Physical and geographical position of the Russian plain. East European Plain: geographical location, characteristics

one of the largest plains on our planet (the second largest after the Amazonian plain in Western America). It is located in the eastern part. Since most of it is within the borders of the Russian Federation, it is sometimes called Russian. In the northwestern part it is limited by the mountains of Scandinavia, in the southwestern part - by other mountains. central Europe, in the southeast - , and in the East - . From the north, the Russian Plain is washed by the waters and, and from the south -, and.

The length of the plain from north to south is more than 2.5 thousand kilometers, and from west to east - 1 thousand kilometers. Almost the entire length of the East European Plain is dominated by a gently sloping plain. Most of the major cities of the country are concentrated within the territory of the East European Plain. It was here that many centuries ago the Russian state was formed, which later became the largest country in the world in terms of its territory. A significant part of Russia's natural resources is also concentrated here.

The East European Plain almost completely coincides with the East European Platform. This circumstance explains its flat relief, as well as the absence of significant natural phenomena associated with movement ( , ). Small hilly areas within the East European Plain have resulted from faults and other complex tectonic processes. The height of some hills and plateaus reaches 600-1000 meters. In ancient times, the shield of the East European Platform was in the center of glaciation, as evidenced by some landforms.

The East European Plain. satellite view

On the territory of the Russian Plain, platform deposits occur almost horizontally, making up lowlands and uplands that form the surface topography. Where the folded foundation protrudes to the surface, elevations and ridges are formed (for example, the Timan ridge). On average, the height of the Russian Plain is about 170 meters above sea level. The lowest areas are on the Caspian coast (its level is about 30 meters below the level).

Glaciation left its mark on the formation of the relief of the East European Plain. This effect was most pronounced in the northern part of the plain. As a result of the passage of the glacier through this territory, a multitude of (, Pskov, Beloe and others) arose. These are the consequences of one of the most recent glaciers. In the southern, southeastern and eastern parts, which were subjected to glaciation in an earlier period, their consequences have been smoothed out by processes. As a result of this, a number of uplands (Smolensk-Moscow, Borisoglebskaya, Danilevskaya and others) and lacustrine-glacial lowlands (Caspian, Pechora) were formed.

To the south, there is a zone of uplands and lowlands, elongated in the meridional direction. Among the hills, one can note the Azov, Central Russian, Volga. Here they also alternate with plains: Meshcherskaya, Oka-Donskaya, Ulyanovsk and others.

Further south are the coastal lowlands, which in ancient times were partially submerged under sea level. The plain relief here was partially corrected by water erosion and other processes, as a result of which the Black Sea and Caspian lowlands were formed.

As a result of the passage of the glacier through the territory of the East European Plain, valleys formed, tectonic depressions expanded, and even some rocks were polished. Another example of glacier impact is winding deep peninsulas. With the retreat of the glacier, not only lakes were formed, but concave sandy lowlands also arose. This happened as a result of the deposition of a large amount of sandy material. Thus, over the course of many millennia, the many-sided relief of the East European Plain was formed.

Russian plain

On the East European Plain, there are practically all types of natural zones available on the territory of Russia. Off the coast in

Poland
Bulgaria Bulgaria
Romania Romania

East European Plain (Russian Plain)- a plain in Eastern Europe, an integral part of the European Plain. It extends from the coast of the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains, from the Barents and White Seas to the Black, Azov and Caspian. In the northwest it is bounded by the Scandinavian mountains, in the southwest by the Sudetenland and other mountains of central Europe, in the southeast by the Caucasus, and in the west the river Vistula serves as the conditional boundary of the plain. Is one of largest plains the globe. The total length of the plain from north to south is more than 2.7 thousand kilometers, and from west to east - 2.5 thousand kilometers. The area is over 4 million square meters. km. . Since most of the plain is located within Russia is also known as Russian plain.

On the territory of the plain, in addition to Russia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria are completely or partially located.

Relief and geological structure

The East European Plain consists of uplands with altitudes of 200-300 m above sea level and lowlands along which large rivers flow. The average height of the plain is 170 m, and the highest - 479 m - on the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland in the Cis-Urals.

According to the features of orographic features within the East European Plain, three bands are clearly distinguished: central, northern and southern. A strip of alternating large uplands and lowlands passes through the central part of the plain: Central Russian, Volga, Bugulmin

To the north of this strip, low plains predominate, on the surface of which smaller hills are scattered in garlands and singly. From west to east-northeast, the Smolensk-Moscow, Valdai Uplands and Northern Uvals stretch here, replacing each other. The watersheds between the Arctic, Atlantic and internal drainless Aral-Caspian basins mainly pass along them. From Severnye Uvaly the territory goes down to the White and Barents Seas
The southern part of the East European Plain is occupied by lowlands (Caspian, Black Sea, etc.), separated by low elevations (Ergeni, Stavropol Upland).

Almost all large uplands and lowlands are plains of tectonic origin.

At the base of the East European Plain lie Russian stove with Precambrian crystalline basement, in the south the northern edge Scythian plate with Paleozoic folded basement. The boundary between the plates in the relief is not expressed. On the uneven surface of the Precambrian basement of the Russian plate, strata of Precambrian (Vendian, in places Riphean) and Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks lie. Their thickness is not the same (from 1500-2000 to 100-150 m) and is due to the unevenness of the basement relief, which determines the main geostructures of the plate. These include syneclises - areas of deep foundation (Moscow, Pechora, Caspian, Glazov), anteclises - areas of shallow foundation (Voronezh, Volga-Ural), aulacogenes - deep tectonic ditches (Kresttsovsky, Soligalichsky, Moscow, etc.), ledges Baikal basement - Timan.

Glaciation strongly influenced the formation of the relief of the East European Plain. This effect was most pronounced in the northern part of the plain. As a result of the passage of the glacier through this territory, many lakes arose (Chudskoye, Pskovskoye, Beloe and others). In the southern, southeastern and eastern parts, which were subjected to glaciation in an earlier period, their consequences are smoothed out by erosion processes.

Climate

The climate of the East European Plain is influenced by the features of its relief, geographical position in temperate and high latitudes, as well as neighboring territories (Western Europe and North Asia), the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, a significant length from west to east and from north to south. The total solar radiation per year in the north of the plain, in the Pechora basin, reaches 2700 mJ / m2 (65 kcal / cm2), and in the south, in the Caspian lowland, 4800-5050 mJ / m2 (115-120 kcal / cm2).

The smoothed relief of the plain contributes to the free transfer of air masses. The East European Plain is characterized by western transport of air masses. In summer, the Atlantic air brings coolness and precipitation, while in winter it brings warmth and precipitation. When moving east, it transforms: in summer it becomes warmer and drier in the surface layer, and colder in winter, but also loses moisture. During the cold season of various parts Atlantic to the East European Plain comes from 8 to 12 cyclones. When they move to the east or northeast, there is a sharp change in air masses, contributing to either warming or cooling. With the arrival of southwestern cyclones, the warm air of subtropical latitudes invades the south of the plain. Then in January the air temperature can rise to 5°-7°C. The general continentality of the climate increases from the west and northwest to the south and southeast.

In summer, almost everywhere on the plain the most important factor in the temperature distribution is solar radiation, so the isotherms, unlike winter, are located mainly in accordance with geographical latitude. In the extreme north of the plain, the average July temperature rises to 8°C. The average July isotherm of 20°C goes through Voronezh to Cheboksary, approximately coinciding with the border between forest and forest-steppe, and the isotherm of 24°C crosses the Caspian lowland.

In the north of the East European Plain, more precipitation falls than can be evaporated under given temperature conditions. In the south of the northern climatic region, the moisture balance approaches neutral (atmospheric precipitation is equal to the evaporation rate).

Relief has an important influence on the amount of precipitation: on the western slopes of the uplands, precipitation is 150-200 mm more than on the eastern slopes and the lowlands shaded by them. In summer, on the uplands of the southern half of the Russian Plain, the frequency of rainy weather types almost doubles, while the frequency of dry weather types decreases at the same time. In the southern part of the plain, the maximum precipitation occurs in June, and in middle lane- for July.

In the south of the plain, the annual and monthly totals of precipitation fluctuate sharply, wet years alternate with dry ones. In Buguruslan (Orenburg region), for example, according to observations over 38 years, the average annual precipitation is 349 mm, the maximum annual precipitation is 556 mm, and the minimum is 144 mm. Droughts are a frequent occurrence for the south and southeast of the East European Plain. Drought can be spring, summer or autumn. About one year out of three is dry.

In winter, a snow cover forms. In the north-east of the plain, its height reaches 60-70 cm, and the duration of occurrence is up to 220 days a year. In the south, the height of the snow cover decreases to 10-20 cm, and the duration of occurrence is up to 60 days.

Hydrography

The East European Plain has a developed lake-river network, the density and regime of which change following climatic conditions from North to South. In the same direction, the degree of swampiness of the territory, as well as the depth of occurrence and the quality of groundwater, change.

Rivers

Most of the rivers of the East European Plain have two main directions - northern and southern. The rivers of the northern slope flow to the Barents, White and Baltic Seas, the rivers of the southern slope head to the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas.

The main watershed between the rivers of the sowing and southern slopes is stretched from the west-southwest to the east-northeast. It passes through the swamps of Polesie, the Lithuanian-Belarusian and Valdai Uplands, Northern Uvals. The most important watershed junction lies on the Valdai Upland. The sources of the Zapadnaya Dvina, the Dnieper and the Volga lie in close proximity here.

All rivers of the East European Plain belong to the same climatic type- predominantly snow-fed with spring floods. Despite belonging to the same climatic type, the rivers of the northern slope differ significantly in their regime from the rivers of the southern slope. The former are located in an area of ​​positive moisture balance, in which precipitation prevails over evaporation.

With an annual precipitation of 400-600 mm in the north of the East European Plain in the tundra zone, the actual evaporation from the earth's surface is 100 mm or less; in the middle lane, where the evaporation ridge passes, 500 mm in the west and 300 mm in the east. As a result, the share of river flow here is from 150 to 350 mm per year, or from 5 to 15 l / s per square kilometer of area. The crest of the runoff passes through the hinterland of Karelia (the northern coast of Lake Onega), the middle reaches of the Northern Dvina and the upper reaches of the Pechora.

Due to the large runoff, the rivers of the northern slope (Northern Dvina, Pechora, Neva, etc.) are full of water. Occupying 37.5% of the area of ​​the Russian Plain, they provide 58% of its total runoff. The abundance of water in these rivers is combined with a more or less uniform distribution of runoff over the seasons. Although snow nutrition is in the first place for them, causing spring floods, rain and ground types of nutrition also play a significant role.

The rivers of the southern slope of the East European Plain flow in conditions of significant evaporation (500-300 mm in the north and 350-200 mm in the south) and a small amount of precipitation compared to the rivers of the northern slope (600-500 mm in the north and 350-200 mm in the south), which leads to a reduction in runoff from 150-200 mm in the north to 10-25 mm in the south. If we express the flow of rivers of the southern slope in liters per second per square kilometer of area, then in the north it will be only 4-6 liters, and in the southeast less than 0.5 liters. The insignificant size of the runoff determines the low water of the rivers of the southern slope and its extreme unevenness during the year: the maximum runoff falls on a short period of spring flood.

lakes

The lakes are located on the East European Plain extremely unevenly. Most of them are in the well-moistened northwest. The southeastern part of the plain, on the contrary, is almost devoid of lakes. It receives little atmospheric precipitation and, moreover, has a mature erosional relief, devoid of closed basin forms. On the territory of the Russian Plain, four lake regions can be distinguished: the region of glacial-tectonic lakes, the region of moraine lakes, the region of floodplain and suffusion-karst lakes, and the region of estuary lakes.

Region of glacial-tectonic lakes

Glacial-tectonic lakes are common in Karelia, Finland and the Kola Peninsula, forming a real lake country. Only in the territory of Karelia there are almost 44 thousand lakes with an area from 1 hectare to several hundred and thousand square kilometers. The lakes of this area, often large, are scattered along tectonic depressions, deepened and processed by the glacier. Their shores are rocky, composed of ancient crystalline rocks.

Region of moraine lakes Region of floodplain and suffosion-karst lakes

The inner central and southern regions of the East European Plain cover the area of ​​floodplain and suffosion-karst lakes. This area lies outside the boundaries of glaciation, with the exception of the northwest, covered by the Dnieper glacier. Due to the well-pronounced erosion relief, there are few lakes in the region. Only floodplain lakes along river valleys are common; occasionally there are small karst and suffusion lakes.

Area of ​​firth lakes

The area of ​​estuary lakes is located on the territory of two coastal lowlands - the Black Sea and the Caspian. At the same time, estuaries are understood here as lakes of various origins. The estuaries of the Black Sea Lowland are sea bays (in the past, river mouths), fenced off from the sea by sand spits. Limans, or ilmens, of the Caspian Lowland are poorly formed depressions that are filled with water from the rivers flowing into them in spring, and in summer turn into swamps, salt marshes or hayfields.

The groundwater

Groundwater is distributed throughout the East European Plain, forming the East European platform artesian region. The depressions of the foundation serve as reservoirs for the accumulation of waters of artesian basins of various sizes. Within Russia, three artesian basins of the first order are distinguished here: Central Russian, East Russian and Caspian. Within their limits there are artesian basins of the second order: Moscow, Sursko-Khopyor, Volga-Kama, Cis-Ural, etc. One of the large ones is the Moscow basin, confined to the syneclise of the same name, which contains pressure waters in fractured carbonic limestones.

With depth chemical composition and groundwater temperatures are changing. Fresh waters have a thickness of no more than 250 m, and their mineralization increases with depth - from fresh hydrocarbonate to brackish and salty sulfate and chloride, and below - to chloride, sodium and in the most deep places pools - to calcium-sodium. The temperature rises and reaches a maximum of about 70°C at depths of 2 km in the west and 3.5 km in the east.

natural areas

On the East European Plain, there are practically all types of natural zones available on the territory of Russia.

The most common natural areas (from north to south):

• Tundra (northern Kola Peninsula)
• Taiga - Olonets Plain.
• Mixed forests - Central Berezinsky plain, Orsha-Mogilev plain, Meshchera lowland.
• Broad-leaved forests (Mazowiecke-Podlaskie Lowland)
• Forest-steppe - Oka-Don Plain, including the Tambov Plain.
• Steppes and semi-deserts - Black Sea lowland, Ciscaucasian plain (Kuban lowland, Chechen plain) and Caspian lowland.

Natural territorial complex of the plain

The East European Plain is one of the large natural territorial complexes (NTC) of Russia, the features of which are:

• large area: the second largest plain in the world;
• rich resources: PTC has rich land resources, for example: minerals, water and plant resources, fertile soil, many cultural and tourism resources;
• historical significance: many important events in the history of Russia took place on the plain, which is undoubtedly an advantage of this zone.

On the territory of the plain are Largest cities Russia. This is the center of the beginning and foundation of Russian culture. Great writers drew inspiration from the beautiful and picturesque places of the East European Plain.

Great variety natural complexes Russian plain. These are flat coastal lowlands covered with shrub-moss tundra, and hilly-morainic plains with spruce or coniferous-broad-leaved forests, and vast swampy lowlands, erosion-dissected forest-steppe uplands and floodplains, overgrown with meadows and shrubs. The largest complexes of the plain are the natural zones. The features of the relief and climate of the Russian Plain cause a clear change within its boundaries of natural zones from the northwest to the southeast, from the tundra to the deserts of the temperate zone. The most complete set of natural zones can be traced here in comparison with other large natural regions of our country. The northernmost regions of the Russian Plain are occupied by tundra and forest tundra. The warming effect of the Barents Sea is manifested in the fact that the strip - tundra and forest-tundra on the Russian Plain is narrow. It expands only in the east, where the severity of the climate increases. The climate on the Kola Peninsula is humid, and winters are unusually warm for these latitudes. Plant communities are also peculiar here: shrub tundra with crowberry are replaced to the south by birch forest tundra. More than half of the plain area is occupied by forests. In the west they reach 50°N. sh., and in the east - up to 55 ° N. sh. There are zones of taiga and mixed and broad-leaved forests. Both zones are heavily swamped in the western part, where precipitation is high. Spruce and pine forests are widespread in the taiga of the Russian Plain. The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests gradually wedges out to the east, where the climate becomes more continental. Most of this zone is occupied by the NTC of moraine plains. Picturesque hills and ridges with mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, which do not form large massifs, with meadows and fields alternate with monotonous sandy, often marshy lowlands. There are many small lakes filled with clear waters, and bizarrely meandering rivers. And a huge number of boulders: from large ones, the size of truck to very small ones. They are everywhere: on the slopes and tops of hills and hills, in the lowlands, on arable land, in forests, riverbeds. To the south, sandy plains - woodlands, remaining after the retreat of the glacier, appear. On the poor sandy soils deciduous forests do not grow. Pine forests dominate here. Large areas of woodlands are swamped. Among the swamps, low-lying herbaceous ones predominate, but there are also upland sphagnum ones. A forest-steppe zone stretches along the edge of the forests from that west to the northeast. Uplands and low plains alternate in the forest-steppe zone. The uplands are dissected by a dense network of deep gullies and ravines and are better moistened than the low plains. Prior to human intervention, they were predominantly covered by oak forests on gray forest soils. Meadow steppes on chernozems occupied smaller areas. The low plains are poorly dissected. There are many small depressions (depressions) on them. In the past, meadow forb steppes on chernozems dominated here. Currently, large areas in the forest-steppe zone are plowed up. This causes increased erosion. The forest-steppe is replaced by the steppe zone. The steppe spreads out as a wide boundless plain, more often completely flat, in places with mounds and small hills. Where areas of steppe virgin lands have been preserved, at the beginning of summer it seems silvery from flowering feather grass and worries like the sea. At present, fields are visible everywhere as far as the eye can see. You can drive tens of kilometers, and the picture will not change. In the extreme southeast, in the Caspian Sea, there are zones of semi-deserts and deserts. The temperate continental climate determined the dominance of spruce forests in the forest-tundra and taiga of the Russian Plain, and oak forests in the forest-steppe zone. The increase in continentality and dryness of the climate was reflected in a more complete set of natural zones in the eastern part of the plain, the shift of their boundaries to the north, and the wedging out of the zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests.

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Notes

Literature

• Lebedinsky V.I. Volcanic crown of the Great Plain. - M .: Nauka, 1973. - 192 p. - (The present and future of the Earth and mankind). - 14,000 copies.
• Koronkevich N. I. Water balance of the Russian Plain and its anthropogenic changes / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography. - M .: Nauka, 1990. - 208 p. - (Problems of constructive geography). - 650 copies. - ISBN 5-02-003394-4.
• Vorobyov V. M. Volokovye ways on the Main watershed of the Russian Plain. Tutorial. - Tver: Slavic world, 2007. - 180 p., ill.

Links

• East European Plain // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.

An excerpt characterizing the East European Plain

- So, so, - said Bagration, thinking something, and drove past the limbers to the extreme gun.
While he was approaching, a shot rang out from this cannon, deafening him and his retinue, and in the smoke that suddenly surrounded the cannon, artillerymen were visible, grabbing the cannon and, hastily straining, rolling it back to its original place. A broad-shouldered, huge soldier of the 1st with a banner, legs wide apart, jumped back to the wheel. The 2nd, with a trembling hand, put a charge into the muzzle. A small, round-shouldered man, officer Tushin, stumbled on his trunk and ran forward without noticing the general and looking out from under his small hand.
“Add two more lines, that’s exactly what will happen,” he shouted in a thin voice, to which he tried to give a youthfulness that did not suit his figure. - Second! he squeaked. - Crush, Medvedev!
Bagration called out to the officer, and Tushin, with a timid and awkward movement, not at all like the military salute, but like the priests bless, putting three fingers to the visor, approached the general. Although Tushin's guns were assigned to bombard the hollow, he fired fire-brandskugels at the village of Shengraben, which was visible ahead, in front of which large masses of the French advanced.
No one ordered Tushin where and with what to shoot, and he, after consulting with his sergeant major Zakharchenko, for whom he had great respect, decided that it would be good to set fire to the village. "Good!" Bagration said to the report of the officer and began to look around the entire battlefield that opened before him, as if thinking something. On the right side, the French came closest. Below the height on which the Kyiv regiment stood, in the hollow of the river, the erratic rattle of guns was heard, and much to the right, behind the dragoons, the retinue officer pointed out to the prince at the French column that was bypassing our flank. To the left the horizon was limited to a close forest. Prince Bagration ordered two battalions from the center to go for reinforcements to the right. The retinue officer dared to remark to the prince that after the departure of these battalions, the guns would be left without cover. Prince Bagration turned to the retinue officer and looked at him with dull eyes in silence. It seemed to Prince Andrei that the remark of the retinue officer was just and that there really was nothing to say. But at this time an adjutant galloped up from the regimental commander, who was in the hollow, with the news that huge masses of the French were coming down, that the regiment was upset and was retreating to the Kyiv grenadiers. Prince Bagration bowed his head in agreement and approval. He walked at a pace to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with orders to attack the French. But the adjutant sent there arrived half an hour later with the news that the dragoon regimental commander had already retreated beyond the ravine, for strong fire, and he lost people in vain and therefore hurried the shooters into the forest.
- Good! Bagration said.
While he was driving away from the battery, shots were also heard to the left in the forest, and since it was too far to the left flank to have time to arrive on time himself, Prince Bagration sent Zherkov there to tell the senior general, the same one who represented the regiment to Kutuzov in Braunau, so that he retreats as quickly as possible behind the ravine, because the right flank will probably not be able to hold the enemy for a long time. About Tushin, and the battalion that covered him, was forgotten. Prince Andrei carefully listened to the conversations of Prince Bagration with the chiefs and to the orders he gave, and noticed to his surprise that no orders were given, and that Prince Bagration only tried to pretend that everything that was done out of necessity, chance and the will of private chiefs, that all this was done, if not by his order, but according to his intentions. Thanks to the tact shown by Prince Bagration, Prince Andrei noticed that, despite this randomness of events and their independence from the will of the chief, his presence did an extremely great deal. The commanders, who drove up to Prince Bagration with upset faces, became calm, the soldiers and officers greeted him cheerfully and became livelier in his presence and, apparently, flaunted their courage in front of him.

Prince Bagration, having driven to the highest point of our right flank, began to descend, where erratic shooting was heard and nothing was visible from the powder smoke. The closer they descended to the hollow, the less they could see, but the more sensitive became the proximity of the real battlefield itself. They began to meet the wounded. One with a bloody head, without a hat, was dragged by two soldiers by the arms. He wheezed and spat. The bullet hit, apparently, in the mouth or throat. Another, whom he met, was walking briskly alone, without a gun, groaning loudly and waving his hand in fresh pain, from which blood was pouring, like from a glass, onto his overcoat. His face looked more frightened than hurt. He was wounded a minute ago. Having crossed the road, they began to descend steeply and on the descent they saw several people who were lying; they met a crowd of soldiers, some of whom were not wounded. The soldiers walked uphill, breathing heavily, and, despite the appearance of the general, they talked loudly and waved their hands. Ahead, in the smoke, rows of gray overcoats were already visible, and the officer, seeing Bagration, ran screaming after the soldiers marching in a crowd, demanding that they return. Bagration rode up to the ranks, along which here and there shots quickly clicked, drowning out the conversation and shouts of command. All the air was saturated with gunpowder smoke. The faces of the soldiers were all smoked with gunpowder and animated. Others beat them with ramrods, others sprinkled them on the shelves, took out charges from their bags, and still others fired. But whom they were shooting at, this was not visible from the powder smoke, which was not blown away by the wind. Quite often, pleasant sounds of buzzing and whistling were heard. "What it is? - thought Prince Andrei, driving up to this crowd of soldiers. “It can't be an attack because they don't move; there can't be carre: they don't cost that much."
A thin, weak-looking old man, a regimental commander, with a pleasant smile, with eyelids that more than half covered his senile eyes, giving him a meek air, rode up to Prince Bagration and received him as the host of a dear guest. He reported to Prince Bagration that there was a French cavalry attack against his regiment, but that, although this attack was repulsed, the regiment lost more than half of its people. The regimental commander said that the attack was repulsed, giving this military name to what was happening in his regiment; but he really did not himself know what was happening in those half an hour in the troops entrusted to him, and could not say with certainty whether the attack was repulsed or his regiment was defeated by the attack. At the beginning of the actions, he only knew that cores and grenades began to fly all over his regiment and beat people, that then someone shouted: “cavalry”, and ours began to shoot. And so far they have been shooting not at the cavalry, which disappeared, but at the French foot soldiers, who appeared in the hollow and fired at ours. Prince Bagration bowed his head as a sign that all this was exactly as he wished and assumed. Turning to the adjutant, he ordered him to bring two battalions of the 6th Chasseurs from the mountain, past which they had now passed. Prince Andrei was struck at that moment by the change that had taken place in the face of Prince Bagration. His face expressed that concentrated and happy determination that a person has when he is ready to throw himself into the water on a hot day and takes the last run. There were no sleepy dull eyes, no feigned thoughtful look: round, hard, hawk-like eyes looked ahead enthusiastically and somewhat contemptuously, obviously not stopping at anything, although his former slowness and measuredness remained in his movements.
The regimental commander turned to Prince Bagration, begging him to drive back, as it was too dangerous here. "Have mercy, your Excellency, for God's sake!" he said, looking for confirmation at the retinue officer, who was turning away from him. "Here, if you please, see!" He let them see the bullets, which incessantly squealed, sang and whistled around them. He spoke in such a tone of request and reproach, with which a carpenter says to a master holding an ax: “Our business is familiar, but you will get your hands wet.” He spoke as if he himself could not be killed by these bullets, and his half-closed eyes made his words even more convincing. The staff officer joined in the exhortations of the regimental commander; but Prince Bagration did not answer them and only ordered them to stop firing and line up in such a way as to make room for the two battalions that were approaching. While he was speaking, as if with an invisible hand stretched from right to left, from the rising wind, the canopy of smoke that hid the hollow, and the opposite mountain with the French moving along it, opened up before them. All eyes were involuntarily fixed on this French column, moving towards us and meandering along the ledges of the terrain. The furry hats of the soldiers were already visible; it was already possible to distinguish officers from privates; one could see how their banner fluttered on the staff.
“They are going well,” said someone in Bagration’s retinue.
The head of the column had already descended into the hollow. The collision must have taken place on this side of the descent...
The remnants of our regiment, which was in action, hastily forming up, retreated to the right; from behind them, dispersing the stragglers, two battalions of the 6th Chasseurs approached harmoniously. They had not yet reached Bagration, and already a heavy, heavy step was heard, beaten in the leg by the whole mass of people. From the left flank, the company commander walked closest to Bagration, a round-faced, stately man with a stupid, happy expression on his face, the same one who ran out of the booth. He apparently did not think of anything at that moment, except that he would pass by the authorities as a fine fellow.
With ruthless self-satisfaction, he walked lightly on muscular legs, as if he were swimming, stretching himself without the slightest effort and differing in this lightness from the heavy step of the soldiers walking along his step. He carried at his foot a thin, narrow sword (a bent skewer that did not look like a weapon) at his foot, and, looking now at his superiors, then back, without losing his step, flexibly turned around with his whole strong camp. It seemed that all the strength of his soul was directed towards getting past the authorities in the best possible way, and, feeling that he was doing this job well, he was happy. “Left ... left ... left ...”, he seemed to say inwardly every step, and according to this tact, with variously strict faces, a wall of soldier figures, weighed down with satchels and guns, moved, as if each of these hundreds of soldiers mentally sentenced every step: “ left ... left ... left ... ". The fat major, puffing and breaking his pace, went around the bush along the road; a lagging soldier, out of breath, with a frightened face for his malfunction, was trotting up to the company; the ball, pressing the air, flew over the head of Prince Bagration and his retinue and in time: “left - left!” hit the column. "Close up!" I heard the flaunting voice of the company commander. The soldiers arced around something in the place where the ball fell; the old cavalier, a flank non-commissioned officer, lagging behind the dead, caught up with his line, jumped up, changed his foot, fell into step and looked around angrily. “Left…left…left…” seemed to be heard from behind the menacing silence and the monotonous sound of feet hitting the ground at the same time.
- Well done guys! - said Prince Bagration.
"For the sake of ... hoo ho ho ho! ..." resounded through the ranks. The gloomy soldier who was walking on the left, shouting, looked round at Bagration with such an expression as if he were saying: "we know ourselves"; the other, without looking back and as if afraid of being entertained, with his mouth open, shouted and passed.
They were ordered to stop and take off their knapsacks.
Bagration rode around the rows that passed by him and dismounted from his horse. He gave the Cossack the reins, took off and handed over the cloak, straightened his legs and straightened his cap on his head. The head of the French column, with officers in front, appeared from under the mountain.
"With God!" Bagration spoke in a firm, audible voice, turned for a moment to the front and, slightly waving his arms, with the awkward step of a cavalryman, as if laboring, went forward across the uneven field. Prince Andrei felt that some irresistible force was drawing him forward, and he experienced great happiness. [Here the attack occurred, about which Thiers says: “Les russes se conduisirent vaillamment, et chose rare a la guerre, on vit deux masses d" infanterie Mariecher resolument l "une contre l" autre sans qu "aucune des deux ceda avant d "etre abordee"; and Napoleon on St. Helena said: "Quelques bataillons russes montrerent de l" intrepidite ". [The Russians behaved valiantly, and a rare thing in war, two masses of infantry marched decisively against one another, and neither of the two gave way until the very collision. Napoleon's words: [Several Russian battalions showed fearlessness.]
The French were already close; already Prince Andrei, walking next to Bagration, clearly distinguished the bandages, red epaulettes, even the faces of the French. (He clearly saw one old French officer, who, with twisted legs in boots, was with difficulty walking uphill.) Prince Bagration did not give a new order and still silently walked in front of the ranks. Suddenly, one shot crackled between the French, another, a third ... and smoke spread through all the upset enemy ranks and the firing crackled. Several of our men fell, including the round-faced officer who walked so cheerfully and diligently. But at the same moment as the first shot rang out, Bagration looked around and shouted: "Hurrah!"
"Hurrah ah ah!" a drawn-out cry resounded along our line, and, overtaking Prince Bagration and each other, in a discordant, but cheerful and lively crowd, ours ran downhill after the upset French.

The attack of the 6th Chasseurs ensured the retreat of the right flank. In the center, the action of Tushin's forgotten battery, which managed to set fire to Shengraben, stopped the movement of the French. The French extinguished the fire carried by the wind and gave time to retreat. The retreat of the center through the ravine was carried out hastily and noisily; however, the troops, retreating, were not confused by teams. But the left flank, which was simultaneously attacked and bypassed by the excellent forces of the French under the command of Lann and which consisted of the Azov and Podolsky infantry and Pavlograd hussar regiments, was upset. Bagration sent Zherkov to the general of the left flank with orders to retreat immediately.
Zherkov briskly, without taking his hand off his cap, touched the horse and galloped off. But as soon as he drove away from Bagration, his forces betrayed him. An insurmountable fear came over him, and he could not go where it was dangerous.
Having approached the troops of the left flank, he did not go forward, where there was shooting, but began to look for the general and commanders where they could not be, and therefore did not give orders.
The command of the left flank belonged in seniority to the regimental commander of the very regiment that presented itself under Braunau Kutuzov and in which Dolokhov served as a soldier. The command of the extreme left flank was assigned to the commander of the Pavlograd regiment, where Rostov served, as a result of which there was a misunderstanding. Both commanders were greatly irritated against each other, and at the same time that on the right flank things had already been going on for a long time and the French had already begun the offensive, both commanders were occupied with negotiations aimed at offending each other. The regiments, both cavalry and infantry, were very little prepared for the upcoming business. The people of the regiments, from a soldier to a general, did not expect a battle and calmly engaged in peaceful affairs: feeding the horses in the cavalry, collecting firewood in the infantry.
“He is, however, older than me in rank,” said the German, a hussar colonel, blushing and turning to the adjutant who drove up, “then leave him to do as he wants. I cannot sacrifice my hussars. Trumpeter! Play Retreat!
But things were getting rushed. Cannonade and shooting, merging, thundered from the right and in the center, and the French hoods of Lannes' shooters were already passing the mill dam and lined up on this side in two rifle shots. The infantry colonel with a shuddering gait approached the horse and, mounting it and becoming very straight and tall, rode to the Pavlograd commander. The regimental commanders arrived with courteous bows and hidden malice in their hearts.
“Again, colonel,” said the general, “however, I cannot leave half the people in the forest. I beg you, I beg you,” he repeated, “take position and prepare for the attack.
“And I ask you not to interfere with your own business,” the colonel answered, getting excited. - If you were a cavalryman ...
- I'm not a cavalryman, Colonel, but I'm a Russian general, and if you don't know...
“Very well known, Your Excellency,” the colonel suddenly cried out, touching the horse, and turning red-purple. - Would you like to join the chains, and you will see that this position is worthless. I don't want to destroy my regiment for your pleasure.
“You are forgetting, Colonel. I do not observe my pleasure and I will not allow it to be said.
The general, accepting the colonel's invitation to the tournament of courage, straightening his chest and frowning, rode with him in the direction of the chain, as if all their disagreement was to be decided there, in the chain, under the bullets. They arrived at the chain, several bullets flew over them, and they silently stopped. There was nothing to see in the chain, since even from the place where they had previously stood, it was clear that it was impossible for the cavalry to operate through the bushes and ravines, and that the French were bypassing the left wing. The general and the colonel looked sternly and significantly as the two roosters preparing for battle looked at each other, waiting in vain for signs of cowardice. Both passed the test. Since there was nothing to say, and neither one nor the other wanted to give the other a reason to say that he was the first to get out from under the bullets, they would have stood there for a long time, mutually experiencing courage, if at that time in the forest, almost behind them, the rattle of guns and a muffled, merging scream were heard. The French attacked the soldiers who were in the forest with firewood. The hussars could no longer retreat with the infantry. They were cut off from the retreat to the left by a French line. Now, however inconvenient the terrain was, it was necessary to attack in order to make their way.
The squadron, where Rostov served, who had just managed to get on his horses, was stopped facing the enemy. Again, as on the Ensky bridge, there was no one between the squadron and the enemy, and between them, separating them, lay the same terrible line of uncertainty and fear, as it were, a line separating the living from the dead. All people felt this line, and the question of whether or not they would cross the line and how they would cross the line worried them.
A colonel rode up to the front, angrily answered something to the questions of the officers, and, like a man desperately insisting on his own, gave some kind of order. No one said anything definitive, but rumors of an attack swept through the squadron. There was a command to build, then sabers screeched out of their scabbards. But still no one moved. The troops of the left flank, both the infantry and the hussars, felt that the authorities themselves did not know what to do, and the indecision of the commanders was communicated to the troops.
“Hurry, hurry,” thought Rostov, feeling that at last the time had come to taste the pleasure of the attack, about which he had heard so much from his comrades hussars.
- With God, g "fuck," Denisov's voice sounded, - g "ysyo, magician" sh!
In the front row, the croups of horses swayed. Grachik pulled the reins and set off on his own.
On the right, Rostov saw the first ranks of his hussars, and even further ahead he could see a dark stripe, which he could not see, but considered the enemy. Shots were heard, but in the distance.
- Add lynx! - a command was heard, and Rostov felt how he was giving in backwards, interrupting his Grachik at a gallop.
He guessed his movements ahead, and he became more and more cheerful. He noticed a lone tree ahead. This tree was at first in front, in the middle of that line that seemed so terrible. And so they crossed this line, and not only was there nothing terrible, but it became more and more cheerful and lively. "Oh, how I will cut him," thought Rostov, clutching the hilt of the saber in his hand.
– Oh oh oh ah ah!! - voices boomed. "Well, now whoever gets caught," thought Rostov, pressing Grachik's spurs, and, overtaking the others, let him go all over the quarry. The enemy was already visible ahead. Suddenly, like a wide broom, something lashed the squadron. Rostov raised his saber, preparing to cut, but at that time the soldier Nikitenko, galloping ahead, separated from him, and Rostov felt, as in a dream, that he continued to rush forward with unnatural speed and at the same time remained in place. Behind him, the familiar hussar Bandarchuk galloped up at him and looked angrily. Bandarchuk's horse shied away, and he galloped past.
"What is this? am I not moving? “I fell, I was killed ...” Rostov asked and answered in an instant. He was already alone in the middle of the field. Instead of moving horses and hussar backs, he saw around him motionless earth and stubble. Warm blood was under him. "No, I am wounded and the horse is killed." Rook got up on his front legs, but fell, crushing his rider's leg. Blood was flowing from the horse's head. The horse struggled and could not get up. Rostov wanted to get up and fell too: the cart caught on the saddle. Where were ours, where were the French - he did not know. Nobody was around.
He freed his leg and stood up. “Where, on what side was now that line that so sharply separated the two troops?” he asked himself and could not answer. “Has something bad happened to me? Are there such cases, and what should be done in such cases? he asked himself, getting up; and at that time he felt that something superfluous was hanging on his left numb hand. Her brush was like someone else's. He looked at his hand, searching in vain for blood. “Well, here are the people,” he thought happily, seeing several people running towards him. “They will help me!” Ahead of these people ran one in a strange shako and in a blue overcoat, black, tanned, with a hooked nose. Two more and many more fled behind. One of them said something strange, non-Russian. Between the rear of the same people, in the same shakos, stood one Russian hussar. He was held by the hands; his horse was kept behind him.
“That's right, our prisoner ... Yes. Will they take me too? What kind of people are these? Rostov kept thinking, not believing his eyes. "Are they French?" He looked at the approaching French, and despite the fact that in a second he galloped only to overtake these Frenchmen and cut them down, their proximity now seemed to him so terrible that he could not believe his eyes. "Who are they? Why are they running? Really to me? Are they running towards me? And why? Kill me? Me, whom everyone loves so much? - He remembered the love for him of his mother, family, friends, and the intention of the enemies to kill him seemed impossible. "Or maybe - and kill!" He stood for more than ten seconds, not moving from his place and not understanding his position. The hump-nosed Frenchman in front ran so close that you could already see the expression on his face. And the heated, alien physiognomy of this man, who, with a bayonet in excess, holding his breath, easily ran up to him, frightened Rostov. He grabbed a pistol and, instead of firing it, threw it at the Frenchman and ran towards the bushes with all his might. Not with that feeling of doubt and struggle with which he went to the Ensky bridge, he fled, but with the feeling of a hare running away from dogs. One inseparable feeling of fear for his young, happy life dominated his entire being. Quickly jumping over the fences, with the swiftness with which he ran, playing burners, he flew across the field, occasionally turning his pale, kind, young face, and a chill of horror ran down his back. "No, it's better not to look," he thought, but, running up to the bushes, he looked back again. The French lagged behind, and even at the moment he looked back, the one in front had just changed his trot to a step and, turning around, was shouting something loudly to his rear comrade. Rostov stopped. "Something's wrong," he thought, "it can't be that they want to kill me." Meanwhile, his left hand was so heavy, as if a two-pound weight was hung from it. He couldn't run any further. The Frenchman also stopped and took aim. Rostov closed his eyes and bent down. One, another bullet flew, buzzing, past him. He gathered his last strength, took left hand to the right and ran to the bushes. There were Russian arrows in the bushes.

Infantry regiments, caught unawares in the forest, ran out of the forest, and companies, mingling with other companies, left in disorderly crowds. One soldier, in fright, uttered a terrible and meaningless word in the war: “cut off!”, And the word, along with a feeling of fear, was communicated to the whole mass.
- Bypassed! Cut off! Gone! shouted the voices of the fugitives.
The regimental commander, at the very moment he heard the shooting and shouting from behind, realized that something terrible had happened to his regiment, and the thought that he, an exemplary, who had served for many years, an innocent officer, could be guilty before his superiors in an oversight or indiscipline, so struck him that at that very moment, forgetting both the rebellious cavalry colonel and his general importance, and most importantly - completely forgetting about the danger and sense of self-preservation, he, grabbing the pommel of the saddle and spurring the horse, galloped to the regiment under a hail of bullets that sprinkled, but happily passed him by. He wanted one thing: to find out what was the matter, and to help and correct at all costs the mistake, if it was on his part, and not to be guilty of him, having served for twenty-two years as an exemplary officer, not noticed in anything.

Lesson goals.

1. Find out the features of the nature of the plain as a factor in the formation of the most populated and developed region.

2. Develop research skills.

3. Develop a moral and aesthetic attitude towards nature.

Lesson objectives.

1. Formation of ideas and knowledge about the features of the natural region - the Russian Plain, its role in the formation of the Russian state.

2. Study of the nature and resources of the Russian Plain.

3. Deepening and expanding knowledge about the components of the NTC of the plain.

Equipment: maps of Russia - physical, climatic, vegetation of natural zones, contour maps, video film, books, mobile class, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard.

Forms of work: group work with elements of a role-playing game.

Lesson type:

for didactic purposes - the study of new material;

on teaching methods - role-playing game.

Lesson Plan

1. Organization of the lesson.

2. Actualization of students' knowledge. Statement of educational tasks. Exploring a new topic.

3. The work of students in groups. Student responses. Relaxation.

4. The result of the lesson. Evaluation of student responses. Achievement of the goal.

5. Test solutions when using laptops. The practical part, the performance of tasks in contour maps.

6. Homework.

1. Stage - organizational.

Greetings. Ready for the lesson. Mark absentees in the journal.

2. Stage - actualization of students' knowledge.

Teacher. We begin to study the physical and geographical regions of Russia.

Question number 1. Name and show all these areas on the physical map of Russia.

Lesson topic. Russian (East European) Plain. Geographical position and features of nature.

Teacher. Guys, we have to find out what in the nature of the Russian Plain enchants a person, gives him spiritual and physical strength, affects economic activity.

To solve the problems, it is necessary to investigate the following questions.

1. Geographical position and relief of the Russian Plain.

2. Climate and inland waters.

3. natural areas Russian plain.

4. Natural resources and their use.

5. Ecological problems Russian (East European) Plain.

We begin the study of the Russian Plain with determining the geographical location of the region, since it determines the features of the NTK.

Define the term "geographic location".

Geographical position is called - the position of an object or point on the earth's surface in relation to other objects or territories.

Knowledge update

Question number 2. What underlies the division of Russia into regions or physiographic regions?

Answer. The division is based on relief and geological structure - azonal components.

Question number 3. The first NTC (physico-geographical region), which we will get acquainted with, is the Russian Plain, or as it is also called the East European Plain.

Why do you think this plain has such names?

Answer. Russian - because here is the center of Russia, Ancient Russia was located on the plain. Most Russians in Russia live here.

Question number 4. Why Eastern European?

Answer. The plain is located in the east of Europe.

3. Stage. Group work.

Today work in groups, you receive tasks and instructions for completing tasks, for which 5 minutes are allotted.

Students are divided into groups of 4-5 people, consultants are appointed, cards with research tasks are distributed (in the course of work, the guys draw up an outline of their answer on separate sheets), receive evaluation sheets.

Evaluation paper

No. p / p	Last name, first name	Grade for answers	Grade for test	Final mark

Student research.

Group #1

Problematic question: How does the geographical location determine the features of the nature of the Russian Plain?

1. Seas washing the territory of the Russian Plain.

2. Which ocean basin do they belong to.

3. Which of the oceans has the greatest influence on the natural features of the plain?

4. The length of the plain from north to south along 40 degrees E. (1 degree = 111 km.).

Conclusion. The plain occupies the western part of Russia. The area is about 3 million square kilometers. The Arctic and Atlantic oceans influence the features of nature.

The Russian Plain occupies almost the entire western, European, part of Russia. It stretches from the coasts of the Barents and White Seas - in the north to the Azov and Caspian Seas - in the south; from the western borders of the country to the Ural Mountains. The length of the territories from north to south exceeds 2500 km, the area of ​​​​the plain within Russia is about 3 million km2.

The influence of the seas of the Atlantic and the least severe seas of the Arctic Oceans on the features of its nature is connected with the geographical position of the plain. The Russian Plain has the most complete set of natural zones (from tundra to temperate deserts). In most of its territory, natural conditions are quite favorable for life and economic activity population.

Group #2

Problematic question: How was the modern relief of the plain formed?

1. Comparing the physical and tectonic maps, draw a conclusion:

How does the tectonic structure affect the relief of the plain? What is an ancient platform?

2. What territories have the highest and lowest absolute heights?

3. The relief of the plain is varied. Why? What external processes formed the relief of the plain?

Conclusion. The Russian plain is located on the ancient platform - Russian. The highest height is the Khibiny mountains 1191 m, the lowest is the Caspian lowland - 28 m. The relief is diverse, the glacier in the north had a strong influence, in the south flowing waters.

The Russian Plain is located on an ancient Precambrian platform. This is due to the main feature of its relief - flatness. The folded basement of the Russian Plain lies at different depths and comes to the surface in Russia only on the Kola Peninsula and in Karelia (Baltic Shield). In the rest of the territory, the foundation is covered by a sedimentary cover of different thicknesses.

The cover smooths out the irregularities of the foundation, but still, as on an X-ray, they “shine through” through the thickness of sedimentary rocks and predetermine the placement of the largest uplands and lowlands. The Khibiny mountains on the Kola Peninsula have the highest height, they are located on the shield, the lowest is the Caspian lowland - 28 m, i.e. 28 m below sea level.

The Central Russian Upland and the Timan Ridge are confined to basement uplifts. The Caspian and Pechora lowlands correspond to depressions.

The relief of the plain is quite diverse. In most of the territory it is rugged and picturesque. In the northern part, against the general background of a low plain, small hills and ridges are scattered. Here, through the Valdai Upland and the Northern Uvaly, there is a watershed between rivers carrying their waters to the north and northwest (Western and Northern Dvina, Pechora) and flowing to the south (Dnepr, Don and Volga with their fairly numerous tributaries).

The northern part of the Russian Plain was formed by ancient glaciers. The Kola Peninsula and Karelia are located where the destructive activity of the glacier was intensive. Here, solid bedrocks with traces of glacial processing often come to the surface. To the south, where the accumulation of material brought by the glacier proceeded, formed of course - moraine ridges and hilly - moraine relief. Moraine hills alternate with depressions occupied by lakes or marshes.

Along the southern margin of the glaciation, glacial melt water deposited a mass of sandy material. Flat or slightly concave sandy plains arose here. Currently, they are crossed by slightly incised river valleys.

To the south, large uplands and lowlands alternate. The Central Russian, Volga Uplands and the Common Syrt are separated by lowlands along which the Don and Volga flow. Erosion relief is common here. The hills are especially densely and deeply dissected by ravines and gullies.

The extreme south of the Russian Plain, flooded by seas in the Neogene and Quaternary, is distinguished by weak dissection and a slightly wavy, almost flat surface. The Russian Plain is located in the temperate climate zone. Only its extreme north is in the subarctic zone.

Relaxation. The guys are looking at slides with landscapes of nature, and with musical accompaniment.

Group #3

Problematic question: Why did a temperate continental climate form on the Russian Plain?

1. Name the climate-forming factors that determine the climate of the plain.

2. How does the Atlantic Ocean affect the climate of the plain?

3. What kind of weather do cyclones bring?

4. According to the climate map: determine the average temperatures in January and July, the annual rainfall in Petrozavodsk, Moscow, Voronezh, Volgograd.

Conclusion. The climate is temperate continental, continentality increases towards the southeast. The Atlantic has the greatest influence.

The climate of the Russian Plain is temperate continental. Continentality increases to the east and especially to the southeast. The nature of the relief ensures the free penetration of Atlantic air masses to the eastern outskirts of the plain, and the Arctic ones far to the south. During transitional periods, the advance of the Arctic air causes a sharp drop in temperature and frosts, and in summer - droughts.

The Russian Plain receives the greatest amount of precipitation compared to other large plains of our country. It is influenced by the western transport of air masses and cyclones moving from the Atlantic. This influence is especially strong in the northern and middle parts of the Russian Plain. Precipitation is associated with the passage of cyclones. Humidification here is excessive and sufficient, so there are many rivers, lakes and swamps. In the band of the maximum number are the sources of the largest rivers of the Russian Plain: the Volga, the Northern Dvina. The northwest of the plain is one of the country's lake regions. Along with large lakes - Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, Ilmen - there are many small ones located in depressions between moraine hills.

In the southern part of the plain, where cyclones rarely pass, there is less precipitation than can evaporate. Humidification is insufficient. In summer, there are often droughts and dry winds. The increase in the dryness of the climate goes to the southeast.

Group #4

Problematic question: How would you explain the words of A.I. Voeikov: “Rivers are a product of the climate”?

1. Find and name the large rivers of the plain, which basins of the oceans do they belong to?

2. Why do rivers flow in different directions?

3. Climate influences rivers. What is it expressed in?

4. There are many large lakes on the territory of the Russian Plain. Most of them are located in the northwest of the plain. Why?

Conclusion. The rivers have a spring flood, the food is mixed.

Most of the lakes are located in the northwest of the plain. The basins are glacier-tectonic and dammed, i.e. the influence of an ancient glacier.

All rivers of the Russian Plain are fed mainly by snow and spring floods. But the rivers of the northern part of the plain, in terms of the amount of runoff and its distribution over the seasons of the year, differ significantly from the rivers of the southern part. The northern rivers are full of water. Rain and water play a significant role in their diet. ground water, therefore, the runoff is more evenly distributed throughout the year than that of the southern rivers.

In the southern part of the plain, where moisture is insufficient, the rivers are shallow. The share of rain and groundwater in their diet is sharply reduced, so the vast majority of runoff falls on a short period of spring floods.

The longest and most abundant river of the Russian Plain and all of Europe is the Volga.

The Volga is one of the main treasures and decorations of the Russian Plain. Starting from a small swamp on the Valdai Hills, the river carries its waters to the Caspian Sea. It absorbed the waters of hundreds of rivers and rivulets flowing from the Ural Mountains and born on the plain. The main sources of nutrition for the Volga are snow (60%) and ground (30%) waters. In winter the river freezes over.

Crossing several natural zones on its way, it reflects large cities, majestic forests, high slopes of the right banks, and coastal sands of the Caspian deserts in the water surface.

Now the Volga has turned into a grandiose staircase with mirrored steps of reservoirs that regulate its flow. The water falling from the dams provides electricity to the cities and villages of the Russian Plain. The river is connected by canals to five seas. The Volga is a river - a toiler, an artery of life, the mother of Russian rivers, sung by our people.

Of the lakes of the Russian Plain, the largest is Lake Ladoga. Its area is 18100 km2. The lake stretches from north to south for 219 km with a maximum width of 124 km. The average depth is 51 m. The lake reaches its greatest depths (203 m) in its northern part. The northern shore of Lake Ladoga is rocky, indented by narrow long bays. The rest of the banks are low and gentle. There are many islands on the lake (about 650), most of which are located near the northern shore.

The lake freezes completely only by mid-February. The ice thickness reaches 0.7–1 m. The lake opens in April, but ice floes float on its water surface for a long time. Only in the second half of May the lake is completely free of ice.

On Lake Ladoga, fog hinders navigation. Strong long storms often occur when the waves reach a height of 3 meters. According to the terms of navigation, Ladoga is equated with the seas. The lake is connected through the Neva with the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea; across the Svir River, Lake Onega and the White Sea - Baltic Canal - with the White and Barents Seas; through the Volga-Baltic Canal - with the Volga and the Caspian. In recent years, there has been a strong pollution of the water of Lake Ladoga by industrial in its basin. The problem of maintaining the purity of the lake is acute, since St. Petersburg receives water from Ladoga. In 1988, a special resolution was adopted to protect Lake Ladoga.

4. Stage. Summary of the lesson. Evaluation of student responses.

Conclusion on the topic studied

The East European (Russian) Plain has exceptionally diverse natural conditions and resources. This is due to the geological history of development and geographical location. From these places the Russian land began, for a long time the plain was inhabited and mastered by people. It is no coincidence that it is on the Russian plain that the capital of the country, Moscow, is located, the most developed economic region is Central Russia with the highest population density.

The nature of the Russian Plain enchants with its beauty. It gives a person spiritual and physical strength, calms, restores health. The unique charm of Russian nature is sung by A.S. Pushkin,

M.Yu. Lermontov, reflected in the painting by I.I. Levitan, I.I. Shishkin, V.D. Polenov. People passed down the skills of arts and crafts from generation to generation, using natural resources and the very spirit of Russian culture.

5. Stage. The practical part of the lesson. To consolidate and assimilate the educational material, the guys perform a test on laptops (exercises with the eyes), at the command of the teacher, press the “result” key.

Summing up, drawing up evaluation sheets.

The practical part in the workbooks p. 49 (task No. 2).

Grading in diaries.

6. Stage. Homework: paragraph 27, workbook p. 49 (task number 1).

Introspection of a geography lesson

The lesson was held in a class with good learning opportunities, a class of developmental learning.

Students have the skills of analytical mental activity.

Lesson type - combined, with elements of a role-playing game. Based on the topic and type of lesson, the characteristics of the student team, the following objectives of the lesson were determined:

To identify the features of the nature of the plain as a factor in the formation of the most populated and developed region;

Improve the ability to work with atlas maps, the text of the textbook, a computer, draw up logical reference diagrams;

To ensure the development of abilities for evaluative actions, to express judgments;

Develop research skills;

Develop the ability to work in a team, develop mutual assistance;

Develop a moral and aesthetic attitude towards nature.

To achieve these goals, various methods learning:

1. According to the sources of transmission and perception of information:

- verbal- formulation of targets, explanation of methods of activity;

- visual- maps, interactive whiteboard, multimedia projector, mobile class;

- practical- work with atlas maps, textbook, workbook using laptops.

2. By the nature of cognitive activity:

- reproductive- the student worked with the terms;

- research- identify features, establish cause and effect;

- compared explained and analyzed problematic issues.

The lesson uses the following forms of organization learning activities:

1. Individual - each student worked with the text of the textbook, maps of the atlas, performed control tasks.

2. Paired - discussions, mutual control.

3. Group - creative work.

When developing the lesson, I followed principles:

1. The principle of motivation is the creation of enthusiasm, interest in knowledge.

2. The principle of a conscious learning process.

3. The principle of collectivism.

used tricks mental thought activity:

1. Reception of comparison - favorable and unfavorable conditions.

2. Reception of analysis and synthesis - determination of the features of the distribution of natural resources.

3. Reception of generalization in the formulation of conclusions and summing up.

Lesson stages

Stage 1 - organizational.

The task of the stage is to provide a favorable psychological environment for learning activities.

Stage 2 - updating the basic knowledge.

At this stage, the teacher ensures the reproduction of the knowledge and skills on the basis of which the new content will be built. Implementation targets, the formation of skills to determine the goal, plan their educational activities.

Stage 3 - the study of new material, work in groups.

The tasks of the stage are to ensure the perception, comprehension of the concepts acquired by students, the creation of conditions for the development of knowledge by students in the form of activity.

1. Creation of problem situations.

2. Using the research method of teaching to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

3. Improvement of skills in text analysis, charting.

4. Work with the text of the textbook in order to develop scientific thinking.

5. The creative task is aimed at consolidating the ability to analyze maps of the atlas, as well as at developing mental cogitative activity. development of logic.

Stage 4 - the result of the lesson, the consolidation of new knowledge and methods of activity.

The task of the stage is to provide an increase in the level of comprehension of the studied material. Improving evaluation activities.

Stage 5 - the practical part, the logical conclusion of the lesson.

Stage 6 - information about homework.

The form of the lesson made it possible to combine traditional and non-traditional forms of work: a combined lesson with elements of a role-playing game. The psychological mode was supported by the teacher's benevolent attitude towards the students. The feasibility of tasks for each student, the atmosphere of business cooperation. The high density, the pace of the lesson, the combination of different types of work made it possible to realize the entire volume of the proposed material, to solve the tasks set.

In the north, the East European Plain is washed by the cold waters of the Barents and White Seas, in the south - by the warm waters of the Black and Seas of Azov, in the southeast - by the waters of the world's largest Caspian lake. The western borders of the East European Plain are bordered by the Baltic Sea and go beyond the borders of our country. Ural mountains limit the plain from the east, and the Caucasian - partially from the south.

What landforms are most characteristic of the East European Plain?

The East European Plain is located on the ancient Russian platform, which determined main feature its relief is flatness. But flatness should not be understood as monotony. There are no two places that are alike. In the north-west of the plain, a ledge of crystalline rocks - the Baltic Shield - corresponds to the low Khibiny Mountains and the elevated hilly plains of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula. The crystalline basement is located close to the surface on the Central Russian upland and the uplands of the Trans-Volga region. And only the Volga Upland was formed on a deeply lowered section of the foundation as a result of intensive uplift earth's crust in modern times.

Rice. 53. Central Russian Upland

The relief of the entire northern half of the East European Plain was formed under the influence of repeated glaciations. On the Kola Peninsula and in Karelia (“the country of lakes and granite”), the modern appearance of the relief is determined by unusually picturesque glacial forms: moraine ridges overgrown with dense spruce forests, granite rocks polished by a glacier - “ram's foreheads”, hills covered with golden pine forests. Numerous lakes with intricately indented shores are connected by rapids. fast rivers with sparkling waterfalls. The main uplands of the northern part of the plain - Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow with the Klin-Dmitrov ridge - were formed as a result of the accumulation of glacial material.

Rice. 54. Glacial relief

An important natural feature of these places is the steeply cut gorges of river valleys, along the bottom of which rivers wind like crystal ribbons, and in Valdai there are large and small lakes with many islands that seem to “bath” in the water. The Valdai lakes, framed by forested hills, are scattered throughout the entire territory of the hill like pearls in a precious setting. Therefore, it is not surprising that, according to the already established tradition, such a lake-hilly area is often called "Russian Switzerland".

Rice. 55. Caspian lowland

Between the large hills there are flat low-lying sandy plains with areas of ship pine forests and swampy “dead” places of swampy peat bogs, such as the Upper Volga, Meshcherskaya, Oksko-Donskaya, the sand cover of which is formed by powerful flows of melted glacial waters.

The southern half of the Russian Plain, which was not covered by glaciers, is composed of layers of loose loess rocks easily eroded by water. Therefore, the Central Russian and Volga Uplands, as a result of active erosional "processing", are dotted with numerous steep-sided ravines and gullies.

The northern and southern margins of the East European Plain were repeatedly attacked by sea waters on land, resulting in the formation of flat coastal lowlands (for example, the Caspian Lowland) filled with horizontal layers of sedimentary deposits.

How is the climate of the European part of Russia different?

The East European Plain is located in temperate latitudes and has a predominantly temperate continental climate. Its "openness" to the west and north and, accordingly, exposure to the influence of the Atlantic and Arctic air masses largely predetermined climatic features. Atlantic air brings the bulk of precipitation to the plain, most of which falls in the warm season, when cyclones come here. The amount of precipitation decreases from 600-800 mm per year in the west to 300-200 mm in the south and southeast. The extreme southeast is characterized by the greatest aridity of the climate - semi-deserts and deserts dominate in the Caspian lowland.

characteristic feature winter weather practically throughout the entire territory of the Russian Plain there are constant thaws brought by air masses from the shores of the Atlantic. On such days, icicles hang from the roofs and tree branches and spring drops ring, although real winter is still in the shade.

The Arctic air in winter, and often in summer, "drafts" passes through the entire territory of the East European Plain up to extreme south. In summer, its invasions are accompanied by cold spells and droughts. In winter, clear days are set with the strongest, breath-holding frosts.

Due to successive, hardly predictable invasions of Atlantic and Arctic air masses on the East European Plain, it is very difficult to make not only long-term and medium-term, but even short-term weather forecasts. A distinctive feature of the climate of the plain is the instability of weather phenomena and the dissimilarity of the seasons of different years.

What are the main features of the river system of European Russia?

The territory of the East European Plain is covered with a dense river network. Starting on the Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow and Central Russian uplands, the greatest rivers of Europe - the Volga, the Western Dvina, the Dnieper, the Don - spread like a fan in all directions.

True, unlike the eastern regions of Russia, many large rivers of the East European Plain flow south (Dnepr, Don, Volga, Ural), and this allows their water to be used to irrigate arid lands. The largest areas of land with developed irrigation systems are located in the Volga region and in the North Caucasus.

Rice. 56. Karelian waterfall

Due to the fact that the upper reaches of many rivers are located close to each other on a flat territory, rivers have been used since historical times for through communication between different parts huge territory. At first it was ancient portages. No wonder the names of the cities here are Vyshny Volochek, Volokolamsk. Then some rivers connected the canals, and already in modern time A single deep-sea European system was created, thanks to which our capital is connected by waterways with several seas.

Rice. 57. Valdai Lakes

Many reservoirs have been built on large and small rivers to retain and use spring water, so the flow of many rivers is regulated. The Volga and Kama have turned into a cascade of reservoirs used for power generation, navigation, land irrigation and water supply for numerous cities and industrial centers.

What are the most characteristic features of modern landscapes of the Russian Plain?

The main characteristic feature of the East European Plain is the well-defined zoning in the distribution of its landscapes. Moreover, it is expressed more fully and more clearly than on other plains of the globe.

On the coast of the Barents Sea, occupied by cold, heavily waterlogged plains, a narrow strip is located in the tundra zone, which is replaced by forest-tundra to the south.

Harsh natural conditions do not allow farming in these landscapes. This is a zone of developed reindeer breeding and hunting and fishing economy. In the areas of mining, where settlements and even small towns arose, industrial landscapes became the predominant landscapes. The north of the East European Plain provides the country with coal, oil and gas, iron ores, non-ferrous metals and apatites.

Rice. 58. Natural areas of the European part of Russia

In the middle zone of the East European Plain, a thousand years ago, typical forest landscapes prevailed - dark coniferous taiga, mixed, and then broad-leaved oak and linden forests. In the vast expanses of the plain, forests have now been cut down and forest landscapes have turned into forest-fields - a combination of forests and fields. The floodplains of many northern rivers are home to the best grazing and hayfields in Russia. Forest areas are often represented by secondary forests, in which coniferous and broad-leaved species have been replaced by small-leaved species - birch and aspen.

Rice. 59. Landscapes of natural and economic zones of the East European Plain

The south of the plain is a boundless expanse of forest-steppes and steppes that go beyond the horizon with the most fertile chernozem soils and the most favorable climatic conditions for agriculture. Here is the main agricultural zone of the country with the most transformed landscapes and the main fund of arable land in Russia. These are the richest iron ore deposits of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, oil and gas in the Volga and Ural regions.

findings

Huge size, variety of natural conditions, wealth of natural resources, the highest population and high level economic development - the hallmarks of the East European Plain.

The flat nature of the territory, a relatively mild climate with sufficient heat and precipitation, an abundance of water resources and minerals are the prerequisites for intensive economic development of the East European Plain.

Questions and tasks

1. Determine distinctive features geographical position of the European part of Russia. Rate it. Show on the map the main geographical features of the East European Plain - natural and economic; Largest cities.
2. What features do you think unite the East European Plain with a huge variety of its landscapes?
3. What is the peculiarity of the Russian Plain as a territory most inhabited by people? How has its appearance changed as a result of the interaction of nature and people?
4. What do you think, did it play a special role in the economic development and development of the Russian Plain that it is - historical Center Russian state?
5. In the works of which Russian artists, composers, poets, the features of nature are especially clearly understood and conveyed Central Russia? Give examples.

1. Determine the distinctive features of the geographical location of the European part of Russia. Rate it. Show on the map the main geographical features of the East European Plain - natural and economic; Largest cities.

The European part of Russia occupies the East European Plain. In the north, the East European Plain is washed by the cold waters of the Barents and White Seas, in the south - by the warm waters of the Black and Azov Seas, in the southeast - by the waters of the world's largest Caspian lake. The western borders of the East European Plain are bordered by the Baltic Sea and go beyond the borders of our country. The Ural Mountains limit the plain from the east, and the Caucasus - partially from the south.

Geographical features - Bolshezemelskaya tundra, Valdai upland, Donetsk ridge, Malozemelskaya tundra, Oka-Don plain, Volga upland, Caspian lowland, Northern Uvaly, Smolensk-Moscow upland, Central Russian upland, Stavropol upland, Timan ridge.

The rivers Akhtuba, Belaya, Volga, Volkhov, Vychegda, Vyatka, Dnieper, Don, Zap. Dvina, Kama, Klyazma, Kuban, Kuma, Mezen, Moscow, Neva, Oka, Pechora, Svir, Sev. Dvina, Sukhona, Terek, YugOzera, Baskunchak, White, Vygozero, Ilmen, Caspian Sea, Ladoga, Manych-Gudilo, Onega, Pskov, Seliger, Chudskoye, Elton.

Large cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Ufa, Perm, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don.

Ancient Russian cities: Veliky Novgorod (859), Smolensk (862), Yaroslavl (1010), Vladimir (1108), Bryansk (1146), Tula (1146), Kostroma (1152), Tver (XII century), Kaluga (1371 ), Sergiev Posad (XIV century), Arkhangelsk (1584), Voronezh (1586).

2. What do you think, what features unite the East European Plain with a huge variety of its landscapes?

The East European Plain is united by a single tectonic foundation (the Russian Platform), the flat nature of the surface, and the distribution of a temperate climate, transitional from maritime to continental, over most of the territory.

3. What is the originality of the Russian Plain as a territory most inhabited by people? How has its appearance changed as a result of the interaction of nature and people?

The main characteristic feature of the East European Plain is the well-defined zoning in the distribution of its landscapes. On the coast of the Barents Sea, occupied by cold, heavily waterlogged plains, a narrow strip is located in the tundra zone, which is replaced by forest-tundra to the south. Harsh natural conditions do not allow farming in these landscapes. This is a zone of developed reindeer breeding and hunting and trade economy. In the areas of mining, where settlements and even small towns arose, industrial landscapes became the predominant landscapes. The northern strip of the plain is the least transformed by human activity.

In the middle zone of the East European Plain, a thousand years ago, typical forest landscapes prevailed - dark coniferous taiga, mixed, and then broad-leaved oak and linden forests. In the vast expanses of the plain, forests have now been cut down and forest landscapes have turned into forest fields - a combination of forests and fields. The floodplains of many northern rivers are home to the best grazing and hayfields in Russia. Forest areas are often represented by secondary forests, in which coniferous and broad-leaved species have been replaced by small-leaved species - birch and aspen.

The south of the plain is a boundless expanse of forest-steppes and steppes that go beyond the horizon with the most fertile chernozem soils and the most favorable climatic conditions for agriculture. Here is the main agricultural zone of the country with the most transformed landscapes and the main fund of arable land in Russia.

4. What do you think, did the fact that it is the historical center of the Russian state play a special role in the economic development and development of the Russian Plain?

The role of the center of the Russian state definitely influenced the development and development of the Russian Plain. It is characterized by dense population, the greatest variety of types of economic activity, and a high degree of landscape transformation.

5. In the works of which Russian artists, composers, poets are the peculiarities of the nature of Central Russia especially clearly understood and conveyed? Give examples.

In literature - K. Paustovsky "Meshcherskaya side", Rylenkov's poem "Everything is in a melting haze", E. Grieg "Morning", Turgenev I.S. "Notes of a hunter", Aksakov S.T. "Childhood of Bagrov-grandson", Prishvin M.M. - many stories, Sholokhov M.M. - stories, " Quiet Don", Pushkin A.S. many works, Tyutchev F.I. "Evening", "Noon", "Spring Waters".

In music - to G. Ibsen's drama "Peer Gynt", K. Bobescu, "Forest" from the suite "Forest Fairy Tale", "Where the Motherland Begins" (music by V. Basner, lyrics by Matusovsky).

Artists - I. N. Kramskoy, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, V. G. Perov, V. M. Vasnetsov, I. I. Levitan, I. I. Shishkin.