Antioch Cantemir of satire. letters

Poetic satire is a poetic genre of normative literature (from antiquity to the 19th century). The problematic of satire is the condemnation of societies of significant vices. Unlike a fable, there is no allegory, the vice is depicted directly, the author's voice sounds, the author's assessment. Reminiscent of oratory. 3 parts: 1 introduction - the author's formulation of the problem. 2nd part main - gallery of satirical characters, 3rd part conclusion - author's conclusion.

Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir. In the literary heritage of Cantemir, the main place is occupied by satires. There are only nine of them: five written before leaving abroad (1729-1731) and then (1736-1737) revised in London and three satires (VI, VII, VIII), conceived and written in Paris (1738-1739). Due to their topicality, the satires of Antioch Cantemir were not published during his lifetime, although they were well known in the lists. The first edition of his satires, translated into French, published in 1749 in London. In Russia, his satires were first published only in 1762, that is, 18 years after the death of the author.

The construction of Cantemir's satyrs is usually uniform. After the introduction (which most often represents an appeal, for example, to his mind, to Feofan, to the muse, to the sun, etc.), Cantemir immediately proceeds to living examples, which, following one after another, make up a gallery of literary portraits, connected almost without transitions simple order links. Hence the typical double title for Cantemir; the first determines the appeal, which gives the frame to the whole satire; the second relates to the sign on which the satirical portraits are selected. So, for example, “To your mind (on those who blaspheme the teaching)”; “To the Archbishop of Novgorod (on the difference between human passions).” Belinsky said in 1845 that “occasionally turning old Kantemir around and reading one of his satires is a real pleasure.” In an article about Kantemir (1845), Belinsky wrote: “Kantemir not so much begins the history of Russian literature as it ends the period of Russian writing. Kantemir wrote in so-called syllabic verses - a meter that is "completely uncharacteristic of the Russian language; this meter existed in Russia long before Cantemir ... Kantemir was the first to write poetry, also in syllabic meter, but the content, character and purpose of his poems were already completely "other than those of his predecessors in the field of poetry. Kantemir began the history of secular Russian literature. That is why everyone, rightly considering Lomonosov the father of Russian literature, at the same time, not entirely without reason, begins its history with Kantemir."

V.A. Zhukovsky: “Kantemir belongs to the few classical poets of Russia; but a rare Russian develops his satires, because his old style frightens the reader, who is looking for one easy pleasure in poetry.

What is the subject of satire? Ridicule of human delusions, stupidities and vices. Laughter produces gaiety, and gaiety is considered one of the happiest states of the human spirit.

In 1729, his first satire appeared, "On those who blaspheme the doctrine." The satire had a powerful political connotation - after the death of Peter I, many in Russia opposed the reforms he had begun. For this, Cantemir attacks the representatives of the church and secular reaction. The satire was highly appreciated by Feofan Prokopovich.

Science is tattered, sheathed in rags,

Of all the most noble houses, she was shot down with a curse.

In them, following the tradition of enlightenment, he teaches "what is good and what is bad", denounces vices, both social and human. literary activity Cantemir considers it his civic duty: in the preface to his second satire, he writes: “To their last question, who made me a judge, I answer: that everything I write, I write as a citizen, beating off everything that my fellow citizens it might be harmful."

Satire was originally written not for the purpose of publication, but for himself. But through friends, she came to the Archbishop of Novgorod Feofan, who gave impetus to continue this cycle of satyrs. Cantermire defines this satire as a mockery of the ignorant and despisers of science. At that time, this issue was very relevant. education became accessible to people, collegiums and a university were established. It was a qualitative step in the field of sciences. And any qualitative step is, if not a revolution, then a reform. No wonder it caused so much controversy. The author refers, as follows from the title, to his own mind, calling it "the mind of an immature", because. the satire was written by him at the age of twenty, that is, still quite immature by those standards. Everyone strives for fame, and achieving it through science is the hardest thing. The author uses 9 muses and Apollo as an image of the sciences that make the road to glory difficult.

Crito believes that those who are fond of science want to understand the reasons for everything that happens. And this is bad, because. they depart from faith in the Holy Scriptures. And indeed, in his opinion, science is harmful, you just have to blindly believe.

"The schisms and heresies of science are children;

Lies more, who was given more understanding;

Whoever melts over a book comes to godlessness ... "

Sylvan is a miserly nobleman. He does not understand monetary benefit science, so he doesn't need it. For him, only that which can benefit him specifically has value. But science cannot provide this to him. After all, he lived without her, and he will still live!

After all, it’s not now that we repeat that beeches, that lead -

You can know the difference between gold, silver, copper.

Luka is a drunk. In his opinion, science separates people, because it's not the place to sit alone over books, which he even moreover calls "dead friends." He praises wine as a source Have a good mood and other blessings and says that he will exchange a glass for a book only if time runs back, stars appear on the earth, etc.

Ruddy, burping three times, Luka sings along:

“Science destroys the commonwealth of people;

"When they begin to lead the reins across the sky,

And from the surface of the earth the stars will already glimpse,

When swift rivers flow to their springs

And the past centuries will return,

When in fasting, the black one will become a vyazig, -

Then, leaving the glass, I will take up the book.

Medor is a dandy and a dandy. He is offended that the paper, with which at that time they curled their hair, is spent on books. For him, a glorious tailor and shoemaker is much more important than Virgil and Cicero.

The author draws attention to the fact that two motives are possible for all deeds: benefit and praise. And there is an opinion that if science does not bring either one or the other, then why do it? People are not accustomed to the fact that it can be otherwise, that virtue is valuable in itself. But anyone, having barely learned anything, demands a promotion or other status. For example, a soldier, having barely learned to sign, wants to command a regiment. The author complains that the time when wisdom was valued has gone.

Ultimately, from the portrait sketches of the bearers of ignorance, a significant and dangerous force is formed, which sought to eliminate Peter of the transformation. And this awesome union is endowed with ecclesiastical and administrative power:

"Hoodliness, laziness, wealth - wisdom has overcome,

Science ignorance has already settled down,

Under the miter is proud of what embroidered dress walks,

He judges for red cloth, boldly leads the regiments.

2 "Eugene Onegin". Classical realism, character problems. Controversial issues in the study of the novel.

The main work that was completed in Boldino (30g) is EO.

This is the first realistic novel in world literature.

Began writing May 9, 1823. In Chisinau. Finished Chapter 9 on September 25, 1830. Wrote a novel. After its completion, he broke it into 3 parts, each of which into 3 songs, heading each (Russian folk tales, the number 3 is an amazing number, church semantics: father, son, spirit. Everything is connected with the higher organization).

Part 1- Preface. Song 1. Blues. (Kishinev, Odessa 1823).

2 song. Poet. Odessa, 1824.

3 song. Young lady. Odessa, Mikhailovskoye, 1824

Part 2. 4 canto. Village. Mikhailovskoe, 1825

5 canto. Name day. Mikhailovskoe, 1825

6 canto. Duel. Mikhailovskoe, 26 years old.

Part 3 7 canto. Moscow. Mikhailovskoe, 27-28 years old.

8 song. Wandering. Pavlovskoye, Moscow, Boldino, 1829

9 canto. big light. Boldino, 1830 7 years, 4 months, 17 days.

There is no 8th song in the final text. Katenin explained this: “Onegin saw military settlements established by Count Arakcheev over the Nizhny Novgorod fair of the Odessa pier ...”.

Pushkin wrote 10 chapters. It was conceived in 1829 in Boldino and burned on October 19, 1830 (on the day of the Lyceum). Before burning, Pushkin encrypted individual moments, which Morov deciphered in 1910. It was about Patriotic war, about the uprising of the Decembrists and the participation of Onegin in it. Pushkin thought to continue the novel, according to his plans, Onegin was supposed to end up in the Caucasus and die there. This has not been implemented. The work on the novel was long and difficult.

The first 5 chapters were written quickly (2 years). The rest are long (5 years).

According to the genre of EO - a novel in verse, a social novel. Public issues are resolved through the image of everyday life. Pushkin drew attention to the specifics of the genre.

On November 4, 1823, he wrote to Vyazemsky: "As for my studies, I am now writing not a novel, but a novel in verse - a diabolical difference." The novel is a lyrical-epic genre. "Liro" - no laws, the principle of freedom, which he cherished. “And I still implicitly distinguished the distance of the free novel through the magic crystal.” The epic obliges to the plot (a bunch of events, the most important thing) and to the plot (sequence of events).

The book includes satires and poems by the 18th-century Russian satirist Antioch Kantemir. Each of his satires poses one or another serious social problem and develops it with great brightness for its time. The satyrs of Cantimir are also interesting for their bright everyday colors. Ignorance, servility, greed, hypocrisy, gossip, etc. - all these vices are "executed" by Cantimir with great causticity.

Notes: A. Kantemir, P. Orlov.

ANTIOCH KANTEMIR
SATIRES. LETTERS. EPIGRAMMS. FROM ANACREON

SATIRES

Satire I
On those who blaspheme the teaching
To your mind

1 Mind the unripe fruit of short-lived science!
Rest in peace, do not force my hands to pen:
Without writing the flying days of the century spend
It is possible, and to get fame, even if you are not known as a creator.
5 Many paths, easy in our age, lead to it,
On which the brave will not stumble;
The most unpleasant of all is the one that the barefooted cursed
Nine sisters. Many have lost their strength on it,
Did not reach; you need to sweat and languish on it,
10 And in those labors everyone alienates you like a pestilence,
Laughs, scoffs. Who bends over the table
Staring at the book of the eye, big will not achieve
Chambers, nor is the garden adorned with marbles;
He will not add a sheep to his father's flock.
15 True, There Is Hope In Our Young Monarch
A lot of muses rise; ignoramus with shame
Runs him. Apollin glory in him protection
I didn’t feel my weakness, honoring my retinue
I saw him himself, and in everything plentifully
20 He tries hard to multiply the inhabitants of Parnassus.
But that trouble: many in the king praise
For fear is that which in the subject is impudently condemned.
"The schisms and heresies of science are children;
Lies more, who was given more understanding;
25 He who melts over a book comes into godlessness, -
Crito, with a rosary in his hands, grumbles and sighs,
And asks, holy soul, with bitter tears
See how the seed of sciences is harmful between us;
Our children, before that, are quiet and submissive,
30 The forefathers followed the nimble to God's
Service, listening with fear that they themselves did not know,
Now, to the church of temptation, the bible has become an honor;
They interpret everything, they want to know the reason, the reason,
Giving little faith to the sacred rank;
35 They lost their good temper, forgot to drink kvass,
You will not beat them with a stick to salted meat;
They no longer light candles, they don’t know fasting days;

TO YOUR MIND

Mind immature, the fruit of short-lived science!
Rest in peace, do not force my hands to pen:
Without writing the flying days of the century spend
It is possible, and to get fame, even if you are not known as a creator.
Many paths that are not difficult in our age lead to it,
On which the brave will not stumble;
The most unpleasant of all is the one that the barefooted cursed
Nine sisters. Many have lost their strength on it,
Did not reach; you need to sweat and languish on it,
And in those labors, everyone alienates you like a pestilence,
Laughs, sneers. Who bends over the table
Staring at the book of the eye, big will not achieve
Chambers, nor is the garden adorned with marbles;
He will not add a sheep to his father's flock.

True, there is hope in our young monarch
A lot of muses rise; ignoramus with shame
Runs him. Apollin glory in him protection
I didn’t feel my weakness, honoring my retinue
I saw him himself, and in everything plentifully
He tries hard to multiply the inhabitants of Parnassus.
But that trouble: many in the king praise
For fear is that which in the subject is impudently condemned.
“Splits and heresies of science are children;
More lies, who were given more understanding;
Whoever melts over a book comes to godlessness, -
Crito with a rosary in his hands grumbles and sighs,
And asks, holy soul, with bitter tears
See how the seed of sciences is harmful between us;
Our children, before that, are quiet and submissive,
The forefathers followed the nimble to God's
Service, listening with fear that they themselves did not know,
Now, to the church of temptation, the bible has become an honor;
They interpret everything, they want to know the reason, the reason,
Giving little faith to the sacred rank;
Lost good temper, forgot to drink kvass,
You will not beat them with a stick to salted meat;
They no longer light candles, they don’t know fasting days;
Worldly power in the hands of the church is too much tea,
Whispering that by the fact that worldly life is already lagging behind,
Estates and patrimonies did not stick very well.

Silvan finds another fault for the sciences.
“Teaching,” he says, “makes us hungry;
We lived before this, not knowing Latin,
Much more abundant than we live now;
Much in ignorance more bread was reaped;
Having adopted a foreign language, they lost their bread.
If my speech is weak, if there is no rank in it,
No connection - should a nobleman grieve about it?
Argument, order in words - vile, that is, the deed,
The nobles fully confirm or boldly deny.
Crazy who soul strength and limits
Will test; who languishes in sweat for whole days,
To find out the change in the order of the world and things
Or the reason - stupidly he molds peas into the wall.
Will it grow to me from that day to life, or in a box
Although a penny? can I find out through that that the clerk,
What does a butler steal a year? how to add water
To my pond? how barrels number from the winery?
No smarter, who's eyes are full of anxiety,
Smokes, baking with fire, to find out the properties of ores,
After all, it’s not now that we repeat that beeches, that lead -
You can know the difference between gold, silver, copper.
Herbs, diseases, knowledge - all the goals are lies;
If the head hurts - the doctor is looking for signs in his hand;
Everything in us is guilty of blood, if he had faith
You want to give. Are we weakening - the blood is quiet excessively
flowing; if in a hurry - heat in the body; answer boldly
Gives, although inside no one saw a living body.

In the meantime, he spends time in such fables,
The best juice from our bag is included in it.
Why count the stars for reckoning, and to no purpose,
By the way, for one night you can’t sleep whole as a stain,
Behind curiosity alone lose peace,
Searching, is the sun moving, or are we with the earth?
In the chapel you can honor every day of the year
Day of the month and hour of sunrise.
Dividing the earth into quarters is understandable without Euclid,
How many kopecks in a ruble - we can count without algebra.
Silvanus praises only knowledge:
What teaches to multiply income and expenses malit;
To work in something from which suddenly the pocket does not get fat,
Citizenship is very harmful to call madness.
Ruddy, burping three times, Luka sings along:
“Science destroys the commonwealth of people;
People, we have become a creature of God to the community,
Not in our favor, one sense of the gift was accepted.
What is the use of another when I shut up
In the closet, for dead friends - I'll lose the living,
When the whole community, all my gang
Will there be ink, pen, sand and paper?
In fun, in feasts, we must spend our lives:
And so it is short-lived - what to while away,
Crash over a book and damage your eyes?
Isn't it better to skip days and nights with a cup?
Wine is a divine gift, there is a lot of agility in it:
Makes people friends, gives a reason to talk,
Cheers, takes away all heavy thoughts,
Poverty knows to relieve, encourages the weak,
Softens the hearts of the cruel, dispels sullenness,
It is easier for a lover to reach his goal with wine.
When they begin to lead the reins across the sky,
And from the surface of the earth the stars will already glimpse,
When swift rivers flow to their springs
And the past centuries will return,
When in fasting, the black one will become a vyazig, -
Then, leaving the glass, I will take up the book.
Medor grieve that too much paper comes
To the letter, to the printing of books, but it comes to him,
That there is nothing to wrap curled curls in;
He will not change a pound of good powder for Seneca;
Before Yegor two money Virgil is not worth it;
Rex - not Cicero - deserves praise.
Here are some of the speeches that ring in my ears every day;
That's what I'm for
I advise. When there is no benefit, encourages
Praise be to labors, without that the heart desponds.
How much more, instead of praise and blasphemy, endure!
It is more difficult, if a drunkard does not have wine,
Why not praise the priest for a holy week,
Nezhli merchant to drink beer is not three pounds of hops.
I know that you can, mind, boldly present to me,
That it is difficult for a malevolent virtue to glorify,
That a dandy, a miser, a hypocrite and such are similar
Science should be blasphemed, but their speeches are vicious
Smart people are not tired, you can spit on them;
Fine, praised is your court; so it should be
Yes, in our age of evil, words are clever.
And besides, not only those sciences have
Unfriends whom I, for brevity,
I calculated or, to tell the truth, I could exhaust boldly.
Is that enough? Heaven's gate holy keys,
And Themis entrusted the golden weights to them,
Little love, almost all, I will decorate the truth.
If you want to be a bishop, put on your cassock,
Above that body with pride striped riza
Let him cover; hang a chain around your neck from gold,
Cover your head with a hood, belly with a beard,
Kluka was magnificently led to carry before you;
Swollen in the carriage when the heart is angry
Cracks, bless everyone right and left.
Everyone should know you as an archpastor in these
Signs, reverently call the father.
What's in science? what good will the church do with it?
Another, writing a sermon, will forget the excerpt,
Why income harm; and in them the churches are right
The best are founded, and the whole church is the glory.
Do you want to become a judge - lift a peruk with knots,
Scold the one who asks with empty hands,
Let the poor heart firmly despises tears,
Sleep on a chair when the clerk reads the statement.
If someone remembers the civil regulations for you,
Or natural law, or people's rights -
Spit in his face, tell him that he's lying
Imposing that unbearable burden on the judges,
That clerks should climb paper mountains,
And it is enough for the judge to know to fasten sentences.
We have not reached the time in which she chaired
Over all, wisdom and crowns shared one,
Being one's way to a higher sunrise.
The golden age did not reach our generation;
Pride, laziness, wealth - wisdom prevailed,
Science ignorance has already settled in places,
Under the miter, he is proud, he walks in an embroidered dress,
He judges for the red cloth, boldly leads the shelves.
Science is tattered, sheathed in rags,
From almost all the houses with a curse shot down;
They don’t want to know her, her friendship is running away,
Like, suffering at sea, ship service.
Everyone is shouting: “We don’t see any fruit from science,
Even if the head is full of scientists, the hands are empty.
If someone interferes with cards, he knows the taste of different wines,
Dancing, playing three songs on a pipe,
He thinks skillfully to tidy flowers in his dress,
That's why even in the youngest years
Any higher degree - the bribe is already small,
Seven wise men crumples themselves worthy.
“There is no truth in people,” cries the brainless churchman,
I'm not a bishop yet, but I know a watchmaker,
The Psalter and epistles fluently know how to honor,
I won’t stumble in Chrysostom, even though I don’t understand.
The warrior grumbles that he does not own his regiment,
When he knows how to sign his name.
The scribe grieve, behind the cloth that does not sit red,
Making sense of the matter, write it off in a clear letter.
It's a shame to be yourself, thinks, in ignorance of growing old,
Who in the family of seven boyars happened to have
And he considers two thousand yards behind him,
Although in other matters he does not know how to read or write.
Such are hearing words and seeing examples,
Be silent, mind, do not be bored, sitting in obscurity.
That life is fearless, though it is hard to imagine,
Who lurks silently in his quiet corner;
If all-good wisdom let you know,
Cheer up secretly yourself, reasoning within yourself
the benefit of the sciences; do not seek, explaining the thuja,
Instead of the praises that you are waiting for, get the evil blasphemy.

This satire, the first experience of the poet in this kind of verse, was written at the end of 1729, in the twentieth year of his age. He scoffs at her ignoramuses and despisers of the sciences, for which it was inscribed "On those who blaspheme the teachings." He wrote it for the sole purpose of spending his time, not intending to make it public; but on occasion, one of his friends, having asked to read it, informed Feofan, the archbishop of Novgorod, who scattered it everywhere with praises to the poet and, being not pleased with it, returning it, attached verses laudable to the writer and sent him as a gift the book “Giraldius about the gods and poets." Following this archpastor, Archimandrite Rabbit inscribed many verses in praise of the creator (which, together with the Feofanovs, are attached at the beginning of the book), which encouraged him, began to further diligently compose satires.

11 This satire, the first experience of the poet in this kind of verse, was written at the end of 1729, in the twentieth year of his age. He scoffs at her ignoramuses and despisers of the sciences, for which it was inscribed "On those who blaspheme the teachings." He wrote it for the sole purpose of spending his time, not intending to make it public; but by chance, one of his friends, asking him to read it, informed Feofan, Archbishop of Novgorod, who scattered it everywhere with praises of the poet and, being not satisfied with it, returning it, attached verses laudable to the writer and sent him the book "Giraldius about the gods and poets." Following this archpastor, Archimandrite Rabbit inscribed many verses in praise of the creator (which, together with the Feofanovs, are attached at the beginning of the book), which encouraged him, began to further diligently compose satires.

2 Mind unripe, fruit, etc. Here science means instruction, the action of one who teaches another. So, in the proverb we say: The whip is not flour, but henceforth science.

3 Do not be known as the Creator. The creator is the same as the writer or publisher of a book, from Latin - the author.

4 Easy in our age. Words in our age are inserted with a laugh. The path to true glory has always been very difficult, but in our age it is easy to reach it by many roads, since we no longer need virtues to acquire it.

5 The most unpleasant of all is that the barefooted have laid nine sisters. It is most difficult to achieve fame through science. Nine sisters - muses, goddesses and inventors of sciences, Jupiter and Daughter's Memory. Their names are: Clio, Urania, Euterpe, Eraton, Phalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Calliope and Polymnia. Usually the name of the Muses is used by poets for the very sciences. Barefoot, that is, miserable, for what is rare learned people rich.

6 Decorated with marmors in the garden. Decorated with statues or pillars and other marble buildings.

7 He will not add a sheep. Man does not get rich through science; Whatever income is left to him from his father, such will remain, nothing will be added to it.

8 In our young monarch. He speaks about Peter the Second, who then entered the fifth to ten years of his age, was born on October 12, 1715.

9 Muses. See note under verse 7.

10 Apollin. The son of Jupiter and Latona, brother of Diana, was revered by the ancients for the god of sciences and the head of the muses.

11 Honoring his retinue saw him. The Muses are in the Apolline Suite. Peter II himself showed an image of reverence for the sciences, because he himself, until he was burdened by the rule of the state, studied the sciences decent for such a high person. Before accession to the throne, His Majesty had a teacher Zeikan, a Hungarian by birth; and then, in 1727, taken for instruction by His Majesty Christian Goldbach, Secretary of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Upon his arrival in Moscow, His Majesty deigned to confirm the privileges of the Academy of Sciences by establishing a decent and constant income for professors and other ministers of that school.

12 Inhabitants of Parnassus. Parnassus is a mountain in Phocis, a Greek province, dedicated to the Muses, on which they have their dwelling. Learned people are figuratively called Parnassian inhabitants. With this verse, the poet recalls the generosity of the monarch to teachers who, on his majesty's dependents, are trying to increase science and learned people.

13 Schisms and heresies. Although it is true that almost all the leaders of heresies were learned people, it does not follow from this that the reason for this was their science, since there are many scientists who were not heretics. Such is St. Paul - the Apostle, Chrysostom, Basil the Great and others. Fire serves both to heat up and ruin people completely, what will you use it for. He uses if the use is good; harms - if the use is evil. So is science; however, neither fire nor science is evil for him, but the one who uses them for evil is evil. Meanwhile, it is noticeable that in Russia the splits are more from stupidity than from teaching; superstition is the true product of ignorance.

14 Comes into godlessness. The common ignorant opinion is that everyone who reads a lot of books, in the end does not recognize God. It is very false, because as much as someone learns the majesty and a fair order of creation, which is more convenient from books, so much more to honor the creator with natural meaning is convinced; and ignorance leads to very evil opinions about the deity, as, for example, to attribute human passions and passions to God.

15 Crito, with a rosary in his hand, grumbles. The fictitious name of Crito (which will be all in the following satires) is signified here as a man of feigned worship, an ignorant and superstitious person, who prefers the appearance of the law to the essence of it for his own self-interest.

16 Silvanus another fault. Under the name of Silvana is meant an old stingy nobleman who takes care of one of his estates, worsening that which does not serve to spread his income.

17 In ignorance much more bread was reaped. Isn't it much more ridiculous to attribute to the sciences as a fault that from the laziness of farmers alone or from dishonorable air can occur.

18 Argument, order in words. This is taught by oratory and, above all, by logic, which is the right to reason about what thing and to prove something else with clear arguments.

19 Who souls strength and limits. This verse speaks of metaphysics, which deals with beings in general and with the properties of the soul and spirits.

20 Build the world and things to find out change or reason. Physics or natural science will test the composition of the world and the cause or cancellation of all things in the world.

21 To find out ores properties. Chemistry teaches that. The word ore means metal, such as gold, silver, copper, iron, and so on.

22 Herbs, diseases knowledge. That is medicine or doctorate.

23 Looking for signs in hand. Doctors, wishing to know the strength of the disease, feel the stress of the vein in the patient's hand, from which they learn what the blood flow is and, consequently, the weakness or cruelty of the disease.

24 Inside, no one saw a living body. That is, although anatomists know the composition and state of the body, it is impossible to judge from this the disorders that occur in a living person, since no one has yet seen what the movement of a person’s internals is like.

25 Why count the stars for. About astronomy here the word goes.

26 Behind one spot. In the sun and in the planets, astronomers note spots with curiosity, by which they recognize the time at which they rotate around their center. At the conjunction of two planets, that which appears to be the lower spot in the upper planet lives. Moving spots are seen in the moon, which are hopefully the shadows of its high mountains. See Fontenelle's On the Many Worlds.

27 Does the sun move, or are we with the earth (Fontenell "On the Many Worlds", evening 1st). Astronomers have two opinions about the system (composition) of light. The first and the old is, in which the Earth, instead of the center of everything, the system exists and stands motionless, and around its planets the Sun, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, "Pula and Venus revolve, each at a certain time. This system, according to Ptolemy, his inventor , is called Ptolemaic; there is another, which the Sun is motionless (but circling around itself) supplies, and the other planets, among which there is also the Earth, revolve around it at the time established for everyone. The moon is no longer a planet, but the satellite is the Earth, around which the circle He completes his own in 29 days. This system was invented by Copernicus, a German, and for this reason it is called Copernicus. There is also a third system, Tikhon Brachea, a Dane by birth, which, however, is composed of the previous two, because it agrees with Ptolemy in that the Earth stands and that the sun revolves around it, but with Copernicus of all other planets, the movement around the sun delivers.

28 In a quarter to divide without Euclid is meaningful. A quarter is a piece of land or arable land 20 fathoms wide and 80 long. Euclid was a glorious mathematician of Alexandria, where during the time of Ptolemy Lag he held a mathematical school in the summer after the founding of Rome 454. By the way, we still have the "Elements" of his works, containing in 15 books the foundation of all geometry.

29 Without algebra. Algebra is a very difficult part of mathematics, but also very useful, because it serves in solving the most difficult problems of all mathematics. You can call it general arithmetic, because some of them are mostly similar to each other, except that arithmetic uses special signs for every number, and general algebra, which serve every number. This science, they say, came to Europe from the Arabs, who are supposed to be its inventors; the name of algebra itself is the Arapese, who call it Alzhabr Valmukabala, that is, to catch up or equalize.

30 Ruddy, burping three times, Luke. Luka is a drunkard, ruddy from wine and from wine, often burping, says, and so on.

31 To the community of God's creatures have become. God created us for community.

32 For dead friends. That is for books.

33 Wine is a divine gift. Horace says something similar in the following verses of his Letter V, Book I: Quid non ebrietas designat? operta recludit: Spes jubet esse ratas: in praelia trudit inermem; Sollicitis animis onus eximit: addocet artes Fecundi calices quem non fecere disertum! Contracta quern non in paupertate solutum!

34 It is easier for a lover to reach his goal with wine. Evidence of this is the story of Lot, whom the daughters, having made him drunk with wine, fulfilled their lust. Saint Paul says: Do not get drunk with wine, fornication is in it.

35 When across the sky. An imitation from the following Ovid verses of his 7th Elegy: In caput alta suum labentur ab aequore retro Flumina, conversis solque recurret equis: Terra feret stellas, coelum findetur aratro, Unda dabit flammas, et dabit ignis aquas. 36 Medor. The dandy is signified by that name.

37 Roll curls. When we want to curl our hair, we curl it in a small bundle, and wrapping those bundles with paper, we heat it with hot iron tongs, and in this way straight hair turns into curls.

38 Will not change to Seneca. That is, a pound of powder will not replace Senekov's book. Seneca was a philosopher of the Stoic sect, the teacher of Nero, the Roman emperor, from whom the year of Christ was killed 65. This Seneca has many, and almost the best of the ancient, moralizing books.

39 Before Yegor Virgil. Yegor was a famous shoemaker in Moscow, he died in 1729. Virgil, a Latin poet, was the son of a certain potter from the city of Aida in the province of Mantua, where he was born on October 15, 684, after the founding of Rome, that is, in the 27th before the birth of Christ. Arriving in Rome, for his excellent mind, many of the most distinguished cities willingly made friends with him, among whom were the first emperor Augustus, Maecenas and Pollio. The whole world marvels at his verses, with which everyone got the name of the prince of Latin poets. He died in Brinda, the city of Calavria, returning with Augustus from Greece in the summer after the founding of Rome 735, at 51 of his age, and was buried near Naples.

40 Rex is not Cicero. Rex was a good tailor in Moscow, a native of Germans; Marco Tullius Cicero was the son of a Roman horseman from the generation of Titus Tatius, king of Sabine. Even in his youth, Cicero spoke in the Senate, so boldly against the friends of the Catilins, that, fearing an attack on himself, he left for Greece, where he studied with the most distinguished teachers, brought Latin sweet speech to such perfection that he was named his father. In 691, after the creation of Rome, he was chosen with Antoninus Nepos as consuls. Anthony's command was killed in the summer after the creation of 711, in 43 before the advent of the Savior and 64 of his age, he was born on the 3rd of January in the summer after the creation of Rome 648.

41 When there is no benefit, praise encourages labor. There are two reasons for all our actions: benefit or praise. People are not accustomed to or rarely follow virtue to hold on to the fact that virtue itself is red.

42 Beware of a merchant. The name of the merchant means townsman: it is known that they are great beer lovers and hunters for strong beer, which they often brew in 5 pounds of hops.

43 Your judgment. Your reasoning.

44 Holy keys. Church Pastors, Bishops.

45 To them Themis entrusted the golden weights. That is judges. Themis - the goddess of justice, the daughter of Earth and Heaven, is written with weights in her hands.

46 Few love, almost all, I adorn the truth. The poet calls science true adornment; and truly, ignorance is naked and shameful.

47 The robe is striped. Epancha made of silk brocade is sleeveless, sewn on the hem and different colors embroidered across with stripes, which the bishops put on above all the dresses. Usually called a mantle.

48 Chain of gold. Bishops every day over the cassock, and in the liturgy over the sakkos are hung around their necks with a gold or silver chain, to which is hung an image, written in enamel, of the Savior, the Mother of God, or some saint. Usually a thuja chain with an image is called a panagia, from Greek word??????? - most holy, adjective, which usually means the virgin.

49 Belly - beard. A wide beard and a loose belly of an ignoramus are attributed to the priestly rank for a special adornment. Dimitry, Metropolitan of Rostov (writer lives of the saints), composed a whole little book against the superstition of the common people about the beard. Printed in Moscow in 1714. The schismatics make it a sin to shave their beard.

50 Hook before you. That is, a paterica. When the bishop leaves the court, one of his singers carries the bishop's patriss on horseback as a sign of his ecclesiastical authority.

51 Right and left. Of course: a hand.

52 The statement will be forgotten. An extract is a letter of order by which the judge certifies that the goods are clean and that duty has been taken from it to the state treasury, or confirms the ownership of land, village, yard, etc.

53 Who asks with empty hands. That is, a petitioner who does not give gifts, who, when asking, does not bring anything.

54 Civil statutes, or natural law, or people's rights. - Civil statutes are laws established by sovereigns for reprisal in the courts, what is our Code. Natural law is a rule prescribed to us by nature itself, which is always irrevocable and without which no community can stand. People's rights are laws that the peoples of different authorities must maintain for convenient mutual communication and mutual benefit.

55 Climb paper mountains. That is, move, read so many books.

56 The time has not come to us, and so on. The time has not come to us when a person should have expected his reward and promotion to higher ranks from wisdom alone.

57 Golden age. The poets divide times into four ages, namely: gold, silver, copper and iron, and they say that in the golden age people were all devoted to virtue alone, moving away from all malice.

58 Wisdom prevailed. In this passage, wisdom is in the accusative case.

59 Under the miter. A miter is a bishop's cap, used in the liturgy.

60 Judging by the red cloth. In all orders, the table at which the judges sit is usually covered with red cloth.

61 Plays three songs on a pipe. A pipe here means a slanting flute, which was famous when this satire was written, and almost all young people learned to play it.

62 Seven Wise Men. The glorious seven wise men in Greece were: Thales, Pitacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobulus, Minos and Chilo. Some, instead of the last three, put Periander, Anachars and Epaminondas; others are Pisistratus, Thrasybulus, the tyrant of Miles, and Phoenicides the Syrian. See de Larey in the Life of the Seven Wise Men, folio 1.

63 The Hourbook is a book containing the daily prayers of the Greek Church.

64 Psalms and epistles. That is the book of King David and the apostles of the message.

65 I won't stumble in Chrysostom. In the Chrysostom interpretation of the Gospel, which is translated from Greek, is very unclear.

66 Scribe. That is, a scoundrel.

67 By a clear letter. Our clerks, when they write, take care of only one thing, so that their writing is clear and beautiful; as for spelling, they are so little attached to it that they don’t even need it; so if you want to misunderstand a book, give it to a clerk to copy it.

68 Seven boyars. It is known that the boyar rank was in great respect; therefore, to know that he can call himself noble, from whose family the seven boyar honors were worn.

69 Wisdom is all-good. That is, God, because he is not only wise, but the very wisdom, and besides, he is all-good.

The first satire in the book is called "On those who blaspheme the doctrine." Satire describes the arguments of people who were against science. According to Crito, opponents of science became the root cause of spiritual schisms. People began to learn the Bible spontaneously, without turning to a priest for help. The people began to believe that monasteries were not worthy of receiving land, and they began to despise bowing and fasting of shrines.

Silva believed that science and learning could only bring hunger, since ordinary peasants received a large harvest. Nobles don't need science either. The nobles coped with the affairs of administration and trade even without teaching. Besides, science only brought boredom and ruined the fun. The satirist Goldfinch Medor wrote that science is presented in a book. And one book takes a lot of paper. Satyrs believed that simple tailors and shoemakers were smarter than Virgil and Cicero. The satirists believed that life would become much easier without science. In order to become an episcop, you only need to grow a beard and put on a hood.

The second satire of the book is called "On the envy and pride of malevolent nobles." The satire tells about the conversation between Eugene and Filaret. Eugene worked in a high position. Filaret discovered that Eugene was in a bad mood. The reason for this mood was the success of workers who were lower in rank than Eugene. They rose by career ladder, and Eugene did not achieve anything, despite the noble roots. Eugene was ashamed of his position. Filaret explains that the nobility of the ancestors means nothing without their own achievements. Eugene said that the ancestors deserved honor by their work. Eugene had nothing of the sort.

Later, the writer describes the life of a rich gentleman. Barin wakes up late in the morning. He drinks coffee at breakfast and preens. His servants put on tight shoes and a caftan for him. He played cards with imaginary friends every day. Eugene's life was almost the same. He could not get a high position. For sailing, Eugene did not have the knowledge and courage. To become a judge, a person must have mercy and know the laws. And Eugene was cruel and ignorant. He lost a lot of money in cards, beat his peasants and used all the ways to raise funds.

Eugene was very lazy and did not want to do anything. At the same time, he lacked diligence and patience. At Cleitus simple worker had a lot of patience. He spent whole days knocking on doorsteps and carefully choosing his words when communicating with wealthy society. Eugene lacked his patience. His ignorance only spoiled his life. By his deeds he dishonored his ancestors.

The seventh satire was written about education. The satire talks about the importance of the opinion of the whole society. There is a similar judgment in society that obtaining knowledge is feasible only for people of respectable age. Too young people cannot give advice. In addition to knowledge, every person is inclined to deceive. The acquisition of qualities depends on education. During education, each trait is manifested in the character of a person. Great king Peter created training courses for his subjects. According to the author, proper education will help achieve a lot. Despite the position and talents, one must always be a kind person.