The horrors of war are arguments from literature. Arguments for an essay on the problem of overcoming life's difficulties during the war years

Arguments in the composition of part C of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language on the topic "Problems of war and peace (a person in war, the unnaturalness of war)"

Text from the exam

(1) It was dark and quiet in the basement, but no one, probably, was sleeping, this was felt by frequent, tense sighs, mean movements, and the quiet, alert breathing of people. (2) And then Sotnikov suddenly realized that their last night in the world was expiring. (3) The morning will no longer belong to them. (4) Well, it was necessary to gather the last strength in oneself in order to face death with dignity.

(5) Of course, he didn’t expect anything else from these geeks: they couldn’t leave him alive - they could only torture him in that devilish corner of Budila. (6) And so, perhaps, not bad; a bullet will instantly and without pain end life - not the worst possible, in any case: the usual soldier's end in the war.

(7) And he, a fool, was still afraid of dying in battle. (8) Now such a death with weapons in his hands seemed to him an unattainable luxury, and he almost envied the thousands of those lucky ones who found their fair end on the front of the great war.

(9) True, in these few partisan months, he nevertheless did something, fulfilling his duty as a citizen and fighter. (10) Let not the way he wanted, as circumstances allowed: several enemies nevertheless found death from his hand. (11) And now the end has come.

(12) Everything became clear and categorical. (13) And this made it possible to strictly determine the choice. (14) If anything else bothered him in life, it was his last duties towards people who, by the will of fate or chance, were now nearby. (15) He realized that he had no right to die before he determined his relationship with them, because these relationships, apparently, would become the last manifestation of his “I” before it disappeared forever.

(16) At first glance, this seemed strange, but, having come to terms with his own death, Sotnikov acquired some special, almost absolute independence from the strength of his enemies for a few short hours. (17) Now he could fully afford such things that at other times were difficult by circumstances, concern for preserving his own life - now he felt in himself a new opportunity, no longer subject to enemies, circumstances and no one in the world. (18) He was not afraid of anything, and this gave him a certain advantage over others, as well as in front of his former self too. (19) Sotnikov easily and simply, as something elementary and completely logical in his position, made the last decision now: to take everything upon himself. (20) Tomorrow he will tell the investigator that he went to reconnaissance, had a task, wounded a policeman in a shootout, that he is the commander of the Red Army and an opponent of fascism, let them shoot him. (21) The rest have nothing to do with it.

(22) In essence, he sacrificed himself for the salvation of others, but no less than others, this sacrifice was also necessary for himself. (23) Sotnikov could not agree with the idea that his death would be an absurd accident at the behest of these drunken servants. (24) Like every death in a struggle, it must affirm something, deny something, and, if possible, complete what life did not have time to accomplish. (25) Otherwise, why then life? (26) It is too difficult for a person to be carefree about its end.

(27) It was cold, from time to time he shuddered and crawled deeper under his overcoat. (28) As always, the decision made brought relief, the most exhausting in the war - uncertainty no longer annoyed him. (29) He already knew when his last battle with the enemies would take place, and he knew what positions he would take. (30) He will not retreat from them. (31) And although this duel did not promise him an easy victory, he was calm. (32) Bobby has weapons, strength, but he also has something to stand on at the end. (33) He was not afraid of them.

(According to V. Bykov)

Introduction

War and peace are two opposite concepts that represent the state of society in different periods of history.

War is the most terrible thing that mankind has ever experienced in its entire history. War cripples human destinies, destroys, kills. War is inhumane, unnatural, it seems to be aimed at the destruction of everything that is most sacred that people have - humanity.

Problem

V. Bykov considers the problem of human understanding of the meaning of life in wartime, in the face of death. The realization of the imminent onset of the end makes a person think completely differently than in peacetime. I want to somehow comprehend my own death, to finally do at least something good.

Comment

Being with the rest of the captives in the basement, Sotnikov realizes that he is unlikely to live until morning. He begins to be overwhelmed by thoughts about how to spend his last hours in such a way as to meet his death with dignity.

He begins to regret that he did not manage to die in battle so that his death would be filled with meaning. He even envied the hundreds of lucky people who managed to leave life in this way.

But then he realized that he managed to accomplish a lot - several enemies died from his hand. But now it's over.

In the process of painful reflections, everything suddenly became clear and simple for him. An early death gave him advantages over others - he ceased to be afraid of everything in the world. If earlier he could fear for his own life or any undesirable consequences, now he felt absolutely free.

To justify his untimely death, he decided to take responsibility for those around him - in the morning he admits his guilt, and only he will be shot.

Author's position

The author reflects on the fact that every death should be meaningful. He is sure that the attitude towards death should not be as simplified as during any war, when the death of an individual person means nothing for the benefit of a common goal.

own position

Although the author does not state this directly, I think he wanted to talk about the senselessness of war and the deaths of people in war, about its inhumanity and unnaturalness. I believe that the thoughts coming to Sotnikov in a cold basement are unnatural. They will not come to the mind of a person living a peaceful, calm life. They are typical only for a suicide bomber - a criminal sentenced to death. Although the death penalty is inhumane.

Argument #1

In another story, "One Night," V. Bykov presents a case in the war when the Russian fighter Ivan Voloka ended up in the basement with the German Fritz. It was impossible to get out of the basement one by one, since the entrance to it was littered with earth.

The longer they are alone with each other, the sooner the feeling of hatred for the enemy disappears. Ivan understands that the German is the same person as he is. They found out that there is a lot in common between them: peaceful professions, homesickness, hatred of war.

But the unity of their souls ended in the morning when they managed to get out. Fritz rushed to his own, and Voloka automatically raised his gun and shot him. When he realized what had happened, he cursed the war.

Argument #2

L. N. Tolstoy in "Sevastopol Tales" affirms the idea that war is contrary to all human feelings - both reason and human nature. It erases all boundaries between good and evil.

People are forced to maim each other, obeying orders and animal survival instincts. The pictures that appear before the eyes of the soldiers forever break their worldview. There are no right and wrong in war. Everyone overcomes emergency situations as best they can, sometimes losing their human face.

Conclusion

War is a terrible phenomenon that does not fit into the head. It violates all the biblical commandments, all the assertions of the humanists. It violates a person's ideas about good and evil, which during hostilities are on one side of the barricades - the death of one implies the salvation of the other. Either kill yourself or be killed by the enemy.

There are battles near Moscow, and in the Altai village, the main character of the story, Vanya Popov, dreams of getting three logs to heat the hut by the time his mother arrives. Lonely and cold and very hungry. The mother, who returned from work after dark, brings flour and a piece of meat. Dumplings are cooked quickly and cheerfully. But they still need to be cooked. Vanya and his mother go out into the cold winter darkness to get firewood. It's cold, it's hard to cut wood and then carry it home. Tired Vanka falls asleep without waiting for the ready dumplings. The mother hardly wakes up the children and feeds them. Falling asleep, Vanka hears his mother scribbling on a typewriter: tomorrow he will go to school in a new shirt. Despite the difficult years of the war, Vanya's mother says that it is much more difficult for the soldiers sitting somewhere in the trenches now, and apparently this inspires strength in a tired woman.

2. E.E. Fonyakova "Bread of that winter"

The story is dedicated to the difficult winter of the blockade, when, according to the norms, 125 grams of bread per person per day were given out: “On a porcelain saucer there is a pot-bellied, “childish” cup with flour soup - a greenish liquid-chatter and plastic of black bread, so thin that air shines through it ". This is food for the whole day, left by parents to their daughter. The girl is tormented by the problem of eating everything at once or stretching it out for the whole day. Stretch fails. Everything is eaten instantly and imperceptibly. A neighbor is frying pancakes in the kitchen at this time. The girl literally prays, repeating to herself like a spell: “Give it, give it!.. Well, half, well, a quarter of a pancake!..” However, the neighbor does not share with the girl. But some time later, Irk's girlfriend comes into the room and leaves three fragrant butter pancakes wrapped in a newspaper on the table. People remain compassionate and continue to help each other even in such a difficult time.

3. B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists"

Nikolai Pluzhnikov finds himself in the Brest Fortress on the eve of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The defeated garrison goes into the dungeon. Nicholas and the few surviving defenders continue to fight. Moving from cellar to cellar, suffering from hunger and thirst, Nikolai only once tries to commit suicide. However, at this moment he is dissuaded by Mirra, a Jewish girl in love with Nikolai. In autumn, the girl confesses that she is pregnant. Pluzhnikov, wanting to save the girl, sends her to clear the rubble. But she is recognized by the German, who was once spared by Kolya. Mirra is trying to move away so that Pluzhnikov, who is watching everything from the basement hole, does not understand anything and does not intervene. The girl is severely beaten and pierced with a bayonet. So Mirra saves Nikolai at the cost of her life. In conditions of inhuman cruelty, love remains in people, a thirst to save their neighbor.

4. V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember"

The story tells about the fate of Nastya, who is trying to save her deserter husband in the last years of the war. Andrei Guskov, in a moment of weakness, afraid to die in the war, runs home to his native village. Hiding at night, they secretly meet. Nastya is trying in every possible way to atone for the sin of her husband, works more than others, buys government bonds almost for her workdays. When a woman finds out that she is pregnant, she tries to hide the secret of her husband to the last. But she is being tracked. At this moment, realizing that it will not be possible to escape from the chase, she drowns in the river, saving at the cost of her own life and the life of her husband's unborn child. The title of the story is addressed to Andrei, who condemned to death the person dearest to him. In war, a person shows both his best and worst qualities.

Formulations in the form of a problem question 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What questions does war ask humanity? Why do we read books about war today? What are the moral lessons of war? Is it possible to remain a man in the war? What is the feat? (Who can be called a real hero?) What is the moral choice of a person in war? What moral qualities are necessary for a person in war? What is true patriotism? The problem of human ability to survive in extreme conditions. 10. The problem of a person growing up in war. 11. The problem of betrayal as a spiritual defeat of a person.

We select arguments from fiction ü Moral assessment of war ü Human behavior in war ü Heroism ü Courage ü Patriotism in war ü True and false patriotism in war L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", "Sevastopol stories" N. V. Gogol " Taras Bulba "B. L. Vasiliev "The dawns here are quiet ..." V. V. Bykov "Obelisk", "Sotnikov" M. A. Sholokhov "The fate of a man", "Quiet Don" B. N. Polevoy "The Tale of the Present Man" E. Hemingway "Farewell to Arms" E. M. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front"

ü International conflicts ü Inhumanity and senselessness of war ü Moral choice ü Moral strength of a person ü Responsibility to oneself M. Yu. Lermontov "Valerik" L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" V. V. Bykov "One Night" M. A Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons" V. V. Bykov "Sotnikov", "Wolf Pack" V. L. Kondratiev "Sasha"

Analyzing texts (1) I was sitting in a bath with hot water, and my brother was restlessly spinning around the small room, grabbing soap and a sheet in his hands, bringing them close to myopic eyes and putting them back again. (2) Then he stood facing the wall and continued fervently: - (3) Judge for yourself. (4) We were taught goodness, intelligence, logic - they gave us consciousness. (5) The main thing is consciousness. (6) One can become ruthless, but how is it possible, having known the truth, to reject it? (7) From childhood, I was taught not to torture animals, to be compassionate. (8) The books that I read taught me the same, and I am painfully sorry for those who suffer in your damned war. (9) But time passes, and I begin to get used to all the suffering, I feel that in everyday life I am less sensitive, less responsive and respond only to the strongest excitations. (10) But I cannot get used to the very fact of the war, my mind refuses to understand and explain what is basically insane. (11) Millions of people, having gathered in one place and trying to make their actions correct, kill a friend, and everyone is equally hurt, and everyone is equally unhappy - what is it, is it crazy? (12) The brother turned around and looked at me questioningly with his short-sighted eyes. - (13) I will tell you the truth. - (14) Brother trustingly put a cold hand on my shoulder. - (15) I can’t understand what is happening. (16) I can't understand, and it's terrible. (17) If someone could explain to me, but no one can. (18) You were at war, you saw - explain to me. - (19) What an eccentric you are, brother! (20) Let some more hot water. (21) It was so good for me to sit in the bath, as before, and listen to a familiar voice, without thinking about the words, and see everything familiar, simple, ordinary: a copper, slightly green faucet, walls with a familiar pattern, photographic accessories, in order laid out on shelves. (22) I will again take photographs, shoot simple and quiet views and my son: how he walks, how he laughs and plays pranks. (23) And I will write again - about smart books, about new successes of human thought, about beauty and peace.

(24) And what he said was the fate of all those who, in their madness, become close to the madness of war. (25) It was as if I forgot at that moment, splashing in hot water, everything that I saw there. - (26) I need to get out of the bath, - I said lightly, and my brother smiled at me like a child, like a younger one, although I was three years older than him, and thought - like an adult, like an old man who has big and heavy thoughts . (27) The brother called the servant, and together they took me out and dressed me. (28) Then I drank fragrant tea from my glass and thought that you could live without legs, and then they took me to the office to my desk, and I got ready to work. (29) My joy was so great, the pleasure was so deep that I did not dare to start reading and only sorted through the books, gently caressing them with my hand. (30) How much intelligence and a sense of beauty are in all this! (According to L. Andreev *) * Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev (1871–1919) - prose writer, playwright, publicist, representative of the Silver Age of Russian literature.

Working with text 1. Read the text carefully. Pay attention to keywords, phrases ... 2. Determine the topic of the text: what is this text about?

3. Determine the style and type of speech of the text. 4. Think about why the author wrote this text. What did he mean by this text? What does it suggest to think about?

5. Formulate the problem of the text (The problem can be formulated as a question for a statement expressing the position of the author or as an independent judgment). 6. Write a comment on the problem (Think about the relevance of the problem. Answer the questions: on what material does the author reveal the problem? What aspects of the problem does he pay attention to?)

10.09.2019

A selection of arguments for the final essay in 2019-2020 in the direction of "War and Peace" (for grade 11 graduates).

• "War and Peace": literature, how to reveal the topic, topics of essays

What helps you win a war? L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

It is impossible to win the war alone. Only the unity of the people in the face of general misfortune, backed up by courage that overcomes fear, opens the way to victory. The reader keenly feels the sense of unity of the Russian people during the war.

The struggle for life, freedom united the most diverse people. To defeat the French army and defend their native land, the Russians were helped by morale, soldier's courage, faith in their own strength. The description of the battles near Shengraben, Austerlitz, Borodino most clearly demonstrates the unity of the defenders of the fatherland. The winners in this war are not those who are chasing awards and ranks, not careerists, but ordinary soldiers, militias, peasants who perform feats every minute. Before the reader's eyes pass the images of Tushin - a modest battery commander, Tikhon Shcherbaty, Platon Karataev, the merchant Ferapontov, the young Petya Rostov. They combined the main character traits of the Russian people, which helped to resist the enemy. All these people fought of their own free will. They did not need an order - they stood up to protect their own home, land, relatives and friends. And they won.

War in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Describing the pictures of the war of 1812, Tolstoy is interested not in the images of soldiers and officers, but in the behavior and manifestation of human characters. In the stories about the partisans, the heroes feel the love and respect for them of the author, who shows that Denisov, Dolokhov and Tikhon Shcherbaty (an ordinary Russian peasant), while performing their exploits, did not demonstrate cruelty towards the enemy. In a partisan detachment, the commander himself shows pity for the French who are in captivity, takes care of them as much as possible. Although the behavior of Dolokhov, who is primarily concerned about his career, and not prisoners, is more the exception than the norm.

The author shows not only a manifestation of courage, courage in the war, but also callousness, ruthlessness. So, the death of Petya Rostov does not touch Dolokhov at all, who dreams of revenge. He needs the blood of a defeated enemy. The victory in the war was won by the Russian people, who have a good soul, and not by cruel careerists like Dolokhov.

The reader sees how sincerely Denisov experiences the death of Petya during the attack on the French positions. Even the Cossacks were surprised by the reaction and a groan, reminiscent of a "dog bark", escaping from the officer's chest. But, despite the pain of loss, Denisov keeps himself in control and does not drive away anger on the captured French, does not show cruelty towards them.
In the novel, Tolstoy focuses the reader's attention on the thought of the humanity of the Russian people, of their lack of a thirst for revenge, in order to bleed the enemy, even the already defeated one, at any cost. This is expressed in the book by Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov, speaking sympathetically about the captured French: “When they were strong, they did not have to be pitied, but now you can, because they are also people.”

How does war reveal a person's character? L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

War forces a person to show his inner traits, that is, to show himself a coward or a brave man. Examples can be found in the novel. For example, the battle of Shengraben reveals the character of officer Zherkov, because of whose cowardice many soldiers and officers die. Bagration instructs him to deliver the order to retreat to the left flank of the troops. Zherkov is a coward, he is not ready to risk his life for the sake of victory.

It was at this time that the French attacked the left flank, confusing the defenders. The commanders don't know what to do. There is no order to retreat, and it is impossible to go forward. Confusion begins: the infantry runs into the forest, the hussars decide to attack the enemy. Because of Zherkov's cowardice, a huge number of Russian soldiers are dying.

The young Nikolenka Rostov manifests himself in a completely different way, who, together with the hussars, bravely rushes to the attack. And despite being wounded, he continues to fight. For his courage, he is promoted to officer.

The reader in this episode sees the consequences of fear in the war, which paralyzes some and pushes others to exploits. Neither escape from reality nor a fierce struggle can guarantee the salvation of life. But courage helps to maintain honor, increases strength in battle, and this increases the chances of survival.

War lessons. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

In the novel, on the example of the insight of one of the main characters, the author shows the lessons of war. A. Bolkonsky, went to war with an enthusiastic mood, with anticipation that a brilliant future awaits him as a military man. He was preparing for military exploits - the career of an officer. To implement his plan, he left his family, friends, relatives and went to war for glory.

But in reality, everything turned out differently. Bitterness and disappointment gripped him the moment he realized that his personal battle was lost.

All his epic ideas about the brilliance of battle scenes, painted with heroic radiance, in reality turned out to be a terrible bloody massacre, devoid of attractiveness, filled with human suffering and pain.
Seeing all this, the hero saw the light, realizing how terrible and unattractive the war is. There is nothing worth it but pain. Realizing and accepting his personal defeat, Bolkonsky overestimated his life, giving priority to family, friendship, love, relegating recognition and fame to the background.

The brutality of war. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Often, romantic ideas about an unknown phenomenon collapse when faced with harsh reality.

A vivid example of this is the scene from the novel "War and Peace", when the main character A. Bolkonsky is faced with a war. Going to the front to fight Napoleon, he draws in his imagination heroic pictures filled with valor, courage, and the beauty of a feat.

But the very first combat contact with the French throws off the halo of romance and shows the wrong side of the war. Under continuous fire, among the falling shells, the Russian army is trying to overcome the bridge across the river. Bolkonsky sees chaos, confusion, terrible screams of the wounded, the torn bodies of the dead, fleeing soldiers, dirt, blood. This picture strikes him with its realism and the truth of life, brings an understanding that war is not romance and beauty, but cruelty, pain and blood.

Children at war (V. Kataev "Son of the regiment")

Children have no place in a terrible, inhuman war. There, people die, lose loved ones, harden with pain and horror. Understanding this, adults do their best to protect children from the nightmares of war, although this is far from always possible. Such is the fate of Vanya Solntsev, described in Kataev's story. Having lost all his relatives in the war, he is left completely alone - he wanders through the forest, not knowing what to do, trying to cross the front line in order to get to "his own".
A hungry, frightened boy is found in the forest by scouts. They take him with them and bring him to the camp, reporting to the commander about the "find". Captain Yenakiev, a wise man, understands that there should be no children at the front, and sends Vanya to an orphanage. But the boy wants to fight and avenge his dead parents. He escapes before reaching his destination and returns (though not on the first try). Enakiev has no choice but to accept and leave Vanya in the detachment. He sees his incredible desire to help the common cause, to benefit. Taking the initiative, Vanya goes on reconnaissance, sketching a plan of the area on the pages of the primer, but falls into the hands of the Germans. Luckily for him, they start to get into a turmoil, they forget about him for a while, Vanya manages to escape and return to "his own". The commander is delighted with the patriotism of the child, continuing to worry about him. In an effort to save the boy's life, Yenakiyev sends him on an important mission away from the front line. Vanya brings a letter from the commander to the battery. Realizing that the crew of the first gun will face a tough battle (according to the plot, the entire crew dies in it), Yenakiev writes farewell words in a message with a request to take care of Van.

Responsibility of a person for the actions that he committed in the war. V. Grossman "Abel"

In the story, the author talks about the war, touching on one of its tragic pages, a small episode - the explosion of a uranium bomb over Hiroshima, which changed the fate of people, cities, countries and all of humanity. Grossman is interested in war not only as a universal human misfortune or ecological catastrophe, but as a personal tragedy of a person involved in it by various circumstances.

The reader gets acquainted with the crew of the aircraft, which delivered a deadly cargo into the sky over Japan in the early morning of August 6th. The author draws different characters, with a different attitude to the events and a different reaction from each other. The youngest in the crew of J. Connor is a scorer. It was he who happened to press the button that let the bomb into free fall on the unknowing, waking up city. And this responsibility falls heavily on Joseph. For him, this is a personal war, in which every soldier - a person, with his characteristic fear, weakness, strives to stay alive. But there are situations when it is better to die than to lose dignity.

Crew members, each in their own way, react to the tragedy of August 6th. Not everyone is touched by this event, not everyone feels responsible for what happened. In conversations, there is an excuse for an unprecedented (even from the point of view of the Nazis) act of destruction, which has become supposedly a public necessity to fight fascism with all its might. But J. Connor is very acute, even painfully perceives what happened. Experiencing guilt and personal responsibility. He constantly washes his hands, trying to wash away the blood of innocent victims from them. The heightened sense of the World, discipline, diligence of a soldier, instilled by the education system and the state, cannot get along in his mind, which becomes fatal for a young man. As a result, he goes crazy, unable to bear the burden that has fallen to his lot.

Moral assessment of the war. M. Zusak "The Book Thief"

The main character of the novel is Liesel. She is nine years old and literally before the war she gets to her foster parents. Due to the connection of Liesel's father with the communists, the mother decides to give her daughter to be raised in a strange family in order to protect her from the Nazis.

Liesel begins a new life in an unfamiliar environment, away from her family. As she settles down, she learns to read, write, goes through conflict with her peers, and makes new friends. But the war makes adjustments to the ordinary life of a child, adding pain, fear, and disappointment to children's worries. The girl does not fit in the head, why people kill people. From her adoptive father, she learns kindness and compassion, despite the fact that these qualities during the war can only bring trouble. Liesel fearlessly helps her parents shelter a Jew in the basement of the house. Reads books to him, takes care of him. Together with a friend, whose name is Rudy, the children scatter pieces of bread along the road, where they are supposed to lead a column of prisoners. Liesel feels confident in the enormity and incomprehensibility of war. How to understand why people do not want to live, rejoice, but start killing, arresting those who are against it, burning books, and death reigns everywhere.

It is significant that in the book the story is told on behalf of Death - this eternal opponent of life, the companion of war.

How did the children experience the war events? L. Kassil and M. Polyanovsky "Street of the youngest son"

During the war, everyone defended the Motherland: both adults and children. Regardless of age, the guys tried to help their relatives, the city, the country in a difficult period of struggle with enemies. The hero of the story is an ordinary boy. His name is Volodya Dubinin, and he lives in Kerch. The action of the work begins in the post-war period. Teenagers, when they see a street named after their peer, are very surprised, and they have a desire to know the story of Volodya. To do this, they go to the museum, meet the mother of the pioneer hero, get acquainted with his comrades, the school where he studied. They learn that Volodin's father was the captain of a warship. He brought up courage and stamina in his son. The boy dreamed, like all ordinary guys, of a peaceful happy life, he made plans for the future, but the war severely destroyed them. Volodya bravely stood up to defend his land. He joined a partisan detachment and became a scout. Risking his life, he obtained valuable information from the enemy rear. He was the first to report the news about the impending retreat of the Germans - during the demining of the passage to the quarry, he was blown up by a mine and died.

Volodya Dubinin is a real hero who, without fear, every day, performed a feat, like many adults, and gave his life to save others. The native city did not forget the brave hero, naming one of the sunny streets after him.

Caring for neighbors during the war. E. Vereiskaya "Three girls"

The main characters of the story - Natasha, Katya, Lucy - are friends who live in one large Leningrad communal apartment, who study at the same school. The carefree childhood of the girls was cut short with the advent of the war - there are difficult trials ahead that fall on the fragile children's shoulders. The school is destroyed, there is nowhere to study. Lessons are taught by life itself, forcing you to grow up faster. More recently, the frivolous laugher Lucy becomes organized and responsible, Natasha becomes thoughtful, Katya gains confidence in her abilities. Despite the difficult life circumstances, the girls do not lose their human dignity, surrounded by the care of their loved ones. Difficulties bring them together even more. A huge communal apartment turns into one friendly family, where everyone thinks first of all about the other. The episode is touching to tears when the doctor, without hesitation, gives most of the bread ration to a little boy.

Despite hunger, weakness, risking starvation, people share everything they have with their neighbors. It unites, supports, strengthens faith in victory. Such relationships based on love, care, work wonders. They helped people survive the difficult period in the history of the country that fell to their lot.

Why do people keep the memory of the war? O. Berggolts "Poems about myself"

It is necessary to keep the memory of the war, despite the fact that difficult memories cause pain and regret. Those who had to deal with the loss of loved ones, in front of whose eyes their relatives died, the mothers who lost their children, the pages of the sad history of the country are forever imprinted in their memory. But contemporaries should also remember this.

Books, movies, songs, poems that tell about the terrible past help to preserve memory. For example, the Leningrad poetess O. Berggolts appeals to readers to never forget wartime, and especially people who fought at the front, suffered hardships and died of starvation in besieged Leningrad. The author of the poems appeals to those who wish to reduce "in the timid memory of people" tragic memories, confidently declaring that he will not let them forget "how a Leningrader fell on the yellow snow of deserted squares." The poetess kept her word. She went through the whole war, lost her husband in the blockade, and as a testament to her descendants she left poems, essays, diary entries so that the memory of the war would continue to live.

Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. It is devoted to the military theme. Each problem is accompanied by literary examples, which are necessary for writing the highest quality paper. The heading corresponds to the problem statement, under the heading there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on the complexity). You can also download these table arguments(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Rybak betrayed his homeland, afraid of torture. When two comrades, in search of provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, the enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them with violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punishers. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out the future of Rybak. Having knocked out props from under the feet of a comrade, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and cunning, and not to behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha's parents were brutally murdered, Alexei did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice finally repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In the work of Valentin Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei deserts and resorts to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in the neighboring forest, and she carries everything he needs in secret from the neighbors. But Nastya's absences became public. Her fellow villagers followed her in a boat. To save Andrey, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her face lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war killed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, being captured by the highlanders, boldly fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay a ransom. Fear blinds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their struggle against his compatriots. In the first place for him is only his own fate, and he does not care about the interests of his homeland. It is obvious that cowardice manifests itself in war and exposes such traits of nature as selfishness, weakness of character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin's story "Coward" the hero is afraid to disappear in the name of someone's political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will turn out to be only a surname and initials in a dry newspaper summary. He does not understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, why all these sacrifices. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to sign up as a volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but he was happy, because he took a really significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story The Fate of Man, Andrey Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink to the victory of the Third Reich, as required by the commandant. For incitement to rebellion and disrespect for the guards, he already faces punishment. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller's toast, to betray the motherland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live, he was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were dearer to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought against the invaders, even standing in front of the head of the camp. And he defeated him by willpower, refusing to obey his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to take part in hostilities: he is clumsy, timid, weak, and not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror of the Patriotic War of 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself, with his money and influence he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people somehow. Pierre, of course, does not kill the emperor of the French, but he saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He takes pleasure in violence, while always demanding awards and praise for his imaginary heroism, in which there is more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who had taken him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply did their duty, Fyodor boasted and boasted of his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving the motherland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, fake heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that, for example, Napoleon got. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Once in the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only provided new losses. Realizing this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition, he is only concerned about the fate of his native country, and only for her is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov" Rybak was known as a strong and courageous fighter. He was strong in health and mighty in appearance. In fights, he was unmatched. But the real test showed that all his actions are just empty bragging. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy's offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know who they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev's story "He Was Not on the Lists", the hero alone defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolay Pluzhnikov himself can hardly stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that it is reckless of him. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his position this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and not join the combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov's act is a feat of a real man who looks the truth in the eye.
5. Viktor Astafiev's novel "Cursed and Killed" describes dozens of the lives of ordinary children who were driven into the most difficult conditions by the war: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary inhabitants of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, stingy and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle, many of them are of no use. What drives them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is recklessness? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory are not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is controlled by a not always conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage genuine.

Mercy and indifference in the atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from the besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of the grief and confusion of people, buying their rare and valuable things cheaper. He does not care about the fate of the fatherland, he only looks into his pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and crushed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants burn all their property, so long as it does not go to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite and the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" describes the unity of the people in the face of a deadly threat. In the chapter "Two Soldiers", the old people greet Vasily and even feed him, spending precious food supplies on a stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero fixes watches and other utensils for the elderly couple, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to get a treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how hard it is for them to live in the village, where there is not even anyone to help chop firewood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find a common language and sympathize with each other when clouds have gathered over their homeland. This unity was the author's call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov", Demchikha hides the partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being scared and driven by a village woman, not a cover heroine. Before us is a living person not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling around the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet compassion in a woman takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her, shift the blame on himself. Thus, mercy in war breeds mercy, and cruelty breeds only cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness in relation to prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his batman from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer in their arms to the tent. But the invaders were less compassionate: the familiar Frenchman did not stand up for Bezukhov, seeing him in a crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking through the frost on a leash. Under such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev died, to whom none of the enemies even thought to give porridge with vodka. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that one must remain human in war.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once presented him with a sheepskin coat, not stinting on helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do him good even after the "retribution", because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. In the war, she showed barbaric cruelty, arranging the execution of the rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people went against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral choice in war

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", the youngest son of the protagonist is at the crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His choice was not accepted by his comrades. The father was especially grieving, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was the murder of a traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of faith, Andriy trampled on holy revenge, and Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice for defending this idea. He kills his son, proving to fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as chieftain, is the salvation of the motherland, and not petty interests. So he forever holds the Cossack partnership, which will fight against the "Poles" even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man, who was forcibly kept by her relatives, friends, her people. Before her was a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but understand that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he has no money for ransom, and this is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice, not cruelty. This, probably, expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in the struggle they show less anger.
3. Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front depicts the image of a military commissar who called high school students, still boys, to the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people's ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonorable man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward, sitting in the rear. He sends young men to perish, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He denounces the weak-willed hypocrite in this seemingly courageous officer.
4. In Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin", the protagonist swims across an icy river in order to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He plunges into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning by grabbing an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is greater than himself. He contributes to the victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual Aid and Selfishness at the forefront

1. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Natasha Rostova is ready to give up carts to the wounded, if only to help them escape French persecution and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and rescue a person from trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained for cheap things from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war, not everyone can stand the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always show itself.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Tales, the "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility who ended up in the war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on a sortie, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he will not go anywhere, and there is little use from him. This person is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their nerves from the horror they see. They will not be awarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The White Guard, Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and flees a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under protection by the brothers, who, unlike their relative, until the last served the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and comforted the abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, an outstanding feat is performed by the commander of Nai-Tours, saving the junkers from inevitable death in a futile battle. He himself perishes, but helps the innocent and deceived by the hetman young men to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

The negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov's novel The Quiet Flows the Don, the entire Cossack people becomes a victim of the war. The former way of life is crumbling due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children get out of control, widows go crazy with grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the heroes is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory becomes disillusioned with life, Natalya dies alone and forgotten, Mikhail becomes stale and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the earth is orphaned, because in the heat of battle they forgot about it. In the end, the civil war resulted only in devastation and grief, and not in the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. He was picked up by a Russian military man, forcibly taken away from his home and, probably, would have further controlled his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was prepared for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never reconciled himself to the arbitrariness of the kidnappers. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping, he ended up back in his prison. This story is an echo of the war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel "Dead Souls" there is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of the war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he arrived in the capital and began to visit officials. However, they hardened in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man away, in no way facilitating his suffering-filled life. Alas, the constant wars in the Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one really reacted to them. You can't really blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant anxieties and losses.
4. In Varlam Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev", the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once captured by the Germans. No one took pity on these worthy people, no one showed condescension, and yet they are not guilty of being captured. And it's not just about cruel and unfair politicians, it's about the people, who have hardened from constant grief, from inescapable hardships. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run away and shoot back, because the massacre made them the same: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" the main characters are women. Of course, they were more afraid than men to go to war, each of them had close and dear people. Rita even left her son's parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, although they confront sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving the motherland. Their feat is perceived especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and defeated the fear that fetters even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", the last defenders of the Brest Fortress are trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers escort them to German captivity, there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even future mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war lies in the fact that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In the work of Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team" the characters are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While a fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to stand in trouble. The guys do hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers, who even have no one to chop firewood. They secretly perform all these tasks, without waiting for praise and honors. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to the victory. Their destinies are also crumpled by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of her older sister, while they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their little civic duty.

The problem of nobility and meanness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant by Nikolai. There is no water and food in their shelter, young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But then a lame Jewish girl gets out of the underground to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is vigilantly watching her. However, she failed to blend in with the crowd. So that her husband does not betray himself, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they fill up her body with bricks. There is so much nobility in this act of hers, so much love and self-sacrifice that it is difficult to perceive it without internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the "chosen nation" and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in the conditions of war, when even under torture he does not utter a single cry. He did not give the enemy a spectacle and rejoicing, defeating him spiritually. In his dying words, he only turned to his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But heard. And I realized that their cause is alive, which means that he is alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people have gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley audience is, how disgusting its murmuring is. He contrasted her cruelty with the virtue of Ostap, and we understand which side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person is truly manifested only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, his duty for fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades to hang a former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered torment from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his former friend, to avert trouble from the detachment. Therefore, he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Tales" describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They only show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think about the outcome of the battle at all, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and getting some benefits from the service. When he is wounded, he even refuses to bandage him, so that everyone is struck by the sight of blood, because a reward is due for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely the defeat. With such an attitude to one's duty to the motherland, it is impossible to win.
2. In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, an unknown author tells of Prince Igor's instructive campaign against the Polovtsians. In an effort to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against nomads, neglecting the truce. Russian troops defeat the enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, many are killed, the rest are taken prisoner. The young prince repented of his folly, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his patrimony was without a master, his wife was in grief, like the whole people. The antipode of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and you should not just meddle with enemies. He responsibly treats his mission and condemns Igor's vanity. His "Golden Word" subsequently became the basis of the political system of Russia.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are opposed to each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One protects his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, and the other thinks only about the quick success of the case, and he doesn’t give a damn about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov's tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader at the battlefield.