Difficult times on Russian soil. Lesson of the world around "Hard times on Russian soil" (Grade 4) Hard times on Russian soil presentation

In different years in past centuries, foreign conquerors have repeatedly tried to conquer Russia, and it stands, unbroken, to this day. Difficult times on Russian soil arose more than once in history. But such a difficult period as in the 13th century, which threatened the very existence of the state, was not, it seems, either before or after. Attacks were carried out both from the west and from the south by various aggressors. Difficult times have come on Russian soil.

Russia in the 13th century

What did she represent? At the beginning of the 13th century, Constantinople as a center of spirituality had already lost its influence. And some countries (for example, Bulgaria, Serbia) recognize the power and supremacy of Catholicism. Russia became the stronghold of the Orthodox world, then Kievan. But the territory was not homogeneous. Before the invasion of Batu and his hordes, the Russian World consisted of several principalities that competed for spheres of influence among themselves. Civil strife tore apart the relatives-princes, did not contribute to the organization of one close-knit army capable of providing worthy resistance to the invaders. This paved the way for difficult times to happen on Russian soil.

Batu invasion

In 1227, Genghis Khan, the great eastern warrior, passed away. There was a usual redistribution of power between relatives. One of the grandsons, Batu, had a particularly militant character and organizational talents. He gathered a huge army according to those concepts (somewhere around 140 thousand people), consisting of nomads and mercenaries. In the autumn of 1237 the invasion began.

The Russian army was less numerous (up to 100 thousand people) and scattered. Therefore, it lost in the tragic It would seem that here is the opportunity to unite and unite to resist the enemy. But the ruling elite of the princes continued the strife, and in Novgorod, in the north, popular unrest broke out with renewed vigor. As a result - the further ruin of the principalities. First Ryazan, then - Vladimir-Suzdal. Kolomna, Moscow ... Having ruined Vladimir, Batu went to Novgorod, but before reaching, he turned south and went to the Polovtsian steppes - to replenish his strength. In 1240, the hordes of Batu ravaged Chernigov, Kyiv, entering Europe, the Mongol-Tatar warriors reached as far as the Adriatic. But later they stopped the war in these territories. And after - difficult times came on Russian soil. The two-hundred-year yoke was established within two decades after the invasion and meant the payment of tribute by all the conquered lands to the Tatar rulers. According to historians, it ended only in 1480.

Threat from the West

The difficult times on Russian soil were not limited to problems in the east and south in the 13th century. If there the invasions of the invaders were more of a punitive nature of the expeditions, then in the western part there were constant regular military attacks. Russia opposed with all its might the Swedes, Lithuanians, Germans.

In 1239 he sent a large army against Novgorod. But in the same year, the Swedes were pushed back and defeated (Smolensk was taken). On the Neva also won. Prince Alexander of Novgorod, at the head of the squad, defeated the well-armed and trained Swedish army. For this victory, he was nicknamed Nevsky (at that time the hero was only 20 years old!). In 1242, the Germans were expelled from Pskov. And Alexander in the same year deals a crushing blow to the knightly troops in (Battle on the Ice). So many knights died that for another 10 years he did not risk attacking Russian lands. Although many battles of the Novgorodians were successful, they were still quite difficult, difficult times on Russian soil.

The world around (Grade 4)

Summing up, we can say, generalizing, that the entire 13th century was difficult both for the ruling princes-tops, and for the common people, who died and shed blood as a result of prolonged and numerous hostilities. The Mongol yoke, of course, affected both the development of Russian statehood and the material well-being of cities forced to pay tribute.

And the battles with the Crusader Knights, due to their importance, are glorified in films and literature. This material can be used for the lesson

By the middle of the XII century, Ancient Russia broke up into separate principalities. The princes wanted to be independent and obey no one. The map of Russia of that time resembles a multi-colored mosaic.

In the XIII century, severe trials fell upon Russia. From the east, from Asia, the steppe nomads, the Mongols, attacked.

Russian princes failed to unite to repulse the enemy.

The campaign against Russia was led by Batu Khan. Ryazan turned out to be the first Russian city on the way of the Batu hordes. Enemies approached its walls at the end of 1237. Ryazan defended itself for five days, but on the sixth day the Mongols defeated and burned the city. Almost all of its defenders were killed.

In February 1238, the hordes of Batu besieged and then burned Vladimir. At the same time, the invaders also destroyed other cities. The chronicle says: "There was no place where they would not fight."

Batu opened the road to wealthy Novgorod. However, he turned back. On the way back to the southern steppes of Batyev, the army spent seven weeks near the small town of Kozelsk, whose inhabitants staunchly and stubbornly resisted. The Mongols called Kozelsk an evil city.

The same sad fate awaited Kyiv. In 1240 it was captured and destroyed.

Almost all of Russia was ravaged by the Mongols, many Russian cities were burned. Most of the Russian lands became dependent on the Golden Horde - this is how the state of the Mongols began to be called. From now on, Russia had to pay tribute to the Horde. The princes had to go to the khan - the ruler of the Golden Horde - for permission to own the principalities.

In the struggle with Russia, the forces of the Mongols weakened. They could not subjugate the whole of Europe.

Working with a historical map

According to the text of the textbook and the map (see above), trace the invasion of Batu into Russia.
Find on the map the places of battles of Russian troops with Swedish and German invaders.

Defense of the northwestern frontiers.
Prince Alexander Nevsky

A new threat appeared on the northwestern borders of Russia. The danger came from the Swedish invaders and the German crusader knights (a cross was depicted on their clothes and weapons).

The Swedes struck first. In early July 1240, Swedish ships anchored at the mouth of the Neva. The young and determined prince of Novgorod Alexander Yaroslavich and his retinue came out to meet them. Taken by surprise, the Swedes were utterly defeated on July 15, 1240.

For the victory on the Neva River, Prince Alexander received the title of Nevsky.

Two years later, Alexander Nevsky, at the head of the rati, defeated the crusader knights on the ice of Lake Peipus. In history, this battle remained under the name of the Battle of the Ice.

In battle, the knights were built in a wedge. His blow was so strong that it pierced the strongest defenses. Foot soldiers were inside and behind the wedge. Usually they completed the defeat of the enemy. Knowing about this reception of the enemy, Alexander placed the cavalry along the edges, and in the center - fighters armed with bows, axes, swords and hooks to pull the knights from the horses.

The battle began on April 5, 1242. It was difficult to hold back the onslaught of knights clad in heavy armor. But it turned out that the knights, having managed to crush the center of Russian forces, themselves found themselves in a trap. Clumped together, they became easy prey. Like a whirlwind, the Russian cavalry swooped in from the sides. The knights faltered and began to retreat. And then the ice began to crack. Many knights drowned in the lake because of the heavy armor.

Let's discuss!

Why do you think Russia was unable to organize a worthy rebuff to the hordes of Batu?
Why did the Swedes launch an offensive in 1240? Why were they sure of success?

check yourself

Tell us about the Mongol invasion of Russia according to the plan: who are the Mongols, who led the conquering army when the invaders invaded Russia, how Russian cities defended themselves.
How did the military talent of Alexander Nevsky manifest itself in the battle on Lake Peipus?
What is the significance of the victories of Alexander Nevsky?

Homework assignments

Write in the dictionary: tribute, khan, Golden Horde.
According to the illustrations of the textbook, describe the weapons of the warriors: ancient Russian, Mongolian, knight-ray-crusaders.

In the next lesson

We learn about the revival of Russia, the beginning of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow. By illustration, we will describe ancient Moscow.

Remember what crafts Ancient Russia was famous for.

1. Circle the border of Russia at the beginning of the 13th century with a red pencil.

Mark on the map with arrows the path of Batu Khan in Russia.

2. Write down the dates when Batu Khan attacked the cities.

Ryazan- end of 1237

Vladimir - in February 1238

Kyiv- in 1240

3. Read the poem by N. Konchalovskaya.

Previously, Russia was specific:
Each city separate
Avoiding all neighbors
Ruled by a specific prince,
And the princes did not live together.
They would need to live in friendship
And one big family
Protect your native land.
I would be afraid then
Horde attack them!

Answer the questions:

What does specific prince mean? Russia by the middle of the XII century broke up into separate principalities, which were ruled by specific princes.
How did the princes live? The princes did not live together, there were civil strife.
Why were the Mongol-Tatars not afraid to attack Russian lands? The Russian princes were unable to unite to repulse the enemy because of the fragmentation of the Russian principalities.

4. Match the battle with its date.

5. Read the description of the battle on Lake Peipsi.

The Russians fought furiously. Yes, and how not to fight without rage, when children and wives were left behind, villages and cities were left, native land with a short and sonorous name Rus was left.
And the crusaders came like robbers. But where there is theft, there is cowardice side by side.
Fear took the dogs-knights, they see - the Russians are pushing them from all sides. Heavy horsemen cannot turn around in a crush, do not escape. And then the Russians used hooks on long poles. They will hook the knight - and off the horse. He crashes on the ice, but he cannot get up: it hurts awkwardly in thick armor. Here he is off his head.
When the battle was in full swing, the ice suddenly crackled under the knights and cracked. The crusaders went to the bottom, pulled their heavy armor.
The crusaders did not know such a defeat until that time.
Since then, the knights have looked eastward with fear. They remembered the words spoken by Alexander Nevsky. And this is what he said:
(O. Tikhomirov)

Answer the questions:

Why did the Russians fight furiously? They defended their native land
Why was it hard for the crusader cavalry in battle? The Crusader cavalry were heavy, clumsy.
What did the Russians use hooks for? They hooked the knights with hooks and dragged them off the horse.
What words of Alexander Nevsky did the knights remember? Underline these words of the Russian prince in the text. Remember them.

Lesson type: combined

Target

the formation of a holistic picture of the world and the awareness of a person’s place in it on the basis of the unity of rational-scientific knowledge and the child’s emotional-valuable understanding of personal experience of communication with people and nature;

Characteristics of students' activities

Understand learning objectives of the lesson, strive to fulfill them.

Trace on the map the invasion of Batu in Russia, discuss reasons for the defeat of Ancient Russia during the Mongol invasion, describe according to the illustrations of the textbook, the weapons of ancient Russian and Mongolian warriors, tell about the Mongol invasion according to the plan of the textbook, find on the map of the battlefields of Alexander Nevsky with the Swedish and German invaders. Fill"The Heroic Chronicle of Russia" in a workbook. Work with a terminological dictionary. Formulate conclusions from the studied material, respond for final questions and evaluate achievements in the lesson

Planned results

subject

Know concepts: tribute, Batu Khan,

Golden Horde,

Alexander Nevskiy.

Why Russia was not able to organize a worthy rebuff to the Mongol-Tatar hordes, why the Swedes launched their offensive in 1240.

Be able to

retell the text of the textbook in your own words (about an event, a historical figure, a cultural monument) and discuss it in class.

Metasubject (Regulatory. Cognitive. communicative)

P. - to search for the necessary information to complete educational tasks using various sources.

Set and formulate problems.

R. - independently evaluate the correctness of the performance of the action and make the necessary adjustments to the performance, both in the course of its implementation and at the end of the action.

K. - to formulate your opinion and position.

Personal Outcomes

The foundations of civic identity, one's ethnicity in the form of awareness of "I" as a citizen of Russia, a sense of belonging and pride in one's Motherland, people and history.

A broad motivational basis for learning activities, including social, educational, cognitive and external motives.

Basic concepts and definitions

concepts: tribute, Batu Khan, Golden Horde, Alexander Nevsky.

Preparing for the assimilation of new material

We learn how Russia defended its independence. Using the map and illustrations, let's compare the weapons of the soldiers, describe the Battle of the Neva and the Battle of the Ice. Let us try to realize what role these events played in the history of Russia. We will learn to compose a story about an outstanding person. Remember what you know about cities and military affairs in Russia.

Learning new material

Hard times on Russian soil

INVASION OF BATY

By the middle of the XII century, Ancient Russia broke up into separate principalities. The princes wanted to be independent and not obey anyone. The map of Russia of that time resembles a multi-colored mosaic.

In the XIII century, severe trials fell upon Russia. From the east, from Asia, the steppe nomads - the Mongols attacked

Russian princes failed to unite to repulse the enemy

The campaign against Russia was led by Batu Khan. Ryazan turned out to be the first Russian city on the way of the Batu hordes. Enemies approached its walls at the end of 1237. The Ryazans defended themselves for five days, but on the sixth day the Mongols defeated and burned the city. Almost all of its defenders were killed.

Batu opened the road to rich Novgo-eod. However, he turned back. On the way back to the southern steppes of Batu's army for seven weeks ~ roamed near the small town of Kozelsk, whose inhabitants staunchly and stubbornly resisted. The Mongols called Kozelsk an evil city.

The same sad fate awaited Kyiv. In 1240 it was captured and destroyed.

In the struggle with Russia, the forces of the Mongols weakened. They could not subjugate the whole of Europe.

Russian warriors Mongolian warrior

Comprehension and understanding of the acquired knowledge

Working with a historical map

According to the text of the textbook and the map, trace the invasion of Batu into Russia.

Find on the map the places of battles of Russian troops with Swedish and German invaders.

PROTECTION OF THE NORTH-WESTERN FRONTIERS. PRINCE ALEXANDER NEVSKY

A new threat appeared on the northwestern borders of Russia. The danger came from the Swedish invaders and the German crusader knights (a cross was depicted on their clothes and weapons).

The Swedes struck first. In early July 1240, Swedish ships anchored at the mouth of the Neva. The young and resolute prince of Novgorod Alexander Yaroslavich and his retinue came out to meet them. Taken by surprise, the Swedes were utterly defeated on July 15, 1240.

Battle on the Ice

For the victory on the Neva River, Prince Alexander received the title of Nevsky.

Two years later, Alexander Nevsky, at the head of the rati, defeated the crusader knights on the ice of Lake Peipus. In history, this battle remained under the name of the Battle of the Ice.

In battle, the knights were built in a wedge. His blow was so strong that it pierced the strongest defenses. Foot soldiers were inside and behind the wedge. Usually they
completed the destruction of the enemy. Knowing about this reception of the enemy, Alexander placed the cavalry along the edges, and in the center - fighters armed with bows, axes, swords and hooks to pull the knights from the horses.

Let's discuss!

1. Why do you think Russia could not organize a worthy rebuff to the hordes of Batu?

2. Why did the Swedes launch an offensive in 1240? Why were they sure of success?

Independent application of knowledge

check yourself

1. Tell us about the Mongol invasion of Russia according to the plan: who are the Mongols, who led the army of conquerors when the invaders invaded Russia, how Russian cities defended themselves. 2. How did the military talent of Alexander Nevsky manifest itself in the battle on Lake Peipus? 3. What is the significance of the victories of Alexander Nevsky?

Conclusion

In the XIII century, Russia became dependent on the Golden Horde for a long time. In a time of severe disasters, we managed to defend the northwestern borders of our Motherland. Russian soldiers defeated the Swedes on the Neva River and the German knights-crusaders on the ice of Lake Peipus.