Little secrets of Russian verbs or three important times. Verb tense in Russian

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. Verbs change in number, person, and tense. In addition, they have conjugations, types and moods. There are three main forms of verb tense in Russian: past, present and future. Let's talk in more detail about how to understand the tenses of the verb.

Determine the type of the verb

Verbs are perfect and imperfect form. Perfect verbs indicate that the action has already been done (or will be done) and the result is achieved. The question “what to do?” is suitable for such verbs. Perfect verbs have only two tenses: past and future.

Imperfect verbs can be in past, present and future tenses. They answer the question “what to do?”.

Past tense verbs

The main signs that the verb refers to the past tense are:

suffix -l; (walk, fly)
endings -a (feminine), -o (neuter) and -i (plural). Masculine verbs in the past tense have no ending. Example: played, played, played, played.

To understand that the verb is in the past tense, the following questions must be substituted for it, depending on the gender and number:

for the perfect form: “what did you do?” (m. p.), “What did you do?” (f. p.), “What did you do?” (cf. p.), “what did they do?” (plural);
for the imperfect form: “what did you do?” (m. p.), “What did you do?” (f. p.), “What did you do?” (cf. p.), “what did you do?” (plural).

Present tense verbs

In the present tense, the verb reflects the action taking place at the moment of speech. The general defining question of such verbs is:

in the singular - “what is he doing?”;
in plural- “What are they doing?”.

As noted above, in the present tense there can only be imperfective verbs.

The ending of the verb in the present tense will depend on whether it belongs to the 1st or 2nd conjugation.

Verb endings of the first conjugation

Singular: -y, -yu (first person); -eat (second person); -et (third person). Example: carry, carry, carry; reading, reading, reading

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -yut (third person) Example: we carry, we carry, we carry; read, read, read.

Verb endings of the second conjugation

Singular: -y, -yu (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; build, build, build.

Plural: - endings -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: lie down, lie down, lie down; build, build, build.

Future verbs

Verbs in the future tense reflect an action that is planned to be done or an action that will be done in the future. Determining questions for singular verbs:

perfective: “what will he do?”;
imperfective form: “what will he do?”.

Questions for plural verbs:

perfective: “what will they do?”;
imperfective form: “what will they do?”.

Imperfect verbs in the future tense have one interesting feature- they turn into complex verbs. The verb "to be" is added to the infinitive in the appropriate form. For example: I will walk, we will run, they will play.

Endings of perfective verbs of the first conjugation

Singular: -y, -yu (first person); -eat, -eat (second person); -et, -et (third person). Example: I'll take it, you'll take it, I'll take it; read, read, read.

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -yut (third person). Example: take it, take it, take it; read, read, read.

Endings of perfective verbs of the second conjugation

Singular: -y, -yu (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: lie down, lie down, lie down; build, build, build.

Plural: - endings -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: lie down, lie down, lie down; build, build, build.

verb tense expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the time of its implementation. Forms stand out past, present and future tense.

In most cases, the use of forms of time is determined by the attitude to the moment of speech; this use of them is called absolute time.

In relatively rare cases, the starting point for the use of tenses is not the moment of speech, but other starting points, for example, the time of other actions reported in the speech. This is called the relative use of tenses. In additional (explanatory) clauses of a complex sentence, the tense of verbs is determined by the relation to the time of action of the main part:

My brother said that he sent (sends, sends) the book I need.

The grammatical point of time here is the verb of the main part “reported”, in relation to which the action of the verb of the subordinate part is performed, is being performed or will be performed. “He wrote that he works”: the present tense of the verb “works” indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb “wrote”.

Imperfective verbs have all three forms of tense (I decide - I decided - I will decide).

Perfective verbs, denoting actions limited by a limit, are used only in the past and future (simple) tense (I decided - I will decide), but they do not have a present tense.

Past tense denotes an action that precedes the moment of speech. It is formed by adding a formative suffix to the stem of the infinitive -l-: write - pi-sa-l, chita-t - read-l, kol-t - kol-l.
When forming forms of the past tense, some features are observed:

If the stem of the past tense ends in r, k, x, z, s, b, then when a masculine verb is formed, the suffix -l- drops out: guard, peck, soh, carried, carried, rowed, but remains in the feminine and neuter gender, and also in the plural: guarded, baked, dried up, carried, carried, guarded.

Verbs for - heret in the past tense lose the second in full vowel combination e, and in the masculine gender they do not have the suffix -l-: erase - erased, die - died.

Verb go and derivatives from it form the past tense from another basis - shed - with the loss of the root d: walked, walked, walked, came, came, came.

The past tense allows the verb to change in numbers. In turn, the singular can easily be declined by gender. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change by person.

Verbs in the form present time denote an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, for example: I am looking for a meeting with you. Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.

From verbs perfect look forms of the present tense are not formed: the concept of completeness, effectiveness, characteristic of perfective verbs, is incompatible with the concept of the present tense.

Only verbs have present tense forms imperfect form . These forms are formed with the help of personal endings, depending on whether the verb belongs to I or II conjugation.

I conjugations: -u (-u), -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut (-yut)
II conjugations: -u (-u), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat)

An example of a verb of I conjugation:

1st person → I am walking, we are walking
2nd person → you walk, you walk
3rd person → he walks, they walk

An example of a verb II conjugation:

1st person → I drive, we drive
2nd person → you carry, you carry
3rd person → he carries, they carry

The present tense has the following meanings:

shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: the Caucasus is under me. Again, solemnly and wisely, an old coniferous forest rustles over me (V. Belov);

denotes action permanent, timeless; The earth revolves around the sun.; In communicating vessels, the surface of the liquid is set at the same level.;

denotes an action that passes into a property. Compare: a boy reads a book and student Petrov reads Pushkin well; birds fly in the garden and swallows fly faster than sparrows.

is used instead of the past to give liveliness to the story and make the reader (listener) as if a witness to the event depicted: I was walking down the street yesterday and I see. This is the so-called real narrative (picturesque, historical);

The present tense is used in the sense of the future, if we are talking about an action that must certainly take place; Tomorrow I pass the last exam and leave to rest. The use of present tense forms in this function is usually characteristic of verbs of motion - to run, to go, to go. Sometimes the forms of the present tense convey the picture imaginary by the author: One more day of this accursed hell - and here you have a hungry winter, typhus, cattle are falling, children are dying (A. N. Tolstoy).

Future tense denotes an action (process) forthcoming or subsequent in relation to the moment of speech. It has two forms: synthetic (simple) and analytical (complex). These forms differ from each other both in their structure and in their meaning.

The synthetic form is characteristic of perfective verbs (I will write, I will tell, I will read), the analytical form is characteristic of imperfective verbs (I will write, I will tell, I will read).

The future tense of the analytical form is formed from the personal forms of the future tense of the verb be and infinitive (necessarily imperfect form). Acting as a service component, an auxiliary verb be forms with infinitive one grammatical form.

The future compound always denotes an unlimited, limitless action that will take place after the moment of speech and cannot be used in the meaning of another tense: We will continue to consistently defend the cause of peace.

The form of the future tense from perfective verbs is simple: it coincides with the present tense form of imperfective verbs: read, read, read, read, read, read; build, build, build, build, build.

The future of the synthetic form (from perfective verbs) has a variety of meanings:

its main meaning is the expression of upcoming (future) actions that have a limit, completeness: We will get everything, understand and open: the cold pole and the blue vault (V. Lebedev-Kumach);

denotes an action that turns into a property: Whatever task you give him, he will definitely solve (it is impossible to say solves or solved). The future tense in this sense is often used in proverbs: Tell the truth - the truth will help out. On a crooked road you will break your legs.

denotes a repeated action (in descriptions next to the present):
A storm covers the sky with darkness (present tense),
Whirlwinds of snow twisting,
Like a beast she will howl
That will cry like a child (A. Pushkin);

with negation does not mean the impossibility of action in the present: will not read quickly (cannot read quickly), will not say simply (cannot say simply), will not see at a distance (cannot see at a distance);

used in the meaning of the past tense: During the day she mostly dozed off. He sits in an armchair in front of the table ... and takes a nap (present tense). Then he shudders, wakes up, looks out the window and for a long time, without any conscious thought, does not take his (present) eyes off the endless distance (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

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PRESENT
Verbs in the present tense show that the action is taking place at the moment of speech: Vesela shines for a month over the village. White snow sparkles with a blue light (I. Nikitin).
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always: After winter comes spring. The earth rotates around its axis. Maternal affection knows no end (proverb).
Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.
PAST TENSE
Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech: Late autumn. The rooks flew away, the forest was exposed, the fields were empty (N. Nekrasov).
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense: I was returning home from the station yesterday, walking along a dark street. Suddenly I see: at the lantern something turns white.
Verbs in the past tense are formed from an indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-: build - built, built, built; work - worked, worked, worked.
Verbs in an indefinite form in -ch, -ty, -way (imperfect form) form the past tense singular masculine without the suffix -l-: take care - take care / but take care of), carry - carried (but carried), bake - baked / but baked), dry - dry / but dried), etc.
From the verb to go, the past tense went, went, went; from the verb find the past tense found, found, found; from the verb grow - grew, grew, grew, grew.
Verbs of the past tense change by numbers (told - told), and in the singular - by gender. In the plural, past tense verbs do not change by person.
You should remember the correct stress in the past tense of the verbs: took, took, took, took; was, was, bylo, byli; took, took, took, took; drove, drove, rotten, gpamp; whether; lived, lived, lived, lived; occupied, occupied, zynyalo, zynyali; filed, give, give, give, give; pokimil, understood, understand; swam, ply. plamp; lo, plamp; whether; raised, raised. lifted; arrived, arrived, arrived; accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted; took away, took away.
FUTURE TENSE
Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech: You will see what kind of person he is! You will immediately fall in love with him and make friends with him, my dear! (A. Chekhov); I will go home now and feed myself with hope (A. Chekhov).
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. The form of the future compound imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb: I will draw, I will try. From perfective verbs, the future tense is simple (I will read), from imperfective verbs - the future tense is compound (I will read).
The form of the future simple perfective verbs is formed in the same way as the form of the present tense: open, open, open, open, open, open; learn, learn, learn, learn, learn, learn. In the future simple, verbs have the same personal endings as imperfective verbs in the present tense.

More on the topic TIME VERB:

16. Verb as part of speech; features of the morphemic structure and inflection of the verb. The system of lexico-grammatical categories and morphological categories of the verb
11. Verb as a part of speech: semantics and grammatical categories. Syntactic functions of the verb. The figurative use of mood forms and tense of the verb.
46. Communion. Verb signs. Proximity to app. Meaning and image. General participle. Signs, functions. View and time. Transitions. and adv.
§ 48. Grammatical opposition of past and non-past tense forms. Past tense as a strong category in the tense system of the Russian verb
§ 48. Grammatical opposition of past and non-past forms. Past tense as a strong category in the tense system of the Russian verb

Present tense. The present tense forms have the following varieties of meaning and usage:

the meaning of a specific action that is carried out at the moment of speech and has a limited duration: There are masons paving the street (A.N.T.); I am reading a book;
the meaning of an action of indefinite duration, constantly taking place: Several seas wash the shores of our country;
an action or state expressing a property, quality of a person-object: He writes gloriously, translates (Gr.);
action covering a certain period of time: Each has its own margin of safety.

The present tense form is used for a picturesque depiction of past events, as well as in all cases where expressive speech techniques are used. This form of the present tense corresponds to both the past of the imperfect form and the past of the perfect form and is called the present historical: They get to know each other, then they become friends, then they can’t part and spend whole days together (Kr.).
The present tense form of verbs of motion sometimes expresses the action of the near future: We leave tomorrow for the sea.

Past tense. The features of the meaning of past tense forms are related to their belonging to the perfect or imperfect form. The past tense of imperfective verbs expresses the action as a fact of the past (which happened before the moment of speech) and is used in the description: It rained throughout the first half of May (Garsh.).
The past tense of perfective verbs has several meanings that are not strictly delimited:

completion of the action in the past: The Poet is dead! - a slave of honor - fell, slandered by rumors (L.);
a sequence of completed actions, the replacement of one such action by another: Prince Bagration stopped his horse, recognizing Prince Andrei, nodded his head to him (L.T.);
preservation in the present of the result of the completed action: Look - what a haze lay in the depths of the valleys (Polonsky).

Special cases of expressing the past tense include:

repetition of action with a touch of prescription ("long past time"): And here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone. Here the late Lensky, our neighbor (P.), dined with him in the winter;
repetition of the action: It used to be that she wrote with blood in the albums of tender maidens ... (P.);
started, but interrupted action: Then he went out, but stopped at the door ... (P.);
sudden-instant action, expressed by interjectional verbs (such as sniff, grab, slap, etc.): Easier than a shadow, Tatyana jumped into another canopy (P.);
instantaneous-voluntary action: I put him on the table to perform an operation on him, and he take it and die from me under chloroform (Ch.).

Future tense. The forms of the future tense differ both in education and in meaning. The future tense of imperfective verbs is formed by a combination of future tense forms auxiliary verb be indefinite form of the conjugated verb (I will wear) and is called the future complex. The future tense of perfective verbs has the same endings with the present tense and is called the future simple (I will carry).
The future complex is homogeneous in meaning: it always denotes an action that will take place after the moment of speech: How will you manage under a thunderstorm, put out a rebellion, entangle treason? (P.).
The future simple has a variety of meanings. The main meaning of the future simple is the designation of the result of the action regardless of the moment of speech: So if this unknown tramp crosses the Lithuanian border, a crowd of madmen will be attracted to him by Demetrius's resurrected name (P.). In this effective meaning, the future tense is used in proverbs and sayings: If you get hungry, you will guess and get bread (pogov.). In addition to the main meaning, the future simple can denote an action related to the present or past tense. Synonymy of the future simple forms the present tense is more often observed in descriptions, when using a number of forms of the present and future tenses: A storm covers the sky with darkness, twisting snow whirlwinds. Like a beast, she will howl, then she will cry like a child (P.).
To denote actions that take place in the past, the future simple is used in combination with the past tense of imperfective verbs: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (T.), and also with a particle happened and a particle like (in an exclamatory sentence): And mother -something used to cover blue eyes Yes, how will it lead the song to a great height (M. G.); How the queen jumps back, and how she waves her hand, and how she slams on the mirror, how she stamps her heel (P.).

Tasks and tests on the topic "Verb. The main meanings of the forms of time"

Infinitive. Formation of temporary forms. Verb prefixes and suffixes
Lessons: 2 Assignments: 10 Tests: 1
Changing past tense verbs by gender and number - Verb as part of speech Grade 4

Good afternoon, dear student! With my students, we began to study, perhaps, one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language - verbs and their tenses. The fact is that in some languages of the world there are only a few times, in Russian there are 3 of them - this is the past tense, present and future. In order to correctly understand and use them in our speech and writing, we will consider all three tenses in more detail.

present tense

Present tense verbs in Russian mean a real action that takes place in this moment, now, moreover, they can conjugate, i.e. change its shape. Verbs in the present tense are one of the most inflected verbs, and in an imperfect form, it should be noted that perfective verbs do not have a present tense, because the action has already been completed!

Present tense verbs in Russian answer the question: what is he doing? For example,

Katia in a hurry Kate is in hurry on her way to work.

What is Katya doing? - in a hurry - she is now, at the moment in a hurry, which means that the present time.

Every week parents are going to the dacha Every week parents go to dacha.

What are the parents doing? - go, every week shows us that the action takes place regularly, that is, in the present tense. Please always pay attention to keywords, they can serve as a clue to you what time to use at one time or another.

In the present tense, the endings in the conjugation depend on their conjugation. If you have forgotten what conjugation is and whether it is worth learning, I recommend reading this topic. It will help you understand the difficulties in using present tense verbs.

Future tense

Very often my students get confused and do not understand why there are so many different verbs in the future tense and how to remember all this. The fact is that the future tense in Russian shows us that the action has not taken place, we are planning to do something in the future, no matter if it is soon or far away. Future tense verbs answer questions:

What will you do? What do we do? What will we do? What will you do? For example:

When will holiday, I I will go to Moscow I will go to Moscow, when the holidays will come.

What will the holidays do? - they will begin, they have not yet begun, this time has not come, which means that we understand that the conversation is about the future tense.

What will I do? - I will go, the person is not going anywhere yet, but he is already planning his trip to Moscow, which means we are talking about the future tense.

In Russian, the future tense is of two types, you can find, for example, such a verb:

I draw this picture and I will give Mom I will draw this picture and will present it to my Mom. What will I do? - draw, give

But you can also see this phrase, and it will also be in the future tense:

I am going to draw this picture tomorrow and will present it to my Mom.

What will I do? - I will draw, the action did not happen, he plans to do it, therefore this is the future tense.

But how then to figure out which form should be used in a particular case? The fact is that the verbs of the future tense are simple and complex. Simple verbs in the future are formed from perfective verbs (which answer the questions what will I do? What will I do?)

I'll make up, I'll clean, I'll take it, I'll tell you, I'll sing- they all answer questions of the perfect kind. Where feature to help you remember this form is to add the letter -c at the beginning of the question:

What will I do? I will remove

Compound future tense verbs are formed from imperfective verbs with the help of the verb be+ infinitive or initial form verb - this is the form that is in the dictionary, open the Russian dictionary and you will see that the verb: I guessed it is in the form of an infinitive: guess.

Let's look at examples with compound verbs:

Ivan is going to watch a serial every day, as he is planning to pass the Russian language exam.

Verb " be", in turn, changes according to faces:

I will (paint)
You will (paint)
They will (paint)
He/She will (paint)
We will (paint)
You will (paint)

Verbs in the future tense change for person and number, but genus cannot be determined in the future!
There are a number of verbs that do not form the 1st person singular form. Here are some of them:

To win
To convince
To feel
To find oneself in

When they are used, the word completely changes in the future tense, for example:

I will find myself in..
I want to make sure I want to convince
I will be the winner [Ya stanu pabeditelem] I will be the winner

Past tense

In previous articles, I already wrote about verb tenses, here I want to note only the main features that we have not touched on initial stage. Let's remember that the past tense answers the questions: what did you do? What did you do? What did they do? What did you do?

Basically, past tense verbs are formed from the indefinite form of the verb (which is in the dictionary) and the addition of the suffix -l, for example:

clean - clean L(what did you do?) to clean - was cleaning

Watch - see L(what did you do?) to look - looked

Knowing this rule, you will already have a hint and you will be able to form the past tense verb without any problems. Depending on the gender, one or another ending may appear at the end:

He looked- she looked- they looked

But there are verbs that are formed in the past form not according to this rule, for example, without adding the suffix -l in the masculine gender:

Carry - carried ( masculine, past tense) to carry - was carrying, but in other forms of the genus: carried, carried they were carying, she was carrying.

When there is an alternation in a word (when letters interchange each other), for example, when forming the past form, the letters h / / g, h / / k can alternate in those verbs that end in -ch:

stereo whose- guarded (masculine, past tense: what did you do?) to watch over - was watching over, but in feminine and the plural ending is added depending on the person: guarded, guarded she was watching over, they were watching over.

Remember, please, that with past tense verbs we cannot determine the person, only gender and number.