Time of Troubles 15-17th century. When the Troubles began

The Time of Troubles occupies a serious place in the history of Russia. This is the time of historical alternatives. There are many nuances in this topic that are generally important for understanding and assimilation as soon as possible. In this article, we'll take a look at some of them. Where to get the rest - see the end of the article.

Causes of troubled times

The first reason (and the main one) is the suppression of the dynasty of the descendants of Ivan Kalita, the ruling branch of the Ruriks. The last king of this dynasty - Fedor Ioannovich, son - died in 1598, and from the same time the period of the Time of Troubles in the history of Russia begins.

The second reason - more the reason for the intervention in this period - that at the end of the Livonian War, the Muscovite state concluded no peace treaties but only a truce: Yam-Zapolskoye with Poland and Plyusskoye with Sweden. The difference between an armistice and a peace treaty is that the first is only a break in the war, and not its end.

Course of events

As you can see, we are analyzing this event according to the scheme recommended by me and other colleagues, about which you can.

The Time of Troubles began directly with the death of Fyodor Ioannovich. Because this is a period of “kinglessness”, kingdomlessness, when impostors and people, in general, were ruled by chance. However, in 1598 was convened Zemsky Sobor and Boris Godunov came to power - a man who long and stubbornly went to power.

The reign of Boris Godunov lasted from 1598 to 1605. During this time the following events took place:

1. The terrible famine of 1601-1603, which resulted in the uprising of Cotton Clubfoot, and the mass exodus of the population to the south. As well as dissatisfaction with the authorities.
2. Speech of False Dmitry the First: from the autumn of 1604 to June 1605.

The reign of False Dmitry I lasted one year: from June 1605 to May 1606. In his reign the following processes continued:

False Dmitry the First (aka Grishka Otrepyev)

The growth of dissatisfaction with his rule among the boyars, since False Dmitry did not respect Russian customs, married a Catholic, began to distribute Russian lands as estates to the Polish nobility. In May 1606, the boyars, led by Vasily Shuisky, overthrew the impostor.

The reign of Vasily Shuisky lasted from 1606 to 1610. Shuisky was not even elected at the Zemsky Sobor. His name was simply "shouted", so he "enlisted" the support of the people. In addition, he gave the so-called cross-kissing oath that he would consult with the boyar thought in everything. The following events took place during his reign:

1. Peasants' War under the leadership of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov: from the spring of 1606 to the end of 1607. Ivan Bolotnikov acted as the governor of "Tsarevich Dmitry", the Second False Dmitry.
2. Campaign of False Dmitry II from the autumn of 1607 to 1609. During the campaign, the impostor could not take Moscow, so he sat down in Tushino. There was a dual power in Russia. Neither side had the means to defeat the other side. Therefore, Vasily Shusky hired Swedish mercenaries.
3. Defeat " Tushinsky thief» Troops of Swedish mercenaries led by Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky.
4. Intervention of Poland and Sweden in 1610. Poland and Sweden were at this time in a state of war. Since Swedish troops, albeit mercenaries, ended up in Moscow, Poland got the opportunity to start an open intervention, considering Muscovy an ally of Sweden.
5. The overthrow of Vasily Shuisky by the boyars, as a result of which the so-called "seven boyars" appeared. The boyars de facto recognized the power of the Polish king Sigismund in Moscow.

The results of the Time of Troubles for the history of Russia

First result The unrest was the election of a new reigning Romanov dynasty, which ruled from 1613 to 1917, which began with Michael and ended with Michael.

Second result was the withering away of the boyars. Throughout the 17th century, it was losing its influence, and with it the old tribal principle.

Third outcome- devastation, economic, economic, social. Its consequences were overcome only by the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.

Fourth Outcome- instead of the boyars, the authorities relied on the nobility.

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Page ten

Express your opinion about the actions of Tsar Boris Godunov.

The actions of Tsar Boris Godunov can be called humane. He struggled with hunger with all his might, helped the starving and forced the boyars to do so. Unfortunately, the king's resources were limited.

Page eleven

Why did the boyars take the side of the impostor?

The boyars sided with the impostor because they were dissatisfied with the rule of Boris Godunov, they were ready to plant not the Russian throne of anyone, only "not the Boris family." In addition, the boyars hoped that the tsar, whom they would proclaim, would be obedient to their will and would do what was beneficial to the boyars.

Page 12.

What mistakes did False Dmitry I make during his reign?

False Dmitry I made mistakes during his reign: he did not fulfill his promises to the people, for example, to give freedom to serfs, did not observe Russian traditions and customs, married a Pole Marina Mnishek, did not stop the disrespectful attitude of the Poles towards the Russian Orthodox Church and traditions.

Page thirteen.

What are the main forces involved in the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov.

The main forces involved in the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov: provincial nobles, peasants, serfs, Cossacks, archers.

Page fifteen.

Express your opinion about the Tushino boyars.

Tushino boyars can be called dishonest, greedy people. For the sake of profit, they were ready to betray. Opinion about such people can only be disapproving.

Page 18. Questions and tasks for the text of the paragraph

1. What are the reasons for the economic difficulties of the early 17th century.

Causes of economic difficulties at the beginning of the 17th century:

Oprichnina, which caused economic devastation in the country

Bad harvest years 1601 - 1603

2. What event can be called the beginning of the Troubles? Why was the discontent of the people directed against the king? Who could take advantage of this situation?

The beginning of the Troubles can be called an uprising led by Khlopko. The discontent of the people was directed against the tsar because the tsar brutally suppressed this uprising, and Khlopko himself was executed. In addition, the boyars took advantage of this situation and in every way fueled popular discontent.

3. How do you explain the appearance of imposture? Can it be called one of the important signs of Troubles?

The appearance of imposture can be explained by the fact that in Russia there was no legitimate heir to the throne from the Rurik dynasty. The acting tsar Boris Godunov was objectionable to the people and the boyars, so the rumors about the impostor were so easily believed. The appearance of imposture can be called one of the important signs of the Troubles.

4. Who supported the campaign of False Dmitry I against Moscow and why?

The campaign of False Dmitry I to Moscow was supported by the provincial nobles, peasants, serfs, Cossacks, archers because he promised indulgence to each class group, and freedom to serfs.

5. How do you understand the words of the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky about False Dmitry I: “It was only baked in a Polish oven, and fermented in Moscow”?

The words of the historian V. O. Klyuchevsky can be understood as follows: False Dmitry I was born, raised and formed as a man in Russia, in Moscow, only at the last stage of his life, having got to Poland, he decided with the help of the Polish gentry to realize his ambitious plans.

Yes, the boyars can be considered the main culprit in the beginning of the Troubles in the Russian state. The boyars were dissatisfied with the rule of Boris Godunov, they were ready to plant not the Russian throne of anyone, only "not the Boris family." In addition, the boyars hoped that the tsar, whom they would proclaim, would be obedient to their will and would do what was beneficial to the boyars. In addition, using the situation of hunger and popular discontent, the boyars in every way fueled popular discontent, which led to the beginning of the Troubles.

7. Why was Vasily Shuisky called the "boyar tsar"?

Vasily Shuisky was called the “boyar tsar” because he was “elected” at the Zemsky Sobor, which consisted of residents of Moscow, mainly boyars.

8. Who and why supported the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov? What was the reason for the defeat of the rebels?

The provincial nobles, peasants, serfs, Cossacks, archers supported the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov because they believed in an impostor who promised to make life easier for all the people. The reason for the defeat of the rebels was the inequality of the opposing forces. V. Shuisky managed to gather a large army in a short time.

9. Why did Vasily Shuisky increase the term for detecting fugitive peasants? What classes did he want to win over to his side by this step?

Vasily Shuisky increased the term for detecting fugitive peasants because he needed to attract the boyars to his side to fight the uprising of I. Bolotnikov.

10. Why did the people stop supporting the Tushins?

The people stopped supporting the Tushino people because their actions were considered dishonorable, unworthy, and treacherous by the people.

11. How did the entry into the Russian Troubles of external forces - Poles and Swedes - affect the state of affairs in the country? What goals were pursued by the Commonwealth and Sweden, invading the territory of Russia?

The entry into the Russian Time of Troubles by external forces - Poles and Swedes - had an extremely negative impact on the state of affairs in the country. The Commonwealth and Sweden, invading the territory of Russia, pursued the goal of capturing Russia, enthroning their protege. Besides, Catholic Church sought to spread Catholicism in Russia.

Page 18. Working with the map

Show on the map the Russian cities and monasteries that offered heroic resistance to the Polish and Swedish troops. Name the years of defense of these cities (monasteries).

Russian cities and monasteries that offered heroic resistance to the Polish and Swedish troops and the years of defense of these cities: Smolensk - 1609-1611, Trinity-Sergius Monastery - 1608-1610, Pskov - 1615, Korela - 1610-1611.

Page 19. Studying documents

1. About whom in question in a passage?

The passage refers to Tsar Boris Godunov.

2. Do you agree with the historian's opinion about this man?

One cannot but agree with the opinion of the historian about this man.

Page 19. Studying documents

The goals of the participants in the uprising of I. Bolotnikov: to seize power, to reign on the throne of False Dmitry I, in whom they believed

2. Based on this passage, characterize the personality of Ivan Bolotnikov.

The personality of Ivan Bolotnikov is characterized on the basis of this passage as an honest, decent person, true to his word and courageous.

Page 20. We think, compare, reflect

1. Below are the points of view of historians about the causes of the Time of Troubles. Get to know them. What causes of Troubles would you single out? Formulate these reasons in the form of theses ( short sentences). Write them down in a notebook.

Causes of the Troubles: one can agree with all historians, participants in the discussion. Each of them names one side or another of the conditions that led to the Troubles. The most accurate, which absorbed all aspects of the causes of the Troubles, can be considered the point of view of S. V. Bushuev. He writes that the Time of Troubles was a very complex process and was a combination of several crises. The first is dynastic (the Rurik dynasty was interrupted, there was no legitimate heir to the throne). The second is state (state power after the reign of Ivan the Terrible took shape as absolute monarchy, autocracy, but with appropriate support and structures throughout Russia, this form state power haven't had it yet). The third is social (went active process development, degeneration of the estates from the boyars to the serfs. Each estate sought to obtain as many rights as possible. Consequently, a bitter struggle flared up between them. For example, the boyars sought to enslave the peasants, the peasants actively resisted this).

2. Why Boris Godunov, despite all the measures taken by him, could not prevent popular uprisings?

Boris Godunov, despite all the measures he took, could not prevent popular uprisings because the boyars were dissatisfied with the rule of Boris Godunov, they were ready to plant not the Russian throne of anyone, only "not the Boris family." In addition, the boyars hoped that the tsar, whom they would proclaim, would be obedient to their will and would do what was beneficial to the boyars. In addition, using the situation of hunger, the boyars in every possible way fueled popular discontent and incited a riot.

3. Why Vasily Shuisky failed to stop the Troubles?

Vasily Shuisky failed to stop the Troubles because he mainly sought to achieve personal goals - to elevate the Shuisky dynasty to the throne. He believed that it was necessary to suppress the uprising of I. Bolotnikov at any cost and retain power, instead of offering options for a social contract between the authorities and the rebels. In addition, in pursuit of personal goals, Shuisky was unable to identify the scope of popular discontent, which some historians call civil war and external threat. Moreover, when the mood of the people changed and it was possible to rely on popular forces, Shuisky, fearing the people, did not do this.

4. What segments of the population and why supported False Dmitry I, I. Bolotnikov and False Dmitry II?

False Dmitry I, I. Bolotnikov and False Dmitry II were supported by different segments of the population - nobles, boyars, peasants, serfs, Cossacks, archers, as well as Polish mercenaries (False Dmitry II) because all of the above figures promised everyone a better life.

5. Why in 1609 there was a change in the mood of the people?

In 1609 there was a turning point in the mood of the people because the Poles, who came with False Dmitry II, behaved like conquerors: they robbed, raped, taxed the population with heavy taxes, and desecrated Orthodox shrines.

The Time of Troubles in the history of Russia is a difficult period in the history of the country. It lasted from 1598 to 1613. The country at the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries suffered a severe socio-economic and political crisis. Tatar invasion, Livonian war, and domestic politics Ivan the Terrible (oprichnina) led to the maximum intensification of negative trends and an increase in discontent among the country's population. These most difficult historical circumstances became the causes of the Time of Troubles in Russia. Historians identify separate, most significant periods of the Time of Troubles.

The first period, the beginning of the Troubles, was marked by a fierce struggle for the throne of many applicants. The son of Ivan the Terrible Fedor, who inherited power, turned out to be a weak ruler. In fact, Boris Godunov, the brother of the tsar's wife, received power. It was his policy that eventually led to the discontent of the people.

The Time of Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of Grigory Otrepyev, who declared himself False Dmitry, miraculously escaped the son of Ivan the Terrible. Not without the support of the Poles, False Dmitry was recognized as a rather large part of the country's population. Moreover, in 1605 the impostor was supported by Moscow and the governors of Russia. In June of the same year, False Dmitry was recognized as king. But, his support for serfdom caused violent dissatisfaction among the peasants, and too independent policy led to the obvious displeasure of the boyars. As a result, False Dmitry 1 was killed on May 17, 1606. And V.I. Shuisky ascended the throne. However, his power was limited. Thus ended this stage of unrest, which lasted from 1605 to 1606.

The second period of unrest began with an uprising led by Bolotnikov I.I. The militia was made up of people from all walks of life. Participation in the uprising was taken not only by peasants, but also by serving Cossacks, serfs, landowners, townspeople. But, in the battle near Moscow, the rebels were defeated, and Bolotnikov was captured and executed.

The outrage of the people only intensified. The appearance of False Dmitry 2 was not long in coming. Already in January 1608, the army assembled by him moved towards Moscow. He settled on the outskirts of the city in Tushino. Thus, two operating capitals were formed in the country. At the same time, almost all officials and boyars worked for both tsars, often receiving money from both Shuisky and False Dmitry 2. After Shuisky managed to conclude an agreement on assistance, the Commonwealth began aggression. False Dmitry had to flee to Kaluga.

But Shuisky did not manage to retain power for a long time. He was seized and forced to take the veil as a monk. An interregnum began in the country - a period called the Seven Boyars. As a result of the deal between the boyars who came to power and the Polish interventionists, on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the King of Poland, Vladislav. False Dmitry 2 was killed at the end of this year. The struggle for power continued. The second period lasted from 1606 to 1610.

The final, third period of the Time of Troubles is the time of the struggle against the interventionists. The people of Russia were finally able to unite to fight the invaders - the Poles. During this period, the war acquired the character of a national one. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky reached Moscow only in August 1612. They were able to liberate Moscow and expel the Poles. Here are all the stages of the Time of Troubles.

The end of the Time of Troubles was marked by the appearance on the Russian throne of a new dynasty - the Romanovs. At the Zemsky Sobor on February 21, 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar.

Years of unrest led to horrific results. The consequences of the Troubles are the complete decline of crafts and trade, the almost complete ruin of the treasury. Also, the results of the Time of Troubles were expressed in a serious lag of the country from the states of Europe. It took more than a dozen years to restore.

1598-1613 - a period in the history of Russia, called the Time of Troubles.

At the turn of the 16-17th centuries. Russia was going through a political and socio-economic crisis. and, as well as Ivan the Terrible, contributed to the intensification of the crisis and the growth of discontent in society. This was the reason for the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia.

First period of Troubles

The first stage of the Troubles is characterized by the struggle for the throne. After his death, his son Fedor came to power, but he was unable to rule. In fact, the country was ruled by the brother of the tsar's wife - Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policy caused discontent among the masses.

The turmoil began with the appearance in Poland of False Dmitry 1st (in reality - Grigory Otrepyev), who allegedly miraculously survived the son of Ivan the Terrible. He lured a significant part of the Russian population to his side. In 1605 False Dmitry I was supported by the governors, and then by Moscow. And already in June he became the legitimate king. However, he acted too independently, which caused discontent of the boyars, and he also supported serfdom, which caused a protest from the peasants. May 17, 1606 False Dmitry 1st was killed, V.I. Shuisky with the condition of limiting power. Thus, the first stage of the Time of Troubles was marked by the reign of False Dmitry I (1605-1606).

Second Period of Troubles

In 1606, headed by I.I. Bolotnikov. The ranks of the rebels included people from different strata of society: peasants, serfs, small and medium-sized feudal lords, servicemen, Cossacks and townspeople. In the battle of Moscow they were defeated. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.

Dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And soon False Dmitry 2nd appears. In January 1608, his army headed for Moscow. By June, False Dmitry II entered the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled. Two capitals were formed in Russia: boyars, merchants, officials worked on two fronts, sometimes even received salaries from both tsars. Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden, and the Commonwealth began aggressive hostilities. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga.

Shuisky was tonsured a monk and sent to the Chudov Monastery. In Russia, an interregnum began - the Seven Boyars (a council of seven boyars). made a deal with the Polish interventionists, and on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, False Dmitry II was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end there.

So, the second stage of the Troubles was marked by the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov (1606-1607), the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), the appearance of False Dmitry 2nd, as well as the Seven Boyars (1610).

Third Period of Troubles

The third stage of the Time of Troubles is characterized by the struggle against foreign invaders. After the death of False Dmitry II, the Russians united against the Poles. The war took on a national character. In August 1612

1598-1613 - a period in the history of Russia, called the Time of Troubles.

At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Russia was going through a political and socio-economic crisis. The Livonian War and the Tatar invasion, as well as the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible, contributed to the intensification of the crisis and the growth of discontent. This was the reason for the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia.

The first period of turmoil characterized by the struggle for the throne of various applicants. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son Fedor came to power, but he was unable to rule and was actually ruled by the brother of the tsar's wife, Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policies aroused the discontent of the masses.

The Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of False Dmitry (in reality, Grigory Otrepyev), allegedly miraculously surviving son of Ivan the Terrible. He lured a significant part of the Russian population to his side. In 1605, False Dmitry was supported by the governors, and then by Moscow. And already in June he became the legitimate king. But he acted too independently, which caused discontent of the boyars, he also supported serfdom, which caused a protest of the peasants. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry I was killed and V.I. Shuisky, with the condition of limiting power. Thus, the first stage of the Troubles was marked by the reign of False Dmitry I (1605-1606).

The second period of turmoil. In 1606, an uprising broke out, led by I.I. Bolotnikov. The ranks of the rebels included people from different strata of society: peasants, serfs, small and medium-sized feudal lords, servicemen, Cossacks and townspeople. In the battle of Moscow they were defeated. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.

But dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And soon False Dmitry II appears. In January 1608, his army headed for Moscow. By June, False Dmitry II entered the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled. In Russia, 2 capitals were formed: boyars, merchants, officials worked on 2 fronts, sometimes even received salaries from both kings. Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden and the Commonwealth began aggressive hostilities. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga.

Shuisky was tonsured a monk and taken to the Chudov Monastery. In Russia, an interregnum began - the Seven Boyars (a council of 7 boyars). The Boyar Duma made a deal with the Polish interventionists and on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, False Dmitry II was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end there.

So, the second stage was marked by the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov (1606 - 1607), the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610), the appearance of False Dmitry II, as well as the Seven Boyars (1610).

Third Period of Troubles characterized by the fight against foreign invaders. After the death of False Dmitry II, the Russians united against the Poles. The war took on a national character. In August 1612, the militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky reached Moscow. And on October 26, the Polish garrison surrendered. Moscow was liberated. The troubled times are over.

On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor appointed Mikhail Romanov as Tsar.

The results of the turmoil were depressing: the country was in a terrible situation, the treasury was ruined, trade and crafts were in decline. The consequences of the Troubles for Russia were expressed in its backwardness in comparison with European countries. It took decades to restore the economy.