French is the indefinite personal pronoun on. Pronouns EN and Y

Personal pronouns in French are divided into independent and verbal.

Independent personal pronouns always have their own stress and are called stressed. They can be used independently (without a verb), performing the function of a subject in a sentence, a nominal part of a compound predicate, a direct and indirect object:

Qui veut repondre? — Moi.

Independent forms:

Independent personal pronouns in the function of the subject are used:

In incomplete sentences without a verb:
Qui saura le faire? — Moi. Who can do it? - I.
To logically highlight the subject, which is expressed by the verbal personal pronoun:
Moi, je saurai le faire. - I can do that.
When a sentence has two subjects, at least one of which is expressed by a pronoun:
Lui et moi, nous sommes des amis. “He and I are friends.
In exclamatory or interrogative sentences with a subject expressed in an indefinite form of the verb, and also when the pronoun acts as a subject participle:
Moi, la punir? Should I punish her?
As the preceding word of the relative pronoun:
Moi qui faisais de mon mieux! I, who tried my best!

Independent personal pronouns in the complement function are used:

To logically highlight the object expressed by the verbal personal pronoun:
Je le connais bien, lui. — I know him well.
In the prepositional object function:
Il est content de moi. - He is pleased with me.
When two objects belong to a verb, of which at least one object is expressed by a pronoun:
On invite toi et lui. “I invite both you and him.
After que in negative construction ne...que:
Ils n'aiment que lui. They love only him.
When comparing:
Elle est plus intelligente que lui. She is smarter than him.

Pronoun le represents any phenomenon, action, quality, expressed with the help of an adjective, an indefinite form of a verb, a sentence and can replace:

whole sentence: Il fait mauvais, je le vois. — Bad weather, I can see it.
nominal part of the predicate: Etes-vous contents? — nous les sommes. You are satisfied? Yes, we are happy.

Indefinite personal pronoun on used to refer to one or more people. It is used only as a subject, while the verb is put in the third person singular. Design with on corresponds in Russian to an indefinite personal form: they say, consider, decide, say, etc.:
On dit que son fils est malade. They say that his son is sick.

In colloquial speech on can replace the pronoun of any person:

Nous le savons or on le sait. — We know it.

reflexive pronoun soi replaces the forms lui, elle, eux, elles if the statement is general:
Il faut tout faire soi-même ici. Here you have to do everything yourself.

Pronoun soi performs the function of a direct or indirect object in a sentence. It is used when the subject is expressed:

indefinite pronouns on, chacun(everyone), personne(none), tout le monde(all): On n'est bien que chez soi. - It's good only at home.
in a word of generalized meaning: L'égoïste ne pense qu'à soi. The egoist thinks only of himself.

Personal pronoun y replaces an indirect object denoting an inanimate object and expressed by a noun with a preposition à or sur:
Nous pensons a cette rencontre. Nous y pensons. We are thinking about this meeting. We think about her.

Also pronoun y can replace the whole sentence introduced by the preposition à :
Nous pensons à ce que nous avons fait. Nous y pensons. We are thinking about what we have done. We are thinking about it.

When it comes to living things, then the pronoun y practically not used.

Personal pronoun en can replace:

animate and inanimate noun as a direct object:
J'ai une soeur. J'en ai une. - I have a sister. I have it.
J'ai fait de la confiture de fraises. J'en ai fait. — I made strawberry jam. I welded it.
J'ai trois soeurs. J'en ai trois. - I have three sisters. I have three.
inanimate noun as an indirect object with a preposition de:
Etes-vous content de ce travail. Oui, j'en suis content. Are you satisfied with this job? Yes, I'm happy with her.
noun object introduced by a preposition de. In this case en has a possessive meaning:
La maison etait fermee. Joseph m'en a ouvert la porte. - The house was closed. Joseph opened his door for me.
sentence-addition introduced by a preposition de:
Je suis certain de ce que vous ferez bien ce travail. J'en suis certain. “I'm sure you'll do a good job of this. I am sure about that.

verbal pronouns are auxiliary forms, since they always stand with the verb, indicating the subject or object of the action. They form one rhythmic group with the verb and are usually not stressed. Therefore, they are called unstressed personal pronouns.

Personal verbal pronouns have forms corresponding to the nominative, accusative and dative cases in Russian, and perform the functions of a subject and a direct or indirect object in a sentence:

is he sees/ subject

I his see/ direct object (action object)

I him give a book/ indirect object (direct object is "book")

Subject		direct complement (accusative)	indirect addition (dative)
Singular
1st person 2nd person 3rd person	je- I tu- you il- is he elle- she is	me- me te- you le- his la- her	me- to me te- you lui- him lui- her
Plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person	nous- we vous- you ils, elles- they	nous- us vous- you les- them	nous- us vous- to you leur- them

Place of personal verbal pronouns

In the affirmative and negative forms, personal unstressed pronouns used in the role subject, are placed before the verb and can be separated from it only by auxiliary words (verbal pronouns, auxiliary adverbs, negative particle ne):

Jelis. Il ecoute. I am reading. He is listening.

Je ne pense pas a ses mots. I don't think about his words.

In the interrogative form, the subject pronoun comes after the verb:

Va-t-il à l'école? - He is going to school?

Pronoun il can replace a person or object, but in some cases it acts only as a formal subject that introduces an impersonal verb:

Il neige. - Snowing.

I fait froid. - Cold.

Verbal pronouns used as direct and indirect objects are placed before the verb:

Je vous cherry. - I've been looking for you.

Only in the affirmative form of the imperative mood, pronouns in the complement function come after the verb, and the unstressed form me replaced by percussive form moi:

Montrez-moi votre devoir! - Show me your written work!

In the case when an unstressed pronoun comes after the verb, a dash is placed between them.

If you liked it, share it with your friends:

: on, quelqu'un, quelque chose and their equivalents in Russian.

a. The indefinite personal meaning of the French pronoun on in Russian is conveyed by the form of the 3rd person plural of the present tense of the verb:

Ne sais-tu donc pas que Рậris а enlevé Hélène? "Don't you know that Paris kidnapped Helen?"

On vient de te le dire. Et après? - I just about this said. So what?

The equivalent of the pronoun on in an indefinitely personal meaning can be the pronoun someone:

On vous demand. You someone asks. (You are being asked.)

b. The generalized personal meaning of on in Russian is mainly conveyed by the 2nd person singular form of the verb:

Aves les vieux, dit le maire, un rien les vexe, on ne sait jamais comment s'y prendre. “Oh, those old people,” said the mayor, the slightest trifle offends them, never you do not know how to them

step up.

A sentence with the French pronoun on in a generalized personal meaning can correspond to an impersonal Russian sentence:

Mon capitaine, replique Léle quand on est prosonnier il faut s'evader. Le devoir est là - Captain, objected Lele, - the prisoner needs run. This is his duty.

My works:

In some rare cases, a generalized meaning can be conveyed by the plural form of the 3rd person:

ses amis, aboutn les choisit, disaient les Poissonnard, la famille, on la sublt. - These are friends choose, said the Poissonards, but relatives are tolerated.

In a generalized sense, the memtonoun on in French can be used in maxims, aphorisms. It corresponds in Russian to the words man, people:

On est accessible à la flatterie dans la mesure où soi-meme on se flatte. Man sensitive to flattery to the extent that is he flatters himself.

in. In colloquial language, the pronoun on can replace in French the subject of the action of any person, most often the first plural. Its equivalent is the corresponding personal pronoun:

—Que Fait— aboutn par ici, Mademoiselle? - What you doing here, mademoiselle?

Indefinite French pronounquelqu‘ un.

a. Quelqu‘ un in the meaning of "it doesn't matter who" in Russian corresponds to the indefinite pronoun somebody:

Après le doner quelqu‘un se mettait au piano, et tout le monde chantait en chœur. - After dinner anyone sat down at the piano and everyone sang in unison.

b. In the meaning of "a person unknown to the speaker", the equivalent of the French pronoun quelqu‘ un- someone:

On entend quelqu'un marcher dans le jardin. Hear how someone walks in the garden.

in. Pronoun quelqu‘ un in French it can have a generalizing or distinguishing meaning. The corresponding equivalents are man, (one) man. Let's compare:

Quelqu'un d'honnete n'agirait pas ainsi. Decent Human would not have done so.

Quelqu'un aurait ru m'aider: Jacques. There is one) Human, who could help me: Jacques.

d. As a nominal component of the compound predicate, the pronoun quelqu'un has the meaning in French of "an outstanding, morally or socially significant person." The lexical equivalents of this value are determined by the context:

Ton ami, c'est quelqu‘ un! Your friend, it's a personality! (moral plane)

notre chef, c‘ estquelqu‘ un! Our boss this is a figure! (social

French indefinite pronoun quelquechose

a. Indefinite personal pronoun quelquechose in the meaning of "it doesn't matter what" corresponds to the Russian pronoun something:

S'il lui etait arrive quelque chose, il m'aurait écrit. If with him anything happened, he would have written to me.

b. In the meaning of "something not known to the speaker" by the equivalent quelquechose serves as the Russian pronoun something:

Je suis sur qu'il lui est arrivé quelque chose. I'm sure with him thuo-then It happened.

in. Being the nominal part of the compound predicate, quelquechose in spoken language can replace morphologically different words: 1) inanimate nouns; 2) animate nouns; 3) adjectives and adverbs in the construction "c'est quelque chose", referring to the whole sentence.

In the first case, quelque chose means "important, significant object or phenomenon":

Une somme pareille, c'est quelque chose! Such an amount is something!

In the second case, quelque chose means "important, distinguished person":

Il se croit quelque chose. He fancies himself important person.

The expression "c'est quelque chose!" is of value. Its Russian equivalents are determined by the context: This is amazing, amazing, too much, too much, etc.:

Il n'est jamais là, quand on a besoin de lui. C'est quelque chose, quand meme! He is never there when he is needed. It's too much! (This is too much!).

Features of the French indefinite personal pronoun on

Traditionally, the whole variety of French pronouns is divided into / ordered within the following main types / categories: Pronoms personnels (je / tu / toi / lui ...) - personal / Pronoms possessifs (le mien / le sien / la tienne / les tiens ...) - possessive / Pronoms reflechis (Se / soi) - reflexive / Pronoms interrogatifs (qui/lequel / laquelle / auquel ...) - interrogative / Pronoms relatifs (que / quoi / laquelle / lesquels ...) - relative / Pronoms demonstratifs (celui / celle / ceux ... )-indicative/Pronoms indefinis (aucun/chaque/quelque…)-indefinite.

At the same time, the difficulty of the French language lies in the fact that here we can observe the presence of certain pronominal units, which will be difficult to unequivocally attribute to one of the categories / categories declared by us above. A prominent representative of such controversial units is French pronoun on , which linguists often refer to as a mixed type and is positioned as an indefinite personal pronominal unit.

The fact is that this (usually untranslatable into Russian) pronoun is used in French exclusively in the function of the subject and in the meaning of one of the personal pronouns (combines it with the characteristics of personal pronominal units) in conjunction with a verbal unit, which is necessarily in the form of a third person - singular (on+verbe-3 personne/singulier), while presenting/pointing to an object/person as generalized/indefinite (a characteristic of units of an indefinite type-On parle-speak (=someone/someone speaks)).

Thus, the main features of the French indefinite personal pronoun on suggest the possibility of its use, provided that it does not indicate the person performing this or that action / deed.:

On+dit=tell

On+bien voit=see well

On+éprouve un remords=remorseful

It is easy to see that in Russian correspondences there will be no subject (on is not translated), and the verbal unit will no longer be used in the singular (as in French), but in the plural.

When the pronoun on is used in French in conjunction with willows like sait / doit / peut, etc., such constructions will be translated into Russian by sentences of an impersonal type:

on+voit=visible

on+doit=should/should

on+sait=known

In the construction of negations with the pronoun on, the following scheme is usually observed: on+ne-1st negation+verbe-3 personne/singulier+pas-2nd negation+….

On+ne+perd+pas pied ici. (They don't lose ground here.)

On+ne+se grise+pas ici. (They don't get drunk here.)

Interestingly, in colloquial French speech, this indefinite personal unit on can be used in the function/meaning of any personal pronoun (usually in the meaning of nous = we). At the same time, the form 3 personne/singulier of the verbal unit following it is still preserved.:

On+fait une promenade digestive. (Let's go after lunch).

On+va bien aujourd'hui? (So how are you feeling today?

On+reste dans son petit coin et l'on+observe. (Here you sit in your corner and watch).

On+ne éprouve beaucoup de difficultés. ((Let's) not face much difficulty)

On+se crop quand? (When will we meet?)

In rare cases, in French one can come across examples when the element l' is placed before the indefinitely personal on, which in fact at the present stage of the development of the language does not carry any semantic potential and its application (as a rule, within the framework of official/sublime communication) depends only on the desire of the speaker, expressing the intention to make the speech more colorful / euphonious.-

Lorsque l'on + a considere + les proprietes de ... (When we considered the properties ...)

Usually the l'+on structure used in French in the following cases:

in postposition to short service-type words ending in a vowel (ou-or/et-i/quoi-what/où-where/si-if, etc.):

C'est un endroit+où+l'on+éprouve un remords. (This is the place where you feel remorse).

Today we will talk about the indefinite personal pronoun On in French. In French, it has a special meaning, as it greatly simplifies speech and saves time.

The pronoun On can replace other pronouns or names, which is why the French love to use it in speech.

How and where to use the pronoun On?

The pronoun On is used when the person performing the action is not indicated in the speech (there is no subject in Russian in this case). After this pronoun, the verb is used in the third person singular:

On parle - They say.
On peut. - Can.
Onvoit. - It is seen.
On ne fume pas ici. - Herenotsmoke.
On dit que vousê tes millionnaire. - They say, whatyoumillionaire.
On chante magnifique. - Perfectlysing.

The pronoun On can be used instead of personal pronouns - je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles.

On instead of je is used (quite rarely) in university essays and theses:

On tente d'aborder le problemème…. (jetente). I'm trying to address the issue...
On est conscient de la difficulté de… (je suis conscient). I understand the difficulty...

On instead of tu is used when referring to children or when in doubt to refer to "you" or "you":

Alors, mon petit, on a bien mange? (tuasbienmange). “So, my little one, have you eaten well?”
Eh bien, mon enfant, on a été sage aujourd'hui? - So, childmy, youwasobedienttoday?

On instead of il, elle (meaning "quelqu'un - someone"):

Onm'aenseigne (quelqu'un)… – (He) taught me (someone).
Onapartagecegâ teauavecmoi. – (He) shared a cake with me (someone).

On in the meaning of nous (used most often, in the main conversation):

On y va? (nous y allons?) - Welet's gothere?
On commencement à travailler maintenant. - BUTnowbeginwork.

On instead of vous is used when we don’t know how to address the interlocutor, “you” or “you”:

On se concentre! (concentrez vous). - Concentrate!
Est-ce qu'on veut du café? – (You) would like some coffee?

On instead of ils, elles, as in the case of il, elle, on means "some people", as an indefinite pronoun, or certain persons ils, elles.

Au parlement on a vote contre cette loi. (ils,lesparlementaires). - The parliament voted against this law (they, parliamentarians).
Onaproposed'alleraucinema(ilsontpropose). - They suggested going to the cinema (someone, they suggested).

The use of the pronoun On in speech

Use of the form L'on

In some cases, the French put l' before On. In modern French, this l 'means nothing and is used at the request of the speaker (usually in a sublime, official speech) and is used solely for the beauty of sound.

L' is placed before On :

After short service words ending in a vowel sound: