Vitamin e capsules how much to take. Vitamin E: instructions for use in capsules and reviews

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The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

General characteristics, forms and name of vitamin E

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble compound with pronounced antioxidant properties. The traditional name for vitamin E is also used - tocopherol. In addition, due to the ability to maintain youth for a long time and a favorable effect on conception and gestation, tocopherol is also called the "youth and beauty vitamin" and the "fertility vitamin".

Vitamin E is a mixture of eight bioorganic structures that have the same properties and are its varieties. These varieties of vitamin E are called vitamers and are divided into two large classes - tocopherols and tocotrienols. Four vitamers E belong to tocopherols and tocotrienols. In principle, all eight vitamers have almost the same activity, therefore they are not separated in instructions for use and various descriptions. Therefore, when they talk about vitamin E, they use the common name for all vitamers - tocopherol.

But the first of the vitamers E was obtained and identified alpha-tocopherol, which is most often found in nature and is the most active. At present, the activity of alpha-tocopherol is taken as the standard, and it is with it that the activities of all other vitamers E are compared. Therefore, in some very detailed descriptions of any preparation with vitamin E, you can see that its content corresponds to N units, equivalent to the activity of 1 mg alpha -tocopherol. But at present, the amount of vitamin E is usually expressed in international units (IU) or milligrams, with 1 IU = 1 mg.

Alpha-, beta- and gamma-tocopherols have the most pronounced vitamin activity. And delta-tocopherol has the strongest antioxidant properties. Manufacturers of various drugs, depending on their purpose, introduce the necessary variety of vitamin E into the composition in order to ensure the most pronounced biological effect.

Since tocopherol dissolves in fats, it is able to accumulate in the human body in almost all organs and tissues. This happens when a large amount of vitamin E enters the body, it does not have time to be excreted, it penetrates into all organs and tissues, where it dissolves in membrane fats, forming a depot. The greatest amount of vitamin E is able to accumulate in the liver, testicles, pituitary gland, adipose tissue, red blood cells and muscles.

Due to this ability to accumulate, vitamin E can be in the body in high concentrations, much higher than normal, which leads to disruption of various organs and systems. An excess amount of vitamin E in the body is called hypervitaminosis and, just like hypovitaminosis, it is accompanied by clinical manifestations that occur due to disruption of many organs and systems.

Insufficient intake of vitamin E in the body leads to its deficiency or hypovitaminosis, which is accompanied by a malfunction of organs with characteristic clinical symptoms.

That is, in relation to vitamin E in the human body, both its excess and deficiency can be created, and both conditions cause disturbances in the normal functioning of various organs. This means that vitamin E should be consumed only in the required amount, avoiding its excessive or insufficient intake into the body.

Absorption and excretion of vitamin E

Vitamin E enters the human body with food and is absorbed from the intestines in the presence of fats and bile. This means that for normal absorption of the vitamin from the digestive tract, it must be combined with a small amount of vegetable or animal fat.

Approximately 50% of the total amount of vitamin E contained in the food bolus is absorbed from the intestine, provided that there is a normal amount of fat and bile. If there is little fat or bile in the intestine, then less than 50% of the incoming vitamin E is absorbed.

In the process of absorption from the intestines, vitamin E forms a complex with fatty acids (chylomicrons), in which it first penetrates into the lymph and then into the blood. In the blood, vitamin E is released from the complex with chylomicrons and binds to proteins. It is in this complex protein + vitamin E that it is carried by the bloodstream to all organs and tissues.

In tissues, vitamin E releases from protein binding and, in combination with vitamin A, participates in the synthesis of ubiquinone Q, a substance that transfers oxygen from red blood cells directly into the cell.

Vitamin E is excreted from the body both unchanged and in the form of metabolites. Moreover, most of the vitamin E - 90% is excreted with feces through the intestines, and only 10% - with urine through the kidneys.

The biological role of vitamin E

Vitamin E is a unique substance that has the ability to rejuvenate the body, slowing down the aging process. That is why it is called the vitamin of youth and beauty. The effect of slowing down aging is achieved due to the powerful activation of tissue respiration processes, during which cells are well supplied with oxygen and decay products are removed from them.

Also, vitamin E reduces blood clotting, preventing excessive thrombosis, and therefore improving microcirculation and preventing blood stasis in various organs and tissues. A decrease in blood clotting activity leads to the fact that it flows better through the vessels without clogging them. In addition, vitamin E makes the walls of blood vessels smooth, as a result of which cholesterol plaques are not deposited on them, thereby preventing atherosclerosis. Improving the properties of the blood and the condition of the vessels, as well as the prevention of atherosclerosis together provide the prevention of cardiovascular insufficiency with the regular use of vitamin E.

Vitamin E improves the functioning of the immune system, thereby preventing infectious and inflammatory diseases of any organs. In combination with vitamin A, it protects the lungs from the negative effects of polluted air. Vitamin E also improves muscle tone and performance, relieves convulsions and accelerates the healing of various wounds and burns. With the use of vitamin E, wounds heal with little or no scarring.

Separately, it must be said that vitamin E improves sexual function in men and women, favorably affecting the production of hormones and the condition of the reproductive organs. For example, in women, tocopherol improves blood supply to the uterus and ovaries, and also contributes to the production of the required amount of progesterone and the formation of the placenta during pregnancy. In women, vitamin E facilitates the course of premenstrual and menopausal syndrome, and also contributes to the complete cure of fibrous formations of the mammary gland. In men, vitamin E improves sperm quality by normalizing the functioning of the gonads. In addition, tocopherol significantly improves potency.

In all people, regardless of gender, vitamin E reduces blood pressure, expands and strengthens the walls of blood vessels, prevents cataracts and anemia, and also maintains the normal functioning of the nervous system.

As an antioxidant, vitamin E has the following biological effects on the human body:

• Actively binds to free radicals, deactivating them;
• Protects cells from damage by free radicals;
• Slows down already running processes of free radical oxidation of lipids and DNA of cells;
• Reduces the rate of formation of new free radicals;
• Protects other vitamins from the negative effects of free radicals;
• Improves the absorption of vitamin A;
• Prevents the appearance of senile pigmentation on the skin in the form of brown spots;
• Destroys and prevents the appearance of cancer cells, thereby reducing the risk of malignant neoplasms of various organs;
• By protecting cells from damage by free radicals, it reduces the rate of aging;
• Improves the formation of collagen and elastin necessary to maintain the properties of connective tissue;
• Facilitates the course of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.

Vitamin E intake

Usually, the amount of vitamin E is indicated in international units (IU) or milligrams (mg). However, sometimes manufacturers specify obsolete units for measuring the amount of vitamin E, which are called tocopherol equivalents (ET). Moreover, 1 mg \u003d 1 IU, and 1 ET is approximately equal to 1 IU, so all three units of measuring the amount of vitamin E can be considered equivalent.

The daily requirement of an adult and a child over two years of age in vitamin E is 8-12 IU, and in men, other things being equal, it is higher than in women. In children of the first year of life, the need for vitamin E is 3-5 mg.

The need for tocopherol increases in the following situations:
1. Active muscular work, for example, during sports, physical labor, etc.
2. Eating large amounts of vegetable oil.
3. Pregnancy and breastfeeding increase the need for vitamin E by at least 2 to 5 IU.
4. The period of recovery after infectious and inflammatory diseases.
5. The healing period of various wounds.

According to the norms of dietary nutrition, the consumption of 15 mg of vitamin E per day by adults and children over three years old is considered optimal. Safe from the point of view of the development of hypervitaminosis is the consumption of a maximum of 100 mg of vitamin E per day. This means that you can consume up to 100 IU of tocopherol per day without fear of developing hypervitaminosis.

However, clinical studies conducted in recent years indicate that more correct and, at the same time, safe dosages of vitamin E are 100-400 IU for adults and 50-100 IU for children. It is these dosages of vitamin E that provide not only the physiological needs of the body, but also effectively resist the aging process. For some diseases, as part of complex therapy, vitamin E can be taken in dosages of 1200 - 3000 IU.

In blood serum, the normal concentration of vitamin E is 21-22 µmol/ml.

Symptoms of deficiency and lack of vitamin E in the body

With insufficient intake of vitamin E in the human body, its deficiency develops, called hypovitaminosis. Hypovitaminosis leads to disruption of the functioning of various organs and systems, which is manifested by the following symptoms:

• Violation of tissue respiration;
• muscle weakness;
• Deterioration of potency in men;
• High risk of miscarriage, fading of pregnancy or spontaneous abortion in women;
• Early toxicosis of pregnancy;
• Anemia due to hemolysis (destruction) of red blood cells;
• Decreased level of reflexes (hyporeflexia);
• Ataxia (impaired coordination of movements);
• Dysarthria (violation of articulation of speech with the impossibility of normal pronunciation of words and sounds);
• Reduced sensitivity;
• retinal dystrophy;
• Hepatonecrosis (death of liver cells);
• nephrotic syndrome;
• Increased activity of creatine phosphokinase and alanine aminotransferase in the blood.

Severe hypovitaminosis E is observed quite rarely due to the ability of the vitamin to accumulate and gradually consume in conditions of deficiency of its intake from the outside. However, even a slight deficiency of vitamin E can cause infertility in adults and hemolytic anemia in children.

Hypervitaminosis can develop in two cases - firstly, with prolonged use of high doses of vitamin A, and secondly, with a single dose of a very large amount of tocopherol. However, in practice, hypervitaminosis E is very rare, since this vitamin is not toxic, and its excess is used by the body as an antioxidant. Thus, almost the entire amount of vitamin E entering the body can be effectively used without remaining free and without damaging various organs and tissues.

Clinical studies have shown that even daily intake of vitamin E at 200-3000 IU per day for 10 years did not lead to the development of hypervitaminosis. A single high dose of vitamin E can cause nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, or high blood pressure, which go away on their own and do not require any special treatment or discontinuation of the drug.

In principle, hypervitaminosis E can provoke the development of the following symptoms:

• A decrease in the total number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), leading to bleeding;
• Decrease in blood coagulation (hypocoagulation), provoking bleeding;
• night blindness;
• Dyspeptic symptoms (heartburn, belching, nausea, flatulence, heaviness in the abdomen after eating, etc.);
• Decreased glucose concentration (hypoglycemia);
• General weakness;
• muscle cramps;
• Deterioration of potency in men;
• Increased blood pressure;
• Enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly);
• An increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia);
• Hemorrhage in the retina or brain;
• An increase in the concentration of triglycerides (TG) in the blood.

Taking vitamin E in very high dosages (more than 10,000 IU per day) during pregnancy can provoke birth defects in the child.

With intravenous administration of vitamin E, swelling, redness, and soft tissue calcification may occur at the injection site.

Vitamin E - content in products

The maximum amount of vitamin E is found in the following foods:

• Soybean, cottonseed, corn, sunflower and olive oils;
• Germinated grains of corn and wheat;
• Corn in grains;
• Pearl barley, oatmeal and corn;
• Shrimps;
• squids;
• Egg;
• Zander;
• Mackerel.

The above foods contain the most vitamin E. However, in addition to these foods, there are others that are less rich in vitamin E, but also contain it in relatively large quantities.

Products containing a sufficiently large amount of vitamin E, but not the maximum, are as follows:

• Citrus fruits (oranges, tangerines, clementines, minolis, pomelo, grapefruits, lemons, limes, etc.);
• Animal and fish liver;
• Acne;
• Sunflower seeds ;
• Hazelnut;
• Dried apricots;

To provide the body with a sufficient amount of vitamin E, it is necessary to consume any of the listed foods daily.

Vitamin E preparations

Currently, there are two main types of preparations containing vitamin E on the domestic pharmaceutical market. The first type is pharmaceutical preparations containing a synthetic analog of the vitamin, which has exactly the same structure as the natural tocopherol molecule. The second type is biologically active additives (BAA) containing natural vitamin E obtained from extracts, extracts or tinctures of plant or animal raw materials. That is, there are pharmaceutical synthetic vitamin preparations and natural dietary supplements.

In addition, there are monocomponent and multicomponent preparations containing vitamin E. Monocomponent preparations contain only vitamin E in various dosages, and multicomponent preparations contain several vitamins, minerals, trace elements or other useful substances.

The dosage of vitamin E can be different, however, both in dietary supplements and in pharmacological preparations, it is standardized and is indicated in IU or mg. Due to the relatively low dosage, dietary supplements can only be used for prophylactic use as an additional source of vitamin E. And pharmacological preparations are used for both prevention and treatment.

Synthetic vitamins E

Currently, the following vitamin preparations containing tocopherol are available on the domestic pharmaceutical market:

• Aevit;
• Alphabet "Our baby";
• Alphabet "Kindergarten";
• Alpha-tocopherol acetate solution in oil;
• Biovital Vitamin E;
• Biovital-gel;
• Vitamin E 100;
• Vitamin E 200;
• Vitamin E 400;
• Vitamin E 50% type SD powder;
• Vitamin E-acetate;
• Vitamin E Zentiva;
• Vita bears;

Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a natural fat-soluble antioxidant that protects our cells from destruction. Taking this vitamin is one of the ways to maintain youth and restore reproductive abilities. Vitamin E is available in capsules, dragees and tablets for oral administration in various dosages. In our country, it is produced by many pharmaceutical enterprises, there are also imported drugs. A large selection of dietary supplements with tocopherols on the website of the Iherb online store.

Release form and composition

The drug is produced in the form of dosage forms for oral administration - capsules and dragees. An oil solution of 50 ml in a bottle is also produced (about 30 drops in 1 ml). The composition of the drug includes the active active substance and auxiliary agents.

The active substance is tocopherol. Natural tocopherols are a mixture of eight isomers: alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols and the same isomers of tocotrienols. The most common are alpha-tocopherols. The inscription on the bottle with a natural substance looks like this: d-alpha-tocopherol. Particle d speaks about the natural origin of tocopherol.

Synthetic drug (tocopherol acetate) is made on the basis of alpha-tocopherol. The inscription on the bottle looks like this: dl-alpha-tocopherol. The particle dl speaks about the synthetic nature of the vitamin.

The amount of the active substance in one dose is expressed in milligrams (mg) or in international units - IU:

• 100 mg is 110 IU of a synthetic or 150 IU of a natural compound;
• 1 IU of a natural substance is equal to 0.67 mg, 1 IU of a synthetic one is 1 mg.

Pharmacological properties

The pharmacological properties of vitamin E include the mechanism of its action (pharmacodynamics) and the mechanism of penetration of this substance into the body, its absorption, promotion and excretion (pharmacokinetics).

Pharmacodynamics (mechanism of action)

A few decades ago, vitamin E was perceived only as an antioxidant. It was known that it inhibits the activity of free radicals - toxic aggressive molecules that are formed in the process of metabolism and destroy cell membranes. This leads to premature aging of the body and disruption of a number of functions.

A number of other equally important functions of this compound are currently known:

1. It activates the formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin (retains and deposits oxygen in the muscles), catalase and peroxidase (enzymes that promote the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen). There is stimulation of tissue respiration, activation of metabolism and removal of toxic metabolic products, rejuvenation of the body.
2. Improves the absorption of vitamin A, promotes skin rejuvenation. After a course of taking a vitamin, a person looks younger.
3. Suppresses the synthesis of cholesterol. Therefore, the compound is especially useful for persons suffering from coronary heart disease.
4. Inhibits hemolysis (destruction) of red blood cells.
5. Improves the condition of capillaries.
6. In men, it prevents the development of impotence and infertility.
7. Restores the menstrual cycle and reproductive function of women; during pregnancy inhibits the permeability of the placenta for toxic substances.
8. Taking vitamin E is a way to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
9. Has an anti-cancer effect.

Pharmacokinetics

The absorption of the compound in the intestine is facilitated by bile and fats. In order for this fat-soluble vitamin to be properly absorbed in the intestines, it is taken after meals, and fats must be present in the food. But even in this case, half of the dose taken is absorbed.

When absorbed, vitamin E binds to fat-protein compounds that act as a vehicle. Tocopherols are deposited in hormonal, adipose tissue, as well as in other organs and tissues. They can accumulate, causing hypervitaminosis. This compound is excreted in various ways: mainly with bile and feces, and a little through the kidneys.

Indications for taking vitamin E

Tocopherols are needed by adults and children. Indications for the use of this vitamin are very diverse.

For adults

Indications for adults are:

• hypovitaminosis E;
• a state of weakness (asthenia) after acute infections that occurred with a high temperature;
• heavy physical exertion during work or sports; helps in quick recovery after exercise;
• overwork, accompanied by nervous disorders: irritable weakness, insomnia, etc.;
• elderly age; needed to suppress the aging process:
• diseases accompanied by weakness of the muscular-ligamentous apparatus;
• muscular dystrophy (reduction of muscles in volume) after a long stay in a stationary state with injuries and serious illnesses;
• menopause with severe disorders of the autonomic nervous system - hot flashes to the upper half of the body, palpitations, etc .; an indication is also osteoprosis, which develops with a decrease in hormonal levels: preparations with vitamin E stimulate the secretion of gonadotropic hormones from the pituitary gland, which, in turn, stimulates the production of sex hormones;
• degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the musculoskeletal system - osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis; helps strengthen the muscles that support the skeleton;
• chronic skin diseases (psoriasis, etc.);
• menstrual disorders, infertility in women; risk of miscarriage;
• impotence and infertility in men.

For kids

It has a positive effect on the development and restoration of health in children. Indications for appointment are:

• lagging behind the child in height and weight;
• violation of neuropsychic and emotional development;
• prevention of respiratory diseases in newborns, especially premature ones;
• restoration of health after infections, serious illnesses and operations.

During pregnancy and lactation

During pregnancy, vitamin E, produced in capsules, is needed by the woman's body, but in certain dosages selected by the doctor. During pregnancy, both its deficiency and excess are dangerous. Hypervitaminosis E can lead to premature maturation of the placenta and premature birth.

During breastfeeding, before taking the drug, you should consult with your doctor to clarify the dosage and duration of the course of administration.

Side effects and allergies

In the dosages prescribed by the doctor, tocopherol is well tolerated. Side effects are possible after taking large doses and are manifested in the form of abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea. Allergic reactions are also possible in the form of a variety of itchy rashes and angioedema (Quincke's edema) with respiratory failure. If you suspect an allergy, you should immediately stop taking the capsules.

Contraindications and warnings

Despite good tolerance, the drugs have contraindications:

• individual intolerance and allergy.

Take, with caution, correctly, starting with small doses, you need:

• with increased blood clotting;
• myocardial infarction;
• severe heart disease with impaired function of this organ;
• stable high blood pressure;
• elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood.

Reception and dosage

It will be correct to consult with your doctor how much and how to take vitamin E in capsules or dragees. But sometimes this is not possible, so it is worth knowing the average dosages recommended for adults and children.

For adults

Vitamin E capsules are taken orally. You need to drink it after or during meals. The average daily dose for an adult is 100-200 IU. The course of treatment is 4 - 8 weeks. If necessary, the course can be repeated after three months. For persons with constant heavy physical exertion, the average daily dose can be increased to 600 and above, but not more than 1100 IU of synthetic or 1500 IU of natural.

For kids

• infants 5 - 10 IU;
• preschoolers 20 - 40 IU;
• schoolchildren 50 - 100 IU.

The dosage of vitamin E in capsules is at least 100 IU, therefore, if the daily dose for children is less than 100 IU, it is recommended to drink the drug in the dosage form in the form of an oily solution in drops. 1 ml of oil solution contains about 30 drops. The duration of the course of treatment and dosage is determined by the doctor.

UNIT CONVERTER: VITAMIN E

Natural Natural in the form of acetate Natural in the form of tocopherolic acid succinate Synthetic Synthetic in the form of acetate Synthetic in the form of tocopherolic acid succinate

Substance form

IU mg mcg g

Since vitamin E can accumulate in the body, an overdose is possible only with a long course of treatment in large daily doses:

• if you use from 400 to 800 IU per day for more than 8 weeks, you start to get sick and dizzy, there is a breakdown, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, blurred vision;
• if you use more than 800 IU per day for more than 8 weeks, these symptoms increase, there is a risk of developing thromboembolism (the formation of blood clots in the vessels with their further detachment and blockage of significant vessels), thrombophlebitis (inflammation of the walls of vessels clogged with a thrombus), impaired liver and kidney function and cardiovascular system, blindness due to retinal hemorrhage.

If you suspect an overdose, you should immediately stop taking tocopherol and consult a doctor.

drug interaction

Instructions for use of vitamin E capsules contain information on its interaction with other drugs. Tocopherol intake:

1. Potentiates (enhances) the action of:

• glucocorticoid hormones (prednisolone);
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, diclofenac);
• cardiac glycosides (digoxin, strophanthin).

1. Reduces toxicity:

• cardiac glycosides;
• fat-soluble vitamins A and D.

Tocopherols should not be used together with iron. If there is a need to drink such drugs, it is correct to take a break of at least two hours between taking tocopherol and iron.

special instructions

The instructions for use noted that vitamin E promotes tissue repair, so it is often prescribed for chronic relapsing diseases accompanied by exhaustion and loss of strength. Dosages and duration of administration are determined by the attending physician.

Terms and conditions of storage

Capsules and tablets can be stored at a temperature of 10 - 25 ° C, avoiding direct sunlight.

The drug retains its medicinal properties for two years. The countdown is from the date of manufacture.

Cancer research is being carried out at full speed, using all available technical advances. Most of these projects are still in the early stages of in vitro and in vivo experiments. They have a long way to go before clinical trials on patients.

This does not mean that we should lose hope.

Medicine is at a stage where it can be argued that cancer is curable.

The rest is a matter of technique and a few years of time.

Konstantin Mokanov

Doctors will starve the cancer

Another strategy recently proposed by scientists is to deprive cancer of the nutrients needed for uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth.

Three independent studies, the results of which appeared in January 2017, give hope for the early success of this strategy. According to experts, “starvation” is especially effective in the case of aggressive, treatment-resistant tumors.

The authors of the first project learned how to deprive cancer of glutamine, a vital amino acid that is actively used by lung, breast and intestinal tumors. By blocking the cells' access to glutamine, the researchers were able to increase oxidative stress and shrink tumors.

The second way to defeat breast cancer is to deprive tumor cells of an essential enzyme that helps them produce energy.

Finally, the staff of the University of Salford in the UK intend to stop the "cellular power plants" by blocking the supply of vitamin B2. According to British oncologists, this treatment will be easily tolerated by patients and will mark the "end of toxic chemotherapy."

cancer immunotherapy

Most recently, immunotherapy has attracted

Many types of cancer are dangerous because they "cheat" the immune system or completely ignore it. Such aggressive tumors rapidly spread throughout the body, easily becoming resistant to standard therapy.

Thanks to recent in vitro and in vivo experiments, scientists have learned how to "turn off" the defense systems of cancer cells. In 2017, the journal Nature Immunology explained why macrophages - our body's "scavengers" - don't recognize some cancer cells.

Many people have heard about the benefits of fat-soluble vitamins A and E, but not everyone will answer with confidence why tocopherol and retinol should be drunk in pairs, what are the indications for their use, how to take vitamins A and E in capsules correctly ... All these questions today will give answers "Popular about health".

Retinol health benefits

Retinol is a fat-soluble vitamin. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is available in capsules. How useful is this substance?

Retinol plays a huge role in the body. It increases resistance to infectious diseases, skin infections, promotes better skin regeneration in case of burns, strengthens nails and hair, bone tissue, improves visual acuity.

Indications for admission

Who Should Take Vitamin A Periodically? What health problems indicate its deficiency in the body? Indications for use:

1. Rickets.
2. Skin rashes, skin pigmentation.
3. Brittleness of nails, dullness of hair, their loss.
4. Frequent colds, respiratory diseases.
5. Avitaminosis.
6. Problems with the musculoskeletal system.
7. Loss of twilight vision.
8. Migraines.
9. Weakness.
10. Diabetes.

In fact, this element is a participant in many processes occurring in the body. Therefore, it is recommended to periodically take it to all people. But how to do it? What is the regimen for taking the drug?

How to take vitamin A capsules correctly?

The main thing you need to know is that retinol is always taken in pairs with tocopherol. This substance protects retinol from oxidation and promotes its better absorption. The second rule of application is not to exceed the dose. An excess of a substance is dangerous, as is its deficiency.

If you are not sure whether you need to drink a course of retinol, consult a doctor. It will determine if there is a need for this substance in your body. If necessary, the doctor will prescribe a regimen and indicate which dosage should be followed.

General consumption rates are indicated in the instructions for the drug:

1. Children are prescribed 350 micrograms of a substance (10,000 IU).
2. Adolescents - 600 micrograms (20,000 IU).
3. Adults - 900 mcg (30,000 IU).

Vitamin A is mostly sold in capsules. Each of them contains the average daily intake of a substance for an adult. To maintain immunity and beauty of the skin and hair, it is recommended to take no more than one unit of vitamin per day in capsules. This is the correct way to take vitamin A. In addition, the drug should be drunk after meals (after a quarter of an hour) once a day, swallowing the capsule and washing it down with water. The dosage is prescribed by the doctor, as well as determines the duration of the course of treatment. According to the instructions, the admission norms are as follows:

1. With severe beriberi, diseases of the eyes and skin - from 33,000 to 100,000 IU per day.
2. For preventive purposes - 33,000 IU per day.

The maximum daily dose for adults is 100,000 IU. It is important to know that vitamin A is excreted from the body slowly, it tends to accumulate, so it is dangerous to exceed doses and drink it unnecessarily.

Indications for the use of tocopherol

Tocopherol is a substance associated with retinol. Together, these components have a stronger effect on the ability of tissues to regenerate, enhance the body's immune responses, and have a beneficial effect on overall tone. It is shown with:

1. Climax.
2. Planning for pregnancy.
3. Dermatosis.
4. Violations of sexual functions in men.
5. Epilepsy.
6. Myopathies.
7. Muscular dystrophy.
8. Overwork.

Tocopherol is a powerful antioxidant and can be prescribed for a general weakening of nonspecific immunity as a supportive agent.

How to take vitamin E correctly?

It is impossible to drink tocopherol for a long time without a doctor's prescription. High doses of the drug can contribute to the development of beriberi A. Capsules with the substance are available in various dosages - 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg.

The average daily dose of this substance for adults is 100 mg. In acute beriberi, the dose is increased to 200 mg per day. The course of therapy, on average, is 4 weeks. If necessary, after a three-month break, the treatment is repeated. The capsule is swallowed with water after a meal.

Children under the age of 12 years, this drug is contraindicated. Tocopherol can not be taken by people with acute myocardial infarction, as well as with cardiosclerosis. An overdose of tocopherol is harmful to health.

Aevit - a drug containing both vitamins

Since it is correct to drink vitamins A and E in pairs, it is advisable to use preparations containing two substances at once in one capsule. For example, "Aevit". Each pill of this medicinal product contains 100 mg of tocopherol and 100,000 IU of retinol. Drink the medicine should be one capsule daily 15 minutes after eating.

Understanding how to properly drink any vitamin supplement is very important. Some people, without the knowledge of a doctor, stuff themselves with various complexes, not understanding the dangers of an overdose. If there is no shortage of these components in the body, then you should not use them, since they, having accumulated in the body, lead to health problems. For example, an excess of tocopherol in the body threatens to form blood clots, and an excess of retinol leads to visual impairment, brittle nails, cracks in the skin, and causes bone pain. Who needs such problems?

One capsule contains

active substance - alpha-tocopherol acetate - 200 mg, 400 mg,

Excipients: vegetable oil, gelatin, 85% glycerin, methyl parahydroxybenzoate, Ponceau 4R dye, purified water.

Description

Soft gelatin capsules, oval, red. The contents of the capsules are a clear light yellow oil.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Vitamins. Other vitamins. Other vitamins in their pure form. Vitamin E.

ATX code A11HA03

Pharmacological properties

Pharmacokinetics

When taken orally, Vitamin E is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, absorption is 50%.

Vitamin E enters the bloodstream mainly through the lymph, the maximum concentration in the blood serum is reached 4-8 hours after ingestion, and after 24 hours the initial level is restored. Vitamin E binds to alpha1 and beta proteins, and in part to serum albumin. Vitamin E is distributed to all tissues of the body, mainly to fatty ones. The distribution of tocopherols in various tissues was determined after oral administration. α -tocopherol acetate labeled with 14C carbon atoms. The greatest activity was observed in the adrenal glands, high - in the spleen, lungs, testicles and stomach, and low - in the brain. An important factor influencing the function and level of tocopherols in the blood is the content of lipids. Lipoproteins play an important role in the physiological functioning of tocopherols, acting as a transport system.

The concentration of tocopherol in the blood serum of a healthy person ranges from 6 to 14 µg/l.

Plasma concentrations are independent of current diet, but a reduced plasma lipid level below 5 µg/l persisting for several months can lead to symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Plasma concentrations increase after high doses of vitamin E within 1-2 days.

Alpha-tocopherol acetate is metabolized in the liver to derivatives having a quinone structure (some of them have vitamin activity). Excreted in bile (over 90%) and urine (about 6%) unchanged and as metabolites.

Penetrates through the placenta in insufficient quantities: 20-30% of the concentration in the mother's blood penetrates into the blood of the fetus. Penetrates into breast milk.

Pharmacodynamics

Vitamin E has an antioxidant effect, participates in the biosynthesis of heme and proteins, cell proliferation, tissue respiration, and other important processes of tissue metabolism, reduces increased permeability and fragility of capillaries.

Necessary for the development and functioning of connective tissue, smooth and skeletal muscles, as well as for strengthening the walls of blood vessels. Takes part in the metabolism of nucleic acids and prostaglandins, the cellular respiratory cycle, in the synthesis of arachidonic acid. Stimulates the synthesis of proteins and collagen; normalizes reproductive function.

Vitamin E, being a natural antioxidant, inhibits lipid peroxidation by free radicals. Activates phagocytosis and prevents hemolysis of erythrocytes. In high doses, it prevents platelet aggregation.

The drug inhibits the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and selenium (a component of the microsomal electron transport system), inhibits the synthesis of cholesterol, thereby preventing the development of atherosclerosis, degenerative-dystrophic changes in the heart muscle and skeletal muscles.

Indications for use

Prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis E

In complex therapy for the following conditions:

As maintenance therapy in hormonal treatment of menstrual disorders

Degenerative and proliferative changes in the spine and large joints

Primary and secondary muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Atrophic processes of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and / or gastrointestinal tract

Eating disorders, malabsorption syndrome, alimentary anemia; as adjuvant therapy in chronic hepatitis

Hypofunction of the gonads in men (with male infertility in combination with vitamin A)

Fibroplastic induration of the penis

Balanitis

Kraurosis vulva

Conditions of convalescence after past illnesses

Dosage and administration

Taken orally, the capsule is swallowed without chewing, drinking plenty of water.

With hypovitaminosis, vitamin E is prescribed for 1 month:

- capsules 200 mg: adults 1-2 capsules per day.

- 400 mg capsules: adults 1 capsule per day.

The maximum daily dose is 800-1000 mg.

For violations of the menstrual cycle (as an adjunct to hormonal therapy), 300-400 mg are prescribed every other day, sequentially, starting from the 17th day of the cycle for 5 cycles.

In case of menstrual irregularities in young girls, 100 mg 1-2 times a day for 2-3 months is prescribed before the start of hormone therapy.

With muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - 2 capsules (400 mg each) 2 times a day, a course of treatment for 2-3 months.

With malabsorption syndrome, alimentary anemia, 300 mg per day is prescribed for 10 days.

With fibroplastic induration of the penis, 300-400 mg per day for 4 weeks is indicated, then 50 mg per day for 4 months.

With hypofunction of the gonads in men - 400 mg daily for 2-3 weeks.

Children from 12 years of age and older Vitamin E Zentiva® is prescribed 100-200 mg per day.

The duration of the course of treatment is determined by the attending physician.

Side effects

Often

Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, constipation

Headache, fatigue, weakness

Possible

Allergic reactions, bronchospasm

Rarely

- creatinuria, increased creatine kinase activity, increased

serum cholesterol

Thrombophlebitis, pulmonary thromboembolism, venous thrombosis

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug

Children's age up to 12 years

Acute myocardial infarction

Hypotrombinemia

Drug Interactions

Iron preparations increase the daily requirement for vitamin E. Vitamin E in daily doses above 400 IU may enhance the effect of anticoagulants.

Simultaneous intake of large doses of Vitamin E with iron preparations, vitamin K and / or anticoagulants increases the time of blood clotting.

Vitamin E, when taken together, enhances the effect of glucocorticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cardiac glycosides. Increases the effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy, who have elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products in the blood.

Vitamin A stores in the body can be depleted when high doses of vitamin E are used.

special instructions

Vitamin K deficiency induced by hypothrombinemia may be exacerbated by high doses of vitamin E.

In rare cases, creatinuria, increased creatine kinase activity and serum cholesterol levels, thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, thrombosis are possible in patients predisposed to blood clotting disorders.

With epidermolysis bullosa, the growth of white hair in areas affected by alopecia.

Very high doses (more than 800 mg per day for long-term use) may predispose to bleeding in patients with vitamin K deficiency, may interfere with the metabolism of thyroid hormones and increase the risk of thrombophlebitis and thromboembolism in patients prone to thrombosis.

Pediatric use

This dosage form is not used in children under 6 years of age.