H / HH in participles and verbal adjectives

Spelling Н or НН in passive participles is one of those rules that regularly make mistakes in dictations, essays and tests.

First of all, remember the rule: In the suffixes of full passive participles, two letters H are written, for example, CUT TREES. In the suffixes of short passive participles, one letter H is written, for example, TREES HAVE BEEN CUT.

But since full passive participles are sometimes very similar to adjectives, to avoid mistakes, it is useful to remember four conditions under which two letters H are written:

1) the sacrament has a prefix (except NOT-), for example, DRIED MUSHROOMS;

2) the participle was formed from the verb of the perfect form, for example, SOLVED PROBLEM - from the verb DECIDE (what to do? - perfect form);

3) the participle has dependent words, for example, DRIED (where?) MUSHROOMS IN THE OVEN;

4) The participle is formed from the verb using the suffixes -OVA- or -EVA-, for example, EXCITED PERSON.

If a word does not have any of these features, then it is spelled with one N.

In addition, there are several words with two letters H, the spelling of which must be learned in the same way as we memorize the words-exceptions: UNSEEN, UNHEARD, UNEXPECTED, UNGUESSED, UNINTENDED, WANTED, PRECIOUS, SACRED, SMOOTH.

Reasoning patterns

(1) How many N should be written in the participle from the phrase LAUNCHING GARDEN? First of all, you need to see if the sacrament has a prefix. In our case, there is a prefix, which means that this word must be written with two N: NEGLECTED GARDEN.

(2) How many N should be written in the participle from the phrase BROKEN LOOK? First of all, we look to see if the sacrament has a prefix. In our example, the participle does not have a prefix, therefore, the next step is to determine the type of verb from which this participle was formed. BROOCHE_NY was formed from the verb TO THROW (what to do?) This verb is perfective, which means that in the participle you need to write two letters H: LOOKING OUT.

(3) How many N should be written in the participle from the phrase OVEN Roast FISH? The participle in this phrase has dependent words: HEAT (where?) IN THE OVEN. Therefore, in the sacrament it is necessary to write two letters H: FISH ROASTED IN THE OVEN.

(4) How many H should be written in the participle from the phrase ASPHALTED HIGHWAY? Since this participle has the suffix -OVA-, two letters H must be written in it: ASPHALTED HIGHWAY.

(5) How many N should be written in the word WEAVING from the phrase WEAVING BASKET? Since it has no prefix, no dependent words, no suffixes -OVA- or -EVA-, and also because it was formed from the verb of the imperfect form WEAVING (what to do?), You need to write one letter H: WITTED BASKET.

AN EXERCISE

“How can I not love him?” she said to herself, delving into his frightened and at the same time delighted look.

Levin immediately thought of this, but, in spite of this, he decided that Sviazhsky's views of him were only his baseless assumption ...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

Well, an uninvited guest,
Perhaps the father will come in!
I ask you to serve the young lady in love_n oh!

Scarlet ribbons were woven into her
In two blond braids,
Flowers, outfits brought
Unseen beauty.

Who wants to welcome us, if you please;
The door is open for the called and the uninvited...
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")

Parsley, you are always with a new thing,
With a torn elbow.
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")

... Information was requested from the hostile ministry about the measures that have been applied in the last decade ...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

And that consumptive, relative to you, enemy of books,
In the academic committee that settled ...
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")

And then she thinks -
God knows why
That the starry sky is sand
Sprinkled leaf,
Constantly day and night on the road
A marvelously well-coordinated carriage ...
(N. A. Nekrasov, "Russian Women")

Levin always came to Moscow agitated, hurried, a little embarrassed and irritated by this embarrassment, and for the most part with a completely new, unexpected outlook on things.
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

No, in this cut down forest
I won't be lured
Where there were oaks to heaven
And now the stumps are sticking out!
(Nekrasov, "Russian Women")

He drove to the fortress ballet on many wagons
From mothers, fathers of rejected children?!
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")

Stepan Arkadyevitch had already gone downstairs, undressed, washed again, put on a frilled nightgown and lay down ... (Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

You will come to Nerchinsk if you
The road won't kill you.
Hardly four miles an hour
Zakova_n is coming ...
(N. A. Nekrasov, "Russian Women")

With a face mutilated with passion, pale and with a trembling lower jaw, Vronsky hit her in the stomach with his heel and again began pulling on the reins...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

Darya Alexandrovna's eyes widened at this elegant, unseen carriage...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

Finally married his daughter
I took it - shish, in the service - nothing.
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")

She remembered how she almost told a confession that her husband's young subordinate had made to her in Petersburg...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

Towards dinner they arrived: Alexei Alexandrovich's old cousin ... ... and one young man recommended to Alexei Alexandrovich for service.
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

To the pen from the cards? and to the cards from the pen?
And the appointed hour for the ebb and flow?
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")

I'm running, I won't look back, I'll go looking around the world,
Where there is a corner for offended feeling! ..
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")

Stepan Arkadyevitch ... in this playful courtship ... and accidentally went so far that he no longer knew how to get back ...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)

What is the politest name for such people?
Tenderer? - he is a man of the world,
Notorious swindler, rogue:
Anton Antonych Zagoretsky.
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")

For the fact that he softened the angry guest,
I wanted to compliment.
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")

You sit for an hour
Unoppressed, cheerful mind
Working meanwhile...
(N. A. Nekrasov, "Russian Women")

In adjectives, one letter H is written in suffixes -IN-, -AN-, -YANG-.

For example: swan(in suffix -IN - one letter H is written) leather(in suffix

-AN- one letter H is written) woolen(in suffix -YAN- one letter H is written.

Remembering three suffixes in which one letter H is written is very easy. Need to know p the first letter of the alphabet and the last - A and Z. We add one letter H to them and get suffixes - AN, YING, YANG .

You can learn a rhyme that will help you remember the suffixes of adjectives that are written with one letter N.

For adjectives long ago

Written in scholarly books

When AN, YING, YANG, then H is one

And no more excess.

Suffix -IN- called "animal". With the help suffix IN adjectives are formed from animate nouns denoting animals, insects, birds.

MOUSE IN YY = MOUSE + IN

MOSQUITO IN YY \u003d KOMAR + IN

Nightingale IN YY \u003d Nightingale + IN

In adjectives MOUSE IN YY,MOSQUITO IN OY, NIGHTINGALING IN YY the "animal" suffix is ​​written - IN - with one letter N.

Suffixes - AN-, -YAN - are written in the names of adjectives denoting the material from which the object is made:

SKIN AN YY \u003d SKIN + AN

PESC AN YY \u003d SAND + AN

SILVER YAN YY = SILVER + YANG

WOOL YAN OH = WOOL + YAN

CLAY YAN YY \u003d CLAY + YAN

Adjectives SKIN AN YY, SAND AN YY, SILVER YAN YY , WOOL YAN OH CLAY YAN YH are written with one letter H, since the suffix in them begins with the letters AND I .

Three adjectives should be remembered, the suffix of which begins with the letter I, but the letters H in it are written not one, but two. These are the exception words: TREE YANN YY, TIN YANN GLASS YANN YY.

The following riddle about WINDOW:

glass surface, wooden frame, pewter handle.

2. Two letters НН in adjective suffixes

Two letters H are written in the names of adjectives whose suffixes begin with the letter O or E. For example, EDITORIALS HE N YY, TRADITIONS HE N YY, STRAW ENN YY, CRANBERRY ENN YY.

Remember suffix - HE N- helps with HH UN - United Nations.

It is known that suffix - HE N- - UN fanatic.

It strives to be as similar to the UN as possible in everything. True, the difference between them is immediately noticeable: the suffix has - HE N- two H's, and his UN idol has two O's.

With the suffix - HE N -, in which two letters H are written, adjectives are formed most often foreign origin. For example, COMMISSION HE N EDITORIAL HE N YY, TRADITIONS HE N YY, REVOLUTION HE N YY

Two letters H are written in the suffix -ENN-.

Adjectives with the suffix - ENN- most often formed from nouns whose stem ends in several consonants: ARTS ENN YY, CRANBERRY ENN YY, LIFE ENN YY, FIRE ENN OH, ILLNESS ENN YY.

In Russian, there is an exception word, the suffix of which begins with the letter E, but the letters N in it are written not two, but one. This word is WINDY.

WINDY DAY

WINDY YOUTH

In the word WINDY, one letter H is written!

However, if the prefix WITHOUT appears in the word WINDY, then two letters H are written according to the rule.

WINDLESS NIGHT (there is a prefix in the word)

Remember the spelling of words WINDY andWINDLESS the following verse helps.

Windy young man, windy day!

You can easily remember:

I always write only one N!

Windless morning, day or night!

Without applying the rules of knowledge,

Write two N's without hesitation!

3. Two letters H at the junction of morphemes

Two letters H are written in the names of adjectives formed with the help of the suffix H from nouns with the stem starting with the letter H.

PLAIN = ravni H A+ H

LONG= LENGTH H A+ H

TRUE= ISTI H A+ H

outlandish= DIKOVI H A+ H

pancake = BLI H +H

The following poetic rule helps to write a double letter H in the adjective.

The mist one has

But if the city has become foggy,

Based on H and suffix H,

And it turns out,

Remember this case is strange.

4. Things to remember

There are several words in Russian that do not have the suffix H and suffer greatly from this. These words are often confused and erroneously write double HH in them.

Remember: in words SINGLE, GREEN, SPICY, ROSE, YOUNG, PORK one letter H is written, which is part of the root.

5. Analyzing examples

Let's determine how many letters H are written in the following adjectives and why.

GOOSE(this word has an "animal" suffix -IN -, in which one letter H is written),

TELEPHONE(this adjective is formed from the noun TELEPHONE, the stem of which ends with the letter H. The suffix H is added. Therefore, we write the word TELEPHONE with two letters H),

STRAW(the suffix of this adjective begins with the letter E, so we write HH),

LINEN(the suffix of this adjective begins with the letter I and denotes the material from which the object is made, so we write one letter H),

WINDY(this is an exception word in which one letter H is written),

INFECTIOUS(the suffix of this adjective begins with the letter O, so we write HH),

GLASS(this is an exception word that is included in the riddle about the window; therefore we write HH).

6. Algorithm for writing Н, НН in adjective suffixes

Choosing H, HH to write in the suffix, you can use the algorithm.

Table 1. Algorithm for writing Н, НН in adjective suffixes ()

7. Н, НН in short adjectives

It should be remembered that in the short names of adjectives the same number of N is written as in the full ones: traditional - traditional, smart - smart.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Reference table().
2. Presentation ().
3. Additional exercise ().

Homework

Task number 1

Insert, where necessary, the missing letters H or HH. Justify your answer.

Yu..y, y..at, silver..y, aviation..y, long..y, tin..y, straight..y, hurricane..y, debatable..y, swans..y, wind..th, windy..oh, windless..th, autumn..th, morning..th, morning..ik, glass..th, harder..ik, silver..th, silver..ka, besrebre..ik, seme..oh, ice..oh, cranberry..oh, hemp..oh, hemp..ik, sparrows..oh, nightingales..oh, stirrup..oh, seme..oh, red banner .. th, triumph .. th, life .. th, old .. th, guests .. th, guests ..itsa, butter ..th, butter ..itsa, wind ple..th, whole..th, drunk..th, rya..th, blush..th, blush..a, fire..th, sandy..th, craft..th, secondary..th, pension .. th, clay .. th, beast .. th, offspring .. th, precious .. th, bouillo .. th, flat .. th, half-dead .. th, wild .. th, undead .. th, sheep..th, infectious..th, sympathetic..th, seventh..th, countless..th, friendship..th, oats..th, one-time..th, ants..th, wave..th, mice..y, svi..oh, pigs..a, firewood..ik, oil..ik, mali..ik, axis..ik, ripples..ik, friends..ik, moshe..ik, wind..ik, side..ik, smart..yy, ko..itsa, leeward..yy, sandy..ik, travel. .ik, vlasya..itsa, vishe..ik, weathered..y, chicken..oh (ataman).

Task number 2

Make the “silent” table speak: write down the necessary words in place of the gaps. Write down adjectives with the studied spelling from the poems.

1. He slept, all radiant, in an oak manger,

Like a ray of moon in the hollow of a hollow.

He was replaced with a sheep ... skin

Donkey ... ox lips and nostrils.

B. Pasternak

2. And there is a birch in so ... oh silence,

And snowflakes burn in golden fire.

S. Yesenin

3. Do you love ice ... oh January,

Windless, brutal cold.

And I am a fierce February,

A blizzard, a daring snowstorm.

Н and НН in all parts of speech

On our site you can.

1956 rules:

Section 61 The double n is written in the suffixes -enn-, -onn- of adjectives formed from nouns, for example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, internal, bucket, characteristic, dining, revolutionary, positional.

Note. In the word windy and in derivatives from it, one n is written, but in prefixed formations -nn- is written (still, leeward).

Adjectives with suffix -yan- (-en-), formed from nouns are written with one n, for example: hair, wood, clay, leather.

adjectives wood, pewter, glass are written with a double n.

With one n, a suffix is ​​\u200b\u200bwritten -in- in adjectives, for example: nightingale, chicken, living room, as well as in the noun hotel.

§ 62. Double n spelled in passive past participles, for example: reports read at the solemn meeting; a fighter wounded by an enemy bullet; collective farm, organized in 1930; detachment reinforced by two companies; deputies elected to the Supreme Council.

§ 63. Double n is written in all adjectives formed from passive past participles (or according to their type), if these adjectives have prefixes or end in -wounded, -wounded(except for chewed and forged), for example: the patient is prescribed enhanced nutrition, a volume of selected works of Pushkin came out, a sublime style, an inscribed triangle, aged wine, a trusted person, a temperate climate, refined manners, an abstract question, an absent-minded student, a worn dress, used books, tear-stained face, rusty key, risky step, spoiled child, uprooted plot.

But adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense should be written with one n, if these adjectives do not have a prefix and are not formed from verbs in -ovate, -evate, for example: scientific works, wounded border guards, torn clothes, smoked sausage, boiled milk, dried fish, slaked lime, pickled cucumbers, pickled apples, boiled potatoes, dyed fabric.

The words desired, sacred, unexpected, unseen, unheard, unexpected and some others, defined in dictionary order, are written with two n.

§ 64. Double n spelled in adverbs on -o and in nouns with suffixes on -ik, -its, -ost, formed from adjectives, if the latter are written with two n, for example: accidentally, unheard of, excitedly, excitement (agitated); confident, confident (confident); upbringing, pupil, pupil (educated); protege (placed); prisoner (prisoner); birthday boy (birthday); sennik (hay); root (root); characteristic (proprietary).

If the adjective has one n, then the adverbs and nouns formed from it are written with one n, for example: confused, confused, confused (confused); learned, learning (scientist); hemp (hemp); silversmith (silversmith). Also, with one n, the words srebrenik (in the meaning of a coin) and unmercenary (disinterested person) are written.

Section 65. double n written in plural. h. and in the feminine and neuter gender units. hours of short adjectives formed from passive past participles, in the full form of which - double n, for example: groups are disciplined and organized, the girl is well-mannered and smart; they are very scattered.

Short passive participles are written with one n, for example: broken, broken, broken, broken, the young man was brought up by the Komsomol; the girl is pampered by upbringing; we are limited by time; students are organized into groups.

Clear sign

The rule is rather difficult. We do not recommend studying it on your own. It is better if an experienced teacher explains everything. You can learn how to apply this rule in the courses of our site.

Examples

heat n th bow (verbal adjective in full form: no prefix, dependent word, -ovannn-, -evann-, formed from ch. non. species).

Zazare nn th bow (participle in full form, there is a prefix).

heat nn onion in a frying pan (participle in full form, there is a dependent word).

canned nn th bow (communion in full form, there is a combination of letters -ovan-).

Onion fire n(participle in short form).

Territory limited n and a fence (participle in short form).

These people are immoral and limited nnы (short adjective derived from participle).

He is preoccupied nn o looked at me (adverb from concerned).

Society is concerned n about what is happening (participle in short form).

Silver n th knife (denominated adjective, suffix -YAN-).

Karti nn th gallery (one letter H in the root, the other in the suffix).

triumph nn meeting (nominative adjective with the suffix -ENN-).

Everything was very solemn nn o (adverb from solemn).

What words need to be remembered (here exceptions + difficult cases).

One letter H is written in the words:

Forgiveness Sunday, uninvited guest, uninvited guest, living room, hotel, hotel, living room, gold-forged, planted father, named brother, windy, finished man, dowry, tricky, mummers, smart, young, ruddy, drunk, spicy, mad, rye, zealous, pork, chewed, forged, pecked, dumpling, potato pancake, hard worker, martyr, hard worker, martyr, silversmith, unmercenary, carnival, bone, powder box, alder, confusion, peat bog, length, truth.

Two letters HH are written in the words:

Glass, pewter, wooden, nameless, desired, sacred, slow, unseen, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, unintentional, desperate, cursed, made, conceited, chased, cutesy, homegrown, given, decided, bought, state-owned, captive, abandoned, deprived, offended, embarrassed, executed, done business, defeated, born, pecked, awake, let go.

Spelling Н and НН in nouns

In derived nouns n or nn is written depending on the morphemes with which nouns are formed, or in accordance with the stem from which they are derived.

1. nn it is written:

1) if the root of the word ends in n, and the suffix starts with n: elder-nick (elderberry), squad-nick (druzhina), raspberry-nick (raspberry), swindler-nick (purse), aspen-nick (aspen), mountain ash-nick (mountain ash); dowry-nits-a (dowry), sleepless-nits-a (sleep), ringing-nits-a (ringing), log-nits-a (log);

2) if the noun is formed from an adjective with nn, or from a participle: soreness (painful), agitated-awn (agitated), hryvnia-ik (hryvnia), power of attorney (trusted), covetousness (coy), spoiled-awn (spoiled), chosen-ik (chosen), exiled-ik (expelled), konn-itsa (equestrian), root-ik (indigenous), larch-itsa (deciduous), inadvertent-ost (unintentional), educated-ost (educated), public-ik (public), organized-ost ( organized), captive-ik (prisoner), sent-ik (sent), privileged-ost (privileged), production-ik (production), millet-ik (millet), craft-ik (handicraft), related-ik (related ), priest-ik (sacred), seed-ik (seed), own-ik (own), modern-ik (modern), coherent-awn (harmonized), fog-awn (foggy).

2. H written in words: crimson-itsa (crimson), varen-ik (boiled), windy-awn, windy-ik, windy-itsa (windy), hotel-itsa (living room), drovyan-ik (wood-burning), hemp-ik (hemp) , smoked-ost (smoked), bone-ika (bone), maslen-itsa (buttered), mudren-ost (tricky), oat-itsa (oatmeal), peat-ik (peat), smart-awn (intelligent) and etc., as well as in the words olsha-nik, omshan-ik.

Spelling Н and НН in suffixes of denominative adjectives (formed from a noun)

1. N is written:

1) for adjectives formed from nouns with the help of suffixes -enn-, -onn-: artificial, cranberry, straw, operating, session, station and etc.; adjectives formed from nouns for me (time, flame, etc.) can also be included here: temporary, fiery, seed, nominal, tribal etc.

In adjective windy one is written n , since it is not formed from the noun wind, but from the verb wind with a suffix -n- , which does not contradict the spelling rule n in verbal adjectives: weathered, weathered, weathered- formed from verbs;

2) for adjectives formed from adjectives with a suffix -enn-, indicating a large measure of the sign: tall, hefty, broad and etc;

3) for adjectives formed from nouns based on n(second -n- adjective suffix): long(length), true(true), millionth(million), vintage(old), canvas(canvas) and etc.

Type adjectives lamb, carp, seal written from one n , since they are formed from nouns with a stem on n by adding a suffix -j- .

The words spicy, ruddy, youthful are written with one n (non-derivative adjectives); in words derived from them, one n is also written: spice, blush, blush, youth(but: junior, since this word is formed from the combination young naturalist).

2. H is written with adjectives formed from nouns using suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan- : pigeon(pigeon), goose(goose), chicken, aquiline, swan, leather(leather), sandy(sand), cereous(wax), linen(canvas) silver, wood burning and etc.

Exceptions: glass, pewter, wood.

It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives, the spelling of which depends on their meaning:

a) windy- “accompanied by the wind, with the wind” (windy weather), “frivolous” - trans. (windy girl, youth); wind- “driven by the force of the wind” (wind turbine, pump, mill); in combination with chicken pox, the adjective has a suffix -yan- , compare: chickenpox- colloquial;

b) oily- "soaked in oil, oiled, stained with oil" ( butter pancakes, porridge, hands), trans. ( oily eyes, oily voice, also: oily week - carnival); oil- “for oil, from oil, in oil” ( oil cookie, oil paint, oil engine, pump etc.); compare: oily bottle("designed for oil") and oily bottle("soiled with oil");

in) silver- "subjected to silvering, covered with silver" (silver spoon); silver- “made of silver” (silver spoon);

G) salty- “containing salt” (salted fish); hydrochloric- "consisting of salt" ( salt mine, hydrochloric pillar). In combination hydrochloric acid in the adjective is written with a suffix -yan- .

Spelling Н and НН in verbal adjectives and participles

Full Forms

Spelled with nn suffixes of the full forms of passive past participles: -nn- and -yonn- (-enn- ). Adjectives correlative with them in form are written in some cases also with nn in a suffix, in others - with one n .

1. Spelled with nn participles and adjectives -wounded, -wounded, -wounded(formed from verbs in -ovate, -evate), For example: spoiled, uprooted, lined, painted, organized; uprooted, spoiled, painted, lined, reorganized.

2. They are also written with nn communion not on -ovanny(- evanny, - evanny) verbs perfect look and related adjectives; the vast majority of such verbs contain a prefix.

a) Examples of forms formed from prefixed verbs: bleached, washed, knitted, roasted, scribbled, dyed, peeled, scolded, dyed, counted, untangled, made.

b) A list of forms of native non-prefixed verbs, as well as some verbs, the prefix in which can only be distinguished etymologically: abandoned, given, finished, bought, deprived, captive, forgiven, let go, decided, seized, revealed; met, ventured, offended, found, obligated, visited, supplied.

Forms are written according to this rule. two-species(meaning both perfect and imperfect) verbs to marry, to bequeath, to promise, to execute, to give birth: married, bequeathed, promised, executed, born.

Exceptions. are written with one n correlative adjectives with participial forms in the following stable combinations: dead man, named brother, named sister, planted father, planted mother, Forgiveness Sunday .

3. Communions are not on -ovanny(- evanny, - evanny) verbs imperfect form(they are formed only from non-prefixed verbs) and adjectives correlative with them are written differently: participles with nn , adjectives - with one n , For example: wagons laden with firewood, fish fried in oil, oil painting, hair cut by a barber and short-cropped hair, benches dyed with green paint, a floor not swept for a long time, walls not yet whitewashed, money counted more than once, an offer made many times; but: loaded barge, fried fish, written beauty, cropped hair, painted benches, swept floors, whitewashed walls, a few minutes, feigned indifference; likewise knitted and knitted, ironed and ironed, braided and braided, brushed and peeled; are also written: chewed and chewed, pecked and chiselled, forged and forged.

According to this rule, the forms of two-part verbs are written concuss, baptize and hurt. Wed: soldier shell-shocked in the head, seriously wounded soldier, soldier wounded in the leg, just baptized baby, but: shell-shocked commander, wounded soldier, baptized child.

As can be seen from the examples, the participle is recognized by the presence of dependent words. There are, however, rare cases when the dependent word is not a sign of the sacrament. For example, you should write: his mustache is clearly dyed(clearly artificial where the word clearly used with an adjective); the walls, previously whitewashed, are now covered with green paint(walls used to be white).

In words with the prefix non-, in compound words and in some combinations? repetitions, the forms of participles and adjectives are written in the same way as in a separate (without a prefix and not as part of a compound word or a repetition combination) use .

Examples:

1. Words with a prefix not- :

Spelled with nn : uneducated, unlined, untested, unfinished, unbought, unforgiven ;

Spelled with n : unbleached, unironed, uninvited, unforged, unfed, undyed, unmeasured, unpaved, unplowed, unbidden, uncounted.

2. Compound words:

Spelled with nn : Highly Skilled, Solid Forged, Acquired, Freshly Painted, Purposeful, Born Blind, Insane;

Spelled with n : plain dyed, homespun, finely crushed, self-styled, seriously wounded, one-piece .

3. Combinations-repetitions with a prefix re- in the second part, having amplifying value. In them, the second part is written in the same way as the first (with nn or n ), For example:

Spelled with nn : mortgaged-re-mortgaged, solved-resolved ;

Spelled with n : patched-re-patched, washed-re-washed, mended-re-mended, read-re-read, darned-re-darned.

Exceptions. Spelled with nn instead of n :

a) adjectives desired, longed and (as part of stable combinations) seen case?; is it a heard thing? They are formed from imperfective verbs wish, wait and see, hear .

Special cases: adjectives put on spilled sea; they are formed from prefixed imperfective verbs put on, pour, i.e. from verbs with the suffix - wa- , which naturally do not form passive past participles;

b) adjectives with a prefix not-: unknown, unseen, unexpected, unwanted, unexpected, unseen, unexpected, unheard of, unexpected and (as part of a stable combination) watchful eye;

c) compound adjectives long-awaited, homegrown and (as part of own name) Andrew the First-Called.

The second parts of these prefixed and compound adjectives also correspond to imperfective verbs.

Short forms

Short forms of passive past participles are written with one n , For example: chitan, chitana, chitano, chitany; read, read, read, read; labeled, labeled, labeled, labeled; marked, marked, marked, marked. The forms of the neuter gender are also written in impersonal usage, for example: smoky, littered, worn, worn, worn-run, worn-crossed .

Short forms (except for the masculine form) adjectives with a qualitative meaning, coinciding in form with the passive participles of the past tense of perfective verbs, written with nn , For example: educated, educated, educated(from adjective educated‘discovering the results of a good upbringing’); spoiled, spoiled, spoiled(from adjective spoiled‘accustomed to the fulfillment of his whims’); lofty, lofty, exalted(from adjective exalted‘full of high content’). These adjectives have comparative forms: more educated, more spoiled, more sublime.

Compare the following examples in pairs with short forms of participles and adjectives: She was raised by a distant relative . – She has good manners, she is well-mannered. She is spoiled for good conditions – She is naughty and spoiled.

Short forms of adjectives on -ny written with one n , if these adjectives require dependent words and do not have a comparative form. Examples: attached to someone‘attached’ She is very attached to him; filled with something‘full, imbued’ – The soul is full of sorrow; heard of something‘well-informed’ We've heard about his tricks..

Some adjectives have differently spelled short forms in different meanings. For example, different spellings of short forms of the word devotee: She is kind and dedicated and She is dedicated. In the first example devoted- same adjective as educated, spoiled, exalted, it has a comparative degree more devoted; the second is the same as attached, performed, heard(requires dependent words: someone, something).

Short forms of adjectives, expressing various emotional states, can be written with n or with nn depending on the conveyed shades of meaning. For example: She's excited(she gets excited) Her speech is excited(her speech reveals, expresses excitement). In the first case it is also possible to write excited(which would emphasize that her appearance expresses excitement), and in the second case, the spelling excited impossible (because speech cannot ‘feel agitated’).

In difficult cases of distinguishing such short forms, one should refer to the academic Russian Spelling Dictionary.

Short forms of complex adjectives, the second parts of which coincide with participles on -ny, are written with n or nn depending on the value. Adjectives expressing signs that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent, i.e., forming forms of a comparative degree, have short forms (except for the masculine form) with nn ; adjectives that do not allow comparative forms in meaning have short forms with one n , For example:

well-bred, -nno, -nny; well-maintained, -nno, -nny; self-confident, -no, -no; purposeful, -no, -no; purposeful, -no, -no(there are comparative forms more well-bred, more comfortable, self-confident, more purposeful, more purposeful);

interconnected, -but, -ny; interdependent, -but, -ny; generally recognized, -but, -us; contraindicated, -but, -us(no forms of comparative degree).

Short forms of adjectives with a qualitative meaning, the full forms of which are transmitted in writing with one n , are written in the same way as full ones. For example: done, done, done(from done‘unnatural, forced’); confused, confused, confused(from confused‘illogical, confusing’); scholar, scholar, scholar(from scientist‘thoroughly knowing something’). Comparative forms are written in the same way ( smarter, more confused, more learned) and adverbs on -about(done, confused, learned).

Such adjectives are few; the vast majority of correlative adjectives with participles in -ny have no qualitative value; these are boiled, boiled, soaked, dried, chiseled etc.

SPELLING H-NN IN ADVERSE SUFFIXES

Adverbs for -about , formed from adjectives and passive participles, are written with a double n or one n - depending on how the corresponding adjective or participle is written.

For example:

Spelled with nn : unintentionally, unheard of(from accidental, unheard), excitedly, excitement(excited), confidently;

Spelled with n : confused(talks confusedly), confusion, confusion(from confused), learned(very learned),windy(it's windy outside today).

Participle and adjective. There is so much in common between these two parts of speech that it is often difficult to distinguish which is which. But the correct spelling depends on the correct definition. This also applies to the rules governing the use of H and HH in adjectives and participles.

Communion: one or two

The participle is a verb form that contains both verbal features and adjective features. When thinking about how many letters H to use in writing participles, keep in mind that in this part of speech there are always two H.

However, there is a special group - verbal participles. Н and НН and the subtleties of their spelling in these parts of speech will be considered in detail below, but for now we will give examples of the basic rule. In full passive participles with suffixes -nn- and -enn- two letters H are always written, provided:

1. The sacrament has a prefix, for example: a plowed field, stewed vegetables, fried fish.
2. The presence of the sacrament of words dependent on it: fish dried on the balcony, apples soaked in a barrel, a field plowed in the morning.
3. This is a perfect participle: a purchased cloak, a solved equation, a captive warrior.
4. A verb with a suffix participated in the formation of the participle -ova-(-eva-, -irova-): paved road (pave), explored area (explore).

If at least one of these conditions is met, you can safely use two letters N.

One H in adjectives

The situation is much more complicated with adjectives. Here the spelling of one N or two depends on many factors.

Consider cases where one H is needed:

1. If the adjective has suffixes -in-, -an-(-yan-). The first, as a rule, refers to an animal (eagle's beak, cock's tail, swan fidelity). The second indicates what the object is made of: a leather belt, oil paint (oil-based paint, should be distinguished from the word oiled in the meaning of oil-soaked - oiled pancake), silver spoon (also to be distinguished from the word silver, with an emphasis on e - the meaning of y the word "treated with silver", the word in this sense has the suffix -en-). This item has three words that are exceptions: glass, tin, wood.
2. In adjectives in the formation of which no part of speech (primitives) participated: blue, young. These adjectives have no suffix.
3. Exclusion word - adjective windy, here you need to write one H, but its derivatives with prefixes will have HH: the weather was calm, we approached from the leeward side. It is also worth distinguishing a word with a different lexical meaning: windmill (working on the basis of wind) - wind turbine, chicken pox.

NN in adjectives

HH should be written with adjectives in the following cases:

1. The letters stand at the junction of the root and the suffix: depth - deep; fog - foggy; million - millionth.
2. The adjective is formed using suffixes -enn-, -onn-: operational (from operation), station (station), intentional (intention).
3. ending in -ovanny (-evanny): spoiled, painted, organized.

verbal adjective

There is a whole group of adjectives - verbal. It is with their distinction in the text that mistakes are made, the rule H and HH in participles is incorrectly applied. Why? The fact is that they have a very pronounced meaning of action: fried, steamed, boiled. The rule "spelling H and HH in participles" does not fit them. In verbal forms of an adjective, one N is always used.

Such adjectives have a number of specific features, by which one can easily guess that we have this particular part of speech:

1. Lack of attachment. Compare: painted - painted. The second word has a prefix, so the rule “H and HH in participles” applies to it - HH should be used. But the first is a verbal adjective, which must be written with one N.
2. Absence of dependent words. Let's compare: a confused trace is a trace confused with special care. In the first case, we observe a verbal adjective in which we write one H (there are no dependent words). They are in the second case - we write, according to the rule "H and HH in participles", with two H.

Verbal adjective or participle: algorithm

You can determine the spelling H and HH in adjectives and participles using an algorithm, the main thing in which is to correctly recognize the part of speech. It must be remembered that the participle requires the setting of two N, and one in the verbal adjective. Let's look at two examples.

• First: Boiled water is poured into the decanter . To begin with, let's determine the presence of a prefix: in the formation of the word, the verb "boil" is used, respectively, the prefix is ​​absent. Next, let's see if there are dependent words. They are not here. If these two points do not match, then most likely we have a verbal adjective. The only thing left to do is to check what kind of verb the word is formed from. Boil (what to do? - imperfect view). This means that the rule “spelling H and HH in participles” does not work here. This is an adjective - we write one letter H.
• Second: Freshly boiled water is poured into the decanter . We look at the presence of the prefix: boiled, formed from the verb "boil" using the prefix -Sun-. Although we could stop there, apply the rule “Н and НН in participles” and write two Н, we will check further. At the word « boiled” is a dependent word - “recently”, which means that we clearly have a sacrament.

So, briefly, the algorithm for using H and HH in participle suffixes boils down to the following: we determine whether the word has prefixes or dependent words. If there is, this is a participle, where NN is written. If neither one nor the other is present, we check the type of the verb that participated in the formation of the word: imperfect - one N, perfect - NN.

Spelling Н and НН in short adjectives and participles

Another aspect of the rule regarding the use of Н or НН in participles and adjectives is their short forms.

The short form of the adjective answers the questions “what? », “what? » In this form, as many letters H are required as used and in full form: solemn speech - solemn speech, long way - the way is long, mysterious nature - nature is mysterious or a wounded fighter - a fighter is wounded, windy weather - the weather is windy, confused rule - the rule is confused .

In short participles, one H is always used, even if there are two of them in the full form. For example: lessons learned - lessons learned, newspaper read - newspaper read, poem written - poem written, house built - house built.