Man as a spiritual being is a hypermarket of knowledge. Test work in social science on the topic "The spiritual world of man and activity" (Grade 10)

You already know that, being a social being, a person cannot but obey certain rules. This is - necessary condition the survival of the human race, the integrity of society, the sustainability of its development. In the same time established rules, or norms, are designed to protect the interests and dignity of each individual person. Moral standards are the most important . Morality It is a system of norms, rules governing communication and behavior of people, ensuring the unity of public and personal interests.

Who sets moral standards? There are different answers to this question. The position of those who consider the activity and commandments of the great teachers of mankind: Confucius, Buddha, Moses, Jesus Christ to be the source of moral norms is very authoritative.

The sacred books of many religions contain a well-known rule, which in the Bible reads as follows: "... In everything you want people to do to you, do the same to them."

Thus, even in ancient times, the foundation was laid for the main universal normative moral requirement, which was later called the "golden rule" of morality. It says: "Do to others the way you would like others to do to you."

According to another point of view, the norms and rules of morality are formed naturally - historical way- and are extracted from mass everyday practice.

Based on the experience, humanity has developed basic moral prohibitions and requirements: do not kill, do not steal, help in trouble, tell the truth, keep promises. At all times, greed, cowardice, deceit, hypocrisy, cruelty, envy were condemned, and, on the contrary, freedom, love, honesty, generosity, kindness, diligence, modesty, fidelity, mercy were approved. In the proverbs of the Russian people, honor and reason were inextricably linked: “The mind gives birth to honor, and dishonor takes away the last.”

The moral attitudes of the individual have been studied by the greatest philosophers. One of them is I. Kant. He formulated the categorical imperative of morality, following which is very important for the implementation of the moral guidelines of activity.

A categorical imperative is an unconditional compulsory demand (command) that does not allow objections, is obligatory for all people, regardless of their origin, position, circumstances.

How does Kant characterize categorical imperative? Here is one of his formulations (consider it and compare it with the "golden rule"). There is, Kant argued, only one categorical imperative: “always act according to such a maxim, the universality of which, as a law, you can at the same time desire” . (Maxima is the highest principle, the highest rule.) The categorical imperative, like " Golden Rule”, affirms the personal responsibility of a person for the deeds committed by him, teaches not to do to another what you do not wish for yourself. Consequently, these positions, like morality in general, are humanistic in nature, for the "other" acts as a Friend. Speaking about the meaning of the "golden rule" and the categorical imperative of I. Kant, the famous philosopher of the twentieth century. K. Popper (1902-1994) wrote that "no other thought has had such a powerful influence on the moral development of mankind."

In addition to direct norms of behavior, morality also includes ideals, values, categories (the most general, fundamental concepts).

Ideal- this is perfection, the highest goal of human striving, the idea of ​​the highest moral requirements, the most sublime in man. These ideas of what is better, more valuable, and majestic are called by some scholars "modeling a desirable future" that meets the interests and needs of man. Values- this is what is most dear, sacred both for one person and for all mankind. When we are talking about the negative attitude of people towards certain phenomena, about what they reject, the terms “anti-values” or “negative values” are often used. Values ​​reflect a person's attitude to reality (to certain facts, events, phenomena), to other people, to himself. These relations may not be different in different cultures and at different peoples or social groups.

On the basis of the values ​​that people accept and profess, human relations are built, priorities are determined, and goals of activity are put forward. Values ​​can be legal, political, religious, artistic, professional, moral.

The most important moral values ​​constitute the system of a person's value-moral orientation, which is inextricably linked with the categories of morality. Moral categories are pair-related (bipolar) in nature, for example, good and evil.

The category "good", in turn, also serves as a backbone of moral concepts. The ethical tradition says: "Everything that is considered moral, morally proper, is good." The concept of "evil" concentrates the collective meaning of the immoral, opposed to the morally valuable. Along with the concept of “good”, the concept of “virtue” (doing good) is also mentioned, which serves as a generalized characteristic of the consistently positive moral qualities of a person. A virtuous person is an active, moral person. The opposite of the concept of "virtue" is the concept of "vice".

Also one of the most important moral categories is conscience. Conscience is the ability of a person to learn ethical values ​​and be guided by them in all life situations, independently formulate their moral duties, exercise moral self-control, be aware of their duty to other people.

The poet Osip Mandelstam wrote:
... Your conscience:
The knot of life in which we are recognized...

There is no morality without conscience. Conscience is the internal court that a person administers over himself. “Remorse,” wrote Adam Smith more than two centuries ago, “is the most terrible feeling that has visited the heart of man.”

Patriotism is one of the most important values. This concept denotes value attitude a person to his Fatherland, devotion and love for the Motherland, his people. A patriotic person is committed to national traditions, social and political structure, language and faith of his people. Patriotism manifests itself in pride in the achievements of the native country, in empathy with its failures and troubles, in respect for its historical past, for people's memory, and culture. From the course of history, you know that patriotism originated in ancient times. It was noticeably manifested in periods when there was a danger to the country. (remember the events Patriotic War 1812, the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945)

Conscious patriotism as a moral and socio-political principle involves a sober assessment of the successes and weaknesses of the Fatherland, as well as a respectful attitude towards other peoples, a different culture. Attitude towards another people is a criterion that distinguishes a patriot from a nationalist, that is, a person who seeks to put his own people above others. Patriotic feelings and ideas elevate a person morally only when they are associated with respect for people of different nationalities.

The qualities of citizenship are also connected with the patriotic orientations of a person. These socio-psychological and moral qualities of an individual combine both a feeling of love for the Motherland, and responsibility for the normal development of its social and political institutions, and awareness of oneself as a full-fledged citizen with a set of rights and duties. Citizenship is manifested in the knowledge and ability to use and protect personal rights, respect for the rights of other citizens, observance of the Constitution and laws of the country, and strict fulfillment of one's duties.

Are moral principles formed in a person spontaneously or do they need to be formed consciously?

In the history of philosophical and ethical thought, there was a point of view according to which moral character inherent in a person from the moment of birth. Thus, the French Enlightenment believed that man is by nature good. Some representatives of Eastern philosophy believed that man, on the contrary, is inherently evil and is the bearer of evil. However, the study of the process of the formation of moral consciousness has shown that there are no grounds for such categorical statements. Moral principles are not laid down in a person from birth, but are formed in the family on the example that is before his eyes; in the process of communicating with other people, during the period of education and upbringing at school, with the perception of such monuments of world culture, which allow both to join the already achieved level of moral consciousness, and to form one's own moral values ​​on the basis of self-education. Not last place at the same time, it also occupies the self-education of the individual. The ability to feel, understand, do good, recognize evil, be persistent and uncompromising towards it are special moral qualities of a person that a person cannot receive ready-made from others, but must develop on his own.

self-education in the sphere of morality, it is, first of all, self-control, making high demands on oneself in all types of one's activities. The affirmation of morality in the consciousness, the activity of each person is facilitated by the repeated implementation of positive moral norms by each person, or, in other words, the experience of good deeds. If such multiplicity is absent, then, as studies show, the mechanism of moral development “spoils” and “rusts”, the ability of the individual to make independent moral decisions, so necessary for activity, is undermined, his ability to rely on himself and answer for himself.

Two principles are constantly fighting in a person, of which one attracts him to vigorous activity spirit. to spiritual work in the name of the ideal... and the other tends to paralyze this activity, to drown out the higher needs of the spirit, to make existence carnal, meager and vile. This second beginning is true philistinism; the tradesman sits in every person, always ready to lay his deadening hand on him as soon as his spiritual energy weakens. In a fight with myself. including the struggle with the external world, and constitutes moral life, which therefore has as its condition this fundamental dualism of our existence, the struggle of two souls that live in one body not only in Faust, but also in every person ...

Questions and tasks for the document

1. What does the moral life of a person consist in, according to the philosopher?
2. What is the difference between Bulgakov's concepts of "soul" and "spirit"?
3. In what sense does the author use the words "spirit", "spiritual"? Justify your answer using the text.
4. What ideas expressed in the paragraph are consonant with the ideas of the philosopher?
5. What conclusions can be drawn from this text?

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

1. What are the spiritual and moral guidelines of a person, what is their role in activity?

What is the essence and meaning of the Golden Rule of morality? What is good and evil. duty and conscience? What is the theoretical and practical significance of moral choice and moral evaluation?

Social norms (see § 6), morality and law (see § 7).

There are several scientific definitions of morality, morality. Here is one of them: morality is a form of normative-evaluative orientation of an individual, commonality in behavior and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people.

Sometimes morality and morality are distinguished: morality is the norms of consciousness, and morality is the implementation of these norms in life, the practical behavior of people.

Morality is ethics - a theory that considers the essence, problems of moral choice, moral responsibility of a person, relating to all aspects of his life, communication, work, family, civic orientation, national and confessional relations, professional duty. Therefore, ethics is considered to be "practical philosophy".

SPIRITUAL REGULATOR LIFE

You already know that, being a social being, a person cannot but obey certain rules. This is a necessary condition for the survival of the human race, the integrity of society, the sustainability of its development. At the same time, rules and norms are designed to protect the interests and dignity of an individual. Among these norms, moral norms are the most important. Morality is a system of norms, rules governing communication and behavior of people to ensure the unity of public and personal interests.

Who sets moral standards? There are different answers to this question. The authoritative position of those who see their source in the activities and commandments of the founders of world religions - the great teachers of mankind: Confucius, Buddha, Moses, Jesus Christ.

Christ taught: "... In everything, as you want people to treat you well, so behave yourself with them." So, in ancient times, the foundation was laid for the main universal normative moral requirement, which was later called the "golden rule of morality." It says: "Treat others the way you would like others to treat you."

According to another point of view, the norms and rules of morality are formed in a natural-historical way, on the basis of mass life practice, polished in various life situations, gradually turning into the moral laws of society.

Based on experience, the people were guided by moral prohibitions and requirements: do not kill, do not steal, help in trouble, tell the truth, keep promises. Greed, cowardice, deceit, hypocrisy, cruelty, envy have been condemned at all times. Freedom, love, honesty, generosity, kindness, diligence, modesty, fidelity, mercy have always been approved.

The moral attitudes of the individual have been studied by the greatest philosophers. One of them - Immanuel Kant - formulated the categorical imperative of morality, the imitation of which is very important for the implementation of the moral guidelines of activity. The categorical imperative is an unconditional coercive requirement (command) that does not allow objections, binding on all people, regardless of their origin, position, circumstances.

How does Kant characterize the categorical imperative? Here is one of the formulations, think it over, discuss it, compare it with the "golden rule". There is, Kant argued, one categorical imperative: "Always act according to such a maxim (the maxim is the highest principle, the rule that you can at the same time consider the law)." The categorical imperative, like the "golden rule", affirms the personal responsibility of a person for his actions, teaches not to do to another what you do not want for yourself. Consequently, these positions, like morality in general, are humanistic in nature, because the “other” acts as a friend. Speaking about the meaning of the "golden rule" and the Kantian imperative, the modern scientist K. Pred wrote that "no other thought has made such a powerful impact on the moral development of mankind."

Many generations of educators, psychologists and researchers of the human personality are discussing what a person's spiritual and moral guidelines are and what is their power of influence on the harmonious development of the individual. Moreover, each group names almost identical (with slight deviations) norms of behavior. What are these factors that significantly affect the quality of human life?

What are spiritual and moral guidelines?

This term usually means a set of rules for interaction with society and moral principles, patterns of behavior that a person is guided by in order to achieve harmony in life or spiritual development. These rules include:

• Morality and its components: conscience, mercy, freedom, duty (patriotism included) and justice.
• Morality: this term implies the essence of a person’s high demand for himself in terms of his activity, aimed both at external world, as well as in the internal. The main moral guidelines are the craving for kindness and humility, the rejection of actions that are harmful to both society and oneself, as well as spiritual development of his personality.
• The ethics of communication implies tact and respect towards others, following these norms makes a person's life acceptable in society, without condemnation or persecution.

Who set these standards?

Almost all socially adapted groups, castes and nations take as a guide the basic precepts of the religion they profess, or the teachings of authoritative sages.

For example, if a person is a believer, then he chooses for himself as spiritual guide The Bible, the Koran or the Bhagavad Gita, and if an atheist, then he may well follow the teachings of Confucius or Stephen Hawking.

What gives an immoral life?

What are spiritual and moral guidelines for a person who goes against the rules of the system and does not want to live according to generally accepted commandments? After all, there are nihilists who deny everyone and everything, unless they are happy in their little world, which is very limited by their desperate protest. Some classify anarchists among them, but the latter deny only the power of man over another being, they fully accept the dominance of moral norms.

The life of such people is actually sad, and in their declining years, most of them still turn their eyes to the moral values ​​​​already comprehended by other people and related actions, thereby proving that the spiritual component is a powerful backbone of every outstanding society.

Option number 1.

1. Choose the definition corresponding to the concept of "morality":

a) perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, the idea of ​​the most sublime in man;

b) the conscious need of the individual to act in accordance with their value orientations;

c) the form of the informative and evaluative orientation of the individual, commonality in command and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people;

d) institutionalized justice, a means of civilized resolution of contradictions.

2. The science of morality, morality is

3. An unconditional, compulsory demand (command), which does not allow objections, is obligatory for all people, regardless of their origin, position, circumstances, is called

b) the "golden rule of morality"

c) scientific worldview

d) spiritual need.

4. Perfection, the highest goal of human aspirations, the idea of ​​the highest moral requirements

5. Thinkers who substantiated the moral ideal as a universal law of nature

d) Aristotle.

1. The view that moral criteria are relative and depend on the circumstances, the times, or the people who apply them.

2. The doctrine of values.

3. One of the directions in ethics that arose in ancient philosophy and is represented by the names of Democritus, Socrates and Aristotle; The main motive in human behavior is the pursuit of happiness.

4. Denying all positive ideals and any behavior of morality in general.

Complete the sentences.

1. The system of views, concepts and ideas about the world around - ...

2. The type of worldview that arises in a person’s life in the process of his personal practical life of a person in the process of his personal practical activity, a person’s views are formed spontaneously - ...

3. The source of this type of worldview is the Bible, the Talmud, the Koran and other works of world spiritual culture - ...

4. A worldview firmly substantiated by the achievements of science -

Exercise:

World religions about morality.

Christian commandments.

5. Honor your father and mother.

6. Thou shalt not kill.

8. Don't steal.

10. Do not envy someone else's good.

Bible, Exodus, ch. 20

Gospel of Matthew, ch. 22

From the Old Testament.

"Do not offend the widow and the orphan."

Hindu principles of yoga.

1.Ahimsa

2. satya

3. Asteya

4. Aparibraha

5. Brahmacharya

From the Quran.

Tests « Moral guidelines activities".

Option number 2.

1. Which of the following definitions does not apply to the definition of morality?

a) the form of the informative and evaluative orientation of the individual, commonality in command and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people;

b) institutionalized justice, a means of civilized resolution of contradictions;

c) a system of norms, rules governing communication and behavior of people to ensure the unity of public and personal interests;

d) form public consciousness which reflects and consolidates the ethical qualities of social reality.

2. Central to ethics are the concepts

a) general and particular;

b) good and evil;

c) absolute and relative;

d) ideal and material.

a) D. Diderot;

b) I. Kant;

d) K. Kautsky

4. Personal responsible adherence to moral values, personal awareness of the need for unconditional fulfillment of moral requirements in ethics is determined by the category

5. Thinkers - supporters of the social origin of morality

a) Thomas Aquinas, Augustine the Blessed;

b) Pythagoras, Heraclitus, J. Bruno, Spinoza;

c) T. Hobbes, K. Marx, M. Weber, J. Mill;

d) Aristotle.

Working with concepts. Hungarian crossword.

Find concepts here, to the following definitions:

The view that moral criteria are relative and depend on the circumstances, time, or people who apply them. The doctrine of values. One of the directions in ethics that arose in ancient philosophy and is represented by the names of Democritus, Socrates and Aristotle; The main motive in human behavior is the pursuit of happiness. Rejection of all positive ideals and any conduct of morality whatsoever.

Complete the sentences.

A system of views, concepts and ideas about the world around - ... The type of worldview that arises in a person's life in the process of his personal practical life of a person in the process of his personal practical activity, a person's views are formed spontaneously - ... The source of this type of worldview is the Bible, the Talmud, the Koran and other works of world spiritual culture - ... A worldview firmly substantiated by the achievements of science - ...

Exercise:Familiarize yourself with the commandments of world religions. Note ideas that are the same or similar for all world religions: call for peace; about helping those in need; about justice; about wealth; about good.

We all walk under one God, though we do not believe in one.

World religions about morality.

Christian commandments.

1. I am the Lord thy God; May you have no other gods but me.

2. Do not make for yourself idols either in heaven, or on earth, or under the earth; and do not worship or serve them.

3. Do not take the name of the Lord your God in vain.

4. Sabbath (day of rest) dedicate it to the Lord your God.

5. Honor your father and mother.

6. Thou shalt not kill.

7. Do not commit adultery, do not change love and fidelity, keep the purity of thoughts and desires.

8. Don't steal.

9. Do not bear false witness, do not lie.

10. Do not envy someone else's good.

Bible, Exodus, ch. 20

The essence of these commandments Jesus Christ stated as follows:

“Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. The second one is like it: love your neighbor as yourself.

Gospel of Matthew, ch. 22

From the Old Testament.

“Honor your father and mother. Dont kill. Don't steal. Don't commit adultery. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, covet not thy neighbor's wife, nor his servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, anything that is thy neighbor's.

“Share your bread with the hungry, and bring the wandering poor into your house; when you see a naked man, clothe him.”

"Do not offend the widow and the orphan."

“If you find the ox of your enemy or his donkey that has gone astray, bring him to him. If you see the donkey of your enemy fallen under your burden, then do not leave him: unpack him with him.

“Turn away from evil and do good; seek peace and follow it."

"Blessed is he who thinks of the poor!"

"When wealth increases, do not attach your heart to it."

“Learn to do good; seek the truth; save the oppressed; protect the orphan; intercede for the widow."

“And He [God] will judge the nations ... and they will beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into sickles; the people will not raise the sword against the people, and they will no longer learn to fight "

Hindu principles of yoga.

Five vows of restraint - Yama, which make up the Great Vow - Maha-vratam.

1.Ahimsa - non-violence, non-murder, non-harm to all living things in deeds, feelings, words and thoughts, love for all things.

2. satya - truthfulness, sincerity in deeds, feelings, words and thoughts.

3. Asteya - non-theft, non-appropriation of someone else's.

4. Aparibraha - non-hoarding of the superfluous, the rejection of the secondary for the sake of the main.

5. Brahmacharya - abstinence, control over all desires, emotions, thoughts.

Five main duties of faithful Muslims. Five pillars of faith.

1. Believe there is only one one God- Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet.

2. Perform namaz (pray) 5 times a day.

3. Observe the main fast from dawn to dusk during the holy month of Ramadan for everyone, except for small children and the sick.

4. Spend one fifth of your income on alms.

5. Make at least once in your life a hajj - a pilgrimage (journey) to holy places - Mecca and Medina.

From the Quran.

“Verily, Allah loves those who do good, restrain anger, forgive people.”

“Let not hatred towards the people of sin come upon you because you violate justice. Be fair."

"And to parents - doing good, and relatives, and orphans, and the poor, and a neighbor, and a friend, and a traveler."

"The righteous feed the poor, the orphan and the captive."

“And do not say to the one who offers you peace: “You are an unbeliever.”

"He who is rich, let him be temperate."

“Don't be immoderate. He [God] does not like the immoderate."