Urinary tract infection in men: main symptoms and treatments. Urinary tract infections Treatment of mixed urinary tract infections

It is very important to pay attention to discomfort and various changes in the body. Finding and treating urinary tract infections can be a time consuming but important process.

There are diseases that affect both men and women. Infections of the genitourinary system just fall into the category of those diseases from which no one is immune. Pathogens do not distinguish people by gender, do not look at age, do not pay attention to social status.

Genitourinary infections are diseases characterized by specific changes in the body caused by certain types of pathogens and accompanied by inflammation, with the exception of sexually transmitted diseases.

Treatment of a genitourinary infection directly depends on the degree of inflammation of the affected area, the type of microorganisms that caused the disease, those specific pathologies that occur in the body over the course of the disease. The symptoms that disturb the sick person are also important, because they are often very pronounced.

Various pathogens can cause infectious diseases of the genitourinary system. Often there are cases that the cause of malaise is not one, but several different microorganisms. The infections themselves are divided into two main groups according to the type of pathogen - opportunistic and pathogenic.

The first group refers to the type of diseases in which "dangerous" microorganisms are in the human body throughout life, and the second infection occurs from the environment.

Under normal circumstances, opportunistic pathogens are normal and do not pose a particular danger. But with a decrease in immunity or in the event of pathologies, these pathogens pass into an aggressive phase, which results in a urinary tract infection.

Infectious diseases come in many forms and are classified according to many factors. If we consider such diseases, it is easiest to divide them into groups, taking into account the localization of the disease:

• inflammation of the urinary system (urethritis);
• bladder (cystitis);
• fallopian tubes (salpingitis);
• kidneys (pyelonephritis);
• internal walls of the uterus (endometritis);
• ovaries (oophoritis);
• uterine appendages (adnexitis);
• seminal vesicles (vesiculitis);
• penis heads (balanitis);
• epididymis (epididymitis);
• prostate (prostatitis);
• head and foreskin of the penis (balanoposthitis).

Infections occur as a result of bacteria infecting the internal organs. The only difference is the way pathogens enter. Basically, all types of infections are divided into three main types:

• the initial presence of the pathogen in the body, namely, in the affected structure;
• the presence of a pathogen in the body with the transfer from one organ to another;
• external infection with a pathogen.

The first two types are often possible only in people with other pathologies of the genitourinary system and a reduced activity of the immune system. Of course, the third type of infection is more common, when the pathogen enters the body from the external environment and spreads through it.

The course of the disease depends on the gender of the person, because the structure of the genitourinary system is different in the male and female organisms. It so happened that representatives of the beautiful half of humanity often turn to doctors with such problems. But there are times when women suffer from latent infections, the course of which is not distinguished by anything, only tests can detect them.

Symptoms

The manifestations of infectious diseases that affect the genitourinary system often differ from each other and directly depend on the location of the infection, but all the symptoms are quite bright so as not to pay attention to them.

Urogenital infections have the following symptoms:

• discomfort in the area of ​​infection, frequent pain;
• unusual discharge;
• acute pain, burning, itching during urination;
• frequent urges, especially late in the day;
• increase, decrease in temperature;
• impurities of blood, pus, mucus;
• general weakness, dizziness, pain.

In women, special manifestations can often occur, which is associated with structural features of the organs of the urinary system:

• sharp, frequent pain in the lower abdomen;
• the appearance of plaque on the external genitalia;
• change in color, transparency of urine.

But only by the symptoms it is impossible to accurately determine the type of disease, because the manifestations can be common, it becomes not clear how to treat a particular case. Based on the observations of the symptoms, specialists make a preliminary diagnosis and prescribe a more accurate examination.

The main and important thing is to accurately determine the type of pathogen. Priority in the diagnosis of infections are laboratory tests of blood and urine. In some cases, a laboratory study of the flora is possible, which will help to accurately determine the type of disease. Determination of the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibiotics allows targeted treatment.

Diagnosis includes taking a smear to accurately determine the nature, type of inflammation. From the smear it is possible to establish the type of pathogen. To reveal the full picture, doctors may prescribe an ultrasound examination.

Treatment

There are many ways, different methods of therapy, with different types of drugs that specialists prescribe.

There is no drug that alone would completely cure a person. All pills prescribed in the fight against diseases of this type are divided into the following main categories:

• antibiotics (Cefazolin, Azithromycin, Lefloxacin, Penicillins, Ofloxacin);
• drugs aimed at combating fungi (Pimafucin, Itraconazole, Fluconazole);
• antiviral (Amiksin, Ingavirin, Arbidol);
• bacteriostatic drugs.

Naturally, any treatment for infections of the genitourinary system should be agreed with a specialist; drinking, for example, Azithromycin without a doctor's prescription is dangerous for the body and will only aggravate the condition.

The basis in therapy for urogenital infections is a special diet, bed rest. Spicy foods flavored with various spices should be completely excluded from the diet. It is not recommended to eat smoked meats, fried and pickled foods.

Drug treatment is represented by a combination of various drugs that are combined in therapy. For example, Azithromycin is prescribed in combination with Amiksin. Or any of the antibiotics (Azithromycin) is combined with immunostimulants and antifungal drugs.

But it is worth remembering that although antibiotics are effective, they always cause some harm to the body. Together with these drugs, it is worth using probiotics, which will help restore the microflora. Therefore, Azithromycin, other drugs should be taken strictly within the course prescribed by a specialist.

Prevention

As with any infectious diseases, in this case, the guarantee of health is the observance of personal, general hygiene, since the violation of hygiene standards contributes to the development and reproduction of microorganisms. It is important to match the wardrobe to the weather regime, which women often neglect, are exposed to colds, inflammation.

Candidal cystitis is an infectious inflammation of the walls of the bladder and urethra, caused by a fungus of the yeast group from the genus Candida (Candida). The characteristic signs of this disorder are pain and discomfort in the lower abdomen, as well as urination disorders.

Flow features

Candidiasis forms of cystitis occur as a result of a fungal infection entering the human urinary system. Here, representatives of the genus Candida begin to settle down and form their own colonies.

Most often, the human body is able to independently cope with the development of pathogenic microflora, but sometimes for a number of reasons this does not happen.

As a result, the infection affects the walls of the storage organ, provoking the development of diseases of the genitourinary system.

The clinical picture of candidal cystitis in women and men manifests itself in different ways. This is due to anatomical features and gender differences.

Among women

Most often, the predetermining factor in the occurrence of infectious and inflammatory processes in women is the features of the anatomical structure of the genitourinary system. The proximity of the urethra, the entrance to the vagina and the anus contributes to the migration of pathogenic microflora from one organ to another.

Most often, strains of bacterial infections and viruses, as well as some representatives of the Candida genus, enter the bladder through a short and wide urethra. Penetrating into the urethra, they often provoke the development of cystitis. The symbiosis of fungal and bacterial infections leads to the fact that thrush, cystitis and other infectious diseases occur simultaneously, aggravating the manifestations of each pathology.

In men

The anatomical features of the structure of the male genitourinary sphere, on the contrary, play an important role in protecting the body. The narrowing of the urinary tube and the natural lubricant secreted from the prostate gland is a reliable barrier against fungal and bacterial infections. It is more difficult for microorganisms to penetrate the genitourinary system through the urethra, which means that the development of such a pathology in men is a rare phenomenon. However, they themselves often become carriers of this disease.

The reasons

Candidiasis cystitis actively develops with a weakened immune system. The rapid formation of fungal colonies is facilitated by suitable conditions for the female body - a warm and humid environment of the mucous membrane of the vagina and bladder.

The trigger mechanisms for the development of this process can be:

• inadequate regimens for taking antibiotics, hormonal drugs and cytostatics;
• infectious and inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs;
• atrophic processes in the vagina;
• period of menopause;
• dysbacteriosis;
• hormonal disruptions;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• pregnancy and lactation;
• hygiene violations;
• sexual partner infection;
• ignoring the signs of vaginal candidiasis, etc.

Symptoms

The ontogenesis of thrush (candidiasis) is accompanied by a complex of unpleasant sensations: itching, burning and the appearance of abundant curdled discharge from the vagina. If Candida enters the bladder, these unpleasant symptoms are joined by:

• pain and cramps when urinating;
• pulling and aching pain in the lower abdomen;
• false urges to miction;
• frequent urination;
• weakness and fatigue;
• headaches and dizziness;
• increase in body temperature;
• loss of appetite;
• cheesy impurities and blood in the urine.

At the initial stages of the development of a fungal infection, the symptoms of the disease may not manifest themselves in any way. Gradually, as the pathological process worsens, the clinical picture of the disease becomes more pronounced.

The presence of such indicators may indicate the presence of other pathological processes in the body. Therefore, to determine the fungal disease, you must consult a doctor.

Diagnostics

Only a doctor can confirm or refute the fact of the appearance of candidal cystitis in the body. To diagnose this pathology, complex examination methods are used. They consist of activities such as:

1. Consultations of the therapist, gynecologist and urologist, including a preliminary examination of the patient and the collection of anamnesis.
2. Laboratory studies of urine and blood tests. In the presence of an infection in the blood, the number of leukocytes rises to 10-15 * 10⁶ / l and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increases to 20 mm / h and above. In the urine, turbidity and sediment, an increase in leukocytes and erythrocytes are detected. In addition, the amount of squamous and cylindrical epithelium in the field of view increases.
3. Serological studies. With the help of such analyzes, an increase in the titers of antibodies that are produced by the body in response to the development of a fungal infection is detected.
4. Microscopic examinations make it possible to identify the causative agent of the infectious-inflammatory process.
5. Hardware methods of examination involve the use of ultrasound of the pelvic organs.

Only on the basis of the results obtained, the doctor can diagnose the development of thrush and prescribe appropriate therapy.

Treatment

1. Medical therapy. It allows you to eliminate the focus of inflammation and normalize the microflora of the mucous membranes of the vagina, urethra and bladder.
2. Physiotherapy procedures. Used to relieve inflammation and pain.
3. Alternative medicine. The use of folk methods can eliminate inflammation and speed up the recovery process.
4. Compliance with therapeutic diets.

Medicines

For drug therapy of infectious and inflammatory pathology, broad-spectrum antibiotics, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, analgesic and diuretic drugs are used. In addition, a course of intracavitary instillations of the bladder with Amphotericin solution can be prescribed.

It will be possible to stop the inflammatory process with the help of broad-spectrum antibiotics, bactericidal acting in the genitourinary system. Today, as antibacterial drugs in the treatment of cystitis are widely used:

• Monural;
• Palin;
• Furagin;
• Furadonin;
• Ceforal;
• Nolicin.

The correct choice of drug, dosage and treatment regimen for each patient may be different. Therefore, the doctor must prescribe the appropriate drug.

The main emphasis in the treatment of fungal infection is on the use of standard antifungal drugs, including:

• Fluconazole;
• Kanesten;
• Ketoconazole;
• Miconazole;
• intraconazole;
• Ampholip;
• Pimafucin;
• Nystatin etc.

Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, analgesic and diuretic drugs are prescribed based on the symptoms present. The duration of the course of treatment depends on the degree of damage and the duration of the course of the inflammatory process.

Physiotherapy

As an additional method of eliminating inflammation and pain in the manifestations of bladder candidiasis, a course of physiotherapy may be recommended. Depending on the severity of the pathological process, the duration of the course of the disease and the patient's condition, procedures such as:

• electrophoresis;
• magnetotherapy;
• EHF-therapy;
• ultrasound;
• laser therapy.

These techniques help to eliminate discomfort and accelerate the process of recovery of affected tissues.

ethnoscience

In addition to traditional methods, alternative medicine recipes are used to treat fungal cystitis. For this, natural antiseptics are used:

• sage;
• thyme;
• Dill seeds;
• birch leaves;
• fennel;
• lingonberry leaves;
• chamomile;
• yarrow, etc.

These funds can be used in the form of infusions and decoctions for both oral and douching. They should be used regularly for 1.5-2 months.

Medicinal herbs and herbal teas can be purchased at any pharmacy. It should be remembered that for the treatment of candidiasis by folk methods, alcohol-based products are ineffective.

Diet

In addition to herbal medicine, adherence to therapeutic diets helps to cope with the manifestations of candidal cystitis. In this case, you should exclude salty, spicy, fatty and meat products from the diet, limit the consumption of sour fruits, sweets, strong tea, coffee and alcohol. It is necessary to drink more fluids and eat light foods rich in fiber and vitamins. You need to eat often (up to 5-6 times a day), but in small portions.

For diseases of the genitourinary system, including the development of bladder candidiasis, nutritionists recommend treatment table No. 7.

Complications

Candidiasis forms of cystitis can lead to the development of a number of undesirable pathological processes in the pelvic organs, such as:

• bacterial cystitis;
• pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys);
• glomerulonephritis.

Advanced forms of candidal cystitis lead to fungus damage to other organs and systems of the human body. In addition, this disease is contagious and can be easily transmitted both sexually and through shared objects. Therefore, it is important to take precautions and follow all the recommendations of your doctor.

Prevention

To prevent the development of candidal cystitis, it is necessary to follow the rules of personal and intimate hygiene. We must not forget that the symptoms of a fungal infection may not appear immediately, even with the active course of the disease. Therefore, a regular visit to the gynecologist is the main step in the prevention of pathologies of the genitourinary system.

An active lifestyle, frequent walks in the fresh air, proper nutrition and good sleep will improve health and strengthen the immune system. A strong immune system is a reliable defense of the body against the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms.

Causes of urinary tract infection in children

Urinary tract infection in children has become global in the last decade. The concept of "infection of the urinary system" covers all infectious and inflammatory diseases. According to their location, they are distributed into infections of the upper and lower urinary tract.

The lower ones include diseases such as cystitis, urethritis, and the upper infections of the urinary system are various forms of pyelonephritis.

A group of organs is responsible for the formation and excretion of urine from the body - these are the kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra.

Infection in children means the presence of pathogenic bacteria in one of the organs of the urinary system. Making such a diagnosis is typical only at the initial stage of diagnosis, when changes in the urine are determined (an increase in leukocytes or the appearance of bacteria), but there is no indication that the inflammatory process is at a certain point.

The first signs of the disease are often determined in the clinic, when it is not possible to establish an unmistakable localization of the process. Therefore, the diagnosis of "inflammation of the urinary tract or infection of the urinary system" is legitimate, and it is specified already in a specialized hospital.

Causes of urinary tract infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect children of all ages. But most often found in newborns, infants and children under three years of age. Up to a year, boys are more susceptible to the disease of the urinary system, since they have a congenital anomaly of the genitourinary system up to 5-8 months. And in girls, the development of the disease is most often observed after two and up to 12–13 years, since their urethra is very short and the infection easily penetrates the genitourinary tract.

The main cause of infections is the entry of bacteria into the urinary system of a child. In 70–90% of cases, this is E. coli, which is an opportunistic bacterium of the normal human flora.

Since the exit paths of the gastrointestinal tract are in close proximity to the urinary tract, this often leads to the penetration of pathogens into the urethra, and from there their advancement is permissible to other departments (the ureter, pelvis, kidneys).

The activation of the pathogen occurs with reduced immunity, so do not neglect hygiene and allow hypothermia. Other pathogens can also cause the disease:

• staphylococcus;
• streptococcus;
• enterococci;
• enterobacteria;
• Proteus.

And also the cause of the infection may be other violations:

• natural anomalies of the urogenital area (balanoposthitis in boys, synechia in girls, reverse flow of urine);
• violation of the process of excretion of urine (reflux, obstructive uropathy);
• urination disorder on the background of neurological problems;
• with the formation of diabetes or kidney stones;
• with infection of neighboring organs (genital area, gastrointestinal), the presence of helminths;
• excessive consumption of spicy foods and spices, as well as malnutrition;
• when breastfeeding a baby from mother to child (when an infectious pathology appears in the mother);
• in newborns - the presence of a purulent, inflamed navel (omphalitis);
• various actions on the urinary tract (insertion of a catheter, puncture of the bladder, surgical intervention).

Signs of a urinary tract infection

Not all parents see symptoms in their children right away. Recognizing a urinary tract infection in children under one year old is quite difficult:

• the child does not yet speak, he is not able to describe his feelings;
• he is unable to regulate and control his urination;
• signs of the disease are characteristic of other manifestations of the disease.

Urinary tract infection in infants is diagnosed in the same way as in adults. The symptoms are the same for all children:

• burning;
• frequent urination;
• pain in the lumbar region, in the abdomen.

Parents can understand that the child is in pain, and it is associated with urination by the following signs:

• crying and showing restlessness when urinating;
• shows anxiety, is capricious;
• does not respond well to touch on the back, especially on the lower back or tummy.

Manifestations of pyelonephritis

Urinary tract infection includes a group of diseases, so the clinical manifestations for each type are different. Pyelonephritis is characterized by the following symptoms:

• pronounced intoxication of the body (lethargy, poor appetite, impotence);
• the onset of the disease begins with a sharp increase in body temperature up to 38 degrees, as well as with a characteristic fever;
• nausea, vomiting. In infants, there is a sharp decrease in body weight;
• decrease in the amount of daily urine;
• infants sometimes develop dehydration.

In newborns, pyelonephritis provokes the appearance of jaundice (for 7–8 days from birth, an increase in bilirubin in the blood occurs).

Pyelonephritis is dangerous for its complication, it leads to wrinkling of the kidney and loss of its functions, and this provokes the development of renal failure.

If a child has a suspicion of cystitis, then the following symptoms are characteristic:

• There are no signs of intoxication.
• Body temperature rises to 38-39 degrees.
• The child wants to constantly empty his bladder, while he goes to the toilet every 10-15 minutes or involuntarily urinates in his pants.
• Pain sensations in a child are characteristic in the pubic region or slightly higher, and the pain itself often radiates to the perineum. He behaves restlessly, this continues even at night.
• Even with frequent urges to go to the toilet, it is difficult for the child to empty the bladder, since the urine does not have time to collect in the right amount. The inflamed bladder calls to empty it again and again, and each urine output is accompanied by pain and pain.

• Urine acquires a sharp unpleasant odor, becomes cloudy, and may change color.
• At the end of urination, a few drops of blood sometimes appear - this is terminal hematuria, characteristic of cystitis.

Features of cystitis

Of all urinary tract infections, cystitis occurs in children much more often than others, especially in girls.

If a child has a suspicion of urethritis, then the following symptoms may occur:

• The child has no temperature and intoxication.
• When urinating, burning and drawing pains appear in the bladder.
• The penis in boys itches, mucous discharge from the urethra may stand out. Girls feel itching of the genitals on the outside.
• In newborns and infants, the symptoms are non-specific: regurgitation, diarrhea, weight loss, fever up to 38 degrees.
• There is a frequent desire to empty the bladder.

Boys are more susceptible to urethritis, in girls the urethra is wider and shorter, so the infection passes higher, causing pyelonephritis or cystitis.

How to get rid of a urinary tract infection in children?

Treatment of urinary tract infections in children is aimed at bacteriological examination, identification of the pathogen and antibacterial, pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy.

The issue of hospitalization of the child is decided with the parents, but the younger he is, thereby increasing the likelihood of hospital treatment, especially if pyelonephritis is suspected.

Antibacterial therapy begins even before the result of urine culture is obtained based on the most likely pathogens, in the absence of a positive effect within 2 days, the drug is replaced with another one.

The main methods of treatment consist of the following activities:

• Antibacterial treatment - after receiving the result of bacteriological culture of urine, a suitable drug is prescribed. Preference is given to penicillins and cephalosporins. The dosage is selected individually by the doctor, which takes into account the age of the child, weight and general condition. The course of treatment is from 7 to 21 days. It is not recommended to interrupt treatment, even if the symptoms of the disease are gone - this threatens with relapses and disruption of the urogenital area.
• The use of diuretics, uroseptics - they contribute to increased renal blood flow, ensure the elimination of microorganisms and the removal of inflammatory products, relieve swelling of the interstitial tissue of the kidneys.

• The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - they help enhance the effect of antibiotic therapy and relieve the inflammatory process.
• Live bacteria (probiotics or prebiotics) are prescribed. To prevent the occurrence of intestinal dysbacteriosis while taking antibiotics.
• The use of antispasmodics that reduce pain: No-Shpa, Papaverine, Baralgin.

Diet

It plays an important role in complex therapy to eliminate infections of the urinary system. Infants are recommended to breastfeed only.

Children after 7 months - light meals without spices, excess fat and salt. Dairy-vegetarian food, fruits are shown, which contribute to the alkalization of urine. After the pain syndrome has been eliminated, it is recommended to increase drinking to remove intoxication from the body (compotes, fruit drinks, still mineral water). In the acute period, table number 5 according to Pevzner is used.

In almost 80% of patients with a properly selected treatment regimen and modern antibacterial agents, urinary tract therapy leads to a complete recovery in a child. In rare cases, relapses and exacerbation of the disease occur.

Features of the genitourinary system of a woman

The genitourinary system of a woman consists of the genital and urinary organs. To make it easier for you to control your health, you need to know the structure of the body well. Knowing what infections of the genitourinary system can be, a woman will be able to effectively protect herself from them, and in the event of the development of inflammatory processes, quickly begin treatment.

Urinary system of women

If we talk about how the urinary system of a woman is arranged, then it practically does not differ from the male, the main difference is the length and function of the urethra. If the length of the female urethra is only 3-5 cm, then in men in a calm state the length of the urethra can be 20-23 cm. The purpose of the female urethra is to remove urine from the body, and the male also ejects sperm. All this leads to the fact that inflammation of the genitourinary system in women is more common.

Urine is collected first in the kidneys, which pass about 200 liters of blood per day, while it is cleansed of toxins and toxins. After such filtration, 1.5-2 liters of urine is formed. It accumulates in the renal pelvis, then it enters the bladder through the ureter and is excreted from the body through the urethra.

If we talk about the reproductive system, then it has both external and internal genital organs. Inside the small pelvis is the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Infections of the genitourinary system in women are the main causes that cause inflammatory diseases. These pathologies can be both gynecological and urological and are quite dangerous for the female body. Inflammation of the genitourinary system can lead not only to violations of the process of urination and menstrual irregularities, they can also provoke the development of an ectopic pregnancy, and often the development of infertility.

Diseases of the genitourinary system

If a woman did not notice the symptoms of the development of the inflammatory process in time and did not completely cure the acute form of the disease, it can turn into a chronic form, which will worsen from time to time and bring problems and discomfort to the woman.

Diseases of the genitourinary system, which are inflammatory in nature, are caused by pathogens of the following pathologies:

• gonorrhea, syphilis or trichomoniasis;
• chlamydia, mycoplasmosis;
• tuberculosis and herpes;
• thrush.

In addition to the cases described, an inflammatory process can also be provoked by conditionally pathogenic microbes, for example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and others.

Which disease a woman begins to develop depends largely on where exactly these uninvited guests “settle”.

If they enter the vagina, then inflammation of its mucous membrane develops. This disease is called vaginitis. In the event that microbes settle in the urethra, urethritis develops.

With the development of an inflammatory process in the bladder, a disease called cystitis develops. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterus is called endometritis, and if the infection is in the appendages, then adnexitis develops. Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the renal pelvis.

Symptoms of inflammatory processes

Symptoms of inflammation that occur in the female genitourinary system may vary. The organs of the female reproductive and urinary systems are located close and interact with each other. If the inflammation began in one place, it spreads very quickly to the organs that are located nearby.

Most often, women suffer from cystitis, as their urethra is short and located near the anus and vagina, which allows germs to easily enter the bladder.

A woman can bring the infection into the urethra, and then into the bladder, if she does not follow the rules of personal hygiene. This can also happen during intercourse or as a result of an injury to the vulva.

Symptoms of urethritis are much less common, cystitis develops more often, since the urethra is very short. Even if the infection has got into it, then it is washed out from there with a powerful stream of urine.

The main symptoms of cystitis: during urination, a woman has a strong burning sensation and pain, often the urge to urinate is false, just a few drops of urine come out, a feeling of heaviness and discomfort appears in the suprapubic part. In addition, the symptoms of cystitis can be in the form of an increase in body temperature, a general deterioration in health.

If you do not start treating cystitis in time, inflammation can develop and pyelonephritis will begin. In addition to the symptoms already described, a woman develops pain in the lower back and lateral sections of the abdomen, often nausea, which ends in vomiting.

If the inflamed organs of the urinary system are not treated, it is more likely that the inflammation will spread to the organs of the reproductive system, as a result of which a disease such as endometritis or vaginitis, adnexitis may develop.

The initial task of the attending physician is to determine the causative agent of the disease, for this a urinalysis is performed, a swab is taken from the vagina and urethra, and bakposev is prescribed.

As an additional diagnostic method, an examination of the bladder can be performed using a special probe. An ultrasound examination, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are performed, and an X-ray examination can also be prescribed.

To identify diseases of the genitourinary system, there are many diagnostic methods that allow you to correctly diagnose, after which the doctor determines an effective treatment regimen.

Treatment Methods

Treatment of the genitourinary system involves drugs that fight infection, that is, antibiotics. You cannot prescribe such drugs on your own, they must be prescribed by a doctor, and he also determines the time of treatment. It is impossible to stop the course of treatment earlier, even if it seems that you are already completely healthy.

If you take antibiotics incorrectly or finish taking them before the specified time, you can only harm the body. Pathogenic microbes in this case are not completely destroyed, they develop resistance to the antibiotic used, and the next time it will be ineffective, and the disease can become chronic.

Together with antibiotics, the doctor may prescribe medications that increase immunity, relieve inflammation, certain vitamins and trace elements can be prescribed.

In addition to drug treatment, you will also have to follow a diet, you will have to limit yourself to taking spicy food, you need to drink at least 2 liters of water per day. As an auxiliary treatment, traditional medicine can also be used, but everything must first be agreed with the attending physician.

Preventive actions

Even in the case when the treatment is carried out correctly and effectively, if certain rules are not followed, there is a high probability of a relapse of the disease.

Hypothermia of the body should not be allowed, underwear should not only be comfortable and not squeeze the genitals, but also made of natural materials, it is better to refuse synthetic underwear.

When using sanitary napkins, the time limits specified by the manufacturer must not be exceeded. Be sure to observe personal hygiene, it is best to wash the genitals after each visit to the toilet, if this is not always possible, then this must be done in the morning and evening. Urinate before and after intercourse to prevent the spread of infection.

Do not allow injury to organs that are part of the genitourinary system. In order to avoid stagnation of blood in the small pelvis, one must be active, exercise moderately, walk more. If you notice the first signs of the development of these diseases, you should immediately consult a doctor. The sooner this is done, the faster, easier and more effective treatment is.

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a polyetiological disease associated with various factors. A key role in its development belongs to microorganisms (especially E. coli). In this case, the kidneys and bladder are more affected, leading to pathologies such as cystitis and pyelonephritis. Diseases can acquire acute and chronic course. In adult men, such pathologies occur against the background of various sexually transmitted infections.

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  Types of diseases

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused to a greater extent by gram-negative microflora, in 80% of cases E. coli becomes the cause. In men, this group of diseases is much less common than in women, which is associated with the anatomical features of the structure.

  Pathogens can affect the following organs:

  • The urethra with the development of a disease such as urethritis.
  • Bladder - cystitis.
  • The prostate gland is prostatitis.
  • Kidneys - pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis.

  These diseases most often occur in an acute form, especially if their cause is Escherichia coli. When infected with other pathogens, the tendency to chronicity is much higher. With chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, gonorrhea infection, the initial symptoms can be very mild, so patients rarely go to the doctor, which is why the disease takes a chronic course, leading to serious complications from both the urinary and reproductive systems of men.

  Depending on the pathogen, specific and nonspecific lesions are distinguished. In the first case, various venereal diseases become the cause, in the second - opportunistic microorganisms (E. coli).

  The mechanism of the occurrence of pathology

  The entry and spread of infection in the urinary tract occurs in several ways. The most common is the transition of bacteria from the anus to the nearby urethra. Already at this stage, a man can develop urethritis and prostatitis.

  In the future, along the wall of the urethra, the infection enters the bladder, causing its inflammation - cystitis.

  The mucosa of the genitourinary system contains special defense mechanisms against bacteria, so pathology does not always occur. The infection can transit several departments at once and not lead to illness. The last point is the kidneys, where it can cause a variety of diseases, the most common of which is pyelonephritis.

  Another way of getting the infection is to bring it from other foci into the urinary system through the blood or lymph. This method is more typical for a disease such as glomerulonephritis.

  

  The reasons

  The entry of the pathogen into the body is not a prerequisite for the onset of the disease: for this to happen, some predisposing factors must be present:

  • Decreased immune system due to various acute and chronic diseases.
  • Urolithiasis, which is often accompanied by infections of the urinary system.
  • Frequent hypothermia (the seasonality of the pathology is associated with this - the cold season).
  • Violation of the outflow of urine in benign hyperplasia and inflammation of the prostate gland.
  • Chaotic sex life.
  • The use of various drugs, especially antibiotics.

  In children, urinary tract infection may occur as a result of congenital malformations associated with a violation of the nervous regulation of motility. This leads to the formation of reflux and stagnation of urine.

  Dr. Komarovsky singles out the main reason for the appearance of UTIs in infants is hypothermia associated with prolonged wearing of diapers. Children of the first year of life are more prone to various diseases, as the immune system is poorly developed. The baby in the first months uses the protection of the mother, received with milk.

  In preschool children, inflammation occurs after playing in the sandbox, since there are a large number of bacteria in this place, and they are in direct contact with infected sand. Girls are especially affected by this.

  

  Manifestations of urethritis

  The main ones are urinary disorders. Urine excretion is accompanied by subjective sensations in the form of:

  • burning sensation;
  • itching;
  • pain;
  • frequent urge to urinate.

  Various discharges appear - serous, purulent, mucous. Symptoms will also vary depending on the pathogen. With urethritis caused by opportunistic flora, the manifestations will be pronounced, the discharge will be purulent or mucous. Burning and itching intense.

  
  

  Specific infections used to also have characteristic and typical signs. To date, all practicing physicians note that diseases such as mycoplasmosis, gonorrhea, chlamydia are sluggish and have poor symptoms. This makes diagnosis very difficult. In such situations, patients may be disturbed by whitish discharge, migratory urination disorders. Burning, itching and pain are mild.

  Symptoms of cystitis

  It appears much less frequently than in women, but they have a higher tendency to chronicize the process.

  The disease begins suddenly - with. Urine is excreted in small portions, occurs. There is pain in the suprapubic region, body temperature may rise to +37 ... +38 degrees.

  

  Inflammation of the bladder - wall changes

  Frequent urination is observed at night. Urine becomes cloudy, microscopic examination may show the content of blood cells.

  In the chronic course of the disease, UTI is manifested by periods of exacerbation and remission. Patients are concerned about minor, the temperature does not exceed +37 degrees or does not rise at all.

  Signs of pyelonephritis

  characterized by a sharp increase in body temperature to +38 ... +39 degrees, but there are cases without hyperthermia. There is a pulling dull pain in the lumbar region.

  Urine becomes cloudy, the protein content increases, the number of leukocytes increases, hematuria is observed (). In the clinical analysis of blood, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases and neutrophilic leukocytosis is noted.

  Urination is disturbed, frequent urges appear that become painful, urine is excreted in small portions due to spasm of the urinary tract.

  The inflammatory process leads to intoxication, resulting in severe headache, severe weakness, vomiting, diarrhea may occur.

  

  Kidney with pyelonephritis

  You can check for yourself the presence of pyelonephritis by slightly tapping on the lower back (), after which the pain increases.

  The chronic course of the disease may not manifest outwardly, sometimes there may be mild back pain. In the clinical analysis of urine, similar changes are observed, expressed to a lesser extent. Ultrasound examination shows violations of the pyelocaliceal system, which increase over time.

  Treatment

  The mainstay of treatment for urinary tract infections is the appointment of antibacterial agents. Thus, there is an impact on the etiological factor and the complete elimination of the disease. The following groups of antibiotics are used:

  • With urethritis, Ceftriaxone is prescribed intramuscularly or intravenously. They can also use Doxycycline, Azithromycin in the form of tablets or injections.
  • With an uncomplicated course of cystitis, nitrofuran preparations are prescribed - Furagin, Furomag. You can use 3 g of Fosfomycin once. Azithromycin, Nitroxoline are also prescribed.
  • With pyelonephritis, antibiotics are mandatory intravenously or intramuscularly - Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ceftriaxone.

  In the case of an acute process, drugs are prescribed empirically, broad-spectrum drugs are used to capture the maximum number of microorganisms. It is ideal to carry out bacteriological culture before antibacterial treatment, after which, taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen, certain medications are prescribed.

  The patient's condition threatens with serious complications, so antibiotics are first prescribed depending on the clinical manifestations. After receiving the result of a laboratory study, the therapy is adjusted.

  Detoxification

  With severe intoxication, it is necessary to prescribe solutions for intravenous administration in order to purify the blood from the products of the inflammatory reaction:

  • Reasorbilact.
  • Reopoliglyukin.
  • Saline.
  • glucose solution.
  • Poliglukin.

  Such therapy is more often used for pyelonephritis, as this disease gives a strong release of toxic substances into the blood.

  Symptomatic therapy

  To eliminate pain phenomena, painkillers are prescribed - Analgin, Dexalgin. Urination disorders in the form of frequent urges are removed by using antispasmodics - No-Shpa, Baralgin, Spazmalgin.

  At high temperatures, antipyretic drugs are used - Nimesil, Ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid.

  In parallel with antibiotic therapy, agents from the group of probiotics are prescribed to normalize bowel activity.

  Phytotherapy

  Urinary tract infectionstreated by the use of folk remedies. To do this, use herbs and fees from medicinal plants. The following are the most effective:

  • Horsetail herb - has antispasmodic, diuretic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Indicated for all types of UTI.
  • Bearberry leaf is a strong remedy for inflammatory processes in the urinary tract. Relieves inflammation, spasm and reduces dysuria.
  • Birch buds - have an antibacterial and antispasmodic effect.
  • Parsley and fennel seeds - have antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects.

  These medicinal plants are used both independently and in the form of a collection. An infusion is prepared at home: 1 tbsp. l. herbs or mixtures. It is better to do this in a water bath. For bearberry, the cooking time is 30 minutes, for other plants - 15.

  The resulting solution is filtered and consumed 1/3 cup 3 times.

  Pharmacy phytopreparations

  From ready-made medicines in a pharmacy, you can purchase drugs such as Urolesan, Canephron, Trinephron, Uroton, etc.

  Urolesan is available in capsules and tablets. It contains a complex of essential oils and an extract from plants that have diuretic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Use 20 drops for sugar 3 times a day or 1 capsule three times a day.

  Kanefron is used in inflammatory processes of the urinary tract. It has the same indications as Urolesan. The drug is most widely used in acute and chronic cystitis.

  These drugs are prescribed by doctors for UTI, as they significantly improve the effect of the main therapy and reduce the risk of complications.

Genitourinary infections in men are a common problem. Any member of the stronger sex can face it during their life.

Men, visiting a urologist, involuntarily ask a whole group of questions about symptoms that may bother them. Moreover, some signs of infections can greatly reduce the patient's quality of life.

What are the causes of infections of the genitourinary system in men, and how these pathologies can manifest themselves, patients at the reception are often interested. What pathogens provoke negative changes, and how to get rid of diseases?

• • Urethritis
  • Cystitis
  • Epidymitis
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Prostatitis

Causes of infectious processes in the urogenital area

Infections of the genitourinary system in men are always a consequence of the active reproduction of bacteria in the urogenital tract. But very rarely, diseases begin just like that, without the influence of any external factors.

A number of negative influences are needed so that pathogenic microorganisms are not only activated, but also begin to destroy the genitourinary system.

Contribute to the activation of pathogens can:

• prolonged exposure to adverse temperature factors, such as too high or too low temperatures;
• the presence of stones in the kidneys or ureters, which interfere with the normal outflow of urine;
• decreased immunity due to the influence of other infectious processes, even if they do not affect the genital area;
• operations in the genitourinary system, appearing in the patient's history;
• the presence of uncircumcised foreskin, which, if not properly cared for, can become a source for the accumulation of a large number of pathogenic microorganisms;
• weakness of the immune system due to frequent stressful effects, too high physical exertion, etc.

It is important to understand that it is the ability of the immune system to protect itself from adverse influences that plays a decisive role. This prevents the development of infectious-type diseases in the genital area.

Genitourinary infections in men: the main symptoms

Doctors identify a large number of signs with which the patient can go to the hospital. They will indicate the defeat of the urogenital tract.

Most of these symptoms are grouped into syndromes. Those. it is a complex of symptoms that appear together, to one degree or another.

Urethritis

Among the symptoms of a genitourinary infection in men, urethritis is especially often diagnosed.

Pathology is characterized by inflammatory processes. They affect the urethra at the level of the mucous membranes, cause discomfort.

Often, the symptoms of an inflammatory reaction are bright: a man complains of pain that occurs during urination, draws attention to the increased urge. Sometimes, in addition to pain and increased urge, pus and blood are released from the urethra.

Such symptoms greatly reduce a person's quality of life. A man becomes restless, reacts badly to others, can snap back for no reason.

Urethritis is often the first step in the pathological process. Over time, if no means are used to correct the pathology, infections will move further along the urinary tract, causing even more pronounced discomfort.

In some cases, diseases that begin with ordinary urethritis can even lead to death. Therefore, pathology cannot be ignored.

Cystitis

A symptom of a urinary tract infection in men can be cystitis.

The disease is characterized by active inflammatory processes in the bladder wall. This inevitably leads to the appearance of a whole range of unpleasant symptoms.

Some representatives of the stronger sex mistakenly believe that cystitis is a purely female pathology. This is a common mistake.

The disease can also affect men. Although this happens much less often due to the length of the urethra, through which it is more difficult for bacteria to move up. Cystitis is accompanied by severe pain in the projection of the bladder.

A man, as with urethritis, may experience difficulty urinating. Will complain of feeling as if the bladder is not completely emptied.
If the treatment of cystitis is not given enough time and attention, the disease can rise higher, affecting other organs of the genitourinary system.

Male cystitis is a serious problem that any member of the stronger sex can face!

Epidymitis

Epidymitis is an inflammatory process that affects the tissues of the epididymis. The disease develops if pathogenic microorganisms from the urethra migrate to this area and cause damage to this area of ​​the genitourinary tract.

Pathology is characterized by severe pain in the testicles. They are sometimes so strong that attempts to move give a man real pain.

Naturally, with epidymitis, sexual contacts become impossible. Since they begin to bring severe pain to the patient.

It is important to keep in mind that the process in the appendages can be acute and chronic. Chronic inflammation processes are usually manifested by less pronounced symptoms. Therefore, for a long period of time, they can be ignored by the doctor and patients.

Pyelonephritis

Among the symptoms of a genitourinary infection in men is pyelonephritis.

The disease is characterized by an active inflammatory process in the tissues of the kidneys. It can even lead to the death of the tissues of this organ, the loss of its functional activity.

According to doctors, pyelonephritis is mainly a female disease.

The fair sex suffers from it quite often.

For men, the disease is less typical, which is explained by the peculiarities of the structure of the genitourinary system. If an infection that has risen through the genital tract is found in the kidney area, then the pathogen has developed in the body for a long period of time. He had every chance of getting from the urethra or bladder to the kidneys.

Prostatitis

Another unpleasant variant of the manifestation of bacteria in the genitourinary system in the stronger sex is prostatitis.

With this disease, the inflammatory process is localized in the prostate region. This is an important organ of the genitourinary system of men, which is also responsible for erection.

Prostatitis is accompanied by problems with urination, pain in the projection of the prostate gland. Often, if the infectious process is very pronounced, a man may complain of the appearance of purulent discharge along with urine or semen.

Prostatitis is an ailment that may well end in infertility for the stronger sex. Because of this, it is impossible to ignore the symptoms of the disease in any case.

Genitourinary infections in men: the main types of pathogens

The causative agents of urinary tract infections are very diverse.

When a doctor is asked to name bacteria, fungi and viruses that can provoke inflammation in the genitourinary system, various representatives of STDs are recalled. However, as doctors note, often not only STDs lead to inflammation.

Doctors separately distinguish the concept of a nonspecific pathogen. In this case, negative reactions in the genitourinary system are the result of nothing more than the active reproduction of one's own microflora. It becomes so much that it begins to damage the body.

However, STDs are still the main reasons for the development of pathological changes.

Genitourinary infections in men: ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis

Symptoms of infections of the genitourinary system in men may appear due to infection with mycoplasma or ureaplasma.

Both microorganisms belong to the group of opportunistic pathogens.
This means that their presence in the body can be completely asymptomatic. And provoke a number of negative changes.

Ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis can normally live in the male genital area. In this case, the severity of pathological processes will be absent.

However, it is worth the microorganisms to begin their reproduction too actively, as all the symptoms characteristic of STDs appear.

A man will complain of pain, problem urination, burning sensation in the urethra and other similar symptoms. Moreover, as doctors note, the symptoms may intensify after sexual contact. Since the penis after intercourse will be in a state of irritation.

Candidiasis of the genitourinary system in men

Among infections of the genitourinary system in men, such a pathology as candidiasis is often found.

Candida colonize the genitourinary tract in a significant number of people in the modern world, but not everyone provokes the disease. The fact is that these fungi are opportunistic pathogens. They are able to multiply in the genitourinary system in a short time if any adverse factors affect the body. For example, with prolonged use of antibacterial drugs, pathogen activation often occurs.

Doctors note that candidiasis in men is not so common. Pathology is manifested by pain in the penis, itching, burning.

Many representatives of the stronger sex complain about the appearance of specific whitish films. They can be difficult to separate from the skin.

If candidiasis is ignored, serious complications can be encountered.

Pathology is capable of affecting the genitals with a strong decrease in immunity. Especially often, such complications develop if candidiasis develops against the background of HIV infection.

Chlamydia and gonorrhea - urinary tract infections in men

Gonorrhea and chlamydia are two common STDs in the modern world.

Able to cause serious damage to the health of the genitourinary system of the stronger sex. The treatment of these genitourinary infections in men is complicated by the fact that the severity of symptoms is often very weak.

It is impossible to reliably diagnose without conducting a number of studies. Moreover, due to the paucity of symptoms, men may simply not go to the doctor. Hoping that the diseases will somehow resolve themselves.

Chlamydia develops when chlamydia enters the body of the stronger sex. These pathogenic microorganisms can be in the body of a man in a latent stage. But under certain circumstances, they can be activated. And, even worse, they are easily transmitted to the fair sex.

With chlamydia, a man will complain of scanty discharge from the penis, itching, burning. At the same time, pain may be completely absent, as many representatives of the stronger sex note.

Gonorrhea, provoked by gonococci, has more pronounced symptoms.

First of all, the representatives of the stronger sex pay attention to the appearance of cloudy discharge from the penis in the morning. Pain, especially often felt during sexual intercourse, itching, burning will also be present as complaints.

Herpes and other viral infections in men

Among the causes of infections of the genitourinary system in men, herpes often appears. Unlike other pathologies, this is a viral disease, but it is also transmitted sexually.

With herpes, the urethra, the skin of the penis and surrounding tissues can become covered with small bubbles filled with a clear liquid. Bubbles burst over time, in their place moist skin defects are formed, which are difficult to heal.

According to doctors, herpes quite often causes inflammation in the genital area. But besides it, other viruses are also capable of causing negative reactions. For example, often characteristic complaints appear in the stronger sex with HPV.

The human papillomavirus provokes the appearance of small formations on the skin and mucous membranes, which are easily injured and irritated. In addition to HPV and herpes, inflammatory processes can be explained by HIV and a number of other viral pathologies.

Genitourinary infections in men: which doctor to go to

Often patients wonder which doctors treat urinary infections in men.

There are several options for who you can contact for medical help. First of all, the path of any representative of the stronger sex in the event of suspicious symptoms should lie with a urologist. The doctor will be able to assess the symptoms of the disease, conduct a competent and complete examination of the penis and adjacent tissues. Then he will give recommendations on how to correct the identified problems.

The urologist is considered a purely male doctor. However, when symptoms of urinary tract infections appear in women, the fair sex can also turn to him for help.

If a patient is diagnosed with an STD, treatment should be carried out by a venereologist. The doctor specializes in pathologies that spread sexually. The doctor can correctly assess the existing symptoms, correctly diagnose.

In some cases, if there is no opportunity to visit a venereologist or urologist, a man can get an appointment with a therapist. Of course, the therapist will not be able to fully treat the disease. However, he will recommend remedies to relieve the symptoms. Then he will tell you where to find a competent specialist that will help to cope with a specific problem.

Principles of diagnosis of genitourinary infections

It is important to understand that treatment for a genitourinary infection is not started until a specific diagnosis has been made. After all, all pathologies of this type are very similar to each other.

It is impossible to understand what exactly the patient is ill with, if you focus only on the symptoms. Men are advised not to engage in self-diagnosis.

Worth visiting a good doctor. The doctor at the reception will conduct a detailed questioning. There is no need to be afraid or ashamed of anything. It is necessary to tell the doctor in detail and in detail about all complaints that cause concern.

After the interview, the doctor will examine the genital area. This is necessary in order to identify changes in the condition of the skin, to determine how much the surrounding organs and tissues are affected by inflammatory processes. The final stage of the diagnostic search is getting referrals for a number of tests.

Naturally, any representative of the stronger sex will have to pass urine and blood tests of a general type.

Another mandatory analysis is a swab from the urethra. The procedure is considered unpleasant. But it gives a large amount of diagnostic data, without which a diagnosis is often impossible.

A smear obtained from the urethra is examined in several ways. First of all, it is preferable to evaluate it with a microscope. In this case, pathogenic microorganisms such as gonococci, Trichomonas can be detected, which is easy to see on a glass slide.

In addition to microscopy, culture is often performed. It also aims to detect bacterial type pathogens as well as fungal pathogens.

If it is necessary to make a diagnosis of a viral infection, PCR or ELISA is preferred. These techniques will make it possible to determine the presence of specific viral particles in the patient's body.

It is important to choose the right smear examination method. If the doctor suspects a bacterial infection and restricts himself to prescribing only one smear with microscopy, this will lead to incorrect test results.

Key recommendations for treating urinary tract infections in men

First of all, antibiotics are used for infections of the genitourinary system. Antibacterial drugs are designed to help the patient get rid of pathogenic microorganisms of a bacterial nature.

The doctor selects the optimal antibiotic, focusing on the results of sowing with the determination of sensitivity to drugs. The higher the sensitivity of such a culture, the better the treatment outcome will be.

It is important to remember that with a genitourinary infection, it is recommended to undergo therapy not only for the representative of the stronger sex, but also for his sexual partner. This is necessary to prevent re-infection once the course of treatment is completed.

The irrational use of antibiotics is not approved by doctors. Do not use drugs from this group if there is no clear confidence in the bacterial origin of the pathology.

It is important to remember that herpes and other viral infections are treated with antiviral agents.

To combat fungal pathologies, it is worth using antimycotics.

If you try to treat a virus or fungus with antibiotics, this will not only not help the patient recover, but will also aggravate his condition.

In addition to the main treatment, funds aimed at general strengthening of the body are always recommended. Immunomodulators, vitamin complexes can be used. Their task is to activate the immune system to fight pathogenic microorganisms. Help the body win in the fight against infectious processes.

Prevention of urinary tract infections in men

Treatment of infections of the genitourinary system in men is a much more difficult task than the prevention of these pathologies.

Unfortunately, not all representatives of the stronger sex understand that it is easier to use a condom.
How to suffer from an infectious process and take antibiotics, which can adversely affect the work of the whole organism while fighting the main infection.

In addition to condoms, regular hygiene procedures and adherence to recommendations for a healthy lifestyle will help prevent the development of infections.

Additionally, the stronger sex is recommended to visit a urologist regularly. To monitor the condition of their genitals, to identify pathological changes of various nature in the early stages and correct them.

Infections of the genitourinary system are common in the modern world. Men should direct efforts to prevent them.

However, if it was not possible to avoid infection, the doctor should help in therapy!

If you suspect genitourinary infections, contact the author of this article, a venereologist in Moscow with many years of experience.