners and administration of the enterprise.

Conducting management analysis is not regulated by the state, its organization and methods are determined by the management of the enterprise, with its help management tasks are solved. Management analysis includes production and on-farm:

1) analysis in the justification and implementation of business plans;

2) analysis in the marketing system;

3) a comprehensive economic analysis of the effectiveness of economic activity;

4) analysis of the technical and organizational level and other production conditions;

5) analysis of the use of production resources;

6) analysis of the volume of production;

7) analysis of the relationship between costs, output and profits.

Subjects of internal management analysis- management of the enterprise, attracted auditors and consultants.

Management can deepen the analysis by using not only reporting data, but also data from the entire economic accounting system as part of a management analysis conducted for management purposes.

Information base of management analysis!- the entire system of information about the activities of the enterprise: technical preparation of production, regulatory and planning information, economic accounting, including operational, accounting and statistical accounting data, external public and the entire system of internal economic reporting, other types of information, including surveys of specialists, information meetings, press, etc.

Management analysis includes in its system not only production, but also financial analysis, without which the management of the enterprise cannot implement its financial strategy. The possibilities of management in matters of financial analysis are wider than those of external users of information. In the feasibility studies of any business plan, methods of both production and financial management analysis are used.

Goals of management analysis:

1) orientation of the results of the analysis to the management apparatus of the enterprise;

2) lack of regulation of analysis from outside;

3) detailed approach, i.e. study of all aspects of the enterprise;

4) maximum secrecy of the analysis results in order to preserve commercial secrets. Tasks of managerial analysis:

1) provision of scientific, technical and computational and economic substantiation of decisions made;

2) identification of intra-production reserves and ways of their rational use.

3) increasing the scientific and economic validity of business plans and standards (in the process of their development);

4) determination of the economic efficiency of the use of labor, material and financial resources;

5) substantiation and verification of the optimality of management decisions.

10. Methods and methodology of economic analysis, their composition and relationship

Method of economic analysis - dialectical method of approach to the study of economic processes in their formation and development.

Characteristic features of the method of economic analysis: the use of a system of indicators characterizing economic activity, the study of the reasons for the change in indicators, the identification and measurement of the relationship between them.

Methodology of economic analysis- a set of methods used to process economic information.

Types of methods of economic analysis.

1. Private methodology - a methodology that specifies the general in relation to economic processes.

2. General methodology - a set of methods of analytical work used in the study of economic processes.

Methods and techniques of analysis.

1. Methods of preliminary analysis:

1) continuous observation - research and processing of all available data;

2) selective observation - observation, in which a part of the total population, which is a sample population, is subject to examination;

3) comparison of data - a technique that allows you to identify the relationship of economic phenomena, the dynamics and degree of efficiency achieved.

Comparison types:

a) comparison of reporting and planned indicators;

b) comparison of planned indicators and indicators of the previous period;

c) comparison of reporting indicators and indicators of the previous period;

d) comparison with industry average data;

e) comparison of indicators with indicators of homogeneous enterprises;

4) summary and grouping of data. Summary of data - generalization of static material with the help of final calculations performed according to a certain system;

5) calculation of absolute and relative values.

Absolute statistics- indicators expressing the size of the quantitative signs of social phenomena. Relative statistics- generalizing indicators that characterize the quantitative relations of social phenomena;

6) calculation of average values and variation indicators.

average value- a generalizing characteristic of a set of homogeneous social phenomena (arithmetic mean, harmonic weighted mean, chronological mean of an instantaneous series, mode, median). The average value characterizes the level of the trait per unit of the population and generalizes the individual values of one species;

7) consideration of series of dynamics. A number of dynamics (time series) is a series of statistical indicators located in time that characterize changes in a social phenomenon;

8) graphic;

9) heuristic.

2. Factor analysis methods:

1) the index is based on relative indicators expressing the ratio of the level of a given phenomenon to its level in the past or to the level of a given phenomenon, taken as a base;

2) the method of chain substitutions is used to calculate the influence of individual factors on the corresponding aggregate indicator;

3) method of absolute differences;

4) method of relative differences;

5) equity method;

6) integral;

7) logarithm method.

3. Simulation and optimization models.

11. The sequence of application of methods of economic analysis

The development of special methods of economic analysis is based on a scientifically based classification of its types, due to the needs of management practice. The classification of types of economic analysis is based on the classification of management functions, since economic analysis is a necessary element in the performance of each function of economic management.

With a developed market economy, there is a need to differentiate analysis into internal managerial and external financial. Internal management analysis is an integral part of management accounting, i.e. information and analytical support of the administration, management of the organization.

External financial analysis- an integral part of financial accounting, serving external users of information about the organization, acting as independent subjects of economic analysis according to data, as a rule, public financial statements.

According to the content of the management process, prospective (forecast, preliminary) analysis, operational analysis, current (retrospective) analysis based on the results of activities for a particular period are distinguished. Such a classification corresponds to the content of the main functions, reflecting the temporary stages of management.

Depending on the nature of the control objects, the following classification of types of analysis is adopted, reflecting:

1) sectoral structure of the national economy;

2) levels of social production and management. In the economic analysis of economic activity, special attention is paid to the levels of management in the sectors of the national economy. In industry, there are two main levels of management (respectively, in other sectors): the department (the highest level) and production associations and enterprises (the main, primary level). In the main link for analysis, production units are distinguished as components of the association, as well as workshops and departments, sections and jobs;

3) stages of the process of expanded reproduction - production, exchange, distribution and consumption;

4) the constituent elements of production (labor and material resources) and individual constituent parts of production relations (for example, labor, financial, credit).

In the specialized literature, the classification of types of economic analysis is not limited to two main features in terms of the content of the process and management objects. Types of economic analysis are classified according to:

1) subjects, i.e. those who conduct the analysis (management and economic services, owners and economic management bodies, suppliers, buyers, audit firms, credit, financial authorities);

2) periodicity (periodic annual, quarterly, monthly, ten-day, daily, shift analysis and one-time, non-periodic analysis);

3) the content and completeness of the issues under study (a complete analysis of all economic activities, a local analysis of the activities of individual units, a thematic analysis of individual issues of the economy);

4) methods of studying the object (complex, systemic, functional-cost, comparative, continuous and selective, correlation analysis, etc.).

12. Economic and mathematical methods (umm) of economic activity analysis

Economic and mathematical methods in analysis:

1) methods of elementary mathematics;

2) classical methods of mathematical analysis:

a) differential and integral calculus;

b) calculus of variations;

3) methods of mathematical statistics:

a) methods for studying one-dimensional statistical populations;

b) methods for studying multidimensional statistical indicators.

The most widespread of the mathematical and statistical methods in economic analysis are the methods of multiple and paired correlation analysis;

4) econometric methods: and production functions;

b “cost-output” methods (intersectoral balance) - matrix (balance) models built according to a chess scheme and allowing in a compact form to present the relationship between costs and production results;

c) national accounting;

5) methods of mathematical programming: a linear programming;

b) block programming;

c) non-linear programming (integer, quadratic, parametric);

d) dynamic programming;

6) operations research methods: a) methods for solving linear programs; b stock management;

c) depreciation and replacement of equipment;

d) game theory - the theory of mathematical models for making optimal decisions under conditions of uncertainty or conflict of several parties with different interests;

e) scheduling theory;

f) network planning and management methods;

g) queuing theory (explores, on the basis of probability theory, mathematical methods for quantifying queuing processes);

7) methods of economic cybernetics(analyzes economic phenomena and processes as complex systems in terms of the laws and mechanisms of control and the movement of information in them):

a) system analysis;

b) simulation methods;

c) modeling methods;

d) teaching methods, business games;

e) methods of pattern recognition;

8) mathematical theory of optimal processes;

9) heuristic methods- non-formalized methods for solving economic problems related to the current economic situation, based on intuition, past experience, expert assessments of specialists.

On the basis of optimality, economic and mathematical methods are divided into:

1) optimization exact methods(methods of the theory of optimal processes, methods of mathematical programming, methods of operations research);

2) optimization approximate methods(methods of economic cybernetics, methods of mathematical theory of planning extreme experiments, heuristic methods);

3) non-optimization exact methods(methods of elementary mathematics, classical methods of mathematical analysis, econometric methods);

4) non-optimization approximate methods(method of statistical tests).

Balance Methods- methods of analysis of structure, proportions, ratios.

Factor analysis- gradual transition from the initial factor system (performance indicator) to the final factor system (or vice versa), disclosure of the full set of direct, quantitatively measurable factors that affect the change in the performance indicator.

13. Application of EMM in solving typical analytical problems

1. Graphic Methods connected with the geometric representation of the functional dependence with the help of lines on the plane. With the help of a coordinate grid, dependency graphs are constructed, for example, the level of costs on the volume of manufactured and sold products, as well as graphs that can depict correlations between indicators (comparison diagrams, distribution curves, time series diagrams, statistical cartograms).

Example: construction of a network diagram in the construction and installation of enterprises. A table of works and resources is compiled, where in technological sequence their characteristics, volume, performer, shift, need for materials, duration of the task and other information are indicated. Based on these indicators, a network diagram is prepared. Graph optimization is carried out by shortening the critical path, i.e. minimization of terms of performance of works at the given levels of resources, minimization of the level of consumption of resources at fixed terms of performance of works.

2. Method of correlation-regression analysis used to determine the closeness of the relationship between indicators that are not in a functional relationship. The tightness of the connection is measured by the correlation ratio (for a curvilinear dependence). For a straight-line dependence, the correlation coefficient is calculated. The method is used in solving problems on the "launch-release".

Example: to determine the dependence of the output of products on average from their launch, having compiled the appropriate regression equation.

3. Linear programming method. The solution is reduced to finding the extreme values (maximum and minimum) of some functions of variables. Based on the solution of a system of linear equations, when the dependence between phenomena is strictly functional.

Example: problems of rational use of the operating time of production equipment.

4. Dynamic Programming Methods used in solving optimization problems in which the objective function and constraints are characterized by nonlinear dependencies.

Example: fill a vehicle with carrying capacity X with a load consisting of certain items so that the cost of the entire load is maximum.

5. Mathematical game theory explores optimal strategies in game situations. The decision requires certainty in the formulation of the conditions: establishing the number of players, possible payoffs, determining the strategy.

Example: maximize the average value of income from the sale of manufactured products, taking into account the vagaries of the weather.

6. Mathematical theory of queuing.

Example: providing workers with the necessary tools.

7. Matrix method based on linear and vector-matrix algebra, it is used to study complex and high-dimensional structures at the industry level, at the level of enterprises.

Example: identify the distribution between the shops of products for domestic consumption, and the total volume of output, if the parameters of direct costs and the final product are given.

14. Information support of economic analysis

Economic analysis is based on the system of economic information, which underlies the optimization of management decisions. A number of requirements are imposed on the organization of information support for economic analysis:

1) analyticity(the ability of information, regardless of sources of income, to meet the needs of economic analysis);

2) objectivity(reliable reflection of the studied phenomena and processes);

3) efficiency(timely receipt of information);

4) unity(no duplication of sources of information);

5) rationality(minimum costs for the collection, storage and use of data);

6) comparability by subject, object of study, period of time, methodology for calculating indicators and other features.

Data sources for economic analysis:

1) planned - all types of plans developed for the organization (perspective, current, operational, technological maps), regulatory materials, estimates;

2) accounting - data contained in the documentation of accounting, statistical and operational accounting, financial reporting. The leading role in the information support of the analysis is played by accounting and reporting, which most fully reflects economic phenomena, processes and their results;

3) off-record- documents regulating the economic activity of the enterprise, as well as data not listed above. These include: official documents (laws of the Russian Federation, presidential decrees, government decrees, acts of audits and inspections, orders of heads of organizations); economic and legal documents (contracts, agreements, decisions of the judiciary); materials of excellence (periodicals, media); technical and technological documentation; materials of special studies of the state of production in individual working areas (timing, questionnaire survey); oral information, etc. Information is divided:

1) in relation to the subject of research - main, auxiliary;

2) according to the frequency of receipt - regular and episodic(formed as needed, for example, information about a new competitor);

3) in relation to the process of information processing - primary(data of primary accounting, inventories, surveys) and secondary(reporting, market reviews);

4) in relation to the object - internal(accounting data, regulatory documents developed for the organization) and external(data from statistical collections, conferences). The main stage of information support for economic analysis is the preparation of information, which includes data verification, ensuring their comparability, and simplifying information. Information collected for analysis must be verified. The check is carried out from two sides:

1) completeness of information, correctness of registration, arithmetic calculations, comparability of indicators. This check is technical in nature;

2) checking the data on the merits (as far as the information is true). Means of verification - logical understanding of the data, verification of mutual consistency, validity of indicators.

...

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise on the example of OJSC "Voronezh Machine Tool Plant"

practice report

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

The main source of information for financial analysis is financial (accounting) statements.

Financial statements - a unified system of data on the property and financial position of the organization and on the results of its economic activities, compiled on the basis of financial accounting data in order to provide external and internal users with generalized information about the financial position of the organization in a form that is convenient and understandable for these users to accept certain business solutions.

The organization must draw up interim financial statements for the month, quarter on an accrual basis of the reporting year, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

When compiling financial reporting indicators, it is necessary to be guided by:

* Federal Law "On Accounting" dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ;

* Regulations on accounting "Accounting statements of the organization" PBU 4/99, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 6, 1999 No. 43n;

* Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 22, 2003 No. No. 67n "On the forms of financial statements of the organization."

This block of regulatory documents is related to the implementation of the Accounting Reform Program in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards.

The financial statements of an organization (except for budgetary, insurance organizations and banks) consist of:

Balance sheet (form No. 1) - applications - 1, 4, 7.

Profit and loss statement (form No. 2) - applications - 2, 5, 8.

Statement of changes in equity (form No. 3) - attachments - 3, 6, 9.

Cash flow statement (Form No. 4);

Applications to the balance sheet (form No. 5);

Explanatory note;

An auditor's report confirming the accuracy of the organization's financial statements, if it is subject to mandatory audit in accordance with federal laws.

The organization prepares monthly, quarterly and annual financial statements. In this case, the first and second financial statements are interim.

The reporting year for all organizations covers the period from January 1 to December 31 of the calendar year inclusive. The first year for newly created organizations is the reporting year from the date of their state registration to December 31; for organizations established after October 1 - from the date of state registration to December 31 of the next year inclusive.

Accounting (financial) statements serve as the basis for analyzing the financial position of the enterprise.

The purpose of financial analysis is to evaluate the information contained in the statements, compare existing information and create new information based on them, which will serve as the basis for making certain decisions.

The choice of depth and scope of analysis, as well as specific parameters and tools (set of methods) of analysis depends on specific tasks, which the user sets himself in order to obtain the maximum possible, useful information for him. For the analysis (interpretation) of indicators of accounting (financial) statements, generally accepted methods are used:

Reading reports;

Vertical analysis;

Horizontal analysis;

trend analysis;

Calculation of financial indicators.

Reading statements - informational acquaintance with the financial position of the subject of analysis according to the balance sheet, appendices to it and the income statement. Reading the statements is the initial stage during which the user gets to know the enterprise in advance. According to the financial statements, the user judges the property status of the enterprise, the nature of its activities, the ratio of funds by their types in the composition of assets, the amount of own and borrowed funds, etc.

Let's consider separate methods of analysis of accounting (financial) statements on the example of the enterprise OJSC "Machine Tool Plant", which produces various types of equipment.

An analysis of the property status of the organization and an assessment of the efficiency of the use of its resources will be carried out using the balance sheet (form No. 1) and the profit and loss statement (form No. 2). The balance sheet characterizes in monetary terms the financial position of the organization as of the reporting date. The balance characterizes the state of inventories, settlements, the availability of funds, investments.

Balance sheet data is necessary for owners to control the invested capital, the management of the organization in the analysis and planning, banks and other creditors - to assess financial stability.

The Concept of Accounting in the Market Economy of Russia defines assets, liabilities and capital.

Assets are considered household funds over which the organization has gained control as a result of the fait accompli of its business activities and which should bring it economic benefits in the future.

A liability is considered to be the debt of the organization that exists at the reporting date, which is a consequence of completed projects of its economic activity and the settlement of which should lead to an outflow of assets.

Capital represents the investments of the owners and the profit accumulated over the entire period of the organization's activity.

In accordance with PBU 4/99, the balance sheet combines funds in the asset by sections:

"Fixed assets",

"Current Assets"

and the sources of formation of these funds by sections:

"Capital and reserves",

"Long term duties",

"Short-term liabilities".

Each section of the balance unites a group of articles.

According to the current regulatory documents, the balance sheet is currently compiled in net valuation. The result of the balance sheet gives an approximate estimate of the amount of funds at the disposal of the enterprise. This assessment is accounting (balance sheet) and does not reflect the real amount of money that can be obtained for property, for example, in the event of liquidation of the enterprise. The current "price" of assets is determined by market conditions and can deviate in any direction from the accounting one, especially during inflation.

Describing the balance sheets of JSC "VSZ" for the period 2003-2005 (Appendix 1, 4, 7), it can be noted that for a three-year period of its activity authorized capital organization remained constant and amounts to 46,750 thousand rubles. At the beginning of 2003, the company's assets were represented by construction in progress. As part of the funds at the disposal of the enterprise, at the beginning of 2004, non-current assets slightly exceeded current assets, and by the end of 2004, non-current assets began to significantly exceed the amount of current assets. At the end of 2005, the largest specific gravity borrowed working capital.

The sources of funds of this organization are the authorized capital and short-term liabilities, which are represented by loans and credits, as well as accounts payable. By the end of 2005, short-term accounts payable increased significantly compared to 2003 and 2004 and began to account for the largest part of short-term liabilities.

It should also be noted that the company has an uncovered loss, which during 2004 and 2005 increased.

When analyzing accounting (financial) statements, it is necessary to determine the liquidity of the balance sheet. Balance sheet liquidity is defined as the extent to which an organization's liabilities are covered by its assets, the maturity of which is equal to the maturity of the liabilities.

The liquidity of assets is defined as the reciprocal of the time required to turn them into cash. The less time it takes for this type of asset to turn into money, the higher their liquidity.

Analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet consists in comparing the funds of the asset, grouped by the degree of their liquidity and arranged in descending order of liquidity, with the liabilities of the liability, grouped by their maturity and arranged in ascending order of maturity.

Depending on the degree of liquidity, i.e. the rate of conversion into cash, the assets of the enterprise are divided into the following groups:

The most liquid assets (A1) - these include all items of the company's cash and short-term financial investments (securities). This group is calculated as follows:

Cash + Short-term financial investments or line 250 + line 260.

Marketable assets (A2) - accounts receivable, payments on which are expected within 12 months after the reporting date.

Short-term accounts receivable or line 240.

Slowly realizable assets (A3) - items in section II of the balance sheet asset, including inventories, value added tax, receivables (payments for which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date) and other current assets. Stocks + Long-term accounts receivable + VAT + Other current assets or line 210 + line 220 + line 230 + line 270.

Difficult-to-sell assets (A4) - items in section I of the asset balance - non-current assets. Non-current assets or page 190.

Liabilities of the balance are grouped according to the degree of urgency of their payment:

The most urgent liabilities (P1) - these include accounts payable. Accounts payable or str.620.

Short-term liabilities (P2) are short-term borrowed funds, debts to participants for the payment of income, other short-term liabilities. Short-term borrowings + Income payable to participants + Other short-term liabilities or line 610 + line 630 + line 660.

Long-term liabilities (P3) are balance sheet items related to sections IV and V, i.e. long-term loans and borrowings, as well as deferred income, reserves for future expenses and payments. Long-term liabilities + Deferred income + Reserves for future expenses and payments or line 590 + line 640 + line 650.

Permanent liabilities (P4) are the articles of section III of the balance sheet "Capital and reserves". Capital and reserves (own capital of the organization) or p.490.

To determine the liquidity of the balance sheet, one should compare the results of the above groups for assets and liabilities.

The balance is considered absolutely liquid if the following ratios (inequalities) are observed:

The first three inequalities mean the need to comply with the invariable liquidity rule - the excess of assets over liabilities. The data in Table 1 make it possible to characterize the degree of liquidity of current assets and their parts. To calculate the data in table 1, balance sheets are used (Appendix 1, 4, 7).

Table 1. Comparison of the results of the asset and liability of VZZ

2003-2005

Analyzing the calculations for 2003, we can say that the first ratio is not met, which indicates a lack of fast-moving assets to pay off short-term accounts payable. The second and third inequalities are fulfilled, i.e. quickly realizable and slowly realizable assets significantly exceed the short-term and long-term liabilities of the enterprise. The fourth inequality is also observed. This means that the enterprise had enough funds in 2003 not only to form non-current assets, but also to cover the need for current assets.

An analysis of calculations for 2004 and 2005 shows that non-compliance with the first inequality is increasing, because the most liquid assets in both 2004 and 2005, respectively, were 159 and 168 times less than the sum of the most urgent liabilities. Comparison of assets and liabilities on the balance sheet in 2004 in the second and third proportions indicates that the company will be able to cover its short-term and long-term liabilities at the expense of quickly and slowly sold assets. In 2005, there is a discrepancy in the second inequality, which indicates a shortage of fast-moving assets. The observance in 2005 of only the third inequality suggests that the excess of slow-moving assets will make it possible to cover long-term liabilities. In 2004 and 2005, the fourth inequality is not met; the presence of hard-to-sell assets exceeds the cost of equity, which in turn means that it does not remain at all to replenish working capital, which will have to be replenished mainly by delaying the repayment of accounts payable in the absence of own funds for these purposes.

The study of the income statement allows you to see the procedure for the formation of the final financial result of the enterprise, the value of this result both from the sale of goods, products, works, services, and from other operations, the amount of payments due to the budget for income tax and other taxes from net profit, as well as the amount of net profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise. All these data are presented to the user for the reporting and previous years, which also makes it possible to compare the corresponding indicators for two years.

Net profit in 2003 was received from income from ordinary activities, which covered expenses from non-sales operations. And in 2004 and 2005, losses were incurred, which were formed due to a loss from financial and economic activities and other expenses. This testifies to the negative changes in the main activity of the enterprise in comparison with 2003.

Vertical (structural) analysis is the presentation of accounting (financial) statements in the form of relative values that characterize the structure of the final indicators. Vertical analysis can be carried out according to the original reporting or aggregated. The benefits of this type of reporting analysis are also evident when comparing reports.

All balance sheet items in vertical analysis are given as a percentage of the balance sheet total. Structural analysis of the balance sheet allows us to consider the ratio of current and non-current assets of the enterprise, as well as the structure of non-current and current assets; determine the share of own and borrowed capital, capital structure by type.

The vertical analysis of the balance sheets of OAO VZZ for 2003-2005 is presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Vertical analysis of the balance sheets of VZZ JSC for 2003-2005,%

Indicators



I. Non-current assets
fixed assets
unfinished construction
Long term financial investments
Other non-current

II. current assets

including:
raw materials, materials and other similar values
work in progress costs
finished goods and goods for resale
future periods
value added tax cost per acquired values
Receivables
Short-term financial investments
Cash
Other current assets



III. Capital and reserves
Authorized capital
Retained earnings (uncovered loss)



Loans and credits
Creditor debt
including:
suppliers and contractors
debt to organization staff
debt to state off-budget funds
debt on taxes and fees
other creditors

Vertical analysis of balance sheets allows you to visually determine the significance of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet. Non-current assets in 2003 amounted to 52.13% of all funds, and in 2004 their share increased by 9.01 points, and in 2005 there is a decline compared to 2004 by 16.25 points. Current assets in 2003 accounted for 47.87% of all funds, the predominant part of current assets is represented by receivables. In 2004, working capital decreased and the predominant part of the funds began to be occupied by stocks (64%). Comparing 2004 and 2005, we can say that working capital in 2005 increased and amounted to 55.11%, as well as increased stocks (86%), which began to occupy the bulk of working capital.

In 2003, the authorized capital and retained earnings (uncovered loss) accounted for 61.24% of the enterprise's sources of funds. During 2004 and 2005, the authorized capital and retained earnings (uncovered loss) are reduced and in 2005 they amounted to 33.66%. This suggests that the enterprise is dominated by borrowed funds, and not its own. Borrowed capital is represented by short-term loans and credits, and short-term accounts payable. It should also be noted that with each year goes by increase in loans and accounts payable. In 2003, loans amounted to 6.94%, accounts payable - 31.82%. In 2005, short-term loans more than doubled, and accounts payable began to occupy more than half of all sources of the enterprise.

All indicators of the income statement in the course of structural analysis are given as a percentage of the total revenue from product sales.

Horizontal analysis consists in the construction of one or more analytical tables in which absolute balance sheet indicators are supplemented by relative growth (decrease) rates. Horizontal analysis of the balance sheet of VZZ OJSC is presented in Table 4.

The results of the horizontal analysis of the balance sheet show the change in the main items of the balance sheet. In 2004, an increase in fixed assets by 4.14% was observed, and production reserves increased almost three times. This increase was due to an increase in raw materials and materials by 113.34%, costs in work in progress by 63.59% and finished products by more than eight times. Accounts receivable decreased by 73.15%, cash - by 67.44%, other current assets - by 29.15%, and short-term financial investments are almost equal to zero.

Table 4. Horizontal analysis of the balance sheet of JSC "VSZ" for 2003-2005

Indicators	Relative values,%
		2004 to 2003	2005 to 2004	2005 to 2003


I. Non-current assets
fixed assets
unfinished construction
Long term financial investments
Other non-current

II. current assets

including:
raw materials and other similar values
costs in unfinished production
finished products and goods for resale
future periods
Value Added Tax on acquired values
Accounts receivable debt
Short term financial investments
Cash
Other negotiable



III. Capital and reserves
Authorized capital
Unallocated profit (uncovered

IV. long term duties
V. Current liabilities
Loans and credits
Creditor debt
including:
suppliers and contractors
debt before the staff organizations
debt to government extrabudgetary
debt under taxes and fees
other creditors

On the whole, according to the asset balance for 2004, it can be said that non-current assets increased by 8.19%, while current assets decreased by 25.13%. When comparing 2003 and 2004, it can be noted that in 2004 capital and reserves decreased by 11.48%, but short-term loans and credits increased by 11.94% and short-term accounts payable decreased slightly. The company's balance for this period decreased by 7.76%. Comparing 2004 and 2005, it can be seen that in 2005 there was a reduction in fixed assets by 9.64 points, but due to an increase in other balance sheet items, non-current assets increased by 3.32 points. The current assets of the enterprise have almost doubled, more than two and a half times due to production reserves, and more than doubled cash. The growth of current assets was negatively affected by the reduction of accounts receivable by 11.69 points.

In the liabilities side of the balance sheet in 2005, there was a reduction in capital and reserves by 19.41 points, but an increase of more than two and a half times in short-term loans and credits and more than two times in short-term accounts payable made it possible to increase the balance by almost one and a half times.

Analyzing 2005 with 2003, we can say that in the asset balance there is an increase in non-current and current assets by 11.78 points and 49.4 points, respectively. The decrease in fixed assets by 5.9 points had a negative impact on the increase in non-current assets, and on the increase in current assets - receivables and cash.

The results of the horizontal analysis of the profit and loss statement of VZZ OJSC are shown in Table 5.

Table 5 shows that in 2004 the proceeds from the sale of products decreased to 89.56%. In comparison with 2003, in 2004 revenues decreased by 6.91 points. The cost of goods sold has a negative impact on the profit of the organization, since it is reduced at a slower pace than revenue. The increase in non-operating income by almost seven and a half times in 2004 and the increase in operating income do not allow covering the expenses of the organization and, consequently, increasing profits.

In comparison with 2003, in 2005 there is a decrease in income by 9.47 points. Analyzing 2004 and 2005, we can say that in 2005 there is a reduction in sales revenue by 12.22 points and cost of goods sold by 15.02 points. Incomes of 2005 decreased by 2.75 points. Revenue was positively impacted by other operating income, which increased by more than eight times. A negative impact was made by an increase in other operating expenses by more than twelve times, non-operating expenses by almost two times and a decrease in non-operating income by 86.69%.

Table 5. Horizontal analysis of the income statement

JSC "VSZ" for 2003-2005

Indicators	Absolute values, thousand rubles	Relative values,%
			2004 to 2003	2005 to 2004	2005 to 2003
1. Sales proceeds
2. Cost goods sold
3. Selling expenses
4. Managerial
5. Profit (loss) from sales
6. Other operating income
7. Other operating expenses
8. Non-operating income
9. Non-operating expenses
10. Profit (loss) before tax
11. Current income tax
12. Net profit (loss) of the reporting year
13. Total income (line 1 + line 6 + line 8)

In 2004 and 2005, no income tax was charged, because in 2004 the enterprise had a loss before tax, which amounted to 777.65%. Compared to 2004, the loss of 2005 increased by almost one and a half times.

Based on the balance sheet data (Appendix 1, 4, 7), the calculation of financial stability indicators is presented in table 6.

Table 6

Indicators of financial stability of JSC VSP for 2003-2005

Indicator

Coefficient of autonomy (financial independence) OZ* 0.5
Debt capital ratio OZ 0.5
Financial dependency ratio
Financial stability ratio
Health Funding Ratio > 1
Equity ratio of health facilities 0.1
OZ maneuverability coefficient 0.1
Long-term investment structure ratio

* OZ - the optimal value.

Indicators of the financial stability of an enterprise characterize the structure of the capital used by the enterprise from the standpoint of its solvency and financial stability of development. These indicators make it possible to assess the degree of protection of investors and creditors, as they reflect the company's ability to repay long-term obligations. This group of indicators is also called indicators of the capital structure and solvency or coefficients for managing sources of funds.

Table 6 shows that the autonomy coefficient in 2003 was 0.61, and in 2004 and 2005 it decreased and in 2005 it was 0.34. Thus, most of the company's assets are formed at the expense of borrowed capital. The value of the coefficient in 2005 is below the level of the optimal value, therefore, the company does not have sufficient independence and opportunities to conduct an independent financial policy.

The coefficient of financial dependence in 2004 increased compared to 2003 by 0.07 and amounted to 0.7, and in 2005 it increased almost three times compared to 2004. This means that for one ruble of equity capital the enterprise raised 63 kopecks in 2003, 70 kopecks in 2004, and 1 ruble 97 kopecks in 2005, i.е. there is an increase in creditors to participate in the financing of the enterprise. The dependence of this enterprise on external sources is great.

The equity financing ratio of debt capital in 2003 and 2004 turned out to be higher than the optimal value, because the composition of debt capital mainly included accounts payable, which, if used wisely, can be completely “free”. In 2005, there is a sharp decrease in the funding ratio to 0.51, and this leads to the fact that borrowed and borrowed funds significantly exceed equity, which ensures the unsustainable development of the organization.

The coefficients given in table 7 characterize the efficiency of the enterprise's use of its total assets or any of their types. They show how much revenue each ruble of assets provides, how quickly assets turn around in the course of the enterprise's activities.

Table 7

Indicators of business activity of JSC "VSZ" for 2003-2005

Indicator	Calculation formula indicator according to reporting

Asset turnover ratio (there should be a tendency to accelerate turnover)
Inventory turnover ratio (there should be a tendency for turnover to accelerate)
return on assets
Accounts receivable turnover ratio
Receivables circulation time
Accounts payable turnover ratio
The time of circulation of accounts payable
The ratio of receivables and payables
Finished goods turnover ratio
Working capital turnover ratio (turnover acceleration is a positive trend)
Equity turnover ratio
Turnover ratio of attracted financial capital (debt on loans)

The asset turnover ratio reflects the rate of turnover of the entire capital of the organization or the efficiency of using all available resources, regardless of their sources. The data in Table 7 show that this figure has decreased over the period under study. This means that the organization completed the full cycle of production and circulation, which was profitable, more slowly. Since the enterprise has an unfavorable dynamics of this coefficient, therefore, it is necessary to increase the volume of sales of its services, analyze the composition of assets and get rid of unnecessary assets, as well as look for other ways to increase the return on assets. The return on assets in 2003 was 3.54, in 2004 it decreased to 1.55, and in 2005 it was 1.4.

The inventory turnover ratio at this enterprise in 2003 is 22.35. In 2004, there is a sharp drop in this indicator to 5.67, and in 2005 it decreases by another 3.9. The low value of the coefficient confirms the unfavorable characteristics of the financial condition of the organization. The lower this indicator, the greater the overstocking, the slower you can pay off debts.

The turnover of accounts receivable in 2003 was 5.98, and the time of its circulation was 61 days. That is, the average period of time that is required for the company, having sold products (services), to receive money, is 61 days. In 2004, the receivables turnover ratio decreases by 1.76, and the circulation time increases to 86 days, and in 2005 there is a tendency to increase the receivables turnover ratio and reduce the circulation period to 39 days. About the turnover ratio of accounts payable, we can say that it decreases every year, and the time of debt circulation increases. So in 2005, the coefficient left 1.49, and the circulation time - 244 days. To maintain its solvency, the company must strictly control receivables.

The stability of the financial position of the organization and its business activity are characterized by the ratio of receivables and payables. In VZZ, accounts payable prevail over accounts receivable, and this predominance increases every year. In 2003, the ratio of receivables to payables was 0.96, in 2004 - 0.27, and in 2005 - 0.11.

The finished product turnover ratio shows how many times a year finished products are circulated. In 2003, finished products were circulated 147 times a year, while in 2004 and 2005 there was a sharp decline in this indicator. So in 2005 the ratio of finished products was 4.54. The turnover of working capital in 2003 was 3.84, i.е. each type of current assets was consumed and renewed almost 4 times a year. In 2004, renewal occurs about twice a year, and in 2005 it tends to one. The rate of return on equity reflects the activity of using cash. The low value of this indicator indicates the inactivity of a part of own funds. In VZZ, this indicator in 2003 was 1.51, in 2004 it decreased to 1.42, and in 2005 it slightly increased.

The intensity of the use of enterprise resources, the ability to receive income and profit is judged by profitability indicators. These indicators reflect both the financial position of the enterprise and the efficiency of managing economic activities, existing assets and capital invested by the owners. The indicators of this group, as well as business activity indicators, are of interest to all users.

The profitability ratios show how profitable the organization's activities are, and are calculated by the ratio of the profit received to the sources of funds used. These ratios include: return on assets, return on equity, return on operating costs and others.

The calculation of profitability indicators according to the accounting (financial) statements is given in table 8.

Table 8

Profitability indicators of VZZ JSC for 2003-2005,%

Indicator	The formula for calculating the indicator according to reporting data

Return on assets (economic profitability ratio)
Return on equity (financial profitability ratio)
Sales profitability (commercial profitability ratio)
Profitability of current costs
Gross margin

According to the financial statements of VZZ JSC, it does not effectively use its assets and equity, since the return on its assets in 2003 is 0.9%, and in 2004 and 2005 the coefficient has negative values which are increasing. In 2004 and 2005, all profitability indicators are negative, as the company had a loss from its core business. Return on equity in 2003 was 1.43%, then in 2004 and 2005 there is a sharp decline in this indicator. So in 2005 it is equal to minus 24.09%. The return on equity should ensure the return on investment in the enterprise, but since the indicator is negative, therefore, the return on investment is not ensured. In 2003, the profitability of sales shows that 2% of profit falls on a unit of sold products. The gross profitability of 2003 reflects that in each ruble of sold products 2.05% of gross profit. Profitability of current expenses shows that in 2003 2.04% of profit falls on one ruble of expenses. Since in 2004 and 2005 this coefficient takes negative values for the enterprise, therefore, it is necessary to revise prices or strengthen control over the cost of production.

Financial stability is a goal-setting property of financial analysis, and the search for on-farm opportunities, means and ways to strengthen it has a deep economic meaning and determines the nature of its implementation and content.

The ratio of the value of either all the assets of the organization, or current assets or their main component - inventories and costs (Z) with the value (cost) of equity and / or borrowed capital as the main sources of formation determine the degree of financial stability. The security of at least only stocks and future costs (p. 210 f. 1) with sources of their formation expresses the essence of financial stability, while solvency is its external manifestation. The sources of coverage and increase (growth) of reserves and costs are:

equity capital (IC) (line 490), adjusted for the amount of target funds of receipts and financing (line 450);

short-term loans and borrowings (KKZ), p.610;

accounts payable (KZ), line 620;

indebtedness to participants (founders) for the payment of income (the reimbursement period for which has not yet come) (LO), p.630;

other short-term liabilities (P KO), p.660.

The choice of specific sources of coverage from all of the above is the prerogative of the economic entity.

The funds of long-term loans and borrowings (DO), line 590 f.1 are spent, as a rule, to replenish non-current assets, although the organization can partially use them in some cases to cover the lack of working capital. Having such information according to the balance sheet, it is possible to identify the types of financial stability of the organization.

Absolute financial stability (rare in modern Russian practice): when Z< (СК - ВА) + ККЗ + КЗ, или стр.210 < строки 490 - 190 + 610 + 620.

Normal stability, which is guaranteed by its solvency: when 3 \u003d (SK - VA) + KK3 + K3, or p. 210 \u003d lines 490 - 190 + 610 + 620.

Unstable financial condition, in which there are failures in solvency, but there is still the possibility to restore it: when tension (lines 630 + 660), or p.210 = lines 490 - 190 + 610 + 620 + 630 + 660.

Crisis financial condition, or crisis financial instability: when 3 > (CK - VA) + KK3 + K3 + SKOS, or p.210 > lines 490 - 190 +.610 + 620 + 630 + 660.

Determination of the type of financial stability of JSC "VZZ" in the period from 2003 to 2005 is presented in table 9.

Table 9

Type of financial stability of JSC "VSZ" for 2003-2005

Type of financial sustainability	Optimal ratio
Absolute financial stability		17809 < 27685	47560 < 55244
Normal financial stability		17809 < 27685	47560 < 55244
Unstable financial condition		17809 < 27685	47560 < 55244
Crisis financial condition		17809 < 27685	47560 < 55244

Quadruple inequality, when even only stocks and costs are greater than all possible sources of their formation, indicates an extremely critical financial situation of an organization that is on the verge of bankruptcy.

According to Table 9, it can be seen that in the period from 2003 to 2005, the first inequality is fulfilled, therefore, VZZ OJSC has absolute financial stability. The financial condition of this organization allows you to be sure of the timely fulfillment of obligations in accordance with the contracts. Consequently, OJSC VZZ has a rational structure of property and its sources.

The solvency of an enterprise is the ability to repay its financial obligations in a timely manner and in full.

Liquidity is the ability of certain types of property values to turn into cash without losing their book value.

The concepts of solvency and liquidity are close in content, but not identical. With a sufficiently high level of solvency of the enterprise, its financial position is characterized as stable. At the same time, a high level of solvency does not always confirm the profitability of investing in current assets, in particular, an excess stock of inventory items, overstocking finished products, the presence of uncollectible receivables reduce the level of liquidity of current assets.

The stable financial position of the enterprise is the most important factor its insurance against possible bankruptcy. From these positions, it is important to know how solvent the enterprise is and what is the degree of liquidity of its assets.

The liquidity of assets is their ability, under certain circumstances, to turn into a monetary form (cash) to reimburse liabilities. Of all the assets of the organization, current assets are the most liquid, and of all current assets, cash, short-term financial investments (securities, deposits, etc.), as well as non-overdue receivables, the due date of which has come, or accounts accepted to pay.

The other part of current assets cannot be called highly liquid assets with great certainty (for example, stocks, overdue receivables, debt on advances issued and funds to be accounted for). Nevertheless, under certain conditions and competent methods of working with debtors-clients, this debt will still be returned, and the stocks will be sold. However, it should be borne in mind that certain types non-current assets (transport, buildings, modern equipment, computers, etc.) can also, if necessary, be sold even with greater success than, for example, some stocks, and get the desired cash if it is in the interests of the organization.

Solvency and liquidity ratios reflect the ability of an enterprise to repay its short-term liabilities with easily realizable funds. The high value of these ratios indicates a stable financial position of the enterprise, their low value indicates possible problems with cash and difficulties in further operating activities. At the same time very great importance coefficients indicates an unprofitable investment in current assets.

In domestic and foreign practice, various liquidity ratios of current assets and their elements are calculated. The most important economic essence and demand in practice liquidity indicators:

The absolute liquidity ratio is calculated on the basis of the data of II and IV sections of the balance sheet according to the formula:

where DS - cash; KFV - short-term financial investments;

TO - short-term liabilities.

The composition of short-term liabilities includes: debt on short-term loans and borrowings; accounts payable; debts to participants (founders) for payment of income; other short-term liabilities.

The critical liquidity ratio or "intermediate liquidity" is calculated by the formula:

where DZ - accounts receivable; POA - other current assets.

The current liquidity ratio is calculated for a general assessment of the liquidity of current assets:

where OA - current assets.

This indicator characterizes the degree of security (coverage) of all current assets of short-term liabilities.

The excess of current assets over short-term liabilities by more than twice is not desirable for the organization, because such a situation rather indicates an irrational investment in the replenishment of current assets and their inefficient use.

The prevailing values of the named liquidity indicators according to the data of VZZ OJSC for 2003-2005 are presented in Table 10.

Table 10

Liquidity indicators of VZZ JSC for 2003-2005

Analyzing the critical liquidity ratio, it can be seen that in comparison with 2004 in 2005 it decreased by 0.21 points and amounted to 0.09. This indicates that the company can repay only a small share of short-term liabilities with the funds at its disposal, financial investments and receivables attracted for repayment. The value of the current liquidity ratio in 2004 and 2005 shows that the company has less working capital than short-term liabilities. In 2004 this coefficient was 0.94, and in 2005 it decreased to 0.81.

Solvency is characterized by the degree of liquidity of current assets and indicates the financial capabilities of the organization (cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable) to fully pay off its obligations as the debt matures.

To assess the solvency of the organization, the indicators are used, which are presented in table 11. When calculating the indicators, the data of the balance sheet (Appendix 1, 4, 7), income statement (Appendix 2, 5, 8) and cash flow statement (Appendix 3, 6, 9).

In the distant past (over 10 thousand years ago), people practically did not engage in production, but only took everything they needed from nature. Their activities were hunting, fishing and gathering. Over time, mankind has greatly changed and improved activities.

From this article you will learn what economic activity is and what types of economic activity there are.

So, the economy is called the production by people of everything that is necessary to meet the needs and improve living conditions. In other words, economic activity is a set of industries that are interconnected.

These industries include:

Agriculture;
industry;
services sector;
transport;
trade;
science and education;
healthcare;
construction.

It is engaged in providing the population with food and supplies of raw materials for some industries. The development of agricultural production depends mainly on natural conditions. The degree of development of agriculture, in turn, has a great influence on the economy and political situation of the state, as well as on its food independence.

The most important areas of this industry are animal husbandry and crop production. Animal husbandry is engaged in the maintenance and breeding of farm animals for food (eggs, cheese, milk), raw materials (wool) and organic fertilizers. It includes cattle breeding, poultry farming, sheep breeding, pig breeding, etc.

The task of crop production is to grow various agricultural crops, which are then used as food, animal feed and raw materials. The branches of crop production include vegetable growing, potato growing, horticulture, grain farming, etc.

Enterprises that produce tools and are engaged in the extraction of materials, raw materials, fuel, as well as the processing of industrial or agricultural products. Industry is divided into mining and manufacturing. The mining sector specializes in the extraction of raw materials, oil, coal, ores, peat, while the manufacturing sector specializes in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, machinery, equipment, building materials. The industry includes the following branches:

fuel industry;
light industry;
food industry;
timber industry;
non-ferrous metallurgy;
ferrous metallurgy;
engineering and other industries.

Services sector

This industry is designed to provide the population with tangible and intangible (spiritual) services. Material services include household services, communications, and transport. To intangible - health care, trade, public services. There are also market and non-market services. Market services mean those services that are sold on the market at significant, from the point of view of the economy, prices. Transport, paid education and healthcare are examples of typical market services. Non-market services include science, defense, and free health and education services, that is, everything that has no economic value.

A means that satisfies the needs of the population in the transportation of goods and passengers. This industry expands the scale of production and consumption, as it literally links these two processes. However, transport is highly dependent on external conditions, because transportation is often carried out over long distances. However, the transport industry is considered quite profitable under market conditions, not to mention the monopolization of transport.

The activity of people, which is associated with acts of sale and a set of operations designed to carry out the process of exchange. Trade is of two types: wholesale and retail. In wholesale trade, the purchase of goods occurs in large quantities, as they are purchased for the purpose of further use. Retail, on the contrary, carries out acts of sale and purchase directly to end consumers.

Education includes pre-school and general secondary education, as well as personnel training. Education includes such branches as transport, natural sciences, psychology, radio engineering, mathematics, construction and other types of education. The purpose of science is to obtain scientific knowledge as the results of ongoing research. Science is very difficult to overestimate: its contribution to the development of the state economy, increasing the efficiency of material production and protecting the information resources of the state is very great.

An industry that organizes and ensures the protection of public health. To preserve, maintain physical and mental health, as well as to provide assistance in case of deterioration of health, special social institutions are created.

This industry ensures the commissioning of new, as well as the reconstruction and repair of facilities for both industrial and non-industrial purposes. The main role of this industry is to create conditions for the dynamic pace of development of the state economy. In addition, this industry is directly involved in the creation of fixed assets (along with the building materials industry, metallurgy and some other sectors of the economy), which are intended for all sectors of the national economy.

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Economic activity of the ROC and its shadow component. search for ways to improve the organization of the production system

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Economic Analysis Cheat Sheet

Sosnauskene O.I., Schroeder N.G.

1. Subject and method economic analysis economic activity organizations

2. Scientific Foundations economic analysis

3. Goals and objectives of economic analysis

4. Place of analysis in the system of economic science

5. The role of economic analysis in information support of management

6. Economic analysis and its relation to control

7. The concept of production analysis of the economic activity of the organization, its goals and objectives

8. Concept financial analysis economic activities of the organization, its goals and objectives

9. The concept of managerial analysis of the economic activity of the organization, its goals and objectives

10. Methods and methodology of economic analysis, their composition and relationship

11. The sequence of application of methods of economic analysis

12. Economic and mathematical methods (umm) of economic activity analysis

13. Application of emm in solving typical analytical problems

14. Information support of economic analysis

15. System of complex economic analysis

16. Search system for reserves, improve the efficiency of economic activity

17. Types of reserves and their classification

18. Comprehensive assessment of production reserves

19. Extensive and intensive factors of production growth

20. Methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the main indicators of economic activity

21. Basic concepts of economic analysis

22. History and prospects for the development of economic analysis of the activities of enterprises in the context of strengthening market relations

23. History and prospects for the development of economic analysis of enterprises in the context of reform balance sheet

24. Analysis of the structure of intangible assets

25. Analysis of the structure of construction in progress and evaluation of its effectiveness

26. Analysis of the structure of profitable investments in material assets

27. Analysis of the structure of long-term financial investments

28. Financial accounting and financial statements as an information base for economic analysis

29. Management accounting as an information base for economic analysis

30. Financial accounting as an information base for economic analysis

31. Financial statements as an information base for economic analysis

32. Qualitative Methods economic analysis

33. Quantitative methods of economic analysis

34. The main directions of factor analysis of the financial and economic activities of the organization

35. Comparative characteristics of index and integral methods of factor analysis, advantages and disadvantages

36. Interrelation of the dynamics of costs of changes in the volume of production

37. Economic efficiency of information technologies

38. The role of complex economic analysis in the development of business plans

39. The role of complex economic analysis in monitoring business plans

40. Methods for evaluating business performance

41. Methodology for calculating indicators characterizing the volume of production

42. Methodology for calculating indicators characterizing the volume of sales

43. Characteristics of production volume indicators

44. Characteristics of sales volume indicators

45. Methods and principles of marketing analysis

46. ​​Estimated calculation of sales volume and justification of the price of goods as an element of marketing analysis

47. Principles of analysis of the price system for products

48. Features of the analysis of the impact of product sales on changes in sales profit

49. Features of the analysis of the impact of sales of goods on the change in profits from their sales

50. Features of the analysis of the impact of the volume of sales of works on the change in profits from their sales

51. Features of the analysis of the impact on the volume of production of the use of production resources

52. Characteristics of methods for evaluating business performance

53. Calculation and assessment of the impact on the cost of sales of labor costs

54. Calculation and assessment of the impact on the cost of sales of the cost of materials

55. Calculation and assessment of the impact on the cost of sales of expenses for fixed production assets

56. Analysis and evaluation of the impact of the cost of goods sold on the amount of profit from sales

57. Analysis and evaluation of the impact of the cost of services sold on the amount of profit from sales

58. Analysis and evaluation of the impact of the cost of work performed on the amount of profit from sales

59. Characteristics of the method of analysis costs - sales - profit

60. Goals, objectives and main purpose of the analysis method costs - sales - profit

61. Margin calculation

62. Calculation of the threshold of profitability of sales

63. Calculation of the margin of financial strength

64. The concept of "operating leverage" in economic analysis

65. Profit as an indicator of the effectiveness of economic activity

66. Methods for assessing the impact of inflation on financial results

67. Features of factor analysis of profit from sales of products produced by the organization's own resources

68. Analysis of the composition and dynamics of non-current assets

69. Analysis of the structure and dynamics of non-current assets

70. Analysis of the receipt and disposal of fixed assets (OS)

71. Analysis technical condition fixed assets

72. Analysis of the moral and physical depreciation of fixed assets (OS)

73. Analysis of the structure of short-term financial investments

74. Principles of economic analysis of information about the sources of formation of their own working capital

75. The principle of economic analysis of information on the sources of formation of attracted working capital

46. Estimated calculation of sales volume and justification of the price of goods as an element of marketing analysis

An enterprise in a market economy begins its work with the preparation of a business plan, which analyzes the idea of the “business” being started, assesses its prospects and financial performance. A business plan cannot be justified without the use of analytical methods and techniques.