Synopsis of direct educational activity “Houses of different peoples.

When our prehistoric ancestors sought the refuge they would later call home, they used Natural resources around you as a means of hiding.

Ancient people lived in caves. But man is the most ingenious creation of nature. And over time he learned to build his own cloisters.

For centuries, people have had to live underground, in trees and under rocks. Over time, a person began to develop skills, he began to use auxiliary means in the construction of his house: wood, metal, brick, stone, ice and animal skins.

Nowadays, in most cases, houses are built of brick and concrete, with a few exceptions, such as change houses, prefabricated buildings and wooden sheds.

However, there are some civilizations in the world that still live in dwellings used by their ancestors hundreds of years ago.

This article talks about some of the most unusual types of dwellings that a person calls home, just like hundreds of years ago (since they were first built).

bamboo houses

Bamboo is a fast growing, evergreen grass that grows in many places around the world.

Bamboo has been used to build homes for thousands of years. This is a particularly durable material, which makes it ideal for construction.

Constructions modern houses made of bamboo, based on ancient technologies, designed for rapid housing construction, especially in disaster areas South-East Asia.

Earth houses, as their name suggests, are dwellings built underground and, along with caves, are probably the oldest building method on the planet.

The centuries-old idea of ​​such a design has found acceptance all over the world, and today there are many buildings that are called eco-earth dwellings.

Timber house

Log cabins are well known and are generally used in the construction of holiday homes. The construction of log houses goes back many years, to the time when man was first able to cut off large branches of trees. But even today such houses are very popular.

The log house has found its application in the mountains and forests. Such houses were especially common in areas inhabited by settlers in the new lands, such as America and Australia. Today they are a landmark of the European Alps and Scandinavia, here these buildings are called "chalets".

For centuries, adobe houses have been used as fast way building dwellings.

These types of dwellings are commonly found in dry and hot countries around the world, but most of all on the African continent.

To build them, soil or clay is mixed with water, sometimes grass is added. Then the fashioned squares are dried in the sun to the required rigidity. After that, they are ready to use just like any other building brick.

tree houses

Did you think that such houses are built only for children?

In fact, the treehouse is quite common in jungle regions around the world, where the area is infested with snakes, dangerous wild animals, and crawling insects.

They are also used as temporary shelter in areas where floods and heavy monsoon rains occur.

tent house

Tents are a popular means of refuge for outdoor enthusiasts. fresh air, and are also regularly used for quick erection.

Large tents were usually made from animal skins and were used as common dwellings by many civilizations over the centuries. The most widespread among nomadic peoples.

Today, tent-like dwellings are used mainly by nomadic peoples, such as the Bedouin tribes of Arabia and Mongolian pastoralists, whose shelter - yurts have existed for several generations.

Cabana (beach house)

The illustration of a wild boar is located on the territory of a hotel in Ecuador. This small house, which is currently used as a hotel room, is a bamboo frame topped with a grass roof and is a typical example of indigenous South American Indian architecture.

Huts of Toda

These bamboo and rattan houses come from a village located in South India, where locals have lived in such houses for over a thousand years.

Half a dozen of these buildings will be installed in one of the villages, where each of the buildings is used for some specific purpose, such as living people, keeping animals, cooking, and so on.

Houses of the Toba Batak tribe

These impressive structures, built in the likeness of a boat, are the huts of the indigenous people on the island of Sumatra.

The dwellings are called jabu and have been used by fishing communities for centuries.

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Proverbs and sayings about the house. My home is my castle. Each hut has its own toys. Being a guest is good, but being at home is better. It is not the owner's house that paints, but the owner's house. In his swamp, the frog sings. There is nothing like leather. And the mole is vigilant in his corner.

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Houses different peoples Since ancient times, the houses of different peoples of the Earth are different. The special features of the traditional dwelling of different peoples depend on the characteristics of nature, on the peculiarity of economic life, and on differences in religious ideas. However, there are also great similarities. This helps us to better understand each other and mutually respect the customs and traditions of different peoples of Russia and the world, to be hospitable and to represent with dignity to other people the culture of our people.

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Izba Izba- traditional dwelling Russians. This is a wooden residential building in a wooded area of ​​Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. In Russia, a thousand years ago, a hut was built from pine or spruce logs. Aspen boards - ploughshares or straw were laid on the roof. The log cabin (from the word "cutting") was a row of logs laid on top of each other. The hut was built without using nails.

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Hut Hut, (among Ukrainians) - a dwelling with a stove or the whole building with a vestibule and a utility room. It happens log, wattle, adobe. Outside and inside the hut is usually coated with clay and whitewashed.

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Saklya There are not enough trees in the mountains to build houses, so houses are built there from stone or clay. Such housing is called SAKLYA. Saklya, dwelling of the Caucasian peoples. Often it is built directly on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, for the construction they choose the side of the mountain slope where the winds are quieter. Its roof is flat, so the sakli were often located close to each other. It turned out that the roof of the lower building was often the floor or courtyard of the house that stands higher. Sakli are usually made of stone adobe or adobe bricks, with a flat roof.

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Chum Chum - nomadic, portable hut of Siberian foreigners; poles made up of sugar loaf and covered, in summer, with birch bark, in winter - with whole and sewn reindeer skins, with a smoke outlet at the top. A summer hut, cold, but habitable, with a fire in the middle, also happens among Russians.

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Yurt Yurt, a portable dwelling among the Mongolian nomadic peoples in Central and Central Asia, South Siberia. It consists of wooden lattice walls with a dome of poles and felt covering. In the center of the yurt is a hearth; the place at the entrance was intended for guests; utensils were kept on the women's side, harnesses on the men's side.

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Kibitka Kibitka - a covered wagon, a covered wagon. Russian name portable dwelling of the nomadic peoples of Central and Central Asia.

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Cell Cell (from lat. cella - room), living quarters in the monastery. According to the monastic charters, most Russian monasteries were allowed to build their own cell for each monk or nun.

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Wigwam Wigwam - home of the forest Indians North America. It entered the literature as the name of a domed Indian dwelling. When building a wigwam, the Indians stick flexible tree trunks into the ground in a circle or oval, bending their ends into a vault. The frame of the wigwam is covered with branches, bark, mats.

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Igloo A dwelling made of snow or ice blocks built by the Eskimos in the north, where there is no other building material other than snow. called housing - iglu. The interior is usually covered with skins, sometimes the walls are covered with skins. Light enters the igloo directly through the snow walls, although sometimes windows are made of seal guts or ice. Snow house absorbs from within excess moisture, so the hut is quite dry. Eskimos can build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour.

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Konak Konak is a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. This is an expressive building under a wide, heavy tiled roof that creates a deep shadow. Often such "mansions" resemble the letter "g" in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. Buildings are oriented to the east (tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a covered roomy balcony and an asam steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and a large number of premises satisfy all the needs of the owners, so outbuildings are not needed.

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Tree dwellings Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers, six or seven meters above the ground. The building is erected on a site prepared in advance tied to the branches of poles. A structure balancing on the branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roof crowning the building. Such a house is arranged with two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a hearth for cooking, and the upper floor, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near the reservoir. They get into the hut along long stairs connected from poles.

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Pallazo Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval section, 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical straw roof on a wooden frame, one front door, there were no windows at all or there was only a small window opening.

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Hut South India. The traditional dwelling of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and thatch, without windows, with one small entrance.

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Underground dwellings The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara Desert are deep earthen pits in which interiors and a courtyard are made. About seven hundred caves are located on the slopes of the hills and in the desert around them, in some of them troglodytes (Berbers) live to this day. Craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the inner courtyard (khausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Often, troglodyte dwellings have several floors, the stairs between which are tied ropes. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber hostess needs a shelf, she simply digs it into the wall. However, TV antennas can be seen near some of the pits, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings save well from the heat - it is cool in these chalk caves. This is how the housing problem is solved in the Sahara.

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Agree, in early childhood, all of us were somehow interested in dwellings. We read about them in books and popular science magazines, watched movies, which means, willy-nilly, at least once in our lives, but still imagined how great it would be on switch roles with them for several hours, finding yourself in that distant world, full of the unknown and unseen.

However, despite the abundance of information, we sometimes cannot answer seemingly completely simple questions. For example, about how they defended their homes, where and how they got food, whether they stocked up for the winter, and whether they had any domestic animals.

The article is aimed at acquainting readers with the topic. After reading all the sections carefully, everyone will have a more than detailed idea of ​​​​what the dwellings of ancient people were like.

general information

In order to more clearly imagine what happened many centuries ago, let's think about the principle by which the buildings are built and ennobled. modern houses. Many will agree that the choice of material is primarily influenced by climate. In hot countries, you are unlikely to find buildings with thick brick (or panel) walls, and additional insulation. In turn, in the northern regions there are no bungalows and open villas.

The primitive dwelling of ancient people was also built taking into account weather conditions one region or another. In addition, of course, the presence of nearby water bodies and characteristics local flora and fauna.

So, modern experts argue that the hunters of the Paleolithic times in most cases settled on slightly rugged, or even completely flat terrain, in the immediate vicinity of lakes, rivers or streams.

Where can you see ancient sites?

We all know that caves are areas of the upper part of the earth's crust, located, as a rule, in the mountainous regions of the planet. To date, it has been established that most of them were once the dwellings of ancient people. Of course, regardless of the continent, people settled only in horizontal and gentle caves. In vertical, called mines and wells, the depth of which can reach up to one and a half kilometers, it was inconvenient to live and improve life, if not very dangerous.

Archaeologists have discovered the dwellings of ancient people in different parts of our planet: in Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe and both Americas.

Many caves have also been discovered on the territory of Russia. The most famous are Kungurskaya, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, Denisova and the whole Tavdinsky complex.

What did the dwelling of an ancient person look like from the inside?

There is a fairly common misconception that the inhabitants of that time were quite warm and dry in the caves. Unfortunately, this is not the case, but rather the opposite. Usually in breaks rocks very cold and humid. And there is nothing surprising in this: such areas are rather slowly warmed up by the sun, and it is generally impossible to heat a huge cave in this way.

The prevailing moist air around, which in most cases is barely felt under the open sky, tends to condense, falling into a closed space, surrounded on all sides by cold stone.

As a rule, the air in a cave cannot be called stale. On the contrary, constant drafts are observed here, which are formed under the influence of the aerodynamic effect created by the presence of numerous passages and slots.

As a result, we can conclude that the very first dwellings of ancient people were small cool caves with walls constantly damp from condensation.

Could you warm up by lighting a fire?

Generally make a fire in a cave, even if available modern means- rather troublesome and not always productive occupation.

Why? The thing is that initially it will take a long time to choose a place protected from the wind, otherwise the fire will simply go out. Secondly, heating a cave in this way is the same as if you set yourself the goal of heating an entire stadium, armed with an ordinary electric heater. Sounds absurd, right?

In this case, one fire is actually not enough, especially considering that cold air will constantly move towards your parking place from somewhere inside the stone bag.

Security measures

How did ancient people protect their homes, and was there a need for this in principle? Scientists have been trying to get a definitive answer to this question for a long time. It was found that, in warm climates, camps were, as a rule, of a temporary nature. A man found them by chasing wild animals along the paths and collecting various kinds of roots. Ambushes were set up nearby and dead carcasses were skinned. Such houses were not guarded: raw materials were collected, rest was arranged, thirst was quenched, simple belongings were collected, and the tribe rushed on.

On the territory of present-day Eurasia, most of the land was covered with a thick layer of snow. There was already a need for the improvement of a more permanent monastery. The dwelling was often won back from the hyena by perseverance, cunning or cunning. During the winter cold, the entrances to the cave were often blocked from the inside with stones and branches. This, above all, was done in order to prevent the former owner from getting inside.

Section 6. What was inside the house

The dwellings of ancient people, photos of which can often be found in modern popular science literature, were rather unpretentious in terms of their amenities and content.

Most often inside it was round or oval. According to scientists, on average, the width rarely exceeded 6-8 meters with a length of 10-12 m. Inside, according to experts, up to 20 people fit. For ennoblement and insulation, tree trunks were used, cut down or broken in a neighboring forest. Often such material went down the river.

Often the dwellings of ancient people were not a place in a cave, but real huts. The skeleton of the future house was represented by tree trunks inserted into previously dug recesses. Later, branches intertwined were superimposed on top. Of course, because of the constantly walking wind, it was quite cold and damp inside, so the fire had to be maintained, both day and night. By the way, scientists were surprised to find that tree trunks, which play a key role in construction, were reinforced with heavy stones for safety.

There were no doors at all. They were replaced by a hearth built from rock fragments, which not only heated the dwelling, but also served as a reliable protection against predators.

Of course, in the process of evolution, not only people changed, but also the places of their parking.

Houses of ancient Palestinians

On the territory of Palestine, modern scientists have managed to unearth the most important cities in archaeological terms.

It has been established that these settlements were mainly built on hills and were well fortified both outside and inside. Very often one of the walls was protected by a cliff or by a fast water stream. The city was surrounded by a wall.

Like many others, this culture, when choosing a place, was guided by the presence of a nearby source, the water from which was suitable for drinking and for irrigating crops. In case of a siege, local residents arranged a kind of underground reservoirs located under the dwellings of more prosperous citizens.

Wooden houses were considered a rarity. In general, preference was given to stone and adobe buildings. In order to protect the premises from soil dampness, the structure was built on a stone foundation.

The hearth was located in the central room directly under a special hole in the ceiling. The second floor and the presence of a large number of windows could only be afforded by the wealthiest citizens.

Dwellings of the upper Mesopotamia

Not everyone knows that here some houses were two- or even several-story. For example, in the chronicles of Herodotus one can find mention of buildings in three or even four tiers.

Dwellings were covered with a spherical dome, which was sometimes very high. There was a hole at the top to let air in. By the way, it should be noted that there were almost never windows on the first floor. And there can be several explanations for this factor. Firstly, the locals in this way tried to protect themselves from external enemies. Secondly, religion did not allow them to flaunt the features of their private lives. Only rather narrow doors and loopholes, located at the level of human growth, went outside.

Above, terraces were built on brick columns, which performed two functions at once. First of all, they were built so that the owner could rest there, hiding away from human eyes. But that's not all. Such a site made it possible to protect the roof from direct sunlight, and therefore from overheating. On the upper terrace most often there were open galleries planted with flowers and exotic plants.

In this area the main building material clay, reed and bitumen were considered. Sometimes in wooden poles special brick or mosaic inlays were made to protect the tree from the ubiquitous ants.

Dwelling of ancient Indian culture

The ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro, located in India, was once surrounded by a powerful wall. There was also a sewerage system, which from individual houses was directed to a citywide sewer canal, equipped under the pavements.

In general, they preferred to build houses from burnt bricks, which were considered the most durable and therefore reliable. The outer walls were more than massive, and also had a slight inclination inward.

Documents describing how ancient people built dwellings indicate that there was a porter's room in the homes of wealthy local residents. Almost always there was a small central courtyard, into which, for the purpose of additional lighting, numerous windows of the first and second floors certainly went out.

The yard was paved with bricks, and a sewage channel passed right there. On the flat roof of the house, as a rule, a luxurious terrace was landscaped.

ancient greek house

Scientists have found that during the Trojan culture, most of the dwellings were a structure of a square or rectangular shape. There might have been a small portico ahead. In a room or part common room, which served as a bedroom, special raised platforms were made for beds.

There were usually two centers. One was for heating, the other for cooking.

The walls were also unusual. The lower 60 cm were laid out of stone, and a little higher, raw brick was used. Flat roof nothing additionally supported.

The poor preferred to settle in round or oval houses, because. they were easier to heat, and there was no need to have several rooms. The rich, in their homes, allotted space not only for bedrooms, but also for the dining room and pantries.

Man at all times strived for warmth and comfort, for inner peace. Even the most inveterate adventurers, who are always beckoned by horizons, sooner or later return to hearth. People of different nationalities and religions have always created a home for themselves, taking into account the beauty and convenience that they could imagine being in certain natural conditions. Amazing forms of buildings, materials from which the dwelling was built and interior decoration can tell a lot about its owners.

The human dwelling is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the form of the house appears from an organic feeling. It has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, a bee hive, or a clam shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main premises and the plan of the house - in the upper room, entrance hall, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gynecee.

BORDEY


Bordei is a traditional semi-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reed. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature fluctuations during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a hearth on the clay floor, but the bordey was heated in black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.

AIL "WOODEN YURT"


Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of the Southern Altai. Timbered hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a hearth in the middle of the earthen floor.

BALAGAN


Balagan is the winter dwelling of the Yakuts. Inclined walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. With west side a barn for cattle was attached to the booth.

VALKARAN


Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling near the peoples of the coast of the Bering Sea (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). Semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: summer - through a hole in the roof, winter - through a long semi-underground corridor.

WIGWAM


Tepee is the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made from curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of cloth. Outside, the coating was additionally pressed with poles. Teepees can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such designs are called "long houses"). Tepees are often erroneously referred to as the cone-shaped dwellings of the Great Plains Indians - "teepee". The dwelling was not intended to be moved, however, if necessary, it was easily assembled and then erected in a new place.

ISLU


A truly amazing invention. Invented by the Eskimos of Alaska. You understand that not everything is good with building materials in Alaska, but people have always used what they have at hand and in in large numbers. And in Alaska, ice is always at hand. That is why the Eskimos began to build domed houses from ice slabs. Inside, everything was covered with skins for warmth. This idea was very liked by the inhabitants of Finland - a northern country, where there is also plenty of snow. There are restaurants built on the principle of an igloo and even competitions are held, in which participants assemble an igloo from ice blocks at speed.

CAJUN


Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). Cylindrical cajun with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry laying method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

MINCA


Minka is the traditional dwelling of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. Minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of internal walls sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the location of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that the snow and rain immediately rolled off, and the straw did not have time to get wet.
Since many Japanese of simple origin were engaged in the cultivation of silkworms, when building a dwelling, it was taken into account that the main place in the room was allocated for silk spinning.

KLOCHAN


Klochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, the walls were laid out "dry", without a binder solution. Narrow gaps were left - windows, an entrance and a chimney. Such uncomplicated huts were built for themselves by monks leading ascetic image life, so inside you do not have to expect much comfort.

PALLASO


Pallazo is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). A stone wall was laid out in a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters, leaving openings for front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes two rooms were arranged in large pallazos: one for living, the second for livestock. Pallazos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

IKUQUANE


Ikukwane - a large domed thatched house of the Zulus ( South Africa). It was built from long thin rods, tall grass, reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers find that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

RONDAVEL


Rondavel - the round house of the Bántu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grassy ropes.

KUREN


Kuren (from the word "smoke", which means "to smoke") - the dwelling of the Cossacks, "free troops" of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses stood on piles, the walls were made of wattle, filled with earth and plastered with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.

Saklya


Stone dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders. It is built of clay and ceramic bricks, the roof is flat, narrow windows look like loopholes. It was both a dwelling and a kind of fortress. It could be multi-storey, or it could be built of clay and not have windows. An earthen floor and a hearth in the middle are the modest decoration of such a house.

PUEBLITO


Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwest of the US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were built, as expected, by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who were defending themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. Interior spaces also covered with earthenware. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, over which rods are laid. The pueblitos were located in high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.

TRULLO


Trullo is an original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Apulia. Trullo walls are very thick, so it is cool in hot weather and not so cold in winter. The trullo is a two-tiered one, the second floor was reached by a ladder. Trulli often had several cone roofs, each with a separate room.


Italian dwelling, classified in our time as a monument. The house is notable for the fact that it was built using the “dry masonry” method, that is, simply from stones. This was not done by accident. Such a building was not very reliable. If one stone was pulled out, it could completely fall apart. And all because in certain areas houses were built illegally and, with any claims from the authorities, could easily be liquidated.

LEPA - LEPA


Lepa-lepa is the boat-house of the Bajao, the people of Southeast Asia. Bajao, "Sea Gypsies" as they are called, spend their entire lives in boats in the "Coral Triangle" Pacific Ocean- between Borneo, the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they prepare food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go on land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and bury the dead.

TIPI


Native American dwellings. This building was portable and was built from poles, which were covered with deer skins on top. In the center there was a hearth, around which sleeping places were concentrated. There must be a hole in the roof for smoke. It is hard to believe, but even now people who support the traditions of the indigenous population of America still live in such huts.

DIAOLOU


Diaolou - fortified multi-storey building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers were operating in southern China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortress houses were built simply following tradition.

HOGAN


Hogan is an ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often, a "hallway" was attached to this simple design. The entrance was covered with a blanket. After the first Railway, Hogan's design has changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

YURT


Dwelling for nomads - Mongols, Kazakhs, Kirghiz. Why is it convenient in the conditions of steppes and deserts? Assembling and disassembling such a house is a matter of a couple of hours. The base is built of poles, covered with mats on top. Until now, shepherds use such buildings. Probably, many years of experience suggests that they are not looking for good from good.

SLAVIC hut


Log house, the construction of the Slavs. The hut was assembled from logs (the so-called log house), the logs were stacked according to a certain principle. The oven was laid out in the house. The hut was heated in black. The pipe on the roof was put up later, and then the smoke was already removed from the house through it. Log cabins could be dismantled, sold and laid out again, erecting new house from an old log house. Until now, this method is used by summer residents.

NORTH RUSSIAN hut


The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is economic. Servants, children, yard workers lived in the basement, there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows and doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts of several meters! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced to combine residential and outbuildings into a whole.

WARDO


Vardo is a gypsy wagon, a real one-room mobile home. It has a door and windows, an oven for cooking and heating, a bed, boxes for things. Behind, under the tailgate, there is a box for storing kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels - luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The whole wagon is light enough that one horse could carry it. Vardo got off with skillful carvings and painted bright colors. The heyday of vardo came at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.

YAODONG


Yaodong is the home-cave of the Loess Plateau in the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial dug out their dwellings right in the hillside. Inside such a house is comfortable in any weather.

BONGU TRADITIONAL HOUSING

TURF HOUSE


The sod house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the scarcity of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with turf in several layers. In one half of such a house they lived, in the other they kept livestock.

No matter how ridiculous the building may seem, it is a home for the one who built it. People lived in these strange buildings: they loved, created a family, suffered and died. Through the houses of these people flowed life, history with all its peculiarities, events and miracles.

Dwelling, can be considered and studied firstly as a complex of technically designed dignity. conditions in a person's life during periods of his daily work and rest in the so-called. home environment and secondly, as techniques and types of the most technical ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Dwelling, habitation, abode, shelter, shelter, residence, domicile, location, residence, apartment, stay, nest, brothel, shelter; wagon, chum, yurt. Wed ... .. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed... Synonym dictionary

Dwelling, dwellings, cf. (book). Housing, living quarters. “Usually, the Yakuts build their dwellings at a great distance from one another.” G. Chulkov. Caves and huts were the first dwellings of people. || trans. The location of something (poet. obsolete ... Dictionary Ushakov

In the Russian Federation, the premises used by citizens for living. Dwellings are: premises that meet established requirements; temporary premises; as well as premises not intended for habitation, but actually used for this purpose. By… … Financial vocabulary

dwelling- Dwelling, house, apartment, roof, haven, shelter, corner, joker. apartments, unapproved nora, joke. house, bookshop living space, bookshop blood, books hearth, obsolete murya, outdated, joke. dwelling, obsolete, joke. abode, obsolete, razg. reduced father, razg ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

AT constitutional law a term meaning a chosen place, the address geographical coordinates of which define a room specially designed for the free residence of a person. constitutionally legal concept Zh. wider than the concept of residential ... ... Law Dictionary

HOUSING, a, cf. The room in which they live, you can live. Improvement of dwellings. The right to | adj. housing, oh, oh. Living conditions. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

English dwelling; German Behausung/Wohnraum. A building to protect people from natural conditions and for the organization of life; essential element material culture, forms, types and varieties to horn correspond to social. economy social conditions,... Encyclopedia of Sociology

dwelling- Premises for housing [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages ​​(VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] EN dwelling DE WohnstätteWohnung FR habitation ... Technical Translator's Handbook

dwelling Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book of the head of the enterprise

HOUSING- an individual residential building with residential and non-residential premises, residential premises, regardless of the form of ownership, included in the housing stock and used for permanent or temporary residence, as well as other premises or buildings, ... ... Legal Encyclopedia

Books

• Desert Dwelling, Mine Reid. The book includes novels that tell about the adventures of heroes in North America ...
• Desert Dwelling, Thomas Mine Reed. Due to circumstances, the loaves of merchants roaming between St. Louis and Santa Fe change their usual course and end up in a completely unexplored region of the Great North American Desert, where ...