Construction of footpaths. Suggestion for a walkway
Paths and playgrounds are, undoubtedly, important elements of the garden and park composition, they give the landscape a well-groomed look and individuality. The material from which the platforms and paths are made necessarily affects the impression made by the park recreation area. With their shape and location, as well as intricate curves, the paths determine the style and properties of the landscape project. Park paths and playgrounds differ in the type of coverage, paving, materials and technologies used.
Types of coatings are stone, tile, block, grass, etc. There are also various laying options - on a sand cushion or on a cement mortar. They come with and without a border, solid, made with islands, etc. Natural stone, decorative tiles, concrete slabs, clinker bricks, plain and decorative concrete, pieces of wood and grass are used as the main materials for pavement of park paths.
The laying of tracks begins with the device of their foundation. Depending on the functional purpose of the path and the nature of the soil, you will need to install either a sand and gravel cushion or a concrete base.
The most important stage in the process of building tracks. The correct base will not allow the path or platform to "sag" and ensure the longevity of the paving.
The track is a "sandwich" of successively laid layers. At the very bottom: crushed stone - 15 cm, then sand - 10 cm, geotextiles are usually laid between them. Next laying layer of dry mix - 3 cm, and paving slabs - 7 cm.
When digging a profile under the track, it is necessary to correctly calculate its depth in order to rationally use crushed stone and sand. If the path is laid in a developed garden on an existing lawn or other surface that will remain unchanged, the depth of the profile will be: crushed stone 15cm + sand 10cm + dry mix 3cm + tile 7cm = 35cm.
After the profile is formed, we fill it with crushed stone - 15cm. and sand - 10 cm., carefully tamping each layer. The drainage base of a garden path or platform is the most important part of the paving, ensuring that excess water is drained into the lower layers of the soil. Drainage is of particular importance on heavy clay soils that are poorly permeable to water. Such soils are saturated with water in autumn, the freezing of which in winter leads to a significant expansion of the volume of the soil - a process called heaving. Heaving of the soil can lead to damage to the paving, which is expressed in the formation of blisters on the paths and platforms, under which there are ice lenses. Another aspect is 
that the base of the paving must be stable, in other words, paving made of stone or paving slabs should not be forced through over time, sink into the ground.
A geotextile is laid between a layer of crushed stone and sand. This will prevent sand from spilling into the gravel layer and make the base more durable. The effect of the geotextile is that, on the one hand, having filtering properties, it prevents subsidence of the base into the ground, and on the other hand, it provides additional resistance to deformation of the roadway due to its strength characteristics.
As a laying mixture, a ready-made dry mixture, or cement and sand, is used. Of these, the mixture is prepared independently (1: 4 ratio) immediately before laying the tiles. The thickness of the layer of laying mixture is usually 3 cm. Using the level, we constantly check the surface of the tile, if necessary, upset individual bricks or pour additional portions of the dry mixture under them.
After finishing laying, we fill the surface of the tile with sand and ram to fill the sand into the seams. We sweep away excess sand and spill the surface with water. If necessary, repeat the procedure. You need to wait a couple of days before you start using the track.
Table 1. Product range of prefabricated pavement coatings
Paving slabs produced by ZhBK-1 in Belgorod are used.
K category: Landscape construction
Installation of garden paths and playgrounds
Classification of tracks and grounds
Paths and platforms are one of the main elements of the layout of the landscaping object. The paths are used for walking, and visitors have a rest on the sites. Paths and platforms are also designed to drain surface storm and melt water.
Types of garden paths. The dimensions and length of the road and path network are determined by the purpose of the landscaping object. There are only five classes of landscape gardening paths.
The first class includes the main paths along which the main flows of visitors are distributed, the second class includes secondary paths designed for a more even distribution of visitors throughout the facility and connecting the main paths to each other. The third class is additional paths that, as it were, “penetrate” the entire territory, connect individual elements of the layout with each other (platforms, viewpoints, etc.). The fourth class includes trails intended for the single movement of visitors. Fifth class - economic roads along which traffic is carried out for the purpose of transporting materials and equipment for the repair of plantations or structures, as well as food for canteens, cafes, etc.
All five classes of roads and paths are typical for city parks and forest parks. On boulevards, in squares, small gardens arrange paths of the first three classes. In micro-district territories, secondary paths are laid - the third and fourth grades, which play the role of connecting individual elements of the layout with each other. In the general balance of the distribution of the territory of the object, alleys and paths can occupy from 5 to 20% of its area.
In accordance with the purpose of certain sections of the object and its attendance, the class of tracks, as well as the types of their structures, are determined. An important indicator is the load from the movement of visitors, who are distributed throughout the facility far from evenly. High-traffic main lanes should be moderately wide and have strong, low-wear and durable structures. In addition, they must meet aesthetic and sanitary requirements. It is very important (at the design stage) to determine a sufficient track width. Often, too narrow a path provided in the visited part of the object leads to trampling of the lawn edges and damage to the plantings.
Rice. 1. Types of profiles of garden paths and their designs a - single-pitched, with a concrete open tray; b - gable
In large parks, the width of the main paths, depending on the attendance, can be 15-20 m or more, the width of the secondary, walking, is usually taken within 4.5-15 m, and the additional paths - 2.5-5 m. The width of the paths can be from 0.5 to 1.5 m, depending on the planning features of the plots.
Since the paths play the role of a drainage system, their surfaces are given certain slopes depending on the materials from which the coatings are made. The more perfect the materials from which the coating is made, the easier it will be for water to drain from the track and the smaller the transverse slope should be. So, for coatings made of hard materials - concrete, asphalt, tiles - the slope is taken in the amount of 0.015-0.02, for coatings made of fine gravel - in the amount of 0.03-0.06 (depending on the width of the track). All tracks are arranged with a convex gable or single-slope profile. A convex gable profile is usually made on walking paths of the first and second classes. A single-slope profile is provided for paths designed on slopes (Fig. 1).
When arranging tracks, longitudinal slopes are important. The maximum allowable longitudinal slope of the track is 0.07 (i.e., for every 10 m of the length of the section, the relief difference is 70 cm). With slopes over 0.07 (for ease of movement), landscape gardening stairs are arranged.
It is important to connect the paths with the surrounding areas of plantations. In the northern, northwestern and central regions of the country, where there is a significant amount of precipitation, paths are usually arranged below or at the same level as the surrounding territory, while along the paths along their borders, open trays are arranged to collect water. This is necessary for drainage of sites and collection of excess surface moisture, which contributes to better growth and development of vegetation and the prevention of waterlogging of territories.
In the southern and southeastern regions of the country, where there is relatively little rainfall, paths are arranged somewhat higher than the surrounding area and without open trays. This allows atmospheric water to be diverted from the surface of the path to areas of plantations that need moisture. In both cases, the tracks must have a convex gable or single-slope profile.
Types of garden and park areas. The sites are important elements of the planning of the landscaping object and are intended for recreation, public events and household needs. All landscape gardening sites can be divided into two categories: recreational sites and utility sites. Sports grounds are classified as a special category (see below).
Recreation areas, in turn, are divided into several types depending on their use by different age groups of visitors. So, the following types of playgrounds are distinguished: children's playgrounds, playgrounds for quiet rest of adult visitors, playgrounds (or meadows) for mass games and festivities.
Areas for quiet rest of the adult population are typical for all landscaping objects. Household areas are arranged on various landscaping objects.
All playgrounds, especially children's playgrounds, are recommended to be arranged on dry, slightly elevated places. The surface of the sites must be flat and have a slope in one or two directions of at least 0.006 and not more than 0.03. Such slopes, firstly, create favorable conditions for the surface runoff of rain and melt water, and, secondly, they are convenient for movement and recreation. It is considered that slopes steeper than 0.03 are already unfavorable for constant movement and stay on the site.
In some cases, in areas with a high level of standing groundwater, drainage of the sites is provided. Over-lean runoff is organized so that water is quickly discharged into storm water wells and then into storm sewers.
The main types of construction of tracks and platforms. Garden paths and playgrounds consist of subgrade, clothing and drainage (Fig. 1).
A subgrade is a deepening prepared by excavation in accordance with the dimensions of the paths and platforms and the thickness of the pavement. The subgrade is the support of all elements of clothing and perceives the loads from the movement of pedestrians, transferring them to the earth's surface. The road pavement consists of an underlying layer, a base and a pavement. The underlying layer is made of sand and serves to reduce the loads arising from the movement of pedestrians, and also acts as a drainage, especially on soils that are impervious to water.
The base is the main structural element of clothing, which is the main bearing part and determines the degree of durability and strength. The base serves to evenly distribute the loads from clothing and external loads on the subgrade. As a rule, the base is made of crushed stone, which is used as broken brick, crushed granite or metallurgical slag.
Coating - the upper structural element of clothing, directly perceiving the load from movement; important qualities of coatings are their durability, decorative effect, lack of dustiness in dry weather, soaking during rain.
Coverings of roads, paths and sites, depending on the materials, are improved and simple. Improved pavements include pavements made of stone, concrete and ceramic slabs, as well as clinker, brick and, in some cases, monolithic concrete or asphalt. The simplest coatings are crushed stone, gravel, soil mixed with cement powder. On fig. 2 shows the construction of tracks with the simplest coating of crushed stone materials.
Improved coatings are usually provided on paths and areas in the most visited and critical parts of the landscaping object. Currently, coatings from prefabricated or "piece" elements are widely used in gardens and parks (Fig. 3). Such coatings are very convenient and economical in operation. The use of industrially manufactured slabs of various shapes and sizes makes it possible to create the necessary decorative effect (Fig. 4, 5). The advantage of prefabricated coatings from concrete and ceramic slabs is that the slabs do not soften, like asphalt, in hot weather, the coatings from them do not become dusty, and during rain they do not become slippery.
Rice. 2. Designs of garden paths a - with a coating of the simplest type and an edge from the ground; b - the same, with a curbstone
The tiled coating is not continuous, like asphalt, and air and moisture enter the soil through the gaps between the tiles, thereby improving the microclimate of the site.
Currently, the USSR produces slabs of various shapes and sizes, which are used both for road pavements and for pavements of playgrounds, paths in gardens and parks. The state standard for concrete slabs has been established. The standard provides for the following sizes of plates: square 25X25, 37.5X37.5, 50×50 cm; rectangular 37.5X25, 50X25, 50x37.5, 75x37.5, 75x50 cm; hexagonal 25X43.2, 37.5 × 64.8, 50 × 86.5 cm. The thickness of the slabs varies depending on the nature of the load and the thickness of the base and is 5-6 cm. 3.5 cm. For squares, boulevards and sites in public centers, tiles are produced in various colors - with dyes.
Rice. 3. Types of slab layout on garden paths
Rice. 4. General view of a garden path made of tiles with joints filled with soil and sown with grass seeds
Rice. 5. General view of the site with a lawn-tiled surface
Ceramic tiles 20X20 cm in size and 1.5 cm thick are also widely used. These tiles can be used to create durable decorative coatings of various colors and patterns.
Coatings made of natural stone slabs are highly decorative and durable. They are common in areas where stone is a locally available building material.
Brick chips in their pure form cannot be used for coatings, since the coating turns out to be “movable”, dusty, and stains the shoes of pedestrians.
Drainage facilities are an important auxiliary element of paths and platforms. An open flume of the simplest type is a structure designed to collect and drain surface water into storm water inlets and consisting of a side stone and part of a walkway or platform. Open trays of more complex types can be made of bricks laid flat along the borders of the track, or from special concrete products. Trays of the simplest type are arranged on most secondary and additional paths, and more complex types - on paths with a pronounced relief, on slopes, near slopes and retaining walls, etc.
As a border, stones of the correct form are used, cut from granite or made in special forms of concrete. On the simplest paths, instead of a curb, edges of soil and turf are arranged. The side stone and the curb are the interface elements between the path or platform and the adjacent areas of the lawn.
Technology for the construction of paths and platforms
The construction of the roadbed is carried out using motor graders or bulldozers (Fig. 7). The bottom of the canvas is given a convex profile with transverse slopes. The bottom profile of the trough is checked using a special wooden template, and the longitudinal slopes are checked with geodetic instruments.
The bottom of the trough is compacted with a roller weighing up to 5 tons, starting from the edges to the middle of the canvas with an overlap of the roller track by 20-30 cm. Sandy and sandy loamy soils are compacted with moisture (watering at the rate of 5 liters per 1 m2 of surface).
The underlying layer of sand (10-20 cm) is scattered along the bottom, then it is planned and compacted with a roller. It should be taken into account that the sand compaction coefficient is 1.1-1.15, so the layer to be laid must be thicker (by about 4-5 cm) than the design one, taking into account future compaction. After that, proceed to the device of the eyebrows or curb.
Rice. 7. Work on the arrangement of the garden path
When arranging the main paths, a side stone or curb is installed along their edges. Secondary and additional tracks are arranged without a border, but with edges. When transferring the project to nature, it is necessary to clearly define the boundaries of the tracks and sites. Eyebrows are arranged strictly along the cord along the borders by adding a layer of vegetable earth. The earth is evenly spread and planned. Then the soil is compacted with the help of rammers and the edge is “trimmed” along the border line with a shovel. The height of the edge is set by the project and must be at least 10 cm above the surface of the coating. The finished earthen curb is covered with turf.
Prior to the installation of the side stone, the sections are divided along the boundaries using special metal pins and a cord. After the breakdown, grooves are dug with a width and depth, depending on the size of the side stone. Cement mortar or concrete mixture is placed in the grooves. Following this, a side stone is laid on the mortar or mixture. Laying is carried out strictly in accordance with the breakdown. The side stone is sunk into the solution or mixture and "upset" with the help of wooden rammers (Fig. 8). For a strong connection of the side stones, the seams are poured with mortar, and the concrete mixture is poured from the sides at the base and rammed. After laying the side stone, they proceed to the device of the base.
The device is conducted in a certain sequence. First, crushed stone is brought in and its layer-by-layer laying, planning and checking of transverse slopes are carried out. Then the laid gravel is rolled with a roller. After rolling, it is necessary to check the slope again.
Rice. 8. Work on the installation of a curbstone a - installation on a concrete base; b - "deposition" with wooden rammers
It should be borne in mind that first a layer of crushed stone with large fractions is laid, and then the second layer. Each layer is rolled 8-10 times, passing along one track and overlapping it by 0.2-0.3 of the width of the roller cylinder from the edges to the middle. When rolling, the track bed should be watered at the same time based on the calculation of 5 liters per 1 m2. A sign of the end of rolling is the absence of a noticeable trace after the passage of the roller, as well as the mobility of crushed stone. If crushed stone grains 3-4 cm in size thrown under the rear cylinder of the roller are easily pressed into the base, then rolling should be continued. Then proceed to the coating device.
Slab coverings can be laid on a base of crushed stone or sand, to which dry cement has been added (the ratio of cement and sand is 1:10); the sand-cement base is made with a layer of 10-12 cm. When laying the slabs, they are “upset” with special wooden rammers and sunk into the sand-cement mixture by about 1/3 of their thickness. Subsequently, when the base is moistened, the slabs “seize” with cement, and the coating becomes durable. Small tiles are laid by hand, large tiles - by truck crane. In order to avoid erosion of tile joints by rainwater, tiled paths should always have a one-sided slope without any breaks in their profile. When laying the slabs, care must be taken to ensure that the coating is even and that the slabs do not protrude with their edges above the surface. To do this, they are laid using a special rail or wooden template, which checks the correct laying and slopes of the surface of the entire coating in different directions.
Coatings from special mixtures (debris screenings, granite and brick chips, slaked lime, soil and sand, etc.) are laid in one layer on a crushed stone base, planned and checked with a template. Then the surface is watered and after drying, after about 2-3 days, it is rolled with a light roller weighing 1-2 tons. Sand is sprinkled on top with a layer of 1 cm and rolled again with a light roller.
Ground-cement coatings are laid directly on the compacted subgrade according to the same principle. At the same time, one part of cement is added to 10 parts of soil. Then wetting, careful profiling and rolling of the surface of the tracks and platforms are carried out.
Rice. 9. Works on laying slabs on garden paths and areas a, b - laying the slab on the base; c, d - laying and compaction, checking the slope and leveling the surface with a template
Gravel-sand paths are suitable in cases where appropriate materials of the required quality are available, for example, if there is a quarry with gravel and sand near the object,
When arranging dirt paths, the fertile soil layer is cut off, and barren soil is poured into the resulting “trough”. Then, in accordance with the project, profiling and subsequent rolling of the web are carried out. If the soils are barren, then the canvas of the path is loosened within its boundaries, and then profiled and rolled. Dry crushed clay should be added to loose sandy soil at the rate of 0.2 m3 per 1 m2 in order to increase the cohesion of the particles, and sand or gravel in the same amount should be added to heavy clay to reduce slip.
Coatings from the ends of wood or clinker are arranged on a well-prepared and planned sand-cement base 10-15 cm thick. The ends or bricks are sunk into the base, lightly tapping with a sledgehammer. Alignment is carried out with a wooden lath. The ends are laid close to each other, the seams are covered with cement. Bricks are laid on the edge close to each other and the seams are poured with cement mortar.
- Installation of garden paths and playgrounds
Topic 4. Construction and maintenance of landscape gardening
paths and playgrounds
Lecture plan
1. Classification of tracks and grounds
Roads, paths, paths, platforms are one of the most important planning elements of a landscape architecture object. Analysis of design solutions and field surveys of landscape gardening areas show that the road network and sites occupy from 10 ... 15 and, in some cases, up to 20% of the entire area of the object, and the relative length of roads is 300 ... 400 m per 1 ha. An important role is played by the length of the road network, the dimensions of the tracks of the sites in various parts of the territory, their design, strength, durability and decorative coatings. The design of the pavement is shown in Fig. 29
The pavements of paths and grounds in gardens and parks, at objects of landscape architecture of urban centers, residential and industrial buildings are of great importance in connection with the general compositional solution of the object. Coatings should be varied in their pattern, color, materials. Observations in gardens and parks have shown that when walking, the visitor spends up to 30% of the time perceiving and examining what is under his feet or on horizontal planes upon closer examination. The surface of the paths and platforms is perceived by the visitor from different points - from the viewing platform, from the flat roofs of buildings or from the terraces. Covers carry essential information for the visitor of the object; for example, a large ornament of a pavement made of colored slabs at the entrance to a square or park creates a special "mood", as if preparing the visitor for the perception of the territory of the object, its landscapes and structures. The pavement pattern of the park's main alley can "direct" the movement of visitors, arouse interest, and create a mood. A variety of types of coatings on a small object can create the illusion of scale and, as it were, increase its area. The size, dimensions of alleys, roads, paths, sites, the pattern of their coverings, the shape and proportions of their elements, the material from which the coverings are made, must correspond to the general compositional solution of the object and the laws of landscape construction. The road and path network, platforms, alleys are usually divided into classes depending on their functions and classified according to the types of coatings. There are 6 classes of roads, paths, alleys:
I class - the main roads and alleys, along which the main flows of visitors to the facility are distributed; they are usually provided as the main routes of movement through the facility and take heavy loads from visitors. So, the main alley in the city park should provide a capacity of up to 400...600 people per hour on weekends; the width of the alley must be at least 30 m, and its construction is very durable, made of low-wear materials; coverings of the main avenues and roads are made durable and decorative - from slabs, stone, etc.
II class - secondary roads, paths, alleys, intended
to connect various nodes of the facility and more evenly distribute visitors, leading them to the main traffic routes, recreation and sports grounds, viewing points of the facility and other planning elements. The intensity of traffic on secondary lanes, their throughput is lower than on the main ones. However, the coverings of such paths should be decorative, since they play an important planning role in their functions.
Class III - additional roads, paths, trails, serve to connect the secondary planning elements of the object, play the role of transitions, approaches to structures, to flower beds, are "branches" from the main and secondary traffic routes. The intensity of traffic on additional lanes is reduced in comparison with the lanes of the first two classes. The structures and coatings of such tracks are simplified.
IV class - cycling walking roads and trails, usually provided in parks and forest parks in separate lanes of the main alleys and roads along special traffic routes for the purpose of walking, sightseeing, in some cases, sports competitions; Bike lanes should be of strong, stable construction.
V class - roads for horseback riding, in carriages, on sledges, on horseback, are provided for along specially laid traffic routes; designed for walking, sightseeing, equestrian sports; are designed in large parks, forest parks, sports complexes; must have special types of coatings.
Class VI - utility roads and driveways intended for limited traffic of vehicles, mechanization, watering machines, for the transportation of materials and equipment for the current and major repairs of the park, for the transport of goods to retail outlets, etc. The structures and coatings of such roads are arranged from durable solid materials that can withstand heavy loads. All 6 classes of avenues and roads are typical for large objects. For small objects - squares, green areas in front of public buildings, etc. - landscape gardening paths of the first three classes are usually provided. On the main and secondary roads, occasional passage of vehicles and small-scale mechanization for the care of plantations is allowed. Each class of roads has its own dimensions - length and width. The width of the garden and park road plays a significant role, since it is related to the attendance of the facility and the intensity of the movement of visitors. To calculate the width of the roads, the following is taken into account:
The width of the traffic lane for one person, which, according to the calculated data, is 0.75 m at an average walking speed of 35 ... 4 5 m / min;
- "flux density" of visitors.
On the main alleys, in the parks, the average flow density of visitors is up to 0.5 people/m2. On the sidewalks on the streets and driveways, the density of pedestrians is up to 0.7 people / m (threshold). At a density of up to 1.1.5 people/m2, the pedestrian flow qualifies as a crowd, and more than 1.5 people/m2 as a crush. In the dividing strips of the main alleys in parks, flower beds or plant groups of ornamental shrubs are designed, framed by lawn areas. Along the outer boundaries of the park alley, "wests" are provided for the installation of benches, urns, and lamps. In a number of cases, the designers do not provide for "west" areas, and then the lanes for placing equipment are designed taking into account the total width of the road: its running gear increases in accordance with the width of the lane for equipment. Of great importance is the capacity of garden and park alleys and roads, especially I and II classes, due to the intensity of traffic of visitors. Roads and sites must accommodate the estimated number of visitors to the facility. Therefore, it is important to calculate the dimensions of roads and sites. The capacity of roads and alleys is determined based on the one-time capacity of the facility, which is calculated for attendance on a weekend at rush hour - 11...12 noon. The total width of the road is calculated by the formula
Attendance at the facility during rush hour is calculated based on the established standards for the mode of use of the facility, the number of residents in a residential area (city).1 Areas in gardens and parks have a specific purpose, are used by visitors for various purposes and are divided into the following categories (classes):
- areas for quiet rest, group, single, for quiet games of visitors of different ages, including for contemplation of landscapes;
- sites for active, "noisy", recreation - family or collective, group, playgrounds for games, for picnics, spectacles, holding public events;
- playgrounds of various age composition: primary, for preschoolers, for younger schoolchildren, for senior school age and youth;
- sports grounds: football fields, for playing golf, for volleyball and basketball, tennis, handball, towns, special grounds for playing chess and checkers;
- utility sites intended for the installation of mobile service premises, change houses, locker rooms, storage of equipment and inventory; platforms for containers with garbage; sites for storage of compost, fertilizers; platforms for pinning planting material; areas occupied by greenhouses, etc.
All sites have different types of structures and coatings depending on surface loads, attendance, traffic intensity, frequency of events.
2. The main materials used in the construction of paths and playgrounds
Materials and their properties
In the construction of landscape gardening paths and playgrounds, both natural, natural, and artificial materials, mainly industrial waste, are used. The construction of paths and playgrounds requires a lot of labor and materials. Thus, up to 3 thousand cubic meters of sand, crushed stone and other components are required per 1 ha of roads in the park. Of great importance is the search for local resources for the construction of paths and platforms, the use of the remains of construction waste, excess soil from earthworks. For the selection and use of materials for road construction in gardens and parks, it is necessary to take into account their physical and chemical properties. Rocks in terms of strength, or ability to resist mechanical stress, differ in five strength classes:
-1 and II classes - strong and very strong - quartzites, granites, porphyries, basalts, dolomites, dense limestones; their strength limit is from 6 to 100 MPa; applicable to all types of pavement;
Class III - medium strength - the same rocks, but affected by weathering, as well as such as stony shales, limestones, sandstones. These types are widely used in the construction of road foundations, tensile strength - 60 ... 80 MPa;
- IV class - soft - porous limestones, dolomites, limestone, ferruginous, thin-film sandstones; are used in the form of crushed stone when arranging the bases of paths and platforms; tensile strength-40 MPa;
Class V - very soft - weathered igneous rocks, powdery, earthy limestones, weak sandstones, shale; are used only with binders for the construction of bases for soil and gravel coatings; tensile strength - 30 MPa.
The bulk density of dense igneous rocks is on average 2.5 and higher, which means the mass of 1 m3 of rock is 2.5 tons. The crushed stone from this stone has a bulk density of 1.7, and the crushed stone from limestone stone is 1.6. Density is the mass per unit volume of an absolutely dense material without pores. Water absorption is the ability of a material to absorb water at normal atmospheric pressure. Water absorption of strong rocks is 0.5 ... 1%; stone rocks of the second class - 1.5 ... 3%; third class - 3.5 ... 8%; fourth and fifth grades - 9 ... 15%. Materials with high water absorption capacity in their pure form are not suitable for construction and require stabilization by impregnation with bitumen. Frost resistance is the ability of a material to withstand sudden changes in temperature, freezing and thawing without any signs of destruction. Stone rocks are considered frost-resistant if they lose up to 5% of their original value in mass; medium frost resistance - if the losses are up to 10%; low - more than 10%; rocks of the fourth and fifth strength classes lose more than 15% of their original mass. Compressive strength is the resistance of a material, which is determined by the ultimate stress that occurs in the sample under a breaking load, or tensile strength; measured in MPa. Abrasion resistance is the ability of a material - crushed stone, gravel - not to change its parameters at maximum loads. In hard rocks, wear does not exceed 5% of the volume; in sedimentary species - 6...7%; in soft ones - 15 ... 20%. If the gravel has a wear rate of 15%, then it is considered durable; if over 20% - soft and over 30% - weak.
natural materials
Natural materials include stone extracted from rocks by appropriate mechanical processing - giving the appropriate shape and size, cleaning, grinding, polishing, obtaining crushed stone and cuttings of various fractions. Rocks are divided into igneous and sedimentary. Igneous rocks are the result of the slow cooling of molten magma inside the earth's crust or its rapid solidification on the surface of the earth. In the first case, granite, syenite, diorite were obtained - crystalline; in the second case - liparite, trachyte, andesite, basalt, diabase - vitreous. Sedimentary rocks are destructible igneous rocks under the active influence of environmental factors. Sedimentary rocks include:
Loose clastic, such as boulders, pebbles, natural crushed stone, sand;
- cemented detrital, such as limestone, dolomite, sandstone, limestone tuff and various conglomerates.
Stone materials for covering paths and platforms are represented by the following types.
- A stone checker - a roughly chipped stone in the form of a truncated cone or pyramid, or a stone with two processed parallel planes (upper and lower); applicable for paving paths in combination with tiles, strengthening slopes, walls of ditches, trays.
Paving stones - a chipped stone, close in shape to a parallelepiped, having beveled sides (bevel - 5 cm); It is used when covering paths and grounds in combination with tiles, as well as for fixing slopes, arranging curbs along the boundaries of sites, and arranging open trays along the tracks.
Side stones - granite bars in the form of a parallelepiped, 70 ... 100 cm long and 10x20, 15x30, 20x30 cm in cross section, having a vertical or inclined front face; are applicable for the device of interfaces of paths and platforms with a lawn.
Stone tiles - flat rectangular or other geometric shapes bars with a thickness of 5 to 15 cm, of various widths and lengths. Tiles are obtained from hard rock by machine sawing and are applicable as coverings of various types.
Rubble stone - pieces of rock of the third strength class up to 40 ... 50 cm long, with a mass of 10 ... 20 kg; applicable for laying retaining walls, strengthening gentle slopes, rockeries; can be processed into tiles with uneven edges and a smooth bottom surface, as well as checker and crushed stone.
Boulder stone is a roughly rounded sedimentary rock of the third strength class. The sizes of boulders are 10...30 cm and more. Boulders are found in the northwest and in the Central European part of Russia, in fields and forests, where they were brought during the Ice Age. Large stones are applicable for decorating lawn areas, creating rockeries, strengthening the banks of reservoirs; cobblestones measuring 10 ... 30 cm in diameter are applicable for strengthening slopes, arranging open trays.
- gravel Pebbles and gravel - rounded fragments of rocks 10 cm or less in size, are found in river valleys, along the shores of lakes and seas, in places where glacial deposits develop; there are gravel-sand deposits containing more than 50% sand particles; gravel can be very small (gravel fines) - up to 1 cm; small - 1 ... 1.5 cm; medium - 2 ... 4 cm; large - 4 ... 7 cm; very large - 7 ... 10 cm (pebbles); These materials are used for various types of road works.
- Sand - small rounded fragments of rocks, 0.1 ... 5 mm in size, clean from clay impurities; according to the granulometric composition, the sand is subdivided into fine - 0.1 ... 0.05 mm; small - 0.25 ... 0.1 mm; medium - 0.5 ... 0.25 mm; large - and very large - 2 ... 1mm; clean coarse and medium-grained sands are widely used in road construction.
- Crushed stone - angular (acute-angled) pieces of rocks of various strength classes. Crushed stone is obtained as a result of the destruction of such rocks or special crushing in stone crushers; according to the granulometric composition, crushed stone is divided into: seedings - 0.3 ... 0.5 cm; stone detail - 0.5 ... 1 cm; gravel wedge - 1 ... 7.5 cm; small - 1.5 ... 2.5 cm; medium - 2.5 ... 4 cm; large - 4...7 cm. Crushed stone of strong rocks (grades M-1200 ... 800) is used for the foundations of the main trunk roads; less durable crushed stone (M-400 ... 100 grades) - for other various classes of roads, including sports grounds.
artificial materials
Artificial materials include waste from industrial enterprises or specially made products - bricks, etc. Waste is represented by the following types. Blast-furnace donkeys are by-products formed during the smelting of iron and steel, in the form of large pieces that break on impact into crushed stone of various fractions. The materials have thermal insulation properties and help to reduce the freezing of the soil under the road base. In road construction, slags with an acidic reaction are applicable, that is, poor in lime, which protects the material from decay and erosion by water. Boiler slag, or cinder, - waste from the combustion of coal in boiler furnaces; the best ashes are formed from the burning of fatty coals; it has porosity and hardness, has a black color; applicable to the foundations of roads and playgrounds, football fields. Brick battle, or crushed stone, is the waste of brick factories, defective brick, formed during underburning or burnout, and processed in stone crushers into crushed stone; the most applicable is red brick of uniform firing, which includes up to 30% of the so-called "iron ore"; unburned brick, "not finished", easily soaks and collapses; in brick rubble, up to 15% of "underdone" is allowed; in landscape gardening construction, brick crushed stone (fraction 1 ... 2 cm) and brick chips (fraction 0.01 ... 0.05 cm) are used. Clinker and building bricks: a) clinker brick is obtained from clay by firing at high temperatures and blowing, it has high strength and is applicable for road surfaces; b) building brick, also obtained from clay by firing, of lower strength; applicable in limited sizes when constructing supporting walls, paths. Tiles - roofing production waste, used in ground form (grains up to 1.5 cm) in the bases of sports grounds and for coatings (grains up to 0.5 cm). Pyrite cinders - wastes of the chemical industry during the processing of iron and sulfur pyrites; have a dark purple color with a pink tint, consist of iron oxide by 95 ... 97% and sulfur by 2 ... 2.5%; include fractions of 1 ... 2 mm, are applicable as additives (5 ... 10%) in special mixtures for coatings, as well as elastic moisture-absorbing bases mixed with sawdust in the construction of sports fields. Coal ash - waste from the combustion of coal in the furnaces of power plants; are a dark gray powder containing fine sandy and dusty particles; are used as additives in special mixtures for coatings that filter moisture well. Of great importance are binders for imparting to inert materials in special mixtures the necessary adhesion of particles and turning the coating into a single mass.
Binder materials
The binder materials of natural origin include: clay - kaolin and powder, containing, respectively, from 1 to 0.5 mm of clay particles by volume from the total mass to 40 ... 50%; added to special blends for top coats;
heavy loam containing up to 30% clay particles;
medium loam containing up to 20% clay particles;
light loam, containing up to 10 ... 15% clay particles.
Heavy and medium loams are introduced into the composition of special mixtures when there is no clay;
air lime (fluff) - a material obtained by roasting limestone, dolomite, chalk, while not brought to sintering, followed by quenching with a limited amount of water; used in powder form (particles 0.5 mm or less) as an additive in special mixtures up to 65% by volume; when fluff is introduced into the mixture, the top coating does not swell, stickiness is eliminated, and resistance to mechanical and atmospheric influences increases. Astringent materials of artificial origin include:
portland cement - a product of careful grinding of clinker bricks mixed with limestone, clay, marl, formed during their firing before sintering; applicable in road construction and for other construction work related to the laying of walls, foundations, supports, etc .;
cement - an astringent material that exhibits its properties only when interacting with water; applicable as an additive in special mixtures and in the top coating of paths from the ground to stabilize it; constitutes the active part of concrete; sand, crushed stone, gravel - its inert aggregates;
bitumen - a binder obtained from oil; applicable for the preparation of asphalt concrete, as well as for surface stabilizing treatment of bases and road tops;
asphalt concrete - an artificial material consisting of sand, small crushed stone or gravel, mineral powder and bitumen; applicable in the arrangement of road surfaces in a hot or cold state according to a special technology of road works. Asphalt concrete is subdivided into coarse-grained, medium-grained, fine-grained and sandy - particles from 30 to 5 mm.
In the construction of the simplest sports facilities - playgrounds in microdistricts and on the territory of small sports complexes - in some cases, elastic-moisture-intensive materials are used, which, when introduced into the base layers, give the surface of the structures elasticity and elasticity. Materials of this kind include peat, sawdust, lignin, cotton husks, etc. Fibrous peat with a low degree of decomposition mixed with pyrite cinders is used in garden and park construction. Sawdust is used as an elastic and moisture-intensive layer in the construction of sports grounds. Lignin - waste from hydrolysis plants - is used for top coatings and as an elastic and moisture-absorbing layer in the bases of treadmills, football fields. Cotton husks, a waste product from cotton production, are also suitable for the elastic-moisture-absorbing layer and the upper insulating layer of pavement.
3. Types of coatings for paths and playgrounds
Concrete slabs
Covering paths and grounds from concrete slabs is one of the most common in landscape gardening construction. Concrete slabs are manufactured industrially in the factory and therefore are the cheapest material for covering paths and grounds. Concrete tiles are made by methods:
pressing;
Vibropressovansh;
vibrorolled;
Vibrations.
It is possible to manufacture slabs by hand in special formwork by tamping the concrete mass, but this leads to a rise in price by 60% of the cost. The shape of concrete tiles and their sizes are extremely diverse. They are made in the form of square, round, hexagonal, trapezoid, triangular, irregular polyhedrons. Tiles sizes range from 25x25 to 90><90 см и более. Российским стандартом (ГОСТ-17608) установлены следующие размеры плит: 25x25; 37,5x37,5; 50x50; 37,5x25; 50x25; 50x37,5; 70x37,5; 75x50 и др. Толщина плит колеблется от 4 до 6 см. Допускается изготовление плиток 20x20 см толщиной в 3,5 см. В настоящее время в московской практике получили распространение блоки (брусчатка) размером 20 х 10х Ю см (московский завод-изготовитель ЖБИ-17 и др.) разного цвета и оттенков, от красного и розового до серого. Ряд "фирм выпускает элементы мощения в виде брусчатки размером 20x10x7, 10x10x7; 16x10x7 - квадратные, прямоугольные, пятиугольные; различных цветов - серый, красный, желтый, коричневый. Помимо разнообразия форм и размеров плитки изготавливаются разных цветов и оттенков, что достигается введением в бетон красителей или добавок в виде цветных цементов или цветного песка (рис. 30). Цветные цементы получаются искусственно. В цементные порошки вводятся красители по установленным нормам. Цветной песок получается путем размельчения всевозможных пород гранита. Поверхность плиток может быть обработана специальными матрицами, с помощью которых наносится декоративный орнамент. Фактура плиток становится чрезвычайно разнообразной.
A wide variety of tiles are distinguished with exposed aggregate, which is used as pebbles, gravel of various fractions. Such tiles are manufactured in factories and are widely used in garden and park construction. When manufactured on vibropressing machines, tiles are usually not reinforced, regardless of their size. The strength of the tiles is achieved by using cement grades of 300 ... 600 kg / cm when compacting the mixture with a vibropress (or under vacuum).
In-situ concrete coatings
Cast-in-place concrete coatings are less applicable in landscape gardening than tiled coatings. It is advantageous to make curved paths in gardens and parks in small areas from a monolithic coating of this type. From concrete, it is easy to obtain a curvilinear outline of the track, change its width, give the necessary scale to the space by applying a pattern on the surface that imitates tiles of the required size and with exposed filler. Cast-in-situ concrete pavement is applicable in small areas, in small gardens, with curvilinear outlines of paths and playgrounds. Concrete can easily be given any shape and shape, color and texture. Thanks to this, monolithic concrete has found wide application in combined pavements of paths and playgrounds. Coatings from a monolith are a connecting element between surfaces with coatings from other materials. The main disadvantage is the laboriousness of the work at the construction site, especially when arranging the upper, decorative layer and cutting the pattern on the surface in the form of squares, hexagons, circles and other shapes. Coatings from a monolith, being destroyed, are difficult to repair, while tiled, piece coatings can be easily replaced and restored. In a monolithic concrete coating, you can "fit" various kinds of inserts in the form of a circle or a hexagon, where plants are planted, or decorative reservoirs are arranged in the recesses. To obtain a decorative effect, large fractions of gravel can be inserted into the monolith, which are laid manually during the surface treatment of concrete. The top layer can be made of decorative colored pebbles. In addition, it is possible to obtain a colored and monolithic coating by applying a mineral-based colored dye, which includes:
oxide dye;
White Portland cement;
Specially sorted silica sand or other fine aggregate.
Natural stone coverings
Coverings of roads and grounds in gardens and parks, on city objects of streets and squares made of natural stone are one of the most ancient types of coverings. This is the most decorative and attractive type of pavement used in the cities and towns of Europe and America, especially in areas where rock is being mined. Stone coatings can be extremely diverse in terms of surface texture, pattern, color, shape and are made in the form of block-bars, such as "setting stones". Paving stones are laid in different ways:
- "fan";
- "grid";
- "tie-up".
The shape of paving stones should approach a parallelepiped with a slightly reduced reference plane ("bed"). Paving stones have dimensions: length 15...30 cm; width 12. „15 cm; height - 10 ... 15 cm. Paving stones for laying a pavement in the form of a mosaic on the surface of sites and roads should be in the form of a cube with sides of 7 ... 10 cm. Stones are cut from stone rocks, as a rule, from granite, diabase , basalt in the form of blocks-slabs of large sizes, 40 ... 80 cm in diameter. Blocks-slabs are sawn into small pieces of free configuration and sizes, as a rule, 8 ... 15 cm. from the type of stone. Various forms are given. Often used hewn regular-shaped slabs of processed stones, different in size and shape. Tiles of irregular shape made of granite, shell rock, sandstone form a picturesque pattern. The seams between the tiles are filled with pebbles, gravel or sown with seeds of lawn grasses, planted with ground cover plants (see Appendices 17.18). Sites or their separate sections with bowls and fountains can be paved with small cobblestones laid on a cement mortar ("screed"). Between large stone slabs, you can place "inserts" of small colored tiles in combination with inserts of cobblestone and large pebbles, etc.
Brick and wood coverings
Brick coverings are one of the oldest types used in European countries, in cities in villages, as paving of sidewalks, courtyards, in small areas of individual gardens, as well as in areas in parks in front of buildings, small architectural forms, in rose gardens, etc. n. Brick coverings are more wearable than stone and concrete. In addition, they are more expensive and labor intensive in their execution. Coatings of this type are made of clinker bricks measuring 220x110x65 (75) mm. Clinker paths and platforms are made mainly on sandy foundations with bricks laid on edge, in transverse rows, in a "Christmas tree" diagonally. You can achieve a great variety in laying patterns: "mesh", "braid", combined method. With the help of a brick, you can make concentric circles with alternating stripes of vegetation. Brick is applicable in combined coatings with other types - with slabs, with stone. Wood coatings are not durable in operation and are used very limitedly. Boards are used as materials; wooden thick blocks; bars, end checkers, round logs from logs. It is possible on small recreation areas to install wooden flooring from boards, from large square-shaped plank blocks in combination with benches. 5.3.5. Coatings from special mixtures Coatings of paths and grounds from special mixtures are made of gravel, powder cement, sand, stone screenings. Such coatings are used on various classes of paths and playgrounds in gardens and parks. For the device, special mixtures of various materials are prepared. In practice, coatings are used:
Gravel-cement;
Sand and gravel;
From cuttings of various types of stone.
As a base for the construction of paths and platforms, such bulk materials as sand, gravel, blast-furnace slag are applicable; brick, granite, limestone crushed stone of small fractions. The thickness of the base on which the coating layer is laid is usually 10...12 cm in a dense body. On clay poorly draining soils, a layer of sand with a thickness of at least 10 cm is poured. The base usually includes two layers of crushed stone:
A layer of crushed stone of large fractions - 3.5 ... 4 cm, no more;
Above - a layer of smaller fractions, 1.5 ... 0.5 cm, the so-called "wedging"
layer. The thickness of the top coating is up to 4...5 cm.
Fluffy lime, slag cinders (fractions up to 6 mm) can be used as materials for the top coating. The best result when arranging paths coated with loose materials is obtained by using granite screenings - granite chips. When compiling a mixture with granite chips and evenly distributing and rolling the surface, a decorative coating of calm tones is obtained. When arranging paths and trails in forest parks, sand, soil and gravel coatings are used with the addition of cement or fluffy clay. The ratios of the components are as follows:
Mountain gravel (fractions up to 2 cm) - 25%; -clay - 15...20%;
Medium-grained sand - up to 60%.
In some cases, paths and paths are made of soil with the addition of sand and cement in the ratio: soil - 60 ... 70%; sand - 25...30%; cement (powder) - up to 5%. It is possible to arrange the top cover of the trails from the soil with the addition of fluffy clay and sand. Mixtures for coatings are prepared in advance at specially designated places using special concrete mixers or manually. Sand and gravel mixtures are prepared in natural quarries. At the same time, an analysis of the granulometric composition of the mixture is preliminarily made, which must correspond to the following ratios:
Gravel particles, 5...20mm, - 50...70%;
Sand particles, fractions 5...2 mm, - 10...20%;
Clay particles, up to 1 mm, - 20...40%.
4. Technology for arranging tracks and platforms
When arranging garden and park paths and sites with various types of coatings, a number of general construction norms and rules are observed. First, the entire road and footpath network with platforms is taken out in accordance with the project and layout drawing of the layout according to generally accepted methods using geodetic tools and instruments (Fig. 31, 32). The routes of the main roads are taken out along their axes with reference to the main base lines according to the layout drawing. Then the longitudinal slopes are checked in accordance with the vertical planning project, and the points of intersections of paths, turns and curvature radii, as well as relief fractures are fixed in nature. In the future, a complex of earthworks is carried out to cut the "trough" and lay out the track bed in accordance with the required slopes. After preparing the roadway and the trough for the sites, it is again necessary to check the longitudinal slopes of the surface. Then the boundaries of the structures are beaten off, marked in kind with pegs and stretched twine. An important point is the creation of a transverse profile of roads. The transverse profile of small tracks is created manually using a specially cut template from thick plywood with a given profile. On large roads and alleys, the profile is created using motor grader or bulldozer with a profile knife on the blade. The transverse gable profile of the structure is given an appropriate slope. For example, with a surface slope of 2% o, the rise of soil per 1 m of the surface of the road section will be 2 cm. All microrelief changes on the surface of the canvas are leveled, construction debris is selected or can be partially used when laying the foundation. The surface of the canvas is compacted by motor rollers with a passage from the edge to the middle 5-6 times along one track. Before compaction, the canvas is irrigated with water impregnated with a layer of 5 ... 6 cm. The soil surface of the roadbed or site is considered ready and well-rolled if thin round objects - nails, wire, etc. - are pulled out of the soil without violating its integrity.
After the preparation of the roadbed and platforms, work is carried out on the construction of the base and coating.
Walkways and playgrounds with concrete slabs
Structures of paths and platforms with slab coating can be:
improved;
Simplified.
Advanced designs include rugged designs that include
the following elements:
Leveled and compacted base, crushed stone layer, thickness. in 5 cm - fractions 2 ... 3 cm;
Leveling layer of stone carvings - fractions 0.5 ... 1 cm;
Dry mixture of cement, sand, granite screenings - fractions up to 0.5 cm, - up to 2 cm thick or liquid cement mortar - cement screed;
Tiles spread over the surface of a mixture or mortar.
Simplified structures include coatings made of slabs laid on a layer of sand - a "sand cushion" - 6 ... 10 cm thick. The layout of the slabs, the coating pattern itself are determined by the designer and depicted on the working drawings of the project. Layout techniques can be very diverse and depend on the compositional solution of the territory. Tiles can be laid with jointing, which are filled with small concrete blocks. In some cases, the joints are filled with vegetable soil and sown with seeds of lawn grasses, a kind of "lawn-tiled" coating is obtained. When arranging landscape gardening paths and tile sites, the class and type of structures are taken into account. The base is made of crushed stone or pure sand (see above). A layer of crushed stone is laid along the prepared canvas of the main alleys, which is planned along the slopes, rolled down with rollers. A layer of lean concrete or a cement-sand mixture is laid on the rolled base, and tiles are laid on this layer (Fig. 34). When laying tiles by hand, the underside of the tile is wetted with water and applied to the concrete surface, then carefully brought into position with a hammer handle. The surface of the laid slabs is checked with a special template. Particular attention is paid to sealing the seams. As a rule, they are filled with a cement mortar or covered with a cement-sand mixture. Residues of mortar and mixture must be removed immediately from the surface of the tiles. Tiles of small sizes are laid manually, large slabs weighing more than 50 kg are laid with the help of special devices and mechanisms - "captures". When arranging secondary paths along the lawn, the tiles are laid on a sand cushion 10 ... 15 cm thick. The tile is sunk into the sand by 2/3 of its thickness and "precipitated" with a wooden mallet. The seams between the tiles are covered with vegetable soil and sown with seeds of lawn grasses. The vertical displacement of the tiles must not exceed 1.5 cm; the sediment of the tiles is made by tamping through the superimposed board. The sandy base should have side stops made of densely compacted earthen curb or garden concrete curb. It is necessary to ensure a tight fit of the tiles when laying to the edge and to each other. Tiles are usually laid 2 cm above (or flush with) the adjacent lawn surface.
Paths and grounds paved with stone, brick and wood
Laying pavements on a finished base made of stone slabs, sawn by machine, brick, wood - end checkers - does not fundamentally differ from laying concrete tiles.
Laying is done manually on a leveled base. The base, in turn, is laid on well-packed soil of the track or platform. The base material is, as mentioned above, sand or crushed slag.
In some cases, a cement-sand mixture is applicable. The thickness of the "cushion" must be at least 10 cm. The seams between the tiles are covered with sand or a mixture. Between the tiles, it is possible to lay a clinker brick laid on the edge. When installing coatings on large areas, one should carefully adhere to the design slopes and monitor the correct laying of tiles, their adjustment, settlement, compaction, and leveling of the surface. The pavement pavement is made in the same sequence, but according to the drawing - "fan", "mesh", etc. The brick pavement is created on a sandy base pad, which is carefully leveled and planned; a slight slope is made for the flow of water. Bricks are laid in various patterns. When laying the bricks are compacted. If necessary, cut the brick for fitting with a chisel: the brick is cut from all four sides, and the necessary part of it breaks off with a blow. The seams between the bricks are filled with slightly damp sand; excess sand is removed from the surface with a broom. At the joints, the sand is compacted at the same level with the surface. All finished coatings are recommended to withstand for 3-4 days. Coatings are arranged in the form of "rounds" of granite stones of various sizes, shapes, colors and bearing the name "breccia". Breccia paving is widely used on paths and areas in certain areas of gardens and parks. At high loads, slabs, blocks, bars, slabs are laid on a well-planned base of sand, fine gravel: fractions of at least 1 ... 2 cm; layer thickness - 10 cm. A layer of cement-sand mixture 3 ... 5 cm thick is laid on the planned surface of the crushed stone layer. At light loads, the stone coating is laid on a sandy "cushion" 12 ... 15 cm thick. cement-sand mixture 1:10. The coating is arranged from rounded pebbles, which are distributed over the layer of cement mortar; the thickness of the sand cushion is 20 cm, the layer of concrete is 5...6 cm, the layer of cement mortar is 2 cm. In practice, various options for covering sites and paths from natural materials are known. Garden paths can be lined with rectangular end checkers and various sizes; checkers are placed at different levels in a gravel coating on a cement mortar. End cuts of logs can also be used as an original cover in small areas of the garden. Such sections can be of various diameters. The gaps between large ends are densely filled with small and medium ends. The ends are usually laid on cement preparation. There are free gaps between the ends. Wooden end coverings are made on a compacted and even layer of crushed stone; in some cases, a cement screed is used, spreading a thin layer of cement mortar over the surface. End checkers pre-impregnated with an antiseptic are laid on the base. Seams 3 ... 6 mm wide are filled with sand. A sand cushion is arranged on a well-planned subgrade surface with a thickness of at least 20 cm, a concrete layer of 5...6 cm at a grade of 300 kg/cm2, a decorative layer of gravel or pebbles - 2...3 cm. 5.4.3. In-situ concrete paved paths and platforms The technological process of constructing in-situ concrete paved paths and platforms is basically the same as conventional road works using in-situ concrete.
The main requirements are:
Ensuring clear contours of the paving surface by installing a special formwork made of wood or a curb made of concrete;
Preparation of the crushed stone base and its leveling, laying the concrete mass, its distribution over the surface of the base;
Leveling with a special spatula, trowel or special board.
After leveling, the surface is treated with a roller with two horizontal drums having a mesh texture. When rolling rough-leveled concrete, large aggregate grains are pressed down, and small particles remain on the surface. Currently, various motor mechanisms are used that level and ram the concrete surface. The pattern is applied to the surface after moisture has evaporated from it and while the concrete retains its plasticity. Various devices are used to draw a picture. After sufficient setting of the concrete, the surface and seams are treated with a soft brush. The drawing can be applied using various devices and patterns can be obtained in the form of combinations of circles, squares, waves, etc. In some cases, monolithic concrete is applicable with exposed aggregate, which is colored gravel with grains 1 ... 2 cm in diameter. Gravel is applied to the concrete surface, which is pre-smoothed with a spatula and trowel. As soon as the concrete hardens, the surface is rubbed with a special magnesium or aluminum alloy board (or the same trowel). The solution should completely envelop the individual grains of the aggregate, leaving no holes on the surface. After that, the solution is removed with a brush or a jet of water from a hose; severe exposure of gravel grains is not recommended. Then the surface of the coating is ground and polished; temperature and decorative joints are applied on the surface with a saw to a depth of 2 ... 3 cm. Wooden slats can be laid in the expansion joints, which are placed before concrete is laid on the base. Laying slats imitates tiled flooring. A decorative surface can be created by simply pressing colored pebbles into concrete that has not yet hardened, but such a coating is not always durable and stable. Colored pebbles can be alternated with gravel, getting a variety of areas. The simplest sites of curvilinear configuration coated with monolithic concrete are made by laying out the site (or path) according to the drawing, excavating the soil to a given depth, laying out and tamping the canvas (trough) and filling the resulting "form" with a concrete solution. In the future, all the above operations are performed.
Paths and playgrounds coated with special mixtures
When arranging paths and areas with bulk (stuffed) "clothes" structures, great importance is attached to the device of supporting edges along the boundaries and contours. The supporting brows are arranged strictly along the cord. The brow is arranged along the borders of the path by adding a roller of vegetable earth. The height of the roller should be at least 15 cm and can be increased depending on the thickness of the clothing by 5 cm or more. The earth roller is tightly compacted, and a sod ribbon is spread over its surface with an inclination towards the path or platform. Instead of a supporting edge, a curb, or a garden curb, is made of stone and concrete from the ground. To install the curb, a groove is cut off 10 cm deep, 12 cm wide; bed grooves are planned. The height position of the curb is determined by the cord and then the curb itself is installed. The sinuses of the groove are covered with soil, watered and carefully rammed. The seams between the curbs are filled with cement mortar. The reference line from the curb must be straight in the horizontal and vertical positions. Curves of roads and sites are smoothly encircled with a curb, while filling the formed corners with cement mortar. On the main paths and platforms, a stationary installation of a curb - an onboard stone is carried out. First, a groove is made with a depth of 25 cm. A concrete mixture - a "cushion" - 10 cm thick is placed in the prepared groove, on which the curb is installed, embedding it into the concrete mass and manually leveling it with wooden rammers. The seams between the curb products are poured with cement mortar, and a concrete mass is added to the base, compacting it. After installing the curb and preparing the canvas (see above), a layer of crushed stone is scattered over the surface. The crushed stone layer is leveled in accordance with the transverse and longitudinal profile of the track. The profiled surface is moistened with water - 10 l / m2 of the surface - and rolled with a roller weighing at least 1.0 tons 5-7 times in one track from the edges to the middle with each track overlapping by 1/3. The first rolling achieves "compression" of the placer, and the stable position of the crushed stone is ensured. The second rolling gives the base rigidity due to the mutual "jamming" of the gravel. During the third rolling, a dense crust is formed on the surface: small fractions of crushed stone "wedged" and close the holes and pores. The thickness of the compacted layer of crushed stone should not exceed 15 cm. The crushed stone base is considered prepared when there is no mobility of crushed stone particles on the surface, and a piece of crushed stone thrown under the rollers of the rink is crushed. A layer of a special mixture is applied to the prepared base according to the established recipe and leveled according to the templates in accordance with the transverse profile and longitudinal slope of the track; the coating is moistened with water, - 10 l / m2 of the surface, - and then, after drying the moisture, it is rolled with a roller up to 1.5 tons weighing 5-7 times in one track until the density of the coating, elasticity and elasticity of its surface is achieved. Sand-gravel and soil-cement mixtures are laid on a pre-prepared and profiled soil base. The base web is preliminarily subjected to fine loosening, or milling, and the indicated mixtures are scattered over it. After these operations, web profiling and subsequent rolling are performed. It is recommended to start the operation of finished tracks and platforms in 3-5 days.
Paths and playgrounds with combined coatings
The construction of paths and platforms with combined types of coatings requires knowledge of the structural and mechanical properties of the materials that make up these coatings. In accordance with their characteristics, the device of the bases and the laying of the elements of the coating are made. It is necessary to strive for such a selection of materials that make up the combined coating, in which it would be possible to adopt the overall design of the base and the same installation method. For pavement of stone and concrete slabs, with the right selection of technical characteristics and dimensions, it is possible to make one base and use one laying technique. For each type of coating, it is necessary to follow the appropriate technology or, for a common reason, choose the design that has the highest strength indicators; Otherwise, the coating is quickly deformed and destroyed.
Sports grounds
Sports grounds include:
Football field;
Volleyball, basketball courts;
Tennis;
Gorodkov;
Gymnastics.
The choice of coatings for sports fields depends on their size and purpose. Dry, ventilated and insolated areas are allocated for the sites. All surface slopes should contribute to the unhindered discharge of surface precipitation. In order for the upper soft cover of sports grounds not to dust and be constantly kept in an optimally moist state, it is necessary to lay a water supply system for watering the surface of the grounds. To fill the ice rink for the winter, the water supply is laid below the freezing depth of the soil. The placement of sports facilities in gardens and parks should correspond to their purpose, location and contribute to the formation of the architectural appearance of the entire facility, taking into account climatic and local conditions. Playgrounds and fields for sports games, as a rule, are located in accordance with the orientation to the cardinal points. The long axis of the site is located along the meridian or with a deviation of 15...20°. The constructions of sports grounds consist of multi-layer "clothes" and special equipment. Clothing consists of an earthen bed, a base made of several bearing layers of materials of various purposes or combinations of them, and an upper cover made of a special mixture of inert, binder and neutral materials (Fig. 36). Mandatory for sports planar structures are engineering networks that contribute to the correct operation and rapid restoration of the top cover under any climatic conditions. This is, first of all, drainage with elements of storm sewers, water supply and lighting. Coatings must have a flat and non-slip surface that does not get wet when waterlogged, not dusty in the dry season. In the conditions of low permeable underlying soils, an annular drainage is laid along the boundaries of sites and fields, consisting of collecting drains and water intake wells. The “body” of collecting drains can be tubular with ditches filled with inert materials or simply filled with inert materials of various fractions. Water intake wells can be concrete with water transfer to the sewer network, or simply filled with materials that absorb and transport water through aquifers. The construction technology of the simplest sites in gardens and parks includes the following main issues:
1) determination of the construction dimensions of the site;
2) foundation device - troughs with a surface drainage device and an annular collecting drainage;
3) in case of low-permeable soils, preparation of an underlying layer of draining and filtering medium-grained materials or an elastic-moisture-intensive layer capable of not only retaining moisture, but also transporting it along the drainage marks;
4) layer-by-layer arrangement of the middle intermediate layer made of inert materials;
5) application of an insulating layer of elastic-moisture-intensive materials;
6) laying the top cover from a special mixture;
7) installation of special equipment and horizontal marking of the sports ground.
This sequence of work and the choice of materials are typical for mass objects in residential areas and for physical education classes in the open air. The construction of sports grounds begins with taking out the dimensions of the grounds using a layout drawing and a level, designating corners or characteristic points in kind, driving metal pipes to a depth of up to 80 cm. . If there are sandy or light loamy soils at the base, which are good conductors of moisture, drainage of the territory is not provided. The presence of a water-resistant layer in the base - clay, heavy or medium loams - creates the need for the installation of water-conducting drains and absorbing wells. In this case, the underlying soils are preliminarily loosened with a cutter to give them porosity. The lower elastic-moisture-absorbing layer receives moisture through the underlying layers of clothing and accumulates part of it, and sends part of it along the slope to water-conducting drains and, subsequently, to absorbing wells. The body of the drainage drain and the absorption well consists of inert materials of different sizes. Materials are laid in layers, with a decrease in the fractions of each material from top to bottom. A more complex ring drainage body may consist of pipeline drains and reinforced concrete prefabricated wells: without absorbing bottom; with a bottom - collective
Water is drained from collection wells through pipelines to storm sewers (see Fig. 22). The laying of the elastic-moisture-intensive layer begins after all the work on the drainage device and the preparation of the base has been completed. A lightweight concrete curb or wooden formwork 10x15 cm in height is installed along the boundaries of the site, equal to the thickness of all layers of the structure. The curb is installed on a cement mortar. The formwork is arranged from edged antiseptic boards 20 x 120 cm in size and 4 cm thick. The boards are laid “on edge” and nailed to the pegs, which are pre-hammered into the ground at a distance of at least 1 m from each other. The length of the pins is 30...40 cm, the thickness is 8...10 cm, the lower part should be pointed. The pins are driven into the ground on the outside of the site, after which a board is attached to them. The formwork or curb along the boundaries of the site allows you to maintain clear boundary lines and keep layers of clothing from spreading. On a carefully planned and rolled base, an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer 8–10 cm thick (in a dense rolled state) is laid in two steps. The elastic-moisture-intensive layer is watered and rolled with a roller weighing up to 2 tons. Rolling is carried out with the passage of the roller at least 5-6 passes along one track. So that the wetted material does not stick to the rollers of the rink during rolling, a layer of 1 ... 2 cm of inert materials (fine crushed stone, fraction of 2 mm) of the middle intermediate layer is laid on it. When calculating the need for materials for an elastic-moisture-intensive layer, take into account their significant compaction - up to 50 ... 55%. The middle intermediate layer of inert materials is laid out over the elastic-moisture-absorbing layer. It consists of crushed stone of the M-800 brand. Layer thickness 10...12 cm, grain fraction 20...35 mm. The layer is carefully leveled with giving it design slopes. The surface is abundantly watered with water at the rate of 10 ... 12 l / m and compacted with rollers weighing 3 ... 5 tons with a passage of 5~7 times in one place. The layer is considered prepared if, during the passage of the rink, “waves” do not appear on the surface of the layer and the crushed stone of softer rocks laid on it is crushed by the rink. The next layer is insulating. The insulating layer is laid with a thickness of 4 cm in a dense body of resilient and moisture-intensive materials. Its components are special mixtures for the top coatings of sports fields. Recommended structures for tennis court surfaces (St. Petersburg experience) The base of the court is compacted soil; Top coat, 4 cm thick, from a special mixture: clay-powder -45%; ground clinker - 45%; fluffy lime - 10; Elastic layer of lignin, thickness 1 cm; Limestone crushed stone (fraction 10. ..20 mm), thickness 2 cm; Granite crushed stone (fraction 20...40 cm), thickness 13 cm; The sand is coarse-grained, thickness 5 cm. The coating is watered by "sprinkling", rolled with a 2 ton roller with a passage through one place 2-3 times. To prevent sticking to the rollers of the rink, the surface is sprinkled with a thin layer of stone chips. Laying the top cover layer (special mix) is a critical part of site creation. The cover must be of high quality, so the materials for it are selected according to one of the recommended recipes, taking into account the granulometric composition of the mixture.
At present, artificial types of coatings made of synthetic materials have been developed for football fields, replacing sports lawns from cereal grasses.
5. Maintenance of tracks and grounds
The road and path network and special planar structures of a landscape gardening facility must constantly carry a sanitary, hygienic, architectural, artistic and utilitarian principle. This is possible only with their constant preservation and proper maintenance - cleaning, watering and washing coatings, removing weeds, caring for edges and borders, adding inert materials of the upper layer with rolling the fabric of structures, current and major repairs. In winter, paths and platforms should be constantly removed from snow and ice. Such measures make it possible to safely use them by passers-by, as well as to preserve the top cover of the pavement. Loose snow on paths up to 2.5 ... 3 m wide is removed using special machines. On wide alleys and platforms, snow is removed using small-sized tractors with brushes. Compacted or piled snow is removed using a front-end bucket, a loader with removal on small-sized dump trucks or self-propelled carts. Every day, the paths are cleaned of various household garbage, which is put into garbage containers. Spring work. With strong warming and snow melting, movement along paths and platforms with a soft (gravel stone) coating becomes impossible, as it leads to damage to the top layer. Therefore, such paths are temporarily closed and warning signs are made near them, signs and full houses, fences are installed. After clearing of snow and ice and drying of the coatings, the paths and platforms are opened for visitors. In places with surface quicksands or streams that temporarily divert meltwater, temporary shield bridges, wooden or metal, should be laid, which can be used after the tracks have dried and for other purposes or in the autumn-spring time of the next period. To speed up the melting, snow is loosened on the sides of paths and playgrounds and scattered over the lawn. The resulting ice is chipped off, the covers of sewage or drainage storm wells are freed from it and the melt water can flow freely. In the absence of a sewer or drainage network at the facility, water flow is provided along surface slopes with temporary grooves to the nearest city, storm well or water intake - a pond, lake, river - inside the facility. Summer work. The road and path network is cleaned of household waste, fallen leaves, small stones, glass bags 1-2 times a day. The arrangement of garbage bins and containers depends on the intensity of the object visited, the average littering of the object per unit area, for example, 100 m2, and the distance of garbage movement in different ways. All this should be taken into account when planning the acquisition of equipment and its placement. Cleaning of wide alleys, paved park roads is carried out by special cleaning machines. Small paths are cleaned with brushes on small tractors or manually with steel brooms from the edge of the paths or areas to the middle, picking up and moving only debris. During the summer, paths and playgrounds are systematically watered to create comfortable conditions for rest and movement. Pavements with a soft top coating are watered moderately in hot weather so as not to erode the surface of the coating, daily at the rate of 3.. .5 l / m2, which allows you to knock down dust. Paved alleys and driveways are watered from watering machines 1-2 times a day with washing off the dust and removing it into the storm network. Children's and sports grounds with a soft surface are watered daily 2-3 times from hoses with sprayers, with a "sprinkling" agent at the rate of 5 ... 8 l / m2. The fight against grown weeds on paths and platforms is carried out by mechanical or chemical methods. The mechanical method consists in weeding and pruning with special scrapers and hoes unpretentious, fast-growing herbs, such as buckwheat, dandelion, plantain, etc. These works are very laborious, ineffective, and, moreover, destroy the upper road surface. The chemical method is more effective - the introduction of various chemicals by sprinkling or watering the solution on the grown weed stand. In parks, a 1% aqueous solution of Bertolet salt is used in the amount of 20 ... 30 g per 1 m2 of area. Various herbicides are also effective, which should quickly decompose in plants and soil and be non-toxic to humans and animals. Herbicides are diluted in water - 5 liters of the active ingredient of the drug per 80 liters of water - and then the paths are carefully sprayed from the sprayer, 3 times every 20 days, without applying the solution to the edges and the border part of the lawns. Treat the surface of the tracks should be in warm calm weather at an outdoor temperature of 18 ... 24 ° C. The recommended mixture is simazine and atro-zin1 in equal volumes with optimal application times - early spring, before germination or after weed germination. The organization of the movement of visitors and vehicles, as well as the appearance of paths and sites depend on the condition and clarity of curbs - curbs or earthen curbs. Borders (curbs) made of artificial or natural stones are carefully inspected, the shifted parts are set flush with the line. Individual curbs that have lost their decorative effect are replaced according to the technology of the initial installation. The earthen edge during the season is cut 1-2 times mechanically - with an edge-cutting machine or manually - with a sharply sharpened rectangular blade - along the cord. The cord is pulled along the pegs installed on the design (or established by soundings in several places) boundaries of road structures. It is necessary to cut off the turf of the edge with a slight slope to the path, observing its transverse profile. Deformed brows are sown after loosening or pulled into a tape. Sowing is carried out with a double rate of lawn grass seeds identical to those growing in the existing lawn. Ribbon sodding is preferable to seed sowing, but is hampered by the lack of high-quality sod, which can be obtained either from specially arranged nurseries or from good meadows.
Practical experience shows that edging allows you to keep the earth edge in a normal state for 5-6 years. As the territory of the landscape gardening facility dries up, they begin corrective or current repairs of paths and playgrounds. Repairs are carried out if, as a result of intensive use - the passage of vehicles or mechanisms on an unsettled surface in spring or autumn, etc. - pavements with a soft top coating are damaged by significant depressions and pits. It is best to identify all the irregularities and mark the contours of microdepressions at the moment when the existing depressions are filled with water. After removing water and drying, such places are loosened, leveled by hand and covered with rubble-wedge with a layer of 3 ... 3.5 cm, which is either rolled or compacted with a rammer. Then a layer of a special mixture is applied on top, made up of the materials present in the original top layer of the coating. This layer is leveled by hand, spilled and rolled flush with the common surface of the adjacent track. For better preservation of the top cover, annually add 1 ... 2 cm of crumbs of inert material, which is part of a special mixture, and roll it with a roller 5-6 times in 4-5 tracks to create a wear layer. Tiled coverings are repaired by replacing individual damaged tiles; the base is leveled and compacted, then the tiles are laid on concrete mortar or sand, tightly fitting them to each other and compacting them with a rammer through a plank lining. Major repairs are carried out depending on the statute of limitations of the ongoing repairs and the degree of wear of the pavement: the absence of the top cover up to 70%, the presence of numerous pits with all layers knocked out or an earthen edge. The minimum period of operation of the tracks for the appointment of a major overhaul is 10 years; under special circumstances - laying engineering networks, etc. - at least 5 years after capital construction or the next major overhaul. When repairing, it is necessary to strictly carry out all technological operations in a certain sequence, observing the longitudinal and transverse slopes of paths and platforms. Overhaul of landscape gardening roads and sites consists of the following operations:
1) hilling (if possible) the upper layer of the screenings with a bulldozer with rum - after removing the layer of pollution and storing them outside the canvas before the horns; removal of destroyed tiles;
2) loosening the crushed stone base to its entire depth by a scarifier coupled with a tractor;
3) leveling the rubble raised to the surface with a bulldozer;
4) manual repair of a curb or earth curb;
5) adding new crushed stone in the amount of more than 50% of the design pavement with careful profiling along slopes and rolling with rollers;
6) laying a mixture or tiles, existing and newly imported seedings, with all the operations described in the construction of paths and platforms.
For each independent technological operation, acts are drawn up for hidden work, in which it is necessary to indicate the degree of wear of each structural element - the top coating, the crushed stone base, other layers, the curb-curb, etc. - with particular accuracy, since the amount of new added material and the estimated cost of the overhaul. Before repairing planar sports facilities, the drainage system is carefully inspected and checked to determine whether it needs to be partially improved or completely replaced. All layers of clothing on the sites are gradually removed and transported to the storage site. Practical experience shows that the overhaul of the entire structure of a sports ground in parks is carried out after 20-30 years of its operation. To check the stability of the top coating of the sites, at least 10 samples of the coating mixture are taken at different places on the sites and analyzed for particle size distribution. Particularly distinguished are the most exploited parts of the sites, the cover of which must be determined more carefully and separately. First, analyzes are carried out on the granulometric composition of the upper layer of the coating. By comparing the results of the analyzes with the particle size distribution of the optimal mixture, the missing or excess fractions are determined by groups of materials. Then a mixture is selected that, when added to the existing cover, will adjust it and lead to the optimal composition. The top cover must be carefully loosened with a cutter, break up large lumps and eliminate inconvenient places for introducing the missing volume of the new mixture found. After laying the new mixture, it is necessary to mix it very well with a rake, plan according to the slope marks, shed and roll, using the technology of work on the construction of the top cover of sports flat structures.
1.1 Proposal for a footpath
The need for a hard-surfaced footpath is due to the fact that residents of the microdistrict constantly use the lawn between the school and the kindergarten to pass from Shchelkovsky passage to 3rd Parkovaya street, this path also connects two residential buildings: No. 4 along Shchelkovsky passage and houses No. 63 on the street. 3rd park, which leads to trampling of the lawn, weathering of the soil, as well as stagnation of atmospheric wastewater during precipitation. (Appendix 2.)
The normative document in the preparation of recommendations for the construction of a footpath is the Construction Norms and Rules SNiP III-10-75 dated July 1, 1976 "Improvement of territories", developed by the Giprokommunstroy of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the RSFSR with the participation of the Central Research Institute of Experimental Design of entertainment buildings and sports facilities of Gosgrazhdanstroy, the Soyuzsportproekt Institute of the Sports Committee USSR and the Rostov Research Institute of the Academy of Public Utilities. K. D. Pamfilov and approved by the Decree of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Construction of September 25, 1975 No. 158. These SNiPs were put into effect on July 1, 1976 and are the current standard.
Also, when designing the path, technical recommendations were used on the construction and construction technology of roads, sidewalks, sites in the territories of cultural and community purposes TR 72-98, Moscow - 1998, developed by candidates of technical sciences V.M. Goldin, L.V. Gorodetsky, R.I. Bega (laboratory of road construction of NIIMosstroy) with the participation of State Institution "Mosstroylicensiya". They are compiled on the basis of research work carried out by the road construction laboratory of NIIMosstroy, as well as the experience gained by road construction organizations in Moscow and other cities of Russia. The recommendations were developed for the first time and are mainly intended for construction in areas of new housing construction, although they can also be successfully used for the central districts of the city during the overhaul of social and cultural facilities. The recommendations were agreed with the Mosinzhproekt Institute and the Gordorstroy trust and developed taking into account the current regulatory documents and the album SK 6101-97 "Road structures for Moscow. Typical structures"
The technology of construction of roads, sites includes several stages: the construction of a subgrade; drainage device, drainage sand layer device; installation of side stone; base device; coating device. (Fig. 1)
I stage. "Digging a road trough"
· Construction of subgrade is not required as the path is intended for pedestrian purposes.
· The width of the trough corresponds to the width of the projected track.
· For earthworks, excavators with a bucket with a capacity of 0.25 m 3 to 1.0 m 3, bulldozers, motor graders, scrapers should be used. (Table 1)
Tab. 2.1. Soil compaction machines
| Machine brand | Roller type | Weight, t | Compaction depth (in dense body), m | |
| cohesive soil | loose soil | |||
| DU-31A (D-627) | Self-propelled, pneumatic tires, static | 16 | 0,20 | 0,25 |
| DU-29 (D-624) | 30 | 0,30 | 0,35 | |
| Self-propelled, combined, with vibratory drum | 10-11 | 0,40 | 0,60 | |
| A-8 | trailed vibrating | 9 | 0,30 | 0,50 |
Calculation of the volume of excavation for the construction of a trough track
L - the length of the proposed track, L = 90 m
D - track width, D = 750 mm
H is the depth of the trough, H = 250 mm
V is the volume of soil to be excavated, m³
V = 90*0.25*0.75= 16.875m³
The withdrawn soil is subject to collection and removal to the territory of a specialized landfill for the disposal of construction waste.
II stage. "Crushed stone foundation device"
Drainage trenches should be opened before frost sets in.
· For the upper layers of crushed stone bases and coatings for driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms, crushed stone of 40-70 mm fractions should be used.
Table 2.2. Grain composition of crushed stone mixtures
| Mix type | The content in the mixture of particles, % of the mass passing through a sieve with a hole size, mm | ||||||
| 70 | 40 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 0,63 | not less than 0.05 | |
| Coarse-grained, I | 80-100 | 40-50 | 20-30 | 15-25 | 12-20 | 5-10 | 0-3 |
| Same, II | 85-100 | 60-70 | 40-50 | 30-40 | 20-30 | 5-15 | 0-5 |
| Medium grain, I | - | 85-100 | 40-50 | 20-30 | 15-25 | 7-10 | 1-5 |
| Same, II | - | - | 85-100 | 60-70 | 40-50 | 15-20 | 2-5 |
Crushed stone and gravel in the layer should be compacted three times. In the first rolling, the placer must be compacted and the crushed stone or gravel must be in a stable position. In the second rolling, the rigidity of the base or coating must be achieved due to the interlocking of the fractions. In the third rolling, the formation of a dense bark in the upper part of the layer should be achieved by wedging the surface with fine fractions. Signs of the end of compaction in the second and third periods are the lack of mobility of crushed stone or gravel, the cessation of wave formation in front of the rink, the absence of a trace from the rink, as well as the crushing of individual crushed stones or grains of gravel by the rollers of the rink, but not pressing them into the top layer.
Table 2.3. Characteristics of rollers and compaction modes of crushed stone mixtures and rolled concrete mixtures
| Model, type, brand | Main design features | Weight, t | Crushed stone mixtures | Rolled concrete mixes | |||
| compacted layer thickness, m | concrete mix hardness | compacted layer thickness, m | number of passes on one track | ||||
| DU-476-1 | Self-propelled static smooth roll | 6 | 0,10 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,15 | 12-14 |
| DU-63-1 | 10 | 0,14 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,15 | 12-14 | |
| DU-73-1 | 5-5,5 | 0,10 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,15 | 12-14 | |
| DU-54M | Self-propelled vibratory smooth-rollers | 1,5-2,2 | 0,10 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,15 | 12-14 |
| DU-47B | 6 | 0,20 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,25 | 6-8 | |
| DU-73 | 5-5,5 | 0,15 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,25 | 6-8 | |
| DU-63 | 8-10 | 0,20 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,30 | 6-8 | |
| DU-74 | 8-9 | 0,20 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,30 | 6-8 | |
| DU-65 | Self-propelled pneumatic wheels on a special chassis | 10-12 | 0,15 | 10 | 100-110 | 0,15 | 6-8 |
| DU-58N | Self-propelled combined action | 16 | 0,30 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,30 | 6-8 |
| DU-64 | 8,5-9,5 | 0,20 | 10 | 90-120 | 0,25 | 6-8 | |
· When arranging gravel bases and coatings, the maximum thickness of the compacted gravel layer (in a dense state) should not exceed 15 cm. The compaction of gravel should be carried out first with light rollers without irrigation, and then with heavy ones, with irrigation in small doses at the rate of up to 60 l / m 3 of uncompacted gravel. After rolling, the gravel base (coating) should be watered within 10-12 days at the rate of 2.5 l/m 3 of uncompacted gravel.
Calculation of the volume of gravel and crushed stone required during construction
H sh - gravel thickness, H sh = 150mm
V u - volume of gravel, m³
V u = H u *L*D
V sh \u003d 0.15 * 90 * 0.75 \u003d 10.125 m³
III stage. "The device of the underlying layer of sand"
· The construction of the underlying layer of sand is started after the acceptance of the subgrade of the road and the execution of the relevant act. The compliance of the actual profile marks with the design ones and the degree of soil compaction are subject to mandatory verification.
· Sand filtration coefficient for the underlying layer must be at least 3 m/day. Sand is delivered to the construction site by dump trucks and unloaded directly into the road trough. Sand leveling is carried out by bulldozers or motor graders according to the "push" method in compliance with the design slopes.
· Rollers for sand compaction are selected depending on the type of sand and the thickness of the compacted layer in accordance with the table. 1.1
· The compacted sand bed should have the design thickness, the deviation from the design should not exceed ±1 cm, and the compaction factor should not be less than 0.98. The largest clearance under the rail should not exceed 1 cm. Longitudinal and transverse slopes should correspond to the project.
Calculation of the required volume of sand for the underlying layer.
H p - the thickness of the underlying layer of sand, H p \u003d 100 mm
V p - the volume of sand required to create the underlying layer, m³
V p \u003d H p * L * D
V p \u003d 0.1 * 90 * 0.75 \u003d 6.75 m³
IV. Hard surface laying
Since the designers of the microdistrict chose a decorative square-shaped concrete tile for the hard surface of the walkways, we will also use this tile in our walkway project. For pavement coatings, the following slabs are used in accordance with Appendix 1. GOST 17608-91: square (K), model 4K.5 or 4K.7
Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete tiles of sidewalks and footpaths, not designed to withstand an 8-ton axial load from vehicles, should be laid on a sand base with a width of paths and sidewalks up to 2 m. The sand base should have a lateral stop from the ground and be compacted to a density with a coefficient not lower than 0.98; have a thickness of at least 3 cm and ensure that the tiles fit perfectly when they are laid. The presence of gaps in the base when checking it with a template or a control rod is not allowed.
A tight fit of the tiles to the base is achieved by settling them during laying and immersing the tiles in the sand of the base up to 2 mm. Joints between tiles should be no more than 15 mm, vertical displacements in the joints between tiles should be no more than 2 mm.
Calculation of the number of paving slabs
n - the number of tiles in 1 m², n = 7.16, pcs.
N - the total number of required tiles, pcs.
N \u003d 90 * 0.75 * 7.16 \u003d 483.3 (484) pcs.
| Name of works | Unit rev. | TOTAL | Cost per unit change, rub | Volume of material per unit of measure | ||
| material (m3 or m2) | Volume | |||||
| Concrete tile walkways | ||||||
| m2 | 1 | |||||
| concrete paving slabs (7cm) | 1 400,00 | m2 | 1,00 | |||
| crushed stone (15 cm) | 360,00 | m3 | 0,15 | |||
| sand (10 cm) | 87,20 | m3 | 0,1 | |||
| work on digging a trough (without loading and disposal of soil) | 135,00 | m3 | 0,45 | |||
| TOTAL for 1m² | 1982,20 | |||||
| TOTAL for 67m² | 133 798,50 | |||||
The project of a footpath 90m long and 0.75m wide covered with concrete square slabs has an estimated cost of 133,798 rubles. 50 kop.
First of all, the arrangement of garden paths should include a plan with all the existing buildings on it. They are drawn on the plan to scale. The plan should also contain the location of existing trees on the site. Consider the stylistic direction of the garden: the appearance of the paths and the materials from which they are made should be in harmony with the overall concept. Decide on the patency of the site and, based on this, choose the width of the tracks. Barbecues, swimming pools or playgrounds for children must be wide enough for two people to walk freely on them. The width of these paths varies between 100 - 130 cm. The path leading to the gazebo, located in a secluded place in the garden, will be 50-70 cm wide. After determining the parameters of the paths (width, length, configuration), proceed to the choice of material for paving.
The purpose of garden paths depends on the loads that will affect the coating.
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Selection of material for tracks
It can be made from a wide variety of materials: small pebbles, gravel, artificial or natural stone, clinker tiles, wood. Naturally, tiles made of artificial stone, wood or gravel are much cheaper than those made of natural stone. But you should not approach the choice of material for based only on its price.
The purpose of the tracks depends on the loads that will affect the coating. In the case when garden paths are intended only for pedestrian traffic, any material can serve as their device - crushed stone or concrete paving slabs. If the surface will be affected by the weight of more than one person (for example, car paths), then the best solution would be to install such asphalt or paving stones.
When choosing material for tracks, it is necessary to pay special attention to the strength and thickness of the material.
When choosing material for tracks, it is necessary to pay special attention to the strength and thickness of the material. For example, a concrete road must meet the following requirements:
- footpaths must be made with a layer of concrete with a thickness of at least 50 mm;
- the paths along which movement will take place, for example, hand wheelbarrows, must be at least 7.5-8.0 cm thick concrete.
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Selection of track device technology
The technology of garden paths is divided into four types:
- soft;
- hard;
- special;
- combined.
Soft paths - paths that have a coating of gravel, screenings, crushed stone, as well as tree bark.
Soft paths - paths that have a coating of gravel, screenings, crushed stone, as well as tree bark.
Rigid paths - paths, the device of which is made of separate elements, for example, paving slabs, monolithic concrete or stone.
Special - paths with a decorative concrete coating.
Combined - paths, the device of which includes paving slabs and bulk materials.
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Advantages and disadvantages of various materials for garden paths
Natural stone (marble, granite, basalt, sandstone, limestone).
Advantages:
- durability of natural stone (more than 250 years);
- a variety of shapes and textures, allowing the use in large gardens and small areas.
Disadvantages:
- cost compared to other materials;
- travel insecurity.
Note: For garden paths of this type, experts advise using electric heating.
Artificial material (paving slabs, asphalt, rubble stone, concrete coatings).
Advantages:
- resistance to aggressive environment and UFL;
- practicality;
- variety of forms.
Disadvantages:
- poor quality of manufacture of such materials significantly reduces the service life;
- during the interseasonal movement of soils, cracking of the surface of the coating is possible (asphalt coating, monolithic concrete);
- paving slabs can settle, which will make the path inconvenient for movement and require its repair.
Bulk materials (gravel, crushed stone, screenings, pebbles, sand).
Advantages:
- low price;
- low labor intensity during installation;
- no slope required.
Disadvantages:
- the difficulty of cleaning;
- need .
First of all, you should think carefully about the design of your garden. If the garden is made in Japanese or Chinese style, you cannot do without tiles made from natural materials. Such gardens often have and therefore you will not need a large amount of natural stone material.
If you prefer the style of French apothecary gardens or the English style, then paving the paths with artificial paving slabs will be the most correct solution.
When choosing the material from which the paths for the garden will be made, you should think not only about the price of the material, but also about the costs of the preparatory period and work on direct laying.
The soil is the basis for the paths and, depending on the characteristics of the soil, all further work on the device is determined.
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Territory planning
The planning technology includes two stages: marking the territory of the site and excavation. To mark the site, it is necessary to make benchmarks (marks) that will determine the contours of garden paths, pits for planting trees, playgrounds and the terrain. Benchmarks are exposed according to the project. All marks must be tied to the boundaries of the site, buildings and trees. Pegs made of wood or small pieces of reinforcement can be used as benchmarks. Depending on the marks, the relief of the site is divided. The breakdown of such a plan can be done using a theodolite or level. After marking the entire area, the contours of the platforms and paths should be applied. To do this, sand is sprinkled along the contours. Seeing the real shapes of the tracks, it is easy to correct them. This is followed by earthworks or "dugout".
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Excavation work
First of all, it is necessary to determine the level of groundwater and soil composition. The soil is the basis for the paths and, depending on the characteristics of the soil, all further work on the device is determined.
The most optimal base is considered to be sandy soils, which consist of sand of medium and coarse fractions. Soils of such a plan are found near rivers and in alluvial areas. For the device, you only need to remove a small layer of sand, not forgetting to take into account that the path should be located 2-3 centimeters above ground level.
All other soils require the implementation of the so-called "trough" to create a sound foundation. Soil excavation should be carried out to a depth of 150 - 300 mm, followed by the placement of inert materials into it in the following order: gravel, crushed stone, sand.
Each layer must be compacted and carefully leveled.
To reduce the thickness and increase the quality of the underlying layer, geogrids and geotextiles are used today.
The topmost layer in the "trough" is made of sand and serves as a base for covering the track. The depth of excavation is directly proportional to the level of groundwater and the degree of moisture permeability. The greatest depth of excavation in wetlands and peat areas. If you do not use a powerful underlay on such soils, then in a few years the track will sag.
To reduce the thickness and increase the quality of the underlying layer, geogrids and geotextiles are used today. The geogrid is a construction made of inert polyester fiber. The geogrid helps form a strong cellular frame. All lattice cavities are filled with crushed stone, gravel and sand. Geotextiles can be placed between the sand and gravel layer. It prevents the germination of plants between the joints of the slabs of the track and the washing out of the masonry material. Geotextiles are also installed at the bottom of the trough. In such cases, it acts as a reinforcement.
Laying of artificial and natural stone pavement (piece materials) can be done on a dry mortar of cement and gravel, on a layer of cement mortar or spilled sand. In the first case, stone tiles are laid directly on a layer of gravel without a layer of sand. During laying, the slabs are compacted with a hammer with a rubber or wood head.
Wooden flooring must be laid on bars (logs). This is done in order to avoid the deck boards touching the ground.
Borders give the path not only an aesthetically finished look, but also carry functional loads - they prevent the spreading of paving slabs and the washing out of masonry material into the ground.
Pathways must be sloped to drain melt and rainwater. The slope on both sides is usually performed on flat areas, and one-sided slope - on relief areas. The slope is made in the direction of lowering the level of the relief.
Curbs give the finished look to the path. They give the path not only an aesthetically finished look, but also carry functional loads - they prevent the spreading of paving slabs and the washing out of masonry material into the ground. The most popular are plastic curbs, installed after laying the slabs. Installation of plastic curbs does not require excavation. They are installed using special anchor-type fasteners.
It is best to combine excavation with the laying of drainage ditches, storm systems, lighting and irrigation systems. This approach will save you time and money. Proper placement of drainage grates and storm inlets will help calculate the slopes of the paths so that water from their surface enters the drainage system immediately, and does not stagnate on paved areas or lawns. In the "trough" for future tracks, you can lay electrical cables and pipelines for the irrigation system. It is necessary to lay cables in special corrugated type hoses (plastic or metal). Paths on dirt slopes, passing along the edge of a terrace with a pronounced relief, need to be further strengthened. For such purposes, geogrids, which have already been mentioned above, are perfect.
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