Thrips on cereals. Wheat thrips - a dangerous enemy of wheat

The length is 1.2-2.2 mm, the body is strongly elongated, the chest is the widest in the middle, evenly tapering anteriorly and backwards; abdomen almost parallel to the ground, tapering in the posterior part, the last segment is elongated in the form of a tube; from dark brown to black. Antennae 8-segmented, 3rd segment yellowish, 5th and 6th dark; wings with additional cilia.

The eggs are white.

The larva is bright red with black or dark legs, head and antennae.

The prepupa and pupa are bright red, with transparent legs, head and antennae.

Spreading

CIS: forest-steppe and steppe zones of the European part, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia.

The larvae overwinter in the soil, in plant debris, on carrion and on wild grasses, leaves of winter cereals.

In the spring, adults hatch, which lay their eggs on the spikelet scales and the spike shaft. Flight is associated with earing of spring wheat. During the summer, it is more often found in the lower tier of plants, on the leaves. The larvae develop in the ear. Develops in one generation

Maliciousness

Damages cereals and other crops. In cereal plants, it sucks the juice from the ear. Damaged upper parts of the ear look whitish and shabby, subsequently dry out. Causes grain through and frailty of grains.

Protective Measures

• Compliance with crop rotations
• Stubble peeling and deep autumn plowing immediately after harvesting.
• Destruction of carrion.
• Insecticide treatments during the beginning of ear heading.

Bread thrips (Limothrips cerealium)

The greatest damage to cereals is caused by wheat, rye and oat thrips

wheat thrips
Haplothrips tritici Kurd.

order Thrips/Thysanoptera, family Phleotrips/Phlaeothripidae

Distributed everywhere. Damages winter and spring wheats.

An adult insect is brown or black in color, with two pairs of wings darkened at the base. The body length of wheat thrips is from one and a half to two mm. The mouthparts of thrips are sucking. Their eggs are white and very small. Thrips larvae are dark red, with two setae on the last segment.

Thrips damage spring and winter wheat, less often rye. They suck juices from wheat grains (rarely from grains of other plants) and spikelet scales, which leads to underdevelopment of the spike, as a result of which the scales become discolored and the grain becomes frail and light.

Thrips are widespread in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. These pests produce one generation per year. Thrips overwinter in the larval phase upper layers soil and partially in the root zone. In spring, thrips larvae come to the surface and turn into pronymphs. This phase lasts from one week to three and a half. Adult wheat thrips appear during the period when grain cereals are eared.

After mating, the female thrips lay their eggs on the stem of the spikelet behind the spikelet scales, in groups of several pieces each. Egg laying in thrips is stretched and can last more than a month. Egg development lasts about a week or less. The thrips larvae emerging from the eggs pass to the grain. At the end of summer - during the harvesting period, thrips larvae leave for wintering.

Adult thrips are dark brown, almost black, 1.5 - 2 mm long, have transparent fringed wings. Larvae are bright red, up to 2 mm.
Develops in 1 generation. The larvae overwinter in the surface layer of soil, stubble. Adult thrips fly out in May - June.

Their greatest number on spring wheat is observed at the beginning of cracking of the ear wrap. The eggs of the female are laid one by one or in groups of 3-5 pieces on the spikelet scales and the spike shaft. AT total the female lays 20-25 eggs. After 6-8 days, larvae hatch.

Warm, dry weather promotes the reproduction of thrips. When the moisture content of the grain is less than 40%, the larvae stop feeding and migrate to the wintering grounds.

Main harm

• Harm adults and larvae.

• Adult thrips suck the juice from the ear wrapper, the base sheet plate. The upper spikelets of the ear cease to develop and dry up.

• The larvae feed on grain, lead to its deformation (the groove of the grain expands), frailty, and its sowing qualities decrease.

Control measures

1. Deep plowing of a piece of land after harvesting and in the spring before sowing. This method of thrips control destroys up to 90% of thrips wintering in the ground.

2. The fight with the use of systemic insecticides must be carried out against adult thrips at the end of trumpeting - the beginning of heading, then a significant part of the egg-laying females die.

3. Thrips are taken into account by selection from 10 samples per field, 10 ears each. For counting open the flakes of grains.

4. Insecticide treatment is carried out if in the phases of bubbling - the beginning of heading, there are 8-10 adults / stem on crops or when mowing with an entomological net 30 adult thrips / 10 strokes, and also 40 - 50 larvae are accounted for one ear (filling - milky ripeness) thrips.

Rye thrips (Limothrips denticornis Hal)

Body length 1.3-1.5 mm. Color from black-brown to black. Wings grey-brown. Tibiae and tarsi of forelegs pale; paws medium and hind legs darker. Antennae six-segmented; prothorax slightly shorter than head; posterior corners bear one bristle each.

Larvae are pale yellow or colorless. Fertilized winged females hibernate. Wintering places are stems of wild cereals, plant remains.

The exit from the state of diapause and settlement on rye fields occurs in late April - early May, that is, 1.5-2 weeks before the start of rye heading.

The females crawl under the sheath of the upper leaves of rye, where they lay their eggs from the inside, incising the eggs with an example for each testicle in a separate depression in the tissues of the plants.

The entire development cycle of thrips occurs in the sheath of the same leaf where the eggs were laid. Fertilized females migrate to other plants, where the second (summer) generation develops in July - August.

Main harm

• Damage to rye and other cereals by larvae and adult thrips is different.

• The larvae sit in the sheath of the leaves, suck their juice, the damage is that the leaves lose chlorophyll in the upper part and become reddish white.

• Adult rye thrips damage the tops of cereal ears, thereby they turn white, underdevelop and dry out.

• The sucking of juices by thrips occurs when the ear is in the vagina.

Control measures

1. Early sowing of spring crops, stubble peeling, early deep autumn plowing of fields from under cereal crops.

2. Complete destruction of weeds on which thrips overwinter.

3. Where mass reproduction occurs, insecticides are used.

• Volley, EC
• Espero, CS

Oat thrips (Stenothrips graminum Uzel)

The body is yellowish gray; length 0.9 mm; front wings with two longitudinal veins. The larvae are yellowish-gray, the last segment of the abdomen has a spiny outgrowth.

Overwintered thrips appear on crops at the beginning of oat panicle sprouting. The females lay their eggs in the oat flakes. A week later, larvae hatch, which damage the spikelet scales, which makes them white and the grain frail. With an average number of 6-11 larvae per spikelet, the filminess increases by 17-33% (M. I. Dmitrieva). Having completed development, the larvae go into the soil for further transformation. Fledged thrips overwinter in the soil at a depth of 50-75 cm. One generation develops during the year.
Adult oat thrips up to 0.9 mm long, yellowish-gray or gray-brown. Their front wings have two, and the hind wings have one longitudinal vein. The eggs are white and small. The larvae are yellowish gray. The last abdominal segment on the upper side with subulate outgrowths.

Both adult oat thrips and larvae are harmful. Found throughout middle lane Russia and the CIS countries, almost everywhere where oats are grown. In the spring, thrips appear in the field 14-20 days before the oats begin to ear.

During the year, they develop in only one generation. Females lay 3-4 eggs per day in the tissue of glumes, inside the folded leaf until the panicle is ejected. The female's fertility is about a hundred eggs. The duration of larval development is from 7 to 10 days.

Mature larvae go into the soil to a depth of 50 cm, where they turn into a pronymph, and then into an adult insect. Adult thrips with wings do not emerge on the soil surface in autumn; on the contrary, they descend even deeper into the soil, where they remain until the end of the next spring.

Most adult thrips hibernate in the ground at a depth of up to 750 mm.

Main harm

• Adult thrips feed on spikelet scales and flower films of oats and wild oats.

• The larvae damage the grain.

• From the sucking of thrips larvae, the spikelet scales turn brown, the grain becomes lethargic and resembles ripened grain.

Control measures

1. Most effective way control of oat thrips are early dates sowing. Sowing must be done before the thrips return from wintering.
2. Insecticide treatment.

Bibliography:

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Thrips are small insects that damage various plant crops. Wheat, rye and oat thrips cause the greatest damage to cereals. Wheat thrips. An adult insect of brown or black color, with two pairs of wings, ...

Thrips are small insects that damage various plant crops. Wheat, rye and oat thrips cause the greatest damage to cereals.

Wheat thrips.
An adult insect is brown or black in color, with two pairs of wings darkened at the base. The body length of wheat thrips is from one and a half to two mm. The mouthparts of thrips are sucking. Their eggs are white and very small. Thrips larvae are dark red, with two setae on the last segment.

Thrips damage spring and winter wheat, less often rye. They suck juices from wheat grains (rarely from grains of other plants) and spikelet scales, which leads to underdevelopment of the spike, as a result of which the scales become discolored and the grain becomes frail and light.

Thrips are widespread in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. These pests produce one generation per year. Thrips overwinter in the larval phase in the upper layers of the soil and partly in the root zone. In spring, thrips larvae come to the surface and turn into pronymphs. This phase lasts from one week to three and a half. Adult wheat thrips appear during the period when grain cereals are eared.

After mating, the female thrips lay their eggs on the spike stem behind the spikelet scales, in groups of several pieces each. Egg laying in thrips is stretched and can last more than a month. Egg development lasts about a week or less. The thrips larvae emerging from the eggs pass to the grain. At the end of summer - during the harvesting period, thrips larvae leave for wintering.

An effective measure to combat wheat thrips is deep plowing of a piece of land after harvesting and in the spring before sowing. This method of thrips control destroys up to 90% of thrips wintering in the ground. There are also various chemicals but most of them are toxic.

Rye thrips.
Rye thrips are black-brown insects, about 1.5 mm long. The males of these insects are wingless. Thrips females lay white, very small eggs. The larvae are pale yellow, about 2 mm long. Thrips damage the rye by sucking out the juices, causing the tops of the ears to die off. From sucking larvae top part the leaf becomes discolored (whitens) or reddens.

Measures to combat rye thrips: deep plowing of the land at the edges of the site, as well as ditches on roadsides, complete destruction of weeds on which these thrips overwinter.

Oat thrips.
Adult oat thrips up to 0.9 mm long, yellowish-gray or gray-brown. Their front wings have two, and the hind wings have one longitudinal vein. Thrips eggs are white and small. Thrips larvae are yellowish-gray in color. The last abdominal segment on the upper side with subulate outgrowths. Both adult oat thrips and larvae are harmful.

Adult thrips feed on spikelet scales and flower films of oats and wild oats, while larvae also damage grain. From the sucking of thrips larvae, the spikelet scales turn brown, the grain becomes lethargic and resembles ripened grain.

It is found throughout central Russia and the CIS countries, almost everywhere where oats are grown. In oat thrips, only one generation develops during the year. In the spring, thrips appear in the field 14-20 days before the oats begin to ear.

Females lay 3-4 eggs per day in the tissue of glumes, inside the folded leaf until the panicle is ejected. The female's fertility is about a hundred eggs. The duration of development of the larvae of oat thrips is from 7 to 10 days.

Mature larvae go into the soil to a depth of 50 cm, where they turn into a pronymph, and then into an adult insect. Adult thrips with wings do not emerge on the soil surface in autumn; on the contrary, they descend even deeper into the soil, where they remain until the end of the next spring.

Most adult thrips hibernate in the ground at a depth of up to 750 mm.

Measures to combat oat thrips are the same as with the first two species. And the most effective way to deal with oat thrips is early sowing. Sowing must be done before the thrips return from wintering.

The fight against weeds in crops in the fields of the region has been completed, but it is too early to put the spraying equipment into storage. It's time to continue the fight now with pests and diseases.

Pests are almost always present in the field. However, they pose a threat only if their number exceeds the threshold of harmfulness or the total number of several objects is high. Now in crops of wheat it is possible to meet many wreckers. These are bedbugs - turtles and horseflies, as well as wheat thrips, sawflies, aphids, flies - Hessian, Swedish, green-eyed, mining; bread bugs, cicadas, owls. They occur in various stages: adult insects, eggs, larvae (caterpillars), pupae. There may be several generations per season. But the most numerous of them wheat thrips. How to deal with this pest in an interview with Lyubov Ponomareva, candidate of agricultural sciences, representative of Bayer KAZ LLP.

- The attitude of farmers to thrips is very controversial. Many believe that it is not necessary to fight it. Is it so?

- Those who consider thrips to be harmless often simply underestimate its harmfulness, and when they see that part of the spikelets in the ear does not develop during the “heading - flowering” period, they believe that the weather is to blame for everything - this is the fuse (or seizure) of grain. In fact, this is a joint “work” of thrips and weather conditions.

By mid-June, wheat thrips come out after wintering in wheat stubble. The mass exit usually lasts 4-5 days, however, less active individuals can go out for another two weeks. Adult thrips concentrate at the base of the leaves and suck the juice out of them. Later, during the progress of the ear along the stem and the cracking of the leaf wrap, the pest rushes inward and feeds on the juice of the forming organs of the ear. Thrips damage spikelet and flower scales, the core; as a result, the ear loses turgor and becomes lethargic. With the massive colonization of plants with thrips, the spikelets and the stem can be damaged even in the leaf axil. Its harmfulness increases sharply in hot weather: an ear with a damaged stem breaks and dries up under the action of a dry wind when it leaves the flag leaf, the higher-lying spikelets turn yellow and do not yield. In addition, with strong gusts of wind, characteristic of our climatic conditions, thrips settles in neighboring areas, and by the beginning of earing of wheat it is found everywhere in crops.

Egg laying coincides with the beginning of earing of wheat. After 6-8 days, small yellowish larvae appear. Even before flowering, they penetrate the wheat flowers and damage the stamens and pistils. Thrips larvae live in one flower for 3-5 days, and then move to another with a normally developing caryopsis and damage it already. During this time, thrips turn from yellowish to red. The population of ears with larvae of wheat thrips is quite high, reaching from 30 to 100 or more insects per 1 ear, especially on late varieties of soft and durum wheat. As a result of damage by thrips in the conditions of the steppe regions of Kazakhstan, through a grain of wheat, it is distributed over fairly large areas.

How long should it take to get rid of this pest?

- The fight against adult thrips can be started from the moment of mass exit from wintering, in mid-June. At this time, chemical weeding is carried out in the fields. And from about June 15, you can add to the tank mixture contact insecticide. When wheat begins to crack the wrapper in the tubing phase, it is better to work with an insecticide. systemic action.

The situation may develop in such a way that in the fields sown on a non-stubble predecessor, the number of thrips was initially single and there was no need to work during the period of chemical weeding, and later, to heading, there was a flight from neighboring fields. There is a threat of damage to the generative organs and the emerging grain by larvae. In this case, it is necessary to work with a systemic insecticide. To date, it is possible to work with a tank mix of insecticide and fungicide to simultaneously control adult thrips, their larvae and wheat diseases.

- Which insecticide is better to choose?

– Insecticides, which are most often used to control pests in our fields, are divided into 2 groups: synthetic pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. P irethroids are drugs contact-intestinal action and do not move within the plant. Neonicotinoids - drugs systemic action.

When choosing an insecticide, be sure to consider the following:

1. The habitat of the pest is openly living or hidden living.
2. Harmful phase and type of nutrition. For example, many drugs do not work on eggs and pupae.
3. The speed of the onset of the effect and the duration of the action.
4. Hazard class of the insecticide, its impact on the environment.

AT modern conditions requirements are increasing and more and more often they note the anti-resistant properties of the insecticide, ease of application, that is, the possibility of working in tank mixtures, as well as the stability of the insecticidal effect during sudden temperature changes, the absence of a residual amount of pesticide in products, and so on.

Each active substance has certain properties. However, drugs that have the same active ingredient in their composition have individual capabilities, and differ in their preparative form and concentration. This is due to the fact that in addition to the active ingredient, the preparations may include other components (emulsifiers, adhesives, antifoams, solvents, etc., up to 15-20 items) and the formulation is individually developed by the manufacturer.

- What specifically can be recommended against wheat thrips?

- To combat wheat thrips during the tillering-booting period, it is better to work with the original branded contact-intestinal insecticide "Decis Expert". Due to its uniqueness, "Decis Expert" is one of the most popular drugs from the group of pyrethroids. Today, the drug is registered in more than 100 countries around the world and successfully protects over 300 crops from pests. It meets modern requirements for insecticides: high biological effectiveness against target objects and low impact on useful entomofauna. The target objects are locusts, thrips, caterpillars, various flea beetles, leaf beetles, aphids and other pests.

If the pest is already hiding in spikelet scales, then it is better to use the Konfidor systemic insecticide, which is able to provide another auxiliary positive function: plant resistance to stresses, such as drought, flooding or extreme temperature fluctuations, increases. This drug is highly effective against both adult thrips and larvae.

- Are there any peculiarities directly when spraying against thrips?

– Given the small size of thrips, when spraying, it is necessary to ensure good coverage plants with drops of a working solution, especially when using contact preparations. Spraying is best done in the morning or evening when thrips are active. When treated at night and in conditions of low humidity and high air temperatures, adult thrips hide behind the leaf axils. To reduce economic costs To combat thrips, insecticides can be used in conjunction with herbicides or fungicides. But it is recommended to do a test, because in each case the water quality (hardness, temperature, microflora content ...) is different.

Let me remind you once again that an indicator of the need to use insecticides is the economic thresholds of harmfulness (EPV). For row crops, the EPV is 8-10 adult thrips per stem or 40-50 larvae per ear in the phase of grain formation and filling.

systematic position.

Class Insecta, order Thysanoptera, suborder Tubulifera, family Phloethripidae, tribe Haplothripini, genus Haplothrips.

biological group

Pests of grain crops.

Morphology and biology.

The body is elongated, thin, black-brown to black. Head length 1.1–1.2 times its width. The eyes are dark brown, almost black, large, occupying from 1/3 to 1/2 of the length of the head. 2nd antennal segment yellowish brown in apical part, 3rd yellow, darkened before apex, bearing two sensilla, 4th yellowish at base and lateral, 5th yellowish brown only at extreme base. Fore tibia yellow except for base and margins; fore tarsus yellow. Wings with 5-8 additional cilia, transparent, darkened at the base. The length of the female is 1.5-2.2 mm, the male is 1.2-1.3 mm. In a number of areas, thelytoky is registered (males are rare and practically do not participate in reproduction), in others - arrhenotoky (the sex ratio is close to 1:1). The egg is pale orange, oblong-oval, 0.5-0.6 mm long. The adult larva is bright red, with two bristles at the end of the abdomen. One generation develops per year. The larvae overwinter in the soil and stubble. In spring, they rise to the surface, where a complex metamorphosis occurs (pronymph, nymph I, nymph II, imago). In some larvae, metamorphosis can take place in the soil. Adults have underdeveloped ovaries and need additional nutrition. The fertility of the female is 13-30 eggs. Eggs develop 6-11 days. The 1st instar larva is greenish-yellow, becoming reddish after a few hours, and bright red after the first molt. The second molt occurs after wintering.

Spreading.

A species widely distributed in the steppe and forest-steppe zone, belonging to the European-Siberian faunistic complex. On the territory b. The USSR lives in the European part, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia. Outside b. the USSR is distributed in Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa.

Ecology.

The spring emergence of larvae from wintering places usually begins when the soil warms up from 8°C and above. The period of metamorphosis is greatly extended (about a month). Adult thrips appear at the beginning of the earing of winter crops, usually in May-June. As the cereals develop, winter rye is first populated, then winter wheat. The most intensive flight coincides with the beginning of earing of spring wheat, where the main mass of adults is concentrated. Migrations occur with air currents at a height of 1.5-2 m. Most often, adults feed behind the sheath of the penultimate leaf, sucking juices from the most tender part of the ear involucre. Eggs are laid in groups of 4-8 pieces, less often singly, usually on inside glumes and on the spike shaft. The duration of the laying period is 25-35 days. The larvae first feed on juice from the glumes and flower films, then on the juice of caryopses. The maximum number of larvae falls on the period of milky ripeness. With the onset of wax ripeness, the larvae begin to leave the ears. The main fodder plants are winter and spring wheat, rye, wheatgrass and some other cereals; most favorable conditions for development are created on spring wheat. The increase in abundance is facilitated by dry and warm weather during earing and flowering of wheat (the period of laying eggs of adults and the beginning of feeding of larvae); both prolonged air drought and cool rainy weather are unfavorable. Hot dry weather at the end of summer is also unfavorable, which contributes to the rapid ripening of grain and, accordingly, to a reduction in the feeding period of larvae. AT spring period larvae undergoing metamorphosis die from the action of high temperatures and lack of moisture. In autumn and spring, many larvae die in rainy weather, which favors the development of entomopathogenic fungi of the river. Entomophora and Beauveria bassiana. Predatory thrips r. Aelothrips, predatory bugs, ladybugs, lacewing larvae, predatory ground beetles and rove beetles, ktyrs. In the period before wintering, the larvae are able to penetrate the soil to a depth of 10-20 cm or more (up to 90 cm).

Economic value.

It strongly harms wheat, especially spring wheat, with which it is most closely associated life cycle. To a lesser extent, it harms winter rye, barley and other cereals. Harm both adults and larvae (the latter are usually more harmful), causing partial or complete white head, drying of the top of the vaginal leaf, through the grain, shriveling of the grains. With mass reproductions, the density of larvae per crop can reach 200 or more individuals per 1 ear (Tansky, 1962). According to V.I. Tansky, even slightly damaged by larvae grain loses 5-7% of its weight, and heavily damaged - 15-31% or more. In contrast to the harmful turtle, the flour-grinding and baking qualities of grain damaged by thrips do not deteriorate, but the sowing qualities of seeds decrease. Protective measures: timely, in a short time, separate harvesting of grain; early autumn plowing, thorough pre-sowing cultivation of fallow, sowing wheat in a short time; compliance with crop rotation; cultivation early ripe varieties wheat; expansion of crops under row crops. At emergency- chemical treatments (especially on seed crops).