Needle ice house. igloo

An igloo is a domed hut built of snow. Where there is no forest, this building can save you from the cold of a winter night. And if you build it in the forest, it is able to survive the whole winter thanks to its strength. The height of the igloo is usually one person's height, and the diameter depends on the number of people staying for the night. Skills on how to build an igloo should be worked out long before the planned trip to the steppe or tundra, because in case of extreme circumstances, especially in frosty and windy weather, efficiency is important when building a snow shelter.

igloo

An igloo is built with bricks made from compressed snow. Ideally, the shape of the building should be round, since the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe spherical hut allows you to reduce heat loss. In addition, this form gives strength to the structure, despite the fragile "building material". If the igloo is built in deep snow, the entrance to it is dug in the ground, and if the depth of the snow cover is small, a small corridor is attached to the hut, which protects the building from the penetration of the wind inside. Warming inside such a dwelling occurs with the help of a candle. The walls will melt a little, but not melt, forming a thin ice crust from the inside. The walls of the needle are capable of transmitting light and water vapor.

How to make an igloo out of snow: basic rules

Snow igloo

The tools used to build a snow hut are a knife, a saw, a shovel. If necessary, you can use an ordinary iron bowl. It must be taken into account that what smaller sizes dwelling, the warmer it is, so do not make it too spacious. If the group consists of more than 4-5 people, it is better to build two igloos. The cracks between the bricks need to be rubbed with snow. While inside the igloo, you will need to remove your outer clothing so as not to sweat. Inside, it is advisable to use a waterproof fabric as a bedding. To cut blocks, you do not need to go far from the designated site, otherwise you can get tired. It is necessary to find the nearest snowdrift at least 1 meter high, and start cutting. In addition, you must follow the basic rules:

• The construction of the igloo must be started before dark.
• It is strictly forbidden to rebuild the shelter at night, as well as to leave it at this time of day.
• The entrance must be located on the leeward side
• Inside the shelter, you should always have a shovel or other tool to clear the entrance of snow.
• Care must be taken when making open flames inside the shelter, as there is a threat of carbon monoxide poisoning.
• You can not take alcohol inside the igloo and sleep with the threat of freezing.
• The entrance to the needle should be located below the floor level. This will ensure the stagnation of warm air, the outflow of heavy carbon dioxide and the influx of oxygen.
• Tip: if you build an igloo on a slope, you will need to spend less effort on building walls, since fewer bricks need to be formed.

How to make an igloo out of snow with your own hands: material

The preparation of bricks from snow depends on its structure. If the crust is hard and durable, a saw (you can use a shovel or a hacksaw) cuts out blocks a little smaller than a standard gas silicate brick. Usually the dimensions are 60x40x15, but for the bottom row you need to make larger blocks for stability. Wet snow is difficult to cut, but it is sticky, and bricks can be stuck on. In order to designate the shape, you need to use a rectangular blank made from any material at hand. You can also do this manually, choosing the size by eye. Bricks from loose snow are difficult to make without a blank, as it will crumble. Snow is placed inside the mold, compacted and moistened. After removing the mold, the blocks will harden in the cold. Thus, you need to make the required number of blocks depending on the size of the igloo. You need to cut blocks from a snowdrift from the side where the wind blows. But still, dry snow with a density of 0.25-0.30, which has a uniform structure, is considered the best snow for building a snow shelter. snow over dense structure has a higher thermal conductivity, weak adhesion and brittleness (at low temperatures).

beautiful igloo

Before you make an igloo out of snow with your own hands, you need to designate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building. A round area with a diameter of 3 meters is marked with a knife, marking its center with a stick. Immediately you need to mark the place of entry into the needle. As noted above, it must be arranged on the leeward side. But, if the parking is planned for a long time, the entrance is arranged at a right angle with respect to the windy side. The circle must be made as correct as possible, and no more than three meters, because otherwise the stability of the needle will decrease. After marking, the site must be leveled and compacted. The layout of the snow dwelling should be such that the bench is located opposite the entrance and above it.

There are two ways of laying bricks: ring and spiral. In the first case, the blocks are stacked row by row, in the second, only the bottom row consists of rectangular blocks, and all subsequent ones have the shape of a trapezoid. With spiral laying, after the formation of the bottom row, any three bricks are cut diagonally (you can cut any, except for those located near the entrance area). The third block is cut in half. Then the laying of the second row begins: the brick is placed in the recess of the third, cut, brick, then the next one is laid.

Longer and wider snow bricks are laid in the bottom row, with a gap between them to avoid extrusion under weight top rows. Blocks with defects cannot be used.

To obtain the required angle of inclination, you can cut the already laid bricks, or create the desired slope before laying. To prevent the upper snow bricks from falling and increase their stability, you need to make a bevel between the upper and lower bricks, for which a cut is made inner corner top brick for its snug fit to the bottom. During laying, each brick is tightly fitted to the next one, while gradually being processed outer wall. All cracks must be overwritten with snow formed during fitting, it plays the role of cement. Around the bottom part of the igloo must be built from the remaining blocks of a barrier to protect against wind, which can blow snow between the bricks of the first row.

After that, the gaps inside the igloo are closed, a trench is formed up to the entrance with overlapping with its blocks. While it is being formed from the outside by one builder, the second builder paves the way to it from the inside. The inlet in the wall of the igloo is carefully cut with a hacksaw. The block cut out at the entrance will subsequently need to be moved to the inlet in order not to release heat, to protect it from snow drift and wind.

At the top of the igloo, a hole is formed by the vault of the last block row, which must be sealed with a wedge-shaped brick. In order for it to tightly close the hole, the size of the brick should be slightly larger than it.

After the igloo is erected, holes must be cut in its walls for ventilation against the accumulation of carbon dioxide.

They did not seem to be of great importance for the development of the whole world in many senses of the word, since they can not only visually show us the whole depth and essence of the evolutionary process, but also come to the rescue in some unforeseen situations. It is these people who for many centuries are able, by all means, to preserve their language, traditions and customs. And this applies not only to traditional dishes and clothes, but also. Therefore, today we decided to tell you about national houses of the peoples of the North - chums, yarangas and igloos , which are still used by local residents during hunting, roaming and even in Everyday life.

Chum - the home of reindeer herders

Chum is a universal nomadic peoples of the North, engaged in reindeer herding - Nenets, Khanty, Komi and Enets. It is curious, but contrary to the often encountered opinion and the words of the notorious song “The Chukchi in the plague is waiting for the dawn”, the Chukchi in the plagues have never lived and do not live - in fact, their dwellings are called yarangas. Perhaps the confusion arose due to the consonance of the words "chum" and "Chukcha". And it is possible that these two somewhat similar buildings are simply confused and not called by their proper names.

As for the plague, in fact it is, which has a conical shape and is perfectly adapted to the conditions of the tundra. Snow easily rolls off the steep surface of the tent, so when moving to a new place, the tent can be dismantled without applying extra effort to clear the building of snow. In addition, the shape of the cone makes the chum resistant to strong winds and blizzards.

In summer, the tent is covered with bark, birch bark or burlap, and the entrance is hung with a coarse cloth (for example, the same burlap). In winter, the skins of elk, deer, red deer, sewn into one cloth, are used for arranging the plague, and the entrance is hung with a separate skin. In the center of the plague is located, serving as a source of heat and adapted for cooking. The heat from the furnace rises and does not allow precipitation to get inside the plague - they simply evaporate under the influence of high temperature. And so that the wind does not penetrate into the chum, to its base with outer side shovel snow.

As a rule, the tent of reindeer herders consists of several coverings and 20-40 poles, which are laid on special sleds when moving. The dimensions of the plague directly depend on the length of the poles and their number: the more poles there are and the longer they are, the more spacious it will be.

Since ancient times, the installation of the plague was considered a matter of the whole family, in which even children took part. After the chum is completely installed, women cover it inside with mats and soft deer skins. At the very base of the poles, it is customary to put malitsa (outer clothing of the peoples of the North made of deer skins with fur inside) and other soft things. Also, reindeer breeders carry with them feather beds and warm sheepskin sleeping bags. At night, the hostess spreads the bed, and during the day she hides the bedding away from prying eyes.

Yaranga - the national dwelling of the peoples of Chukotka

As we have already said, the yaranga bears some resemblance to the plague and is a figurative nomadic Koryaks, Chukchis, Yukaghirs and Evenks. Yaranga has a round plan and a vertical wooden frame, which is built of poles and crowned with a conical dome. Outside, the poles are covered with walrus, deer or whale skins.

Yaranga consists of 2 halves: canopy and chottagin. The canopy looks like a warm tent, sewn from skins, heated and illuminated with a fat lamp (for example, a strip of fur dipped in fat and soaked in it). The canopy is a sleeping area. Chottagin - a separate room, appearance which somewhat resembles a canopy. This is the coldest part. Usually boxes with clothes, dressed skins, barrels of fermentation and other things are stored in chottagin.

Nowadays, the yaranga is a centuries-old symbol of the peoples of Chukotka, which is used during many winter and summer holidays. Moreover, yarangas are installed not only in the squares, but also in the club foyers. In such yarangas, women cook traditional dishes of the peoples of the North - tea, venison and treat guests to them. Moreover, in the form of a yaranga, some other structures are being built today in Chukotka. For example, in the center of Anadyr, you can see a yaranga - a vegetable tent made of transparent plastic. Also, the yaranga is present in many Chukchi paintings, engravings, badges, emblems and even coats of arms.

Igloo - an Eskimo dwelling made of snow and ice

Light enters the igloo directly through the ice, although in some cases ice windows are made in snow houses. interior, as a rule, they cover with skins, and sometimes they also cover the walls with them - in whole or in part. Grease bowls are used for heating and additional lighting. An interesting fact is that when the air is heated, the internal surfaces of the walls of the igloo melt, but do not melt due to the fact that the snow quickly removes excess heat outside the house, and due to this, a comfortable temperature for a person is maintained in the room. Moreover, snow walls are able to absorb excess moisture so the igloo is always dry.

Indian tribes live not only in warm places. Read about the igloo - the ice dwelling of the Eskimos!

The igloo is a typical place of residence for the Eskimos. This type The building is a building that has a domed shape. The diameter of the dwelling is 3-4 meters, and its height is about 2 meters. Igloos are built, as a rule, from blocks of ice or blocks of snow compacted with the help of wind. Also, the needle is cut out of snowdrifts, which are suitable in density, as well as in size.

If the snow is deep enough, then they break through the entrance in the floor, and also dig a corridor to the entrance. In the case when the snow is still not deep, then the front door is cut into the wall, and a separate corridor built of snow bricks is attached to the front door. It is very important that Entrance door in such a dwelling was below the floor level, since this ensures good and proper ventilation of the room, and also retains heat inside the igloo.

Lighting in the dwelling comes from snow walls, but sometimes windows are also made. As a rule, they are also constructed from ice or seal guts. In some Eskimo tribes, entire villages of igloos are common, which are interconnected by passages.

From the inside, the igloo is covered with skins, and sometimes the walls are also hung with the igloo. To provide even more illumination, as well as more heat, special devices are used. Due to heating, part of the walls inside the igloo can melt, but the walls themselves do not melt, due to the fact that the snow helps to bring excess heat out. Thanks to this, the temperature in the dwelling is maintained at a comfortable temperature for the existence of people. As for moisture, the walls also absorb it, and because of this, the inside of the igloo is dry.

The first non-Eskimo to build an igloo was Williamour Stefanson. It happened in 1914, and he talks about this event in many articles and in his own book. The unique strength of this type of dwelling lies in the use of uniquely shaped slabs. They allow you to fold the hut in the form of a kind of snail, which gradually narrows upwards. It is also very important to take into account the method of installation of these improvised bricks, which involves the support of the next slab on the previous brick at three points at the same time. In order to make the structure more stable, the finished hut is also watered from the outside.

Today, igloos are also used in ski touring, in case emergency accommodation is needed, if there are problems with tents, or if it is not possible to continue on the road in the near future. In order for the skier to be able to build an igloo, a special briefing is carried out before the hike.

Eskimos, the inhabitants of the most northern regions of our planet, possess the skills of survival in difficult climatic conditions, which any inhabitant will envy middle lane. One of the most important inventions of the Eskimos, time-tested, is the igloo - traditional houses made of ice and snow. We will tell about the features of this amazing structure in our review.

Researchers believe that the Eskimo tribes settled in the Arctic in the 11th-12th centuries. Today, the number of Eskimos is about 170,000 people, and they live mainly on the territory of three regions: the island of Greenland, which belongs to Denmark, in northern Canada and the US state of Alaska. By the way, the Eskimo is an Indian word, which literally translates as "raw eater", and the Eskimos themselves call themselves Inuit.

The traditional dwellings of the Eskimos are the summer yaranga - a domed structure made of animal skins and snow igloos that build the cold season. Building a real igloo is not so simple work requiring certain skills and knowledge.

An igloo can be built in a large pile of dense snow, or it can be made up of individual blocks of ice. The size of the igloo is small: about 3-4 meters in diameter and no more than 2 meters in height. If there are no suitable snowdrifts, then the igloo is built from blocks that are cut out of ice or snow. Blocks are stacked in a circle, which gradually narrows towards the ceiling. In order for the structure to acquire greater strength, it is poured with water during construction. Windows are made of ice blocks, but an igloo can be windowless. In this case sunlight penetrates through the snow walls.

The most important thing, from the point of view of the functionality of the entire building, is the correct arrangement of the entrance to the igloo. If the igloo is built in a large snowdrift, then the entrance is made right in the floor, and a tunnel breaks through to exit to the surface. If the igloo is built from blocks, then the entrance is always made at the bottom, at floor level. At the same time, there is no door in the traditional dwelling, the entrance is always open.

Such a low entrance is made so that the warm air under the ceiling does not go outside. But the needle is open so that there is always an inflow into a small room fresh air saturated with oxygen. If there are several people in the igloo and it burns oil lamp or a hearth for cooking, which is also used as a heater, then a lot of carbon dioxide is formed in the air, and the oxygen content is reduced. The heavier carbon dioxide sinks down and out through the low inlet, and instead enters Fresh air.

Despite the fact that most of the Eskimos no longer live in their traditional houses made of ice and snow, there are still Eskimo communities that build igloos and fish for marine animals. In addition, polar explorers and some tourists who go on winter hikes master the technique of building an igloo, because a shelter made of snow is very convenient.

Social and personal development. Theme "History of the dwelling"

Target: generalization of children's ideas about the features of a person's dwelling, depending on the area, natural and climatic conditions in which he lives.

Tasks: Clarify children's ideas about the houses of people inhabiting the Earth: traditional dwelling people of the North - chum, yaranga; in the steppes and deserts - yurts; Russian people living in the forest region build huts; in the south of Russia and Ukraine - mud huts; residents North America(Eskimos), live in an igloo.

Contribute to the understanding of causal relationships between the image of the dwelling and climatic conditions available materials, people's way of life.

Develop cognitive interest, the ability to reflect information in productive activities.

How to build a reliable house

The man didn't know yet.

In the primitive world complex

He was looking for his home.

He suffered from the winter cold,

The beast of prey threatened him.

The man needed a home

Where would he live in peace,

Where would he prepare food,

Ate and rested peacefully.

He wanted to have a home

Where would you stop being afraid.

And in the worries of the gloomy

Man sometimes dreamed

As with heavy prey

Returns home.

How does the family welcome him?

Sitting close by the fire...

And now he knows for sure

It's time to find him a home!

Eskimo dwelling - igloo An igloo is a round house that is built from large pieces of dense snow turned into pieces. In it, northern housewives managed to achieve the maximum possible comfort and coziness. unfolded fur skins, lit a fire. It became warm and light. Walls from fire cannot melt, as severe frost outside does not give them such an opportunity. Large snow slabs were prepared for the construction of the walls. Then a circle was marked on the snow and the first layer was laid out on it. The next rows were laid with a slight slope inside the house, forming an oval dome. Gaps were left between the snow slabs. They were not joined closely. The cracks were then rubbed with snow and fastened with a special lamp with seal oil. The heat from the burning lamp melted inner surface walls, the cold froze the water, forming an ice crust. The door to such a dwelling was made (cut through) very low, or a tunnel was dug out in the snow. The inlet was in the floor and had to crawl to get home. The houses were made quite small - a standing person could hardly fit at the maximum point of the dome. So it was easier to heat houses and save valuable heat. A hole was cut in the dome to let in the air necessary for breathing. The family usually slept in front of him on beds made of snow blocks covered with skins. Thus, the Eskimos built entire villages from the snow. Interestingly, even in a short, cool summer, the dense snow that makes up the walls does not have time to melt. Now, of course, the igloo is becoming more of a romance than a necessity. Many modern people happy to go north to try to spend the night in a snow house built by their own hands..
Desert dwelling - yurt Yurt (tirme) is a portable dwelling of the Bashkirs. The skeleton of the yurt was easily disassembled and a short time was installed again. Things in the yurt were placed along the walls, leaving the middle free. In the center there was a place for a hearth. Under the hole in the dome, a shallow hole was dug in the ground, and a tripod for the boiler was installed above it. The hole was lined with stone, and the cauldron rested on a stone base in the form of an open ring. The floor in the yurt was covered with dry grass. The living space was organized relative to the center. On the far side of the yurt, behind the hearth, there was a place of honor. Felt and rugs were spread over the grass here. In this part, they received guests and arranged homemade meals. In the arrangement of things and utensils, a certain order was observed. Right side Yurts were considered women's. Here there were cupboards and benches, there were tursuks with koumiss, casseroles with ayran and honey, boxes and baskets with curds, dishes and food supplies were stored. On the left side of the yurt, more elegant, stood on wooden coasters forged chests with property. A bed was folded up on them: blankets, pillows, colored rugs sewn onto felt. Outdoor harness, saddles, weapons were hung on the walls, smart clothes. In the yurts of wealthy Bashkirs one could find low beds with carved wooden backs. Interior decoration yurts depended on the degree of prosperity of the family: the richer it was, the more numerous, more colorful were household items. The decoration of special guest yurts was luxurious. The entire floor was covered with carpets here, the walls were decorated. Quilted bedding and pillows were laid out on top of them. On a stand at the entrance there was a vessel with koumiss, ladles for treats hung. Visiting guests were received in such yurts, family celebrations were celebrated. White yurts were considered the most solemn. White felt covers covered housing for receiving guests. The yurt, covered with light felt, testified to the wealth of the family. Wagons on wanderings always lined up in a row and were fenced in several pieces or all together with a fence of poles so that the cattle did not come close to the wagons. However, fences were rarely arranged in the steppe.
Chum - the dwelling of the inhabitants of the tundra Chum is the dwelling of nomadic peoples engaged in reindeer herding. In Komi-Zyryan it is called `chom`, in Nenets - `mya`, in Khanty `nyuki hot. Reindeer herders chose lighter materials for its manufacture in order to make it easier to move from one camp to another. In the old days, the chum was covered with birch bark tires `yedum`. Currently, such coatings are not used by reindeer herders. Advances in modern industry have allowed reindeer herders to use tarpaulin, which is faster to make and easier to transport. The materials for the manufacture of the plague are convenient for frequent moves, they serve to protect against external influences. In the center of the chum there is an oven, which serves as a source of heat and is adapted for cooking. The heat from the furnace rises and prevents precipitation from penetrating into the chum: they evaporate from the high temperature. In the summer, it is difficult to carry a stove, so a small `volney bi` fire is used instead, the smoke of which also repels mosquitoes. Opposite the entrance, in front of the tent, there is a `dzhadzh` shelf, on which there are icons and other items especially revered by the owners. To constantly heat their home, the owners need a large number of firewood `dog`. They are prepared in advance, brought into the chum and stacked near the exit. Both adults and children do this. The nomadic lifestyle determined the minimum of items that the family used in everyday life. The dwelling of reindeer herders is the most suitable for harsh conditions. The chum is always warm and cozy. There is nothing superfluous here and everything is adapted for life to pass in its measured rhythm, associated with constant nomadism on the tundra. In the chum device, everything is designed for quick and easy transportation, protection from negative external influences (cold, mosquitoes). The way of life of reindeer herders regulates warmth and order in the dwelling. Chum is a unique and at the same time universal dwelling for reindeer herders.
Hut-hut	Izba
Modern city houses	Cottage

Hut - common name rural houses in southern settlements Eastern Slavs: in Ukraine, as well as in Belarus and in the south of Russia. A hut is called a hut built using adobe or straw technology, or combining these types of housing construction.

Hut-hut has been a traditional dwelling of Ukraine for centuries. In the construction of the mud hut, local Construction Materials such as clay, straw, reeds, wood. The walls of a traditional mud hut consist of a frame (thin branches of a tree, or even brushwood) or mud bricks and are coated with clay (hence the name). Traditionally, the hut is whitewashed with chalk (white clay) inside and out. The hut must have shutters that close in the heat. The floor in the hut, as a rule, is earth or plank (with a high underground).

Izba - traditional dwelling of Russians. The hut was built from logs, since wood was the most affordable and convenient material for construction. The roof is sloping so that snow does not linger on it in winter. Required element each hut has a stove for heating the dwelling, so a pipe is visible above the roof.

At present, the apartment of a city dweller already in an average city is mainly provided with cold and hot water, domestic gas, has a sewerage system and is electrified.