The tragic death of Musa Jalil. Executed in German captivity - a traitor to the Soviet Motherland

Recognition at the state level overtook Musa Jalil after his death. Accused of betrayal, the poet was given what he deserved thanks to the caring admirers of his lyrics. Over time, the turn came to awards and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. But a real monument to the unbroken patriot, in addition to the return of an honest name, was an unquenchable interest in the creative heritage. As the years pass, the words about the Motherland, about friends, about love remain relevant.

Childhood and youth

Musa Jalil, the pride of the Tatar people, was born in February 1906. Rakhima and Mustafa Zalilov brought up 6 children. The family lived in the Orenburg village, in search of a better life, they moved to the provincial center. There, the mother, being herself the daughter of a mullah, took Musa to the Muslim theological school-madrasah "Khusainiya". Under Soviet rule, the Tatar Institute of Public Education grew out of a religious institution.

The love of poetry, the desire to beautifully express thoughts were transferred to Jalil with folk songs performed by his mother, and fairy tales that his grandmother read at night. At school, in addition to theological subjects, the boy succeeded in secular literature, singing and drawing. However, religion did not interest the guy - Musa later received a technician's certificate at the workers' faculty at the Pedagogical Institute.

As a teenager, Musa joined the ranks of the Komsomol members, enthusiastically campaigned for children to join the ranks of the pioneer organization. One of the means of persuasion was the first patriotic poems. In his native village Mustafino, the poet created a Komsomol cell, whose members fought against the enemies of the revolution. Activist Zalilov was elected to the Bureau of the Tatar-Bashkir section of the Central Committee of the Komsomol as a delegate to the All-Union Komsomol Congress.

In 1927, Musa entered the Moscow State University, the literary department of the ethnological faculty (future philological faculty). According to the memoirs of Varlam Shalamov, a dormitory neighbor, Jalil received preferences at the university and the love of others due to his nationality. Not only is Musa a heroic Komsomol member, but he is also a Tatar studying at a Russian university, writes good poems, reads them excellently in his native language.

In Moscow, Jalil worked in the editorial offices of Tatar newspapers and magazines, and in 1935 he accepted an invitation from the newly opened Kazan Opera House to head its literary part. In Kazan, the poet plunged headlong into work, selected actors, wrote articles, librettos, and reviews. In addition, he translated works of Russian classics into Tatar. Musa becomes a member of the City Council and chairman of the Writers' Union of Tatarstan.

Literature

The first poems of the young poet began to be published in the local newspaper. Before the start of World War II, 10 collections were published. The first "We are going" - in 1925 in Kazan, after 4 years - another one, "Comrades". Musa not only led, as they would say now, party work, but also managed to write plays for children, songs, poems, and journalistic articles.

Poet Musa Jalil

At first, in his writings, agitational orientation and maximalism were intertwined with expressiveness and pathos, metaphor and conventions characteristic of oriental literature. Later, Jalil preferred realistic descriptions with a touch of folklore.

Jalil gained wide popularity while studying in Moscow. Musa's work was very liked by his classmates, poems were read at student evenings. The young talent was enthusiastically accepted into the capital's association of proletarian writers. Jalil got acquainted with Alexander Zharov and found performances.

In 1934, a collection on the Komsomol theme "Order-bearing millions" was published, and after it - "Poems and Poems". The works of the 1930s demonstrated a deeply thinking poet, not alien to philosophy and able to use the entire palette of expressive means of the language.

For the opera Golden-Haired, which tells about the heroism of the Bulgar tribe, who did not submit to foreign invaders, the poet reworked the heroic epic "Jik Mergen", fairy tales and legends of the Tatar people into a libretto. The premiere took place two weeks before the start of the war, and in 2011 the Tatar Opera and Ballet Theatre, which, by the way, bears the name of the author, returned the production to its stage.

As the composer Nazib Zhiganov later said, he asked Jalil to shorten the poem, as required by the laws of dramaturgy. Musa categorically refused, saying that he did not want to remove the lines written with "the blood of the heart." The head of the literary part was remembered by a friend as a person who is not indifferent, interested in and worried about the Tatar musical culture.

Close friends told how in colorful literary language the poet described all kinds of funny stories that happened to him, and then read them out in the company. Jalil kept notes in the Tatar language, but after his death, the notebook disappeared without a trace.

Musa Jalil's poem "Barbarism"

In Hitler's dungeons, Musa Jalil wrote hundreds of poems, 115 of them survived to the descendants. The peak of poetic creativity is considered the cycle "Moabite Notebook".

These are really two miraculously preserved notebooks, handed over to the Soviet authorities by the poet's cellmates in the Moabit and Plötzensee camps. According to unconfirmed information, two more, who somehow fell into the hands of a Turkish citizen, ended up in the NKVD and disappeared there.

On the front lines and in the camps, Musa wrote about the war, about the atrocities he witnessed, about the tragedy of the situation and the iron will. Such were the poems "Helmet", "Four Flowers", "Azimuth". The poignant lines “They drove their mothers with their children ...” from “Barbarism” eloquently describe the feelings that overwhelmed the poet.

There was a place in Jalil's soul for lyrics, romanticism and humor, for example, "Love and a runny nose" and "Sister Inshar", "Spring" and dedicated to his wife Amina "Farewell, my good girl."

Personal life

Musa Jalil was married more than once. Rouse's first wife gave the poet a son, Albert. He became a career officer, served in Germany, kept his father's first book with his autograph all his life. Albert raised two sons, but nothing is known about their fate.

In a civil marriage with Zakiya Sadykova, Lucia was born to Musa. The daughter graduated from the conductor department of the music school and the Moscow Institute of Cinematography, lived and taught in Kazan.

The third wife of the poet was called Amina. Although information is circulating on the Web that, according to the documents, the woman was listed either as Anna Petrovna or Nina Konstantinovna. The daughter of Amina and Musa Chulpan Zalilova lived in Moscow, worked as an editor in a literary publishing house. Her grandson Mikhail, a talented violinist, bears the double surname Mitrofanov-Jalil.

Death

In the biography of Jalil there would be no front-line and camp pages if the poet had not refused the armor provided to him from military service. Musa came to the military registration and enlistment office on the second day after the start of the war, received a direction as a political commissar, and worked as a military commissar. In 1942, leaving the encirclement with a detachment of fighters, Jalil was wounded and taken prisoner.

In a concentration camp near the Polish city of Radom, Musa joined the Idel-Ural Legion. The Nazis gathered highly educated representatives of non-Slavic nations into detachments in order to grow up supporters and distributors of fascist ideology.

Jalil, taking advantage of the relative freedom of movement, launched subversive activities in the camp. The underground workers were preparing an escape, but there was a traitor in their ranks. The poet and the most active associates were executed by guillotine.

Participation in the division of the Wehrmacht gave reason to consider Musa Jalil a traitor to the Soviet people. Only after his death, thanks to the efforts of the Tatar scientist and public figure Ghazi Kashshaf, the truth about the tragic and at the same time heroic last years of the poet's life was revealed.

Bibliography

• 1925 - "We are going"
• 1929 - "Comrades"
• 1934 - Order-bearing millions
• 1955 - "Heroic Song"
• 1957 - "Moabite Notebook"
• 1964 - “Musa Jalil. Selected lyrics»
• 1979 - Musa Jalil. Selected Works»
• 1981 - "Red Daisy"
• 1985 - The Nightingale and the Spring
• 2014 - Musa Jalil. Favorites»

Quotes

I know that with life the dream will go away.

But with victory and happiness

She will dawn in my country,

No one can hold back the dawn!

We will forever glorify that woman whose name is Mother.

Youth imperiously dictates to us: “Seek!”

And the storms of passions carry us.

Not the feet of people paved the way,

And the feelings and passions of people.

Why be surprised, dear doctor?

Helps our health

The best medicine of wondrous power,

What is called love.

Musa Jalil was born on February 2, 1906 in the village of Mustafino, Orenburg Region, into a Tatar family. Education in the biography of Musa Jalil was received in the madrasah (Muslim educational institution) "Husainia" in Orenburg. Jalil has been a member of the Komsomol since 1919. Musa continued his education at Moscow State University, where he studied at the literary department. After graduating from university, he worked as an editor for children's magazines.

For the first time, Jalil's work was published in 1919, and his first collection was published in 1925 ("We are going"). 10 years later, two more collections of the poet were published: "Order-bearing millions", "Poems and poems." Also, Musa Jalil in his biography was the secretary of the Writers' Union.

In 1941 he went to the front, where he not only fought, but was also a war correspondent. After being taken prisoner in 1942, he was in the Spandau concentration camp. There he organized an underground organization that helped the prisoners to escape. In the camp in the biography of Musa Jalil, there was still a place for creativity. There he wrote a whole series of poems. For work in an underground group, he was executed in Berlin on August 25, 1944. In 1956, the writer and activist was named a Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Moabit notebooks - sheets of decayed paper, covered with small handwriting of the Tatar poet Musa Jalil in the dungeons of the Moabit prison in Berlin, where the poet died in 1944 (executed). Despite his death in captivity, in the USSR after the war, Jalil, like many others, was considered a traitor, a search case was opened. He was accused of treason and aiding the enemy. In April 1947, the name of Musa Jalil was included in the list of especially dangerous criminals, although everyone understood perfectly well that the poet had been executed. Jalil was one of the leaders of an underground organization in a fascist concentration camp. In April 1945, when Soviet troops stormed the Reichstag, in the empty Berlin Moabit prison, among the books of the prison library scattered by the explosion, the fighters found a piece of paper on which it was written in Russian: “I, the famous poet Musa Jalil, was imprisoned in the Moabit prison as a prisoner, who has been politically charged and will probably be shot soon…”

Musa Jalil (Zalilov) was born in the Orenburg region, the village of Mustafino, in 1906, the sixth child in the family. His mother was the daughter of a mullah, but Musa himself did not show much interest in religion - in 1919 he joined the Komsomol. He began to write poetry from the age of eight, before the start of the war he published 10 collections of poetry. When he studied at the Faculty of Literature of Moscow State University, he lived in the same room with the now famous writer Varlam Shalamov, who described him in the story “Student Musa Zalilov”: “Musa Zalilov was short, fragile build. Musa was a Tatar and, like any “nationalist”, was received in Moscow more than affably. Musa had many virtues. Komsomolets - time! Tatar - two! Russian university student - three! Writer - four! Poet - five! Musa was a Tatar poet, muttered his verses in his native language, and this bribed Moscow student hearts even more.

Everyone remembers Jalil as an extremely cheerful person - he loved literature, music, sports, friendly meetings. Musa worked in Moscow as an editor of Tatar children's magazines, and was in charge of the literature and art department of the Tatar newspaper Kommunist. Since 1935, he has been called to Kazan - the head of the literary part of the Tatar Opera and Ballet Theater. After much persuasion, he agrees and in 1939 moved to Tatarstan with his wife Amina and daughter Chulpan. The man who occupied not the last place in the theater was also the executive secretary of the Union of Writers of Tatarstan, a deputy of the Kazan City Council, when the war began, he had the right to remain in the rear. But Jalil refused the armor.

July 13, 1941 Jalil receives a summons. First, he was sent to courses for political workers. Then - the Volkhov front. He ended up in the famous Second Shock Army, in the editorial office of the Russian newspaper Courage, located among swamps and rotten forests near Leningrad. “My dear Chulpanochka! Finally I went to the front to beat the Nazis,” he wrote in a letter home. “The other day I returned from a ten-day business trip to parts of our front, was at the forefront, carried out a special task. The trip was difficult, dangerous, but very interesting. He was under fire all the time. Three nights in a row did not sleep, ate on the go. But I saw a lot,” he wrote to his Kazan friend, literary critic Gazi Kashshaf in March 1942. Jalil's last letter from the front was also addressed to Kashshaf - in June 1942: “I continue to write poetry and songs. But rarely. Once, and the situation is different. We have fierce battles going on right now. We fight hard, not for life, but for death ... "

Musa with this letter tried to smuggle all his written poems to the rear. Eyewitnesses say that he always carried a thick, shabby notebook in his travel bag, in which he wrote down everything he composed. But where today this notebook is unknown. At the time he wrote this letter, the Second Shock Army was already completely surrounded and cut off from the main forces. Already in captivity, he will reflect this difficult moment in the poem “Forgive me, Motherland”: “The last moment - and there is no shot! My gun changed me ...”

First - a prisoner of war camp near the station of the Siverskaya Leningrad region. Then - the forefield of the ancient Dvina fortress. A new stage - on foot, past the destroyed villages and villages - Riga. Then - Kaunas, outpost No. 6 on the outskirts of the city. In the last days of October 1942, Jalil was brought to the Polish fortress of Demblin, built under Catherine II. The fortress was surrounded by several rows of barbed wire, guard posts with machine guns and searchlights were installed. In Demblin, Jalil met Gainan Kurmash. The latter, being the commander of scouts, in 1942, as part of a special group, was thrown behind enemy lines with a mission and was taken prisoner by the Germans. Prisoners of war of the nationalities of the Volga and Ural regions - Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Maris, Mordvins, Udmurts - were collected in Demblin.

The Nazis needed not only cannon fodder, but also people who could inspire the legionnaires to fight against the Motherland. They were supposed to be educated people. Teachers, doctors, engineers. Writers, journalists and poets. In January 1943, Jalil, along with other selected "inspirers", was brought to the Wustrau camp near Berlin. This camp was extraordinary. It consisted of two parts: closed and open. The first was the camp barracks familiar to prisoners, however, designed for only a few hundred people. There were no towers or barbed wire around the open camp: clean one-story houses painted with oil paint, green lawns, flower beds, a club, a canteen, a rich library with books in different languages ​​​​of the peoples of the USSR.

They were also driven to work, but in the evenings classes were held in which the so-called educational leaders probed and selected people. Those selected were placed in the second territory - in an open camp, for which it was required to sign the appropriate paper. In this camp, the prisoners were led to the dining room, where a hearty lunch awaited them, to the bathhouse, after which they were given clean linen and civilian clothes. Then, classes were held for two months. The prisoners studied the state structure of the Third Reich, its laws, the program and the charter of the Nazi Party. German classes were held. For the Tatars, lectures were given on the history of Idel-Ural. For Muslims - classes in Islam. Those who completed the courses were given money, a civil passport and other documents. They were sent to work on the distribution of the Ministry of the Occupied Eastern Regions - to German factories, scientific organizations or legions, military and political organizations.

In the closed camp, Jalil and his associates carried out underground work. The group already included journalist Rakhim Sattar, children's writer Abdulla Alish, engineer Fuat Bulatov, and economist Garif Shabaev. All of them for the sake of appearance agreed to cooperate with the Germans, in the words of Musa, in order to "blow up the legion from the inside." In March, Musa and his friends were transferred to Berlin. Musa was listed as an employee of the Tatar Committee of the Eastern Ministry. He did not hold any specific position in the committee, he carried out separate assignments, mainly in cultural and educational work among prisoners of war.

Meetings of the underground committee, or Jalils, as it is customary among researchers to call Jalil's associates, took place under the guise of friendly parties. The ultimate goal was the uprising of the legionnaires. For the purposes of conspiracy, the underground organization consisted of small groups of 5-6 people each. Among the underground workers were those who worked in the Tatar newspaper published by the Germans for the legionnaires, and they were faced with the task of making the work of the newspaper harmless and boring, and preventing the appearance of anti-Soviet articles. Someone worked in the broadcasting department of the Ministry of Propaganda and organized the reception of reports from the Soviet Information Bureau. The underground workers also set up the production of anti-fascist leaflets in Tatar and Russian - they typed them on a typewriter, and then propagated them on a hectograph.

The activities of the Jalil people could not be ignored. In July 1943, the Battle of Kursk rumbled far to the east, ending in the complete failure of the German Citadel plan. At this time, the poet and his comrades are still at large. But for each of them, the Security Directorate already had a solid dossier. The last meeting of the underground took place on August 9th. On it, Musa said that communication with the partisans and the Red Army had been established. The uprising was scheduled for 14 August. However, on August 11, all the "cultural propagandists" were summoned to the soldiers' canteen - ostensibly for a rehearsal. Here all the "artists" were arrested. In the courtyard - for intimidation - Jalil was beaten in front of the detainees.

Jalil knew that he and his friends were doomed to execution. In the face of his death, the poet experienced an unprecedented creative upsurge. He realized that he had never written like this before. He was in a hurry. It was necessary to leave the thought and accumulated to the people. He writes at this time not only patriotic poems. In his words - not only homesickness, native people or hatred of Nazism. Surprisingly, they contain lyrics and humor.

"Let the wind of death be colder than ice,
he will not disturb the petals of the soul.
A proud smile shines again,
and, forgetting the vanity of the world,
I want again, without knowing the barriers,
write, write, write without getting tired.

In Moabit, with Jalil, Andre Timmermans, a Belgian patriot, was sitting in a “stone bag”. Musa cut off strips with a razor from the margins of the newspapers that were brought to the Belgian. From this he was able to sew notebooks together. On the last page of the first notebook with poems, the poet wrote: “To a friend who can read Tatar: this was written by the famous Tatar poet Musa Jalil ... He fought at the front in 1942 and was taken prisoner. ... He will be sentenced to death. He will die. But he will have 115 poems written in captivity and imprisonment. He worries about them. Therefore, if the book falls into your hands, carefully, carefully copy them out cleanly, save them and report them to Kazan after the war, publish them as poems of the deceased poet of the Tatar people. This is my testament. Musa Jalil. 1943 December.

The Dzhalilevites were sentenced to death in February 1944. They were executed only in August. During six months of imprisonment, Jalil also wrote poetry, but not one of them has come down to us. Only two notebooks have survived, containing 93 poems. Nigmat Teregulov took out the first notebook from prison. He handed it over to the Writers' Union of Tatarstan in 1946. Soon Teregulov was arrested already in the USSR and died in the camp. The second notebook, along with things, was sent to the mother by Andre Timmermans, through the Soviet embassy it was also transferred to Tatarstan in 1947. Today, real Moabit notebooks are kept in the literary fund of the Kazan Jalil Museum.

On August 25, 1944, 11 Dzhalilevites were executed in the Plötzensee prison in Berlin by guillotine. In the column "accusation" in the cards of the convicts, it was written: "Undermining the power, assisting the enemy." Jalil was executed fifth, the time was 12:18. An hour before the execution, the Germans arranged a meeting of the Tatars with the mullah. Memories recorded from his words have been preserved. Mullah did not find words of consolation, and the Jalilevites did not want to communicate with him. Almost without a word, he handed them the Koran - and all of them, putting their hands on the book, said goodbye to life. The Koran was brought to Kazan in the early 1990s and is kept in this museum. It is still not known where the grave of Jalil and his associates is located. This haunts neither Kazan nor German researchers.

Jalil guessed how the Soviet authorities would react to the fact that he had been in German captivity. In November 1943, he wrote the poem "Do not believe!", Which is addressed to his wife and begins with the lines:

“If they bring you news about me,
They will say: “He is a traitor! betrayed the motherland,
Don't believe me dear! The word is
Friends won't tell if they love me."

In the USSR in the post-war years, the MGB (NKVD) opened a search file. His wife was summoned to the Lubyanka, she went through interrogations. The name of Musa Jalil disappeared from the pages of books and textbooks. Collections of his poems were no longer in libraries. When songs were performed on the radio or from the stage to his words, it was usually said that the words were folk. The case was closed only after the death of Stalin for lack of evidence. In April 1953, six poems from the Moabit Notebooks were published for the first time in Literaturnaya Gazeta, on the initiative of its editor, Konstantin Simonov. The poems received a wide response. Then - Hero of the Soviet Union (1956), laureate (posthumously) of the Lenin Prize (1957) ... In 1968, the film "Moabit Notebook" was shot at the Lenfilm studio.

From a traitor, Jalil turned into one whose name has become a symbol of devotion to the Motherland. In 1966, a monument to Jalil, created by the famous sculptor V. Tsegal, was erected near the walls of the Kazan Kremlin, which stands there today.

In 1994, a bas-relief was opened nearby, on a granite wall, representing the faces of his executed ten comrades. For many years, twice a year - on February 15 (on the birthday of Musa Jalil) and on August 25 (the anniversary of the execution), solemn rallies with the laying of flowers are held at the monument. What the poet wrote about in one of his last letters from the front to his wife came true: “I am not afraid of death. This is not an empty phrase. When we say that we despise death, we actually do. A great feeling of patriotism, full awareness of one's social function dominates the feeling of fear. When the thought of death comes, you think like this: there is still life after death. Not the “life in the next world” that the priests and mullahs preached. We know it doesn't. And there is life in the minds, in the memory of the people. If during my life I did something important, immortal, then by doing this I deserved another life - “life after death”

JALIL (JALILOV) Musa Mustafovich (real name Musa Mustafovich Zalilov) (1906 - August 25, 1944), Tatar poet, Hero of the Soviet Union (1956). Born in the village of Mustafino, Orenburg province. He studied at the Orenburg madrasah "Khusainiya". In 1919 he joined the Komsomol. Member of the Civil War. In 1927 he entered the literary department of the ethnological faculty of Moscow State University. After its reorganization, in 1931 he graduated from the Literary Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1931–1932 worked as an editor of Tatar children's magazines published under the Central Committee of the Komsomol. He was the head of the department of literature and art of the Tatar newspaper Kommunist, published in Moscow. In 1932 he lived and worked in Serov. In 1934, two of his collections were published: Order-bearing Millions and Poems and Poems. In 1939–1941 was the executive secretary of the Union of Writers of the Tatar ASSR, worked as the head of the literary part of the Tatar Opera House. In 1941 he was drafted into the Red Army. He fought on the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, was a correspondent for the newspaper Courage. In June 1942, during the Lyuban operation of the Soviet troops, he was seriously wounded, captured, and imprisoned in the Spandau prison. In the concentration camp, Musa, who called himself Gumerov, joined the Wehrmacht unit - the Idel-Ural Legion, which the Germans intended to send to the Eastern Front. In Jedlino (Poland), where the Idel-Ural legion was being prepared, Musa organized an underground group among the legionnaires and organized prisoner-of-war escapes. The first battalion of the Volga-Tatar Legion revolted and joined the Belarusian partisans in February 1943. For participation in the underground organization, Musa was executed on the guillotine on August 25, 1944 in the Plötzensee military prison in Berlin. In 1946, the USSR Ministry of State Security launched a search case against Musa Jalil. He was accused of treason and aiding the enemy. Fortunately, the cycle of poems written by him in captivity - a notebook that played a major role in the "discovery" of the poetic feat of Musa Jalil and his comrades, was preserved by a member of the anti-fascist resistance, the Belgian Andre Timmermans, who was in the same cell with Jalil in the Moabit prison. At their last meeting, Musa said that he and a group of his Tatar comrades would soon be executed, and gave the notebook to A. Timmermans, asking him to take it to his homeland. After the end of the war and his release from prison, A. Timmermans took the notebook to the Soviet embassy. Later, the notebook fell into the hands of the poet K.M. Simonov, who organized the translation of Jalil's poems into Russian, removed slanderous slanders from the poet and proved the patriotic activities of his underground group. Article by K.M. Simonov about Musa Jalil was published in one of the central newspapers in 1953. In 1956, the poet was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, in 1957 he became a laureate of the Lenin Prize for the cycle of poems "Moabit Notebook".

It's worth living to crash into the ground
The trail is deeper, more noticeable,
So that your business remains
Like a millennium oak.

I sang, smelling the spring freshness.
I sang, entering the battle for the Motherland,
Here is the last song I sing
Seeing the executioner's ax above him.
The song taught me freedom
The song of a fighter tells me to die.
My life rang the song among the people,
My death will sound like a song of struggle.
Musa Jalil.

Musa Jalil, real name Musa Mustafovich Zalilov (Tatar Musa Mostafa uly Җәlilev; February 2 (15), 1906, the village of Mustafino, now the Orenburg region - August 25, 1944, Berlin) - Tatar Soviet poet, Hero of the Soviet Union (1956). Member of the CPSU (b) since 1929.
His biography can be found and read, but I want to lay out a completely different story about him.
LIVING THREADS
Rafael Mustafin
“The handcuffed prisoners were led into a large two-height hall with vaulted ceilings and huge semicircular windows. In front of them, on a dais, stood an impressive judges' table made of bog oak, next to it was the same oak pulpit with a fascist eagle and a swastika. Opposite each other were the places of the prosecutor and the lawyer. Heavy, black-leather-covered judicial chairs with exorbitantly high backs, imposing chandeliers, bulky and uncomfortable benches for the public - everything was designed to make the defendant feel like a miserable worm, a grain of sand in front of an unshakable block of fascist law and order ...
The outcome of the trial was predetermined - neither the judges nor the defendants doubted it. The proceedings slowly rolled along the established once and for all order. The accuser spoke, protocols of interrogations were read out, "damaging" documents and photographs were cited, and witnesses were heard. Could Jalil imagine even for a moment that in this very hall, where the dull voice of the judge sounds, amplified by excellent acoustics, in some thirty-odd years, his poems translated into German would ring like a thunderclap.
The morning silence was broken by the sound of soldiers' boots. He climbed from below, along the echoing cast-iron steps, rumbled along the corrugated iron of the open galleries encircling the cells ... The guards, shod in soft felt shoes, walked silently. Roughly, without hiding, only the guards behaved, taking away the convicts for execution. The prisoners silently listened: will it blow over, won't it blow over? It didn't. Keys clanged. Slowly, with a creak, a heavy, poorly oiled door opened...
Two military men entered the cell, armed and “not very kind,” as one of the prisoners, the Italian R. Lanfredini, later recalled. Having read the names of the Tatars from the list, they ordered to dress quickly. When they asked: “Why? Where?" The guards said they didn't know anything. But the prisoners, as Lanfredini writes, immediately realized that their hour had come.
Shouting for order: “Schnel! Schnel! (“Quickly! Quickly!”) - the guards went to the next cell. And the prisoners began to say goodbye to Lanfredini and to each other. “We hugged like friends who know that they will never see each other again” (from the memoirs of Lanfredini).
Footsteps, excited voices, shouts of guards could be heard in the corridor. The cell door opened again, and Lanfredini saw Musa among those condemned to death. Jalil also noticed Lanfredini and greeted him with "his usual salam." Passing by Lanfredini, one of his new friends (I think it was Simaev) impulsively hugged him and said: “You were so afraid to die. And now we're going to die..."
The distance between the Berlin prisons of Spandau and Plötzensee is short, some fifteen to twenty minutes by car. But for the convicts, this journey took about two hours. In any case, in the registration cards of the Plötzensee prison, their arrival is noted at eight in the morning on August 25, 1944. Only two cards have come down to us: A. Simaeva and G. Shabaeva.
These cards make it possible to understand the paragraph of the charge: "subversion." Judging by other documents, it was deciphered as follows: "subversion to the moral decay of the German troops." A paragraph according to which the fascist Themis did not know any indulgence ...
The execution was scheduled for twelve o'clock. The convicts, of course, were brought in in advance. But the execution began six minutes late. The case for extremely punctual jailers is exceptional ... This is explained either by the fact that the executioners had an especially lot of “work” (the participants in the conspiracy against Hitler were executed on the same day), or by the fact that one of the clergy who was obliged to be present at the execution was late . They were: the Catholic priest Georgy Yurytko (a German non-commissioned officer, a Catholic, was also executed as part of the group) and the Berlin mullah Gani Usmanov.
Assistant warden Paul Dürrhauer, who accompanied the convicts on their last journey, said with surprise that the Tatars behaved with amazing stamina and dignity. Before his eyes, dozens of executions were carried out daily. He was already accustomed to screams and curses, he was not surprised if at the last minute they began to pray to God or fainted from fear ... But he had not yet seen people go to execution with their heads held high and sing at the same time “some kind of Asian song.
“I also remember the poet Musa Jalil. I visited him as a Catholic priest, brought him Goethe's books to read, and learned to appreciate him as a calm, noble man. His fellow prisoners in the Spandau military prison respected him very much ... As Jalil told me, he was sentenced to death for printing and distributing appeals in which he called on his countrymen **** not to fight against Russian soldiers.
(From a letter from G. Yurytko to the German writer L. Nebentzal.)
During the last meeting, Jalil told the priest his dream. “He dreamed that he was standing alone on a big stage, and everything around him was black - both the walls and things,” G. Yurytko later wrote about this. The dream is ominous and amazing... Yes, Jalil found himself on the stage of history face to face with fascism. Everything around him was black. And all the more respect deserves the unparalleled courage with which he met his death hour ...
... I follow in the footsteps of the poet. In the footsteps of war, courage, blood, death and songs. I find in the free-flowing sands on the sites of former concentration camps blackened from corrosion (or maybe from human blood?) - soldier's buttons, pieces of barbed wire, green cartridge cases ... Sometimes I come across fragile, yellow fragments of bones ...
Barracks for prisoners of war have long been destroyed, overcoats and tunics have rotted, strong - without wear - soldier's boots have turned into scraps.
Much decayed and became dust. But the poet's songs, like decades ago, burn with freshness and power of passion.
At the entrance to the Nazi prison Plötzensee there is a memorial urn with the ashes of those executed and tortured in all concentration camps of Nazi Germany. A memorial wall was erected nearby with the inscription: "To the victims of the Nazi dictatorship of 1933-1945." Funeral wreaths hang on special stands. One of the rooms of the execution bar has been turned into a museum. The walls are hung with materials about the Plötzensee prison, photographs of participants in the assassination attempt on Hitler, documents of other victims of Nazism.
The execution room remained in its original form. A grate for draining abundant blood, a gray cement floor ... The walls and ceilings were whitewashed - otherwise the gloomy oppressive atmosphere would have been simply unbearable.
We are patiently waiting for the motley wave of tourists to subside. Then the poet's widow, Amina Jalil, steps over the protective rope and puts a bouquet of scarlet carnations on the place where Musa and his comrades were executed. For several minutes in silence, with our heads bowed, we stand near the scarlet splashes on the gray cement floor.
On April 23, 1945, the 79th Rifle Corps of the Soviet Army, advancing in the direction of the Reichstag, reached the line of the Berlin streets of Rathenowerstrasse and Turmstrasse. Ahead, through the smoke of explosions, a gloomy gray building behind a high brick wall appeared - Moabit prison. When the fighters burst into the prison yard, there was no one there. Only the wind carried rubbish around the yard, scraps of paper, stirred up the pages of books thrown out by the explosion from the prison library. On a blank page of one of them, one of the soldiers noticed an entry in Russian: “I, the Tatar poet Musa Jalil, have been imprisoned in the Moabit prison as a prisoner who has been charged with political charges, and will probably be shot soon. If any of the Russians get this recording, let them say hello from me to fellow writers in Moscow, let the family know. The soldiers sent this leaflet to Moscow, to the Union of Writers. So the first news of Jalil's feat came to his homeland.
In one of the churches in Warsaw, I saw an urn with Chopin's heart. The immortal music of the brilliant Polish composer sounded in the solemn twilight. People stood in silence, joining the great, brightening their souls.
Where is Jalil's heart buried?
We cannot yet answer this question with complete certainty. It is only known that at the end of August 1944, the Nazis took the corpses of the executed to the area near the town of Seeburg, which is a few kilometers west of Berlin.
I have visited these places. Other ditches that have sunk down, semi-collapsed in many places are overgrown with green fir-trees, whips of white-trunked birches. Somewhere here, in an obscure ditch, among thousands of victims of the fascist regime like him, the poet's heart rests. And the roots of trees that have sprouted through it are like living threads connecting the poet with the big world, the world of the sun, sky and soaring birds.

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Musa Jalil
On August 25, 2009, the communists of the city of Naberezhnye Chelny held a rally dedicated to the memory of Musa Jalil, a Soviet Tatar communist poet, Hero of the Soviet Union. On this day, August 25, 1944, Musa Jalil and his comrades in the underground group were executed in Nazi captivity.

The rally was opened by the first secretary of the Naberezhnye Chelny City Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Tatyana Guryeva, who spoke about the life path of Musa Jalil. He was born in 1906 in the village of Mustafino, Orenburg province. I went to school at the age of 6. In a year, he mastered the basics of reading and writing in elementary school and memorized several chapters of the Koran. At the age of 9 he began to write poetry. In Orenburg, Musa entered the madrasah. These years coincided with periods of social upheaval.
After the February revolution, fermentation began in the madrasah. Musa is on the left wing of the student movement. He edits a class newspaper, writes articles and pamphlets, speaking out against the supporters of the mullahs and bais, passionately sings of the sun of freedom. The formation of Soviet power took place in difficult conditions. Before his eyes, the White Guards killed the Red Army, women, children. Life itself gave the teenager visual lessons of the class struggle. Musa went to rallies and meetings, voraciously read newspapers and Bolshevik pamphlets. In 1919, when a Komsomol organization arose in Orenburg surrounded by White Guards, 13-year-old Musa joined its ranks. Rushing to the front, but they do not take him. Returning to the village, he creates a children's communist organization, which included about 40 boys and girls. They staged performances, held evening parties, meetings, rallies, published a wall newspaper and a handwritten magazine. In 1920, Musa created a Komsomol cell. He not only campaigned for a new life, but when it was necessary, he defended the young Soviet power with weapons.
Later, Mussa Jalil will graduate from the Orenburg Military Party School, the Tatar Institute of Public Education, and Moscow State University. From 1927 to 1938 he lived and worked in Moscow. In 1938 he returned to Kazan, where he stood at the origins of the Tatar Opera House.
When the war began, on the second day he took a statement to the military registration and enlistment office with a request to be sent to the front. In 1942 he was taken prisoner. From among the prisoners of war, the Nazis forcibly created national legions to use them in military operations against the Soviet Army. To thwart the plans of the Nazis - the underground group, headed by Musa Jalil, set itself the task.
The very first battalion of the Volga-Tatar Legion, sent to the Eastern Front, raised an uprising, killed German officers and joined a detachment of Belarusian partisans. In August 1943, the Gestapo got on the trail of the underground. Jalil and his comrades were arrested. But the poet did not give up. Poetry was his weapon. He was beaten, tortured with electric current, but no torment, no suffering and torture could break the mighty spirit of the poet. Jalil, along with other patriots, was executed.
Speaking at the rally, Tatyana Guryeva also said that on this day we should also remember another no less famous children's writer in Soviet Tatarstan, Abdul Alish. Their biography is very similar, some origins come from peasant families. Abdula Alish was an outstanding person, a writer of many-sided talent. With equal ease, he took up the story, then the play, then the verses, then the essay. He was fond of music and technology. But there was one passion that Alish carried through his whole life, and which largely determined his creative path. This is love for children. Alish said: "I devote all my work to children." He constantly communicated with the children, the children also knew and loved him. His poems brought up children to be worthy citizens of the fatherland.
Alish took an active part in the pioneer movement of Tataria. He stood at the origins of the Republic's first Palace of Pioneers. He goes to the front at the beginning of the war. In October 1941 he was taken prisoner near Bryansk. He went through many camps, saw hunger, disease, abuse, death. And in the Wustrau camp near Berlin, he met with Musa Jalil, this was at the beginning of 1943. They knew each other before the war. Abdula Alish joined Jalil's group without hesitation and became his right hand. The Nazis planned to use the Tatar intelligentsia to agitate prisoners of war. But they miscalculated. Jalil and Alish agreed for the sole purpose of having access to a printing house to set up regular printing of anti-fascist leaflets. And they successfully succeeded. The Nazis were unable to turn the prisoners of war of the Tatars and Bashkirs into traitors.
On the denunciation of traitors, the work of the underground group was revealed. Jalil and Alish and most of the members of the underground group were arrested a few days before the legions' well-prepared uprising.
Patriots were thrown into the Moabit prison, torture began, endless interrogations, bullying. The trial of the Dzhalilians took place in March 1944 in Dresden. After the death sentence was passed, they spent another six months in a fascist prison. The execution of the patriots took place on August 25, 1944. Alish was only 36 years old, Jalil - only 38 when they died at the hands of fascist executioners.
Jalil wrote: “I am not afraid of death. There is life after death in the minds, in the memory of the people. If during my life I did something important, immortal, then this deserved this other life -“ life after death ”... The goal is something This is what life is all about: to live in such a way that even after death you do not die. Yes, these words were prophetic. Jalil continues to live with us today. And our duty today is, first of all, to preserve the memory of the heroes and pass it on to our children and grandchildren, so that they are brought up on the feat of heroes and be just as worthy citizens of the Fatherland.
Tatyana Guryeva read Jalil's poem "Barbarity", which tells about how the Nazis buried mothers alive with their children. The time in which we live today, said Tatyana Guryeva, can only be called barbarism. Then, during the Great Patriotic War, foreign invaders were barbarians, today the bourgeois power of Russia is creating barbarism over its own people. Tatyana Gurieva called for uniting around the Communist Party in the struggle for a decent life, for socialism.
The rally participants read poetry in both Tatar and Russian. Read by people of all ages. Ten-year-old Polina Trofimova read the children's poem "My dog". The Chairman of the Tatar Public Center Rafis Kashapov spoke at the rally, who touched upon the fact that in recent times a number of mass media have been suggesting the idea: Jalil was not a hero, he lived well while in captivity, and his heroism is just the fruit of Soviet propaganda. It is necessary to refute such lies, to convey to the people, the younger generation, the truth about that war, about the atrocities of the Nazis, about the heroism of our fellow countrymen.
Irek Massarov, the father of a soldier who died in the Caucasus, brought his paintings dedicated to Jalil.
Zinaida Tsybarkova read "Requiem" by Robert Rozhdestvensky. After that, they honored the memory of the fallen heroes with a minute of silence, and then laid flowers.
The participants of the rally, as a resolution, decided to send their claims to the mayor's office regarding the state of the monument and demand that it be put in order.
It should be noted that this year the authorities did not remember that August 25, 2009 marks the 65th anniversary of the death of one of the most worthy sons of the Tatar people, Musa Jalil, as well as his comrades-in-arms.
http://kprf.ru/rus_soc/70200.html