Exists in the nature of water. Types of water in nature

A person is confident in his beliefs that when buying water in a store, he drinks absolutely pure water. And this is not true, since its mineral composition cannot be zero. In most cases, drinking water manufacturers declare their product under the first quality category. Brands of the highest category earn a high reputation, but even there the salt concentration is up to 500 mg / l. To obtain such a product, a process of cleaning it from mechanical impurities, substances of organic and inorganic origin, as well as bringing bacteriological indicators of water to standards is required. What can we say about water boiled in a kettle. All the scale is formed on its walls, a precipitate falls out, which we can accidentally use with tea. It is impossible to solve the problem of water pollution by ordinary boiling, it is not able to purify it from impurities of heavy metals, pesticides, nitrates, iron salts, mercury, cadmium and other substances.

Chemically pure water in its concept is a substance that does not contain impurities. Unfortunately, such water does not exist in nature. As we said earlier, water is an excellent solvent, it perfectly dissolves various substances in itself. To this day, no one has been able to obtain chemically pure water. A little about the experiment conducted by the German chemist V.F. Kohlrausch. Surely each of us has heard about “distillation”, met with the concept of “distilled water”, which by its nature is close to pure, but it cannot be called absolutely pure. Distillation of water is carried out by boiling it until steam is formed, which is subsequently condensed in another vessel. Such water will be called distilled. In his experiment, the German scientist subjected water to 42 distillation cycles. The main indicator for determining the purity of water is electrical conductivity (electrical conductivity) - its ability to conduct electric current. So, according to the results of the experiment, this indicator turned out to be 100 times higher than that of mono-distilled (1 distillation cycle) water. Distilled water immediately dissolves the gases of the earth's atmosphere and particles of the walls of the vessel. Water also contains its own impurities: at ordinary temperature, out of every billion water molecules, two ions are formed - H + and OH -, the first of which immediately joins the second, forming the hydroxonium ion H3O.

Distilled water is isolated not only from polluted substances, but also from mineral salts useful for our body. Therefore, it is used to a greater extent in medicine for the production of medicines, pharmaceuticals, the perfumery and cosmetics industry, and other areas.

I learned about the three states of aggregation of water from my 6-year-old older brother, who boasted of his knowledge of a science unknown to me at the age of 9 - physics. For me, as for any child born in the middle zone of the northern hemisphere, the favorite state of water in nature is snow. As a child, every winter was associated primarily with snowball fights, sledding and, of course, New Year's holidays. During the thaw, it was a great pleasure to be able to build a snowman together with my parents and older brother.

How fun it is to use the solid state of water in the winter

Making a snowman is not an easy task. Instructions for sculpting a snowman are not allowed to be forgotten by their own children:

1. Roll up 3 snowballs of different sizes.
2. Stack the snowballs on top of each other. The bottom is the largest, the top is the smallest.
3. Instead of hands, you can use dry tree branches.
4. Put a bucket on your head instead of a hat.
5. For the nose, it is best to use raw carrots.
6. Eyes and mouth can be depicted with pebbles or coal.
7. Wrap the seam of the top snowballs with a scarf.

The snowman is ready.

In winter, in addition to snow, water takes on other beautiful aesthetic forms:

• Frost. It looks especially beautiful in wells.
• Ice. A great way to have fun while skating or going down the hill.
• Ice on the windows. The patterns created by condensation and frost would be the envy of any impressionist artist.

Where is the best place to observe the different states of water in nature

Traveling to Iceland left an indelible impression. The nature of the northern island is amazing. In the valley of geysers, water can be simultaneously observed in three states of aggregation: liquid (lakes), gaseous (steam emissions from geysers) and solid (snow-capped mountain peaks). The most impressive excursion to the largest glacier in Iceland - Vatnajökull. The scale of the fresh water column preserved in the glacier is impressive. The frozen water mass occupies more than 8,000 square meters of area. The glacier feeds from underground lakes and occupies 8% of the island. In the thickness of the ice there is a cave with a crystal clear blue vault. The frozen cave is the most beautiful state of water in nature that I have seen with my own eyes.

The physical state of water is different in its physical and chemical composition. It is the most common element on earth and basic to life support. Also, it is the strongest solvent in nature, which is the reason for its diversity. The definition of types and types of water depends on various factors and characteristics.

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO HYDROGEN ISOTOPES IN THE WATER MOLECULE

light water

This is an ordinary natural liquid, which is purified from heavy. Ordinary drinking water consists of 99.7% light water.

Heavy water

It is also called deuterium water. The chemical formula of such a liquid is essentially similar to the usual one, but the difference is that hydrogen molecules replace deuterium molecules (two heavy isotopes of hydrogen) in its composition. The chemical formula of such a liquid is 2h2O or d2O.

Semi heavy water

This type of liquid does not exist in its pure form. It is present almost everywhere and has the formula HDO.

Super heavy water

It is also called tritium, because, just like in heavy, the hydrogen molecules are replaced by tritium. Its formula is T2O or 3H2O.

LET'S CONSIDER THE TYPES OF WATER DEPENDING ON THE Amount OF SALT

Soft and hard water

If we rely on the norms of water hardness in Ukraine, then this figure is 7 mg-eq / liter. By world standards, this level is considered medium hardness. But for a complete understanding, it should be noted that soft water is considered to be up to 2 meq / liter. This is a European indicator at which scale deposits are not observed.

If we consider the causes of increasing water hardness globally, then we can note several main reasons:

• Global violations of the eco - system of our planet
• Heavy use of chemicals, both in the domestic and industrial sectors
• Outdated or non-existent wastewater treatment systems
• Old plumbing systems that are operating longer than expected

What water softening methods are used today?

For effective water softening, it is necessary to install automatic ones. Such systems work due to a special filter material -. No "magic" additives, "calgons" and "antiscale" are not able to soften the water. They work more like scale inhibitors that sort of keep carbonates from sticking to the heating elements.

But water softening is essentially a process of replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions, and this is the only way you can get an effective and economical result. The filter material in such water purification systems has regeneration properties, due to which the material works for 5-7 years until its next replacement with a new one.

There are 3 types of water. The state of water in nature

Consider the form of water in nature.

Fresh water

It is a liquid with a minimum concentration of salts that do not exceed 0.01%.

Sea water

These are the seas and oceans, in which the salt concentration averages 34.7%.

Mineral water

It is usually an underground, natural liquid that has a high content of biologically active minerals, as well as microelements. The combination of which determines the healing properties of such water. Here is a list of types of mineral waters:

• Weak mineralization
• Small mineralization
• Average mineralization
• High mineralization
• Brine mineral water
• Strong brine
• Brackish water - this type is in the middle between fresh and marine.
• Distilled water is a super-clean liquid, purified from salts and other impurities through distillation.

TYPES OF WATER OBTAINED AS A RESULT OF INTERACTION WITH DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES

shungite water

Shungite is a natural mineral. Interacting with the mineral, fresh water is saturated with the mineral, dissolving it.

silicon water

Fresh water obtained through interaction with the natural mineral silicon.

coral water

Interacting with corals, fresh water is saturated with microelements.
Oxygenated water through enrichment.

filtered water

Fresh water that has passed through a water purification system to improve its quality. allow you to clean the original liquid to any parameters. You can spot remove one of the types of pollution, you can install an integrated purification system or use a domestic reverse osmosis system to obtain drinking water of the highest category.

silver water

It is a liquid saturated with silver ions through contact with this metal. As for this water, you need to be careful here, as you can exceed the concentration of the substance and get poisoned. Since an overdose of this substance is as dangerous as lead. These are toxic metals! Moreover, you cannot measure the concentration of silver content in water at home.

Golden water is a similar process.

Copper water is a similar process.

CLASSIFICATION OF WATER DEPENDING ON ITS LOCATION IN THE HYDROSPHERE

The groundwater

• This is all the liquid that can be in different states, which is located in the rocks of the upper part of the earth's crust.
• The quality of the liquid in these sources depends on the external environment that a person causes:
• Large cities with poorly equipped sewerage systems
• Major construction work
• Large industrial enterprises
• Large city dumps
• Large-scale livestock farms
• Agricultural sector for commercial purposes
• Highways of national importance
• As a rule, groundwater is used to supply country houses and cottages, so it is very important to perform a chemical analysis of water before domestic use of water. Elevated concentrations of pollution adversely affect human health, as well as disable plumbing, heating systems and household appliances (washing machine, boiler, dishwasher, shower, hydromassage equipment).

Depending on the quality of the water, it is necessary to choose the right water purification system from the well for an effective result.

Submarine waters

They are also called underwater, because they are under the oceans and seas and large lakes, which can be called "water under water." This is a rather unique natural phenomenon, which has long been mastered by man since ancient times. People used bamboo pipes to get fresh water from submarine springs many centuries ago.
Today, these waters are used as a supplement to water supply resources. For example, near the southeastern coast of Greece, a dam was built in the sea. Ultimately, a freshwater lake was created within the sea. The total production of fresh water in this place is 1,000,000 cubic meters per day! This source is used for irrigation of coastal areas.

How can "water under water" be used?

Japanese specialists went further in the extraction of "water under water". They received a patent for a method for extracting fresh water from a submarine source. Engineers proposed to separate fresh and sea water directly at the bottom of the sea. An automatic installation is installed above the source with sensors that continuously measure the concentration of dissolved salts. If it exceeds the permissible value, the water supply to the consumer is automatically stopped, and the water is discharged into the sea until its salt content and composition are normalized.

artesian waters

This is a liquid that lies between water-resistant layers deep underground. It is constantly under hydrostatic pressure, due to which water basins are created. The name of this type of water comes from the province of Artois, which is located in France - Artesia. There, in the 12th century, the first deep well in Europe was built.
From the foregoing, it becomes clear that underground and artesian waters are separated by a water-resistant layer. Therefore, the liquid, which lies at great depths, is practically not affected by human activity, which carry untreated sewage. But this fact does not exclude the saturation of water with various impurities from the surrounding rocks. It is also impossible to completely exclude the possibility of external pollutants getting into artesian basins.
Surface waters are liquids that float on the Earth's surface for a variety of reasons.
Atmospheric water is a liquid that is found in the atmosphere of our planet.

NATURAL WATER

• spring
• rain
• Drinking

TYPES OF WATER APPEARING AS A RESULT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

tap water

Liquid from municipal water supply systems, which originates in underground or surface sources, undergoes post-treatment and is supplied to the consumer.

sewer water

This is a used product that ends up in the sewer systems.

Wastewater

This is a contaminated liquid that must be removed from people's places of residence. The result of the industry.
Boiled water is a liquid that has undergone heat treatment by heating up to 100 degrees.

Integrated purification of tap water

Modern water filters are designed taking into account the fact that the quality of the liquid from the tap decreases every year. Technologists are working to ensure that cleaning is as efficient and as economical as possible in maintenance. Complex filtration involves several stages:

Removal of mechanical impurities

These are insoluble particles - rust, scale, clay, soil, silt, sand and other suspensions. This type of pollution is removed by means of a polypropylene cartridge. They come in different sizes, it is necessary to choose the right filter based on the number of people living in the apartment and peak consumption per hour.

Water softening

This is the most basic problem of water mains. Carbonate deposits clog everything the water comes into contact with. The fact is that the state GOST in Ukraine approved the hardness standard of 7 mg-eq / liter. But in order not to form scale deposits, the concentration should be less than 2 meq / liter. This is where automatic filters come to the rescue.

Today we have a great opportunity to use technology to the maximum. The installation of a mini-factory for the production of a top-class drinking product is a reality. Modern ones have become affordable, compact and have no alternative. The principle of reverse osmosis purification has long been researched and taken from nature. This is the most effective way to get crystal clear water at the lowest cost per liter - 20 kopecks!

Have you ever drunk completely pure water? It is safe to say that not only have you not drunk it, but you have never seen it. Look inside an empty samovar that has served you for many years. The walls of the samovar are covered with a gray or yellowish crust. Where did she come from? After all, apart from “clean” water, nothing was poured into the samovar.

That's just the point, that not pure water was poured. There is no pure water in nature. If it is formed somewhere, it is not for a very long time. Water is a good solvent. In contact with other substances, it dissolves them and travels everywhere with them, picking up new substances along the way or absorbing some and releasing others.

Getting perfectly clean water is a very difficult task. Only scientists in their laboratories sometimes receive such water, and even then in very small quantities.

Of all natural waters, the cleanest is rainwater. But rainwater is not completely pure either. The fact is that the condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere occurs mainly on dust particles wetted by water, on salt crystals that enter the air during the evaporation of sea wave spray, on some salts formed in the air itself under the action of sunlight and lightning discharges. Thus, a newly formed raindrop or snowflake is no longer pure water. If you collect a little rainwater or melt the snow that has just fallen, then after settling at the bottom you can always see a solid sediment. These are the dust particles brought by water from the atmosphere. After evaporation of one liter of rainwater collected even in the mountains, far from settlements, about four hundredths of a gram of dry residue is obtained. The composition of this residue varies. It also contains salts of sea water, and ammonium nitrate and others. If it rained in the factory area, then the water also contains those substances that enter the air from ventilation installations and chimneys.

But not only solid substances are dissolved in rainwater. It also dissolves gases, such as air.

The higher the temperature, the less dissolved gases the water contains. More than 30 cubic centimeters of air are dissolved in one liter of rainwater at 4 degrees, and about 25 cubic centimeters at 15 degrees.

Different gases dissolve in water in different quantities: some more, others less. If you collect air that is dissolved in water, it turns out that its composition will be different than in the atmosphere. It is enriched with oxygen. Atmospheric air contains 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen by volume, while air extracted from water contains 63 percent nitrogen and 36 percent oxygen. This increased oxygen content in the water is very important for the inhabitants of the reservoirs.

The presence of oxygen in water also has a negative value. Oxygen has a harmful effect on metals in contact with water, contributing to their destruction. An active helper of oxygen in this sense is also carbon dioxide, which dissolves very well in water.

The most salt-rich natural water is sea water. It contains more than fifty different chemical elements. Ocean water is the most constant in composition. One liter of it contains 33 to 39 grams of dissolved solids, including about 25 grams of table salt. The water of the Black Sea is twice as poor in salts - the Black Sea basin is diluted with a large amount of fresh water brought by the Kuban, the Dnieper, the Bug, the Danube, etc. The waters of some inland seas are especially rich in salts - seas that do not communicate with the oceans. In the Dead Sea, for example, about 200 grams of table salt is dissolved in each liter of water.

The waters of rivers, streams, lakes, as well as springs occupy a middle position between sea and rain water and are distinguished by exceptionally great diversity both in composition and in the amount of substances dissolved in them.

The waters of rivers and fresh lakes, coming into contact with various rocks, extract certain constituents from them and carry them away either in dissolved form or in the form of suspended particles. The composition of these waters is constantly changing from the addition of rainwater to them, from the vital activity of plant and animal organisms in the water itself. During spring floods, significant amounts of suspended particles are added to the substances dissolved in the waters of rivers and lakes, which are washed away from the soil and make the water cloudy.

The composition of river water also changes from random circumstances, for example, from the descent into the river of sewage from cities and industrial waste from factories and plants.

When one liter of water taken from the Neva evaporates, about 0.055 grams of sediment remains, from the Dnieper - 0.171, and from the Thames - 0.301 grams.

The more mineral substances are dissolved in the water, the higher its hardness is said to be. Distinguish between temporary and permanent hardness. Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of bicarbonate salts of calcium, magnesium, and iron metals in water. These salts can be easily removed from water: when boiled, they turn into insoluble carbonic salts and precipitate). Permanent hardness is associated with the presence of sulfate and chloride salts in the water: calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium, which do not precipitate from the water during boiling. Chloride and sulfate salts of magnesium are especially harmful: at high temperatures they decompose with water and release hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.

Notes:

For more details, see the brochure of the "Popular Science Library" series by A. M. Rubinshtein "Chemistry Around Us".

Water is the source of life on Earth. It was in the ocean that living cells appeared. The human body is 80% water, so it cannot live without it. It is this life-giving moisture that helps the existence of all plant and animal organisms. In addition, water is the most amazing substance on Earth. Only it can exist in those states: liquid, solid and gaseous. And even in its usual form, it is also diverse.

Few people on Earth know what water is. But without differing from each other externally, its different types have special properties. Being the most common substance on Earth, it is found in every corner of it in its various manifestations.

What types of water are

This liquid can be classified according to different criteria. Water can be different depending on its place of origin, composition, degree of purification and application.

1. Types of water by its location in nature:

Atmospheric - these are clouds, steam and precipitation;

Water of natural sources - river, sea, spring, thermal and others.

2. Types of water in relation to the surface:

There is completely purified water - distilled;

If the content of biologically active minerals and microelements is increased in it, it is called mineral.

4. What is the water according to the degree of its purification:

Distilled is the purest, but not fit for human consumption;

Drinking water is a useful liquid from wells and;

Tap water enters houses from various reservoirs after the cleaning procedure, but often does not meet hygienic standards, therefore it is considered household;

Filtered water is ordinary tap water passed through various filters;

There are still polluted in the process of human life.

5. Sometimes people treat water in various ways for medicinal purposes. You get the following types:

Ionized;

Magnetic;

Silicon;

Shungite;

Enriched with oxygen.

Drinking water

The types of liquid that a person consumes are very diverse. In ancient times, people drank water from any fresh natural source - a river, lake or spring. But in the last century, due to economic activity, they have become polluted. And a person is not only looking for new sources of clean drinking water, but also comes up with ways to purify the dirty one. So far, many deep-lying and artesian sources have not been polluted, but this life-giving moisture is not available to everyone. The majority use ordinary well or tap water, the quality of which is often very low. It can contain various impurities, bacteria and even dangerous chemicals. Therefore, it is better to purify drinking water in any convenient way.

Drinking water purification methods

1. Filtration can be mechanical, chemical or electromagnetic. The most commonly used carbon filters, they are the cheapest and easiest to use. During filtration, water is freed from impurities of sand, metal salts and most bacteria.

2. Boiling is used most often to disinfect water. It will not protect against impurities. Therefore, it is recommended to stand the water for a day before boiling and not to use the sediment.

3. In recent years, water purification using various substances has become widespread: shungite, silicon, silver and others. So it not only disinfects, but also acquires healing properties.

Mineral water

For a long time, people discovered springs, the liquid in which has various healing properties. After examining such water, people found out that the content of various minerals and trace elements was increased in it. They called it mineral. Sanatoriums and medical institutions were built near such sources. Often people drink it just like that, not knowing that it is different in composition and action. What is mineral water?

The dining room contains a small amount of mineral salts. It can be used as a regular drink, without restrictions. The degree of its mineralization is up to 1.2 g/l. Many people drink it constantly, not suspecting that it is a mineral.

Table-medicinal can also be used without restrictions, if the degree of its mineralization does not exceed 2.5 g / l. If it is higher, then you can drink it no more than 2 glasses a day. Such mineral waters as "Narzan", "Borjomi", "Essentuki", "Novoterskaya" and others are very popular.

Medicinal mineral water can only be used as prescribed by a doctor, because its different composition affects the body in different ways and helps with certain diseases. There are also many contraindications to its use. And if the degree of mineralization of such water exceeds 12 g / l, then it can only be used externally.

What is thermal water

If, before reaching the surface, groundwater passes through hot volcanic layers, they are heated and saturated with useful minerals. After that, they acquire healing properties known to people since antiquity. In recent years, thermal water has been increasingly used for treatment and recovery. Its types are not very diverse, it is mainly divided by temperature.

Hospitals have been built near many thermal waters. The most famous of them are the Karlovy Vary resort, as well as springs in Iceland and Kamchatka.

healing fluid

Speaking about what kind of water is, it is impossible not to mention those types of it that magically heal many diseases. From time immemorial, in many nations there have been legends about living and in recent years, scientists have found out that it really exists, and even obtained such a liquid using special electrodes. Positively charged water is called dead water and tastes sour. It has disinfecting properties. If water is charged with negative ions, it will acquire an alkaline taste and healing qualities. Such water was called living. In addition, the liquid acquires healing properties when exposed to a magnetic field, immersed in silicon minerals or shungite.

Not all people know what water is. Unfortunately, many of them do not even suspect that this life-giving moisture can cure them of many diseases.