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1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to the assembly seams of the junctions of window and external door blocks (hereinafter - window blocks) to wall openings.

The standard is used in the design, development of design and technological documentation, as well as in the performance of work in the construction, reconstruction and repair of buildings and structures for various purposes, taking into account the requirements of applicable building codes and regulations. The requirements of the standard are also applied when replacing window blocks in operated premises.

The requirements of this standard can be applied in the design of mounting joints of junctions of stained-glass and other facade structures, as well as mounting joints of interfaces between structures.

The standard does not apply to the assembly seams of the junctions of window blocks for special purposes (for example, fire-prevention, explosion-proof, etc.), as well as products intended for use in unheated rooms.

The standard can be used for certification purposes.

References are made in this standard to the following standards:
GOST 166-89 Calipers. Specifications
GOST 427-75 Measuring metal rulers. Specifications
GOST 2678-94 Roll roofing and waterproofing materials. Test Methods
GOST 7076-99 Construction materials and products. Method for determining thermal conductivity and thermal resistance in a stationary thermal regime
GOST 7502-98 Metal measuring tapes. Specifications
GOST 7912-74 Rubber. Method for determining the temperature limit of brittleness
GOST 10174-90 Polyurethane foam gaskets for windows and doors. Specifications
GOST 17177-94 Heat-insulating building materials and products. Test Methods
GOST 23166-99 Window blocks. General specifications
GOST 24700-99 Wooden window blocks with double-glazed windows. Specifications
GOST 25898-83 Building materials and products. Methods for determining the resistance to vapor permeation
GOST 26433.0-85 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. General provisions
GOST 26433.1-89 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. Prefabricated elements
GOST 26433.2-94 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements of parameters of buildings and structures
GOST 26589-94 Roofing and waterproofing materials. Test Methods
GOST 26602.1-99 Window and door blocks. Methods for determining the resistance to heat transfer
GOST 26602.2-99 Window and door blocks. Methods for determining air and water permeability
GOST 26602.3-99 Window and door blocks. Method for determining sound insulation
GOST 30673-99 PVC profiles for window and door blocks. Specifications

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms and definitions are used in this standard:

The junction of the window block to the wall opening- a structural system that ensures the interface of a wall window opening (including elements of the outer and inner slopes) with the window block box, including a mounting seam, a window sill, a drain, as well as facing and fasteners.

Mounting clearance- the space between the surface of the wall opening and the box of the window (door) block.

Assembly seam- an element of the junction, which is a combination of various insulating materials used to fill the mounting gap and having the specified characteristics.

Force operational impact on the assembly seam- the impact arising from the mutual movements of the window frame (frame) and the wall opening when the linear dimensions change due to temperature, humidity and other influences, as well as during the shrinkage of buildings.

Deformation resistance of the assembly seam- the ability of the assembly seam to maintain the specified characteristics when the linear dimensions of the assembly gap change as a result of various operational influences.

4 Classification

4.1 The constructions of the mounting joints of the junctions of window blocks to wall openings are classified according to the following performance characteristics:

Heat transfer resistance;

Resistance to force operational impacts;

breathability;

Water permeability;

Soundproofing;

Vapor permeability.

4.2 Indicators of the main performance characteristics of field joints are divided into classes according to table 1.

4.3 The class of the mounting joint in terms of resistance to heat transfer, air and water permeability, vapor permeability, deformation resistance, sound insulation is set in the working documentation for the junctions of window blocks to wall openings.

4.4 The resistance of assembly joints to forceful operational influences is classified according to the indicator of deformation stability. The value of the ratio of the value of the largest change in the specified size of the assembly joint (without destruction or critical reduction in the specified characteristics) to the value of the specified weld size, expressed as a percentage, is taken as an indicator of deformation stability.

4.5 The classification features of the vapor permeability of assembly joints are:

The value and ratio of the values ​​​​of the resistance to vapor permeability of the layers (materials) of the assembly seam;

The increment value of the calculated mass ratio of moisture in the material of the central layer of the seam for the period of moisture absorption.

The vapor barrier properties of assembly joints can also be characterized by structural features. For example, the presence or absence of a vapor barrier between the foam insulation and the surface of the wall opening.

The requirements for the vapor barrier of mounting joints and their values ​​are set in the design and construction documentation for specific construction projects.

4.6 The symbol of the assembly seam should include the letter designation "ШМ" - the assembly seam, digital designations of classes in terms of resistance to heat transfer and deformation resistance.

An example of a symbol for an assembly seam:

ШМ III–I GOST 30971-2002 - mounting seam with heat transfer resistance classes - III, deformation resistance - I.

In the contract, passport and other documentation for assembly joints, it is recommended to additionally indicate the classification of joints according to other classified parameters, as well as other technical information as agreed between the manufacturer and the consumer. If necessary, it is allowed to give specific values ​​(ranges of values) of the technical characteristics of assembly joints and materials used for their device, confirmed by test results

5 Technical requirements

5.1 General

5.1.1 The assembly seam consists of three layers, which are divided according to the main functional purpose:

outdoor - waterproof, vapor-permeable;

central - heat-insulating;

internal - vapor barrier.

Each of the layers of the assembly joint can, in addition to the main ones, perform additional functions (for example, the outer layer can have a significant resistance to heat transfer), which must be taken into account when determining the design characteristics of the structure. The schematic diagram of the mounting seam is shown in Figure 1.

5.1.2 The constructions of mounting joints are established in the working documentation for mounting units for adjoining specific types of window blocks to wall openings, taking into account current building codes and regulations and the requirements of this standard. Examples of structural solutions for assembly joints are given in Appendix A.

5.1.3 Construction joints must be resistant to various operational influences: atmospheric factors, temperature and humidity influences from the premises, force (temperature, shrinkage, etc.) deformations.

I - outer water-proof vapor-permeable layer;
II - central heat-insulating layer;
III - internal vapor barrier
Figure 1 - Schematic diagram of the mounting seam

5.1.4 The choice of materials for mounting joints and determining the dimensions of mounting gaps should be made taking into account possible operational (temperature, sedimentary) changes in the linear dimensions of window blocks and wall openings in terms of deformation resistance. At the same time, elastic insulating materials intended for operation in a compressed state must be selected taking into account their design (working) degree of compression.

5.1.5 The value of heat transfer resistance of the assembly seam must ensure that the temperature of the inner surface of the window slope and the structure is not lower than required by building codes and regulations.

The values ​​of indicators of air, - water permeability, sound insulation of assembly joints should not be lower than the values ​​of these indicators for the window blocks used.

5.1.6 Depending on the configuration of the surfaces of wall openings, mounting joints can be straight (window opening without a quarter) or corner (window opening with a quarter).

5.1.7 From the outside, mounting seams can be protected with special profiled parts: rain-proof flashings, soundproof linings, etc.

From the inside, the mounting joints can be closed with a plaster layer or window slope lining details.

5.2 Requirements for the outer layer

5.2.1 The outer layer of the mounting joint must be waterproof under rain exposure at a given (calculated) pressure drop between the outer and inner surfaces of the mounting joint.

5.2.2 For the device of the outer layer, it is recommended to use materials that have adhesion to the surface of window openings and boxes of window blocks. The peeling resistance (adhesion strength) of tape and film materials must be at least 0.3 kgf/cm2, and the adhesive strength of sealants must be at least 0.1 MPa (1.0 kgf/cm2).

5.2.3 The outer layer materials shall be resistant to operating temperatures in the range of:

for regular seams - from minus 35° С to 70° С;

for frost-resistant joints - from below minus 36 ° C to 70 ° C.

Note - The lower limit of negative operating temperatures, confirmed by the test results, is indicated in the accompanying documentation (passport) for the material of the outer layer.

5.2.4 Insulating materials of the outer layer (not protected during operation from exposure to sunlight) must be resistant to UV irradiation (the total dose of irradiation of the front surfaces during testing is not less than 5 GJ/m2).

5.2.5 The materials of the outer layer should not interfere with the removal of vaporous moisture from the central layer of the weld. The value of the vapor permeability coefficient of the outer layer material is not less than 0.15 mg/(m*h*Pa). The use of vapor barrier materials as materials for the outer layer is not allowed, except when sealing materials are used in combination with a plaster mortar that provides the required vapor permeability of the outer layer.

5.3 Requirements for the core layer

5.3.1 The central insulating layer must provide the required resistance to heat transfer of the assembly seam. The value of heat transfer resistance should be in the range of values ​​​​of this indicator for the wall and window structure.

5.3.2 The filling of the mounting joint with heat-insulating materials must be continuous in cross section, without voids, gaps, cracks and overflows. Laminations, through gaps, cracks, as well as shells with a maximum size of 10 mm are not allowed.

5.3.3 The resistance to vapor permeability of the central layer of the construction joint should be in the range of values ​​of this indicator for the outer and inner layers.

5.3.4 The adhesive strength of the adhesion of mounting foam insulation to the surfaces of window openings and boxes of window blocks must be at least 0.1 MPa (1.0 kgf/cm2).

5.3.5 Water absorption of foam insulation of the central layer when fully immersed in 24 hours should not exceed 3% by weight.

5.3.6 If necessary, to prevent the impact of moisture from the side of the wall opening on the central insulating layer (in the plane of possible condensation formation), it is allowed to install a vapor barrier tape between the inner surface of the wall opening and the assembly joint.

5.4 Requirements for the inner layer

5.4.1 The vapor barrier materials of the inner layer of the assembly joint must have a vapor permeability coefficient of not more than 0.01 mg/(m*h/*Pa).

5.4.2 The vapor barrier materials of the inner layer shall have peeling resistance (adhesion strength) from the surfaces forming the assembly gap not lower than the values ​​specified in 5.2.2 for the outer layer materials.

5.4.3 The design and materials of the inner layer must ensure reliable isolation of the materials of the central layer from the effects of water vapor from the room.

Vapor barrier materials along the inner contour of the mounting gap must be laid continuously, without gaps, gaps and non-glued areas.

5.5 General requirements for materials

5.5.1 The materials used in the construction of field joints must comply with the requirements of the standards, the terms of the supply contracts and the technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

5.5.2 The materials used for the installation of assembly joints are divided according to the range of operating temperatures at which installation work is allowed, into materials:

summer version (from + 35 °С to + 5 °С);

winter version (with operating temperatures below + 5 °С).

5.5.3 The outer layer materials shall be resistant to prolonged weathering.

The materials used for the device of various layers of the mounting seam must be compatible with each other, as well as with the materials of the wall opening, window box and fasteners.

The durability of the materials (service life) used for the assembly joint must be at least 20 conventional years of operation (the durability indicator is put into effect from 01.01.2005).

5.5.4 Materials used in the construction of field joints must have a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision.

5.5.5 Materials for assembly joints should be stored in dry, heated, ventilated rooms in compliance with the storage conditions specified in the regulatory documentation for these materials.

5.5.6 Requirements for fasteners and their installation are given in Appendix B.

5.6 Dimensional requirements

5.6.1 The nominal dimensions of the mounting gaps for the installation of seams are set in the working drawings of the junctions of window blocks to wall openings.

5.6.2 When determining the dimensions of the assembly joints, take into account:

the configuration and dimensions of the window opening, the box of the window unit and the window sill, including their permissible limit deviations;

expected changes in the linear dimensions of window openings and blocks during their operation from temperature and humidity deformations and shrinkage;

technical characteristics of the materials of the assembly seam, based on providing the necessary resistance to operational loads (for example, the size of the outer insulating tape is selected based on the calculated degree of compression, which makes it possible to obtain the specified values ​​of water and vapor permeability);

temperature conditions for the production of installation work.

5.6.3 The nominal dimensions and configuration of window openings must comply with those established in the working design documentation. Recommended maximum deviations from the nominal dimensions of the height and width of the opening: +15 mm. The deviation from the vertical and horizontal should not exceed 3.0 mm per 1 m, but not more than 8 mm for the entire height or width of the opening. Deviations from the vertical and horizontal must be within the tolerances for deviations in height and width.

5.6.4 Limit deviations from the overall dimensions of window block boxes are set in the regulatory documentation for products.

1 When installing wooden window blocks

2 When installing window blocks made of aluminum and PVC profiles

a) window blocks made of aluminum alloys with a side size of up to 2000 mm

b) window blocks made of white PVC profiles with a side size of up to 2000 mm, as well as aluminum window blocks with a side size of 2000 mm to 3500 mm.

c) window blocks made of white PVC profiles with a side size of 2000 mm to 3500 mm, as well as of profiles of other colors with a side size of up to 2000 mm.
Figure 2 - Dimensions of mounting gaps (seams) when installing window blocks
from various materials according to GOST 23166

Deviations from the vertical and horizontal of the parts of the boxes of mounted window blocks should not exceed 1.5 mm per 1 m of length, but not more than 3 mm for the height of the product.

5.7 Surface preparation requirements for mounting gap

5.7.1 When preparing the window structure and opening for installation, the requirements of 5.6.3, 5.6.4 must be observed.

5.7.2 Edges and surfaces of external and internal slopes shall not have gouges, cavities, mortar sags and other damages with a height (depth) of more than 5 mm. Defective places should be puttied with waterproof compounds. Voids in the wall opening (for example, cavities at the junctions of the facing and main layers of brickwork, at the junctions of lintels and masonry, as well as voids formed when boxes were removed when replacing windows) should be filled with inserts of rigid insulation or antiseptic wood.

Oily surfaces should be degreased. Loose, crumbling areas of surfaces must be hardened (treated with binders or special film materials).

5.7.3 Before installing insulating materials in the mounting joint, the surfaces of window openings and structures must be cleaned of dust and dirt, and in winter conditions - of snow, ice, hoarfrost, followed by surface heating.

5.7.4 General requirements for the performance of work when arranging field joints are given in Appendix B.

6 Acceptance rules

6.1 Acceptance of finished assembly joints is carried out at construction sites in batches. The number of window openings with installed window blocks and completed assembly seams, made using the same technology and issued with one acceptance certificate (quality document), is taken as a batch.

6.2 Assembly joints are accepted by:

Input quality control of the materials used;

Quality control of the preparation of window openings and window blocks;

Monitoring compliance with the requirements for the installation of window blocks;

Production operational control;

Acceptance tests during the production of works;

Classification and periodic laboratory tests of materials and assembly seams carried out by testing centers (laboratories).

The incoming quality control of materials and products, the quality control of the preparation of window openings and the installation of window blocks, as well as periodic tests in the production of work on the installation of assembly seams are carried out by a construction laboratory or a quality control service of a construction (installation) organization.

The results of all types of control are recorded in the appropriate quality logs.

Completion of work on the installation of assembly joints is drawn up by an act for hidden work and an act of acceptance.

6.3 Input quality control of materials and products during their receipt and storage is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the RD and project documentation. At the same time, they check certificates of conformity, sanitary and epidemiological conclusions, expiration dates, labeling of products (containers), as well as compliance with the conditions established in supply contracts.

6.4 The quality control of the preparation of window openings and the installation of window blocks is carried out in accordance with the technological documentation for the production of installation work, taking into account the requirements of the current regulatory documentation and this standard. At the same time, they check:

Surface preparation of window openings and window blocks;

Dimensions (limit deviations) of window openings and blocks;

Deviations from the dimensions when installing window blocks;

Deviations from the dimensions of mounting gaps;

Other requirements established in the working design and technological documentation.

The quality of the preparation of window openings is documented by the act of acceptance of window openings.

6.5 Production operational quality control is carried out by the responsible executor of work sequentially for each operation of the technological process in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer's documentation.

6.6 Acceptance tests during the performance of work on the construction joints are carried out by the quality control service (construction laboratory) of the construction organization at least 1 time per shift. At the same time, they check:

the quality of installation of mounting tapes (including their adhesion strength to joint surfaces), insulation and other materials (upon completion of work on each layer of the seam);

temperature and humidity parameters of work conditions.

If the technology for installing window blocks provides for a two-three-day installation period (for example, the first day is the installation of window blocks on mounting wedges and laying the materials of the outer layer; the second day is the application of mounting materials of the central and inner layers), then the quality control of the mounting seam is carried out at the same windows.

6.7 Classification and periodic laboratory tests are carried out at the request of design, construction and other organizations to confirm the classification characteristics and performance of field joints. Tests are carried out in testing centers (laboratories) accredited for the right to conduct such tests.

It is allowed to determine the characteristics of assembly joints by calculation methods according to the normative documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

6.8 The manufacturer confirms the acceptance of the assembly joints by issuing a quality document (passport), which must contain:

Name and address of the installation organization;

Name and address of the place of work;

Symbol and (or) description of the design with a list of insulating materials used, drawings, technical characteristics of the assembly seam (including fasteners);

The number of assembly joints presented for acceptance;

Date of issue of the passport;

Stamp of the quality service and signature of the responsible person;

Warranty obligations;

Other information based on specific working conditions.

6.9 Acceptance of work on the installation of field joints is formalized by an acceptance certificate signed by the contractor and the customer, to which is attached a quality document (passport), copies of the approval and measurement protocols and, at the request of the customer, sanitary and epidemiological conclusions for insulating materials.

6.10 In the event of disputed (arbitration) issues regarding the quality of assembly joints during the warranty period, the customer has the right to demand a control opening of the assembly joints. In this case, it is recommended to use the control plan shown in Table 2.

A batch of field welds is accepted if the number of defective welds in the first sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number, and rejected without assigning a second sample if the number of defective welds is greater than or equal to the rejection number. If the number of defective welds in the first sample is greater than the acceptance number, but less than the rejection number, they proceed to the second stage of control and make a second sample.

A batch of field welds is accepted if the number of defective welds in the second sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number.

If the number of defective seams exceeds the acceptance number during the second stage, all assembly seams must be opened and checked individually. Defective assembly seams should be repaired and rechecked.

7 Test methods

7.1 Methods for testing materials during incoming quality control are established in the technological documentation, taking into account the requirements of the RD for these materials. Test methods for production operational quality control are established in the technological documentation, taking into account the requirements of this standard.

7.2 Surface preparation of window openings (5.7) is assessed visually. The geometric dimensions of mounting gaps and the dimensions of defects are measured using a tape measure in accordance with GOST 7502, a ruler in accordance with GOST 427, a caliper in accordance with GOST 166 using methods in accordance with GOST 26433.0 and GOST 26433.1.

7.3 When measuring deviations from the plumb line (vertical) and the horizontal level of the corresponding surfaces of window openings and structures, the measurement rules in accordance with GOST 26433.2 should be used.

7.4 The appearance and quality of the installation of elements and the arrangement of the layers of the assembly seam are evaluated visually from a distance of 400-600 mm with an illumination of at least 300 lux.

7.5 Determination of the strength of adhesion (adhesion) of sealing tapes and gaskets to structural elements during periodic tests in the course of work is carried out in the following sequence:

using a special cutting tool (for example, a cutter), cut the edge of the tape installed on the surface of the mounting joint;

the edge of the tape is clamped in a special grip and is torn off through a dynamometer along the normal to the adhesion surface, while fixing the force of separation;

Stripping of the tape must occur with a force of at least 0.3 kg/cm.

7.6 Methods for acceptance and periodic laboratory tests

7.6.1 The resistance to heat transfer of assembly joints is determined by the calculation method as the sum of the thermal resistances of individual layers, taking into account the heat transfer coefficients of the inner and outer surfaces of the wall or in laboratory tests in accordance with GOST 26601.1. In this case, the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the materials used is taken according to the test results in accordance with GOST 7076 or other regulatory documentation. The assessment of the temperature regime of the junctions of the window block to the wall opening is carried out by laboratory tests or by the calculation method according to the methods approved in the established manner, taking into account the provisions of Appendix G.

7.6.2 Air and water permeability of construction joints is determined according to GOST 26602.2.

Tests are carried out using a special device, the design of which is shown in Figure 3. The device is a cassette (for example, wooden) with a blank panel installed in it. The inner bars of the cassette imitate the dimensions and configuration of the slopes of the window opening.

The panel is a box of a window block, sheathed on both sides with sheet material (for example, waterproof plywood according to ND).

The surfaces of the cassette and panel must have a waterproof coating.

The gap between the cassette and the sample of the window block, as well as the design and technology of the assembly seam device, are taken in accordance with the design solution of the junction adopted in the design documentation.

The device is installed in the opening of the test chamber on sealing gaskets.

The test conditions are specified in the test program.

7.6.3 Sound insulation is determined according to GOST 26602.3. For the test, use the apparatus of 7.6.2. The internal volume of the panel is sheathed with sheet sound-absorbing material and filled with dry sand. The device is installed in the opening of the test chamber on sound-proof putty. The structural solution of the panel must provide sound insulation of at least 40 dBA.

7.6.4 The resistance of the outer insulating layer to ultraviolet irradiation is determined using the test mode given in GOST 30673 (irradiation in the Xenotest apparatus). The tests are carried out on three samples of materials of the insulating layer with a length of at least 200 mm. The test result is considered satisfactory if, after testing, there are no tears, cracks, shells, delaminations and streaks on the surface of each sample.

A, B, H - panel dimensions

s, h are the dimensions of the gaps for the assembly seam.

1 - cassette with overhead bars; 2 - overhead bars; 3 - vapor-tight tape; 4 - foam insulation; 5 – panel box; 6 - panel filling (for example, soundproofing material); 7 - sound-absorbing pad; 8 - panel sheathing; 9 - waterproofing gasket

Figure 3 - Device for testing assembly joints for air permeability and sound insulation

7.6.5 Resistance to vapor permeability and vapor permeability of the materials of the construction seam is determined according to GOST 25898.

7.6.6 Water absorption of heaters is determined according to GOST 17177.

7.6.7 Peel resistance (adhesion strength) of film and tape materials of the outer and inner insulating layers is determined according to GOST 10174. The adhesion strength of sealants to the base is determined according to GOST 26589, method B (in this case, one of the glued samples is made of aluminum alloy or polyvinyl chloride with a thickness of 3 -5 mm).

7.6.8 To determine the adhesive strength of foam insulation, the amount of force required to break the bond between the insulation and the structural material is determined under the action of tensile forces directed perpendicular to the contact plane.

The number of test specimens is at least 5.

7.6.8.1 Apparatus and fixtures

Breaking machine, which ensures the destruction of the sample with the speed of movement of the active grip (10 ± 1) mm/min and allows you to measure the value of the breaking force with an error of not more than 1%;

A special fixture installed in the clamps of the testing machine. The fixture must ensure that the longitudinal axis of the sample coincides with the direction of the applied force.

7.6.8.2 Test pieces

Samples are made by pouring and foaming insulation in a metal mold with an inner diameter of (51 ± 0.5) mm and a height of at least 30 mm, in the bottom of which a disk of structural material (for example, polyvinyl chloride or aluminum alloy) is fixed. The inner cylindrical surfaces of the mold are lubricated with grease. The surface of the disc must be degreased.

After foaming and hardening, the insulation is mechanically reduced in diameter to the size of a disk (50 ± 0.5) mm, and in height to (30 ± 1) mm. It is allowed to use rectangular samples with dimensions [(50x50x30)±0.5] mm. The two samples thus obtained are glued together in pairs with epoxy glue.

7.6.8.3 Procedure and processing of test results

The glued sample is installed in the clamps of the machine with the help of fixtures. Tests are carried out at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C and at a speed of movement of the grippers of the machine (10 ± 1) mm / min.

Tension is carried out until the sample is destroyed or detached from the substrate, while fixing the highest load achieved during the tests.

Both parts of the tested sample are subjected to visual inspection to determine the nature of the destruction (by insulation, adhesive seam or mixed).

The adhesion strength of the insulation with the structural material σ, MPa (kgf / cm2), is calculated by the formula

where Pmax is the maximum force at the break or destruction of the sample, kgf.

S is the cross-sectional area of ​​the sample, cm2.

The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean of the sample test results.

7.6.9 The deformation stability of the field joint is determined by the maximum value of its deformation under the influence of a force directed perpendicular to the plane of the field joint, at which its integrity is maintained. It is allowed to carry out this type of test of the assembly seam on foam insulation.

The number of samples for testing - at least 3.

7.6.9.1 Apparatus and fixtures

Breaking machine, which provides destruction of the sample with the speed of movement of the active grip (10 ± 1) mm/min and allows you to set the value of the breaking force with an error of not more than 1%;

Special device with a holder for placing samples of the assembly seam. The fixture during testing should ensure that the transverse axis of the sample coincides with the direction of the applied force (Figure 4).

A special device for preparing samples of foam insulation and installing them in a testing machine (a diagram of the device is shown in Figure 4a).

b is the thickness of the seam;

1 - clip made of aluminum or stainless steel 3 mm thick;

2 - a sample of the tested assembly seam

Figure 4 - Scheme of a device for testing assembly joints for deformation resistance

I is the position of the plates at a given (initial) sample thickness (h1);

II - the position of the plates at the highest compression of the sample (h2);

III - the position of the plates at the maximum tension of the sample (h3);

1 – device case; 2 – material sample; 3 - aluminum plates with a thickness of at least 2.0 mm; 4 - lubrication

Figure 4a - Scheme of the device for preparing samples and testing the foam insulation for deformation resistance

7.6.9.2 Test pieces

Samples of the assembly seam for testing are obtained by layer-by-layer filling of the cage of a special device with insulating materials in accordance with the design solution and the assembly work technology (Figure 4).

Samples of foam insulation for testing are obtained by filling it with the body of the device shown in Figure 4a. The inner diameter of the housing, which determines the size of the sample - (60 + 0.2) mm, the height of the internal cavity of the housing - 30 mm (excluding the thickness of the restrictive plates). The inside surface of the body must be lubricated with grease. An aluminum plate with a diameter of (60-0.2) mm is installed on the bottom of the device case before the foam is poured. The second plate with a diameter of (65-0.5) mm is installed in the upper part of the body in the form of a cover and rigidly fixed in any way. The foam is poured into a hole with a diameter of 8 mm in the side wall of the housing. To remove excess foam, a similar hole is provided on the other side of the body. After pouring the foam, the sample is kept for at least a day, after which the sample is removed from the housing.

7.6.9.3 Test procedure

A clip with a sample of the assembly seam (or a sample of foam insulation) is installed in the grips of the machine. The sample, which is a cylinder of cured foam sandwiched between two aluminum plates, is placed in the grips of the machine. The test is carried out at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C by successive stretching and compression of the sample. The value of tension and compression in millimeters is set based on the purpose of the assembly seam. Produce at least 20 cycles of tension-compression of the sample. Between each cycle, the sample is held without load for at least 20 minutes.

7.6.9.4 Evaluation of test results

After completion of the test, visually inspect the surfaces of the specimens. The test result is considered satisfactory if each sample does not have through delaminations and destruction.

Deformation stability φ, %, is determined by the formula

where Δh is the size of the movement of the punch (difference between the thickness of the sample in tension and compression), mm;

h1 is the specified (initial) sample thickness, mm.

7.6.10 The resistance of the assembly joint to the effects of operating temperatures is determined by the materials of the outer insulating layer. Frost resistance is assessed according to brittleness temperature according to GOST 7912 (bending diameter 400 mm) and heat resistance according to GOST 2678.

7.6.11 The durability (service life) of the assembly seam is determined according to the normative documents and methods approved in the prescribed manner. Compatibility of materials is confirmed by tests for the durability of the assembly seam.

8 Manufacturer's warranties

The manufacturer of the works guarantees the compliance of the assembly joints with the requirements of this standard, provided that the operational loads on the assembly joints do not exceed the calculated ones (specified in the project documentation).

The warranty period for the assembly seam is established in the contract between the manufacturer of works and the customer, but not less than 5 years from the date of signing the acceptance certificate.

Design examples

1 - foam insulation; 2 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 - frame dowel; 4 - sealant; 5 - vapor barrier tape; 6 - mounting gap compensator (can be used to insulate the slope and isolate the foam insulation from the plane of possible condensation); 7 - plaster layer of the inner slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer)

Note - Here and below are the schematic diagrams of the junction nodes, the proportions of individual elements of the junction nodes may not be observed. When developing design solutions for specific junction nodes, it is allowed to combine individual elements of the nodes shown in the figures of this appendix, as well as to apply other solutions that do not contradict the requirements of this standard.

Figure A.1 - The node of the side junction of the window block to the opening with a quarter in the brick wall, with the finishing of the inner slope with plaster mortar

1 - plaster layer of the outer slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer); 2 - construction screw; 3 - sealant; 4 - false quarter from the corner; 5 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 6 - frame dowel; 7 - foam insulation; 8 - sealant; 9 - vapor barrier tape; 10 - finishing element of the inner slope; 11* - hereinafter, the cavity can be filled with heat-insulating material; 12 - rail

Figure A.2 - The node of the side junction of the window block to the opening without a quarter in a brick wall and finishing the internal slope with a facing panel

1 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 - foam insulation; 3 - flexible anchor plate; 4 - sealant; 5 - vapor barrier tape; 6 - dowel with locking screw; 7 - plaster layer of the inner slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer); 8 - reinforcing mesh

Note - In the event that thermal engineering calculations do not confirm the required temperature of the surfaces of internal slopes, it is recommended to use window blocks with an expanded frame or increase the size of the outer quarter using structural materials.

Figure A.3 - The node of the side junction of the window block to the opening with a quarter of the layered brick wall with effective insulation and finishing the internal slope with plaster mortar

1 - window sill; 2 - foam insulation; 3 - vapor barrier tape; 4 - flexible anchor plate; 5 - support block under the window sill; 6 - plaster mortar; 7 - dowel with a locking screw; 8 - insert made of antiseptic lumber; 9 - waterproof vapor-permeable tape; 10 - noise-absorbing gasket; 11 - drain; 12 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape

Figure A.4 - The node of the lower junction of the window block, window sill and drain to the opening of a layered wall with effective insulation

1 - liner made of aseptic lumber; 2 - dowel with locking screw; 3 - reinforcing mesh; 4 - plaster layer of the inner slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer), finishing with sheet material is possible (moisture-resistant panel); 5 - flexible anchor plate; 6 - vapor barrier tape; 7 - sealant; 8 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 9 - steel jumper with anti-corrosion coating; 10 - foam insulation;

Figure A.5 - The node of the upper junction of the window block to the lintel from the steel corner in the opening of the multilayer wall with brick cladding

1 - foam insulation; 2 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 - frame dowel; 4 - sealant; 5 - vapor barrier tape; 6 - panel for finishing the inner slope; 7 - rail; 8 - plaster leveling layer of the inner slope

Figure A.6 - The node of the side junction of the window block to the opening with a quarter in the wall of cellular concrete blocks (density 400 - 450 kg / m3) with brick cladding and finishing the inner slope with a panel

1 - plaster layer of the outer slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer); 2 - sealant; 3 - flashing; 4 - remote gasket (washer); 5 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 6 - foam insulation; 7 - frame dowel; 8 - sealant; 9 - vapor barrier tape; 10 - plaster layer of the inner slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer)

Figure A.7 - The node of the side junction of the window block to the opening without a quarter in the wall of cellular concrete blocks with finishing of the facade, external and internal slopes with plaster mortar

1 - finishing element of the outer window slope; 2 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 - waterproof vapor-permeable tape; 4 - frame dowel; 5 - foam insulation; 6 - vapor barrier tape; 7 - decorative flashing

Figure A.8 - The node of the side junction of the window block to the opening of the wall made of concrete with external insulation of the facade and the installation of an internal decorative flashing

1 - foam insulation; 2 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 - flexible anchor plate; 4 - decorative flashing; 5 - vapor barrier tape; 6 - finishing element of the inner slope; 7 - dowel with locking screw

Figure A.9 - The node of the side junction of the window block to the opening of the wall panel with the finishing of the inner slope with a panel

1 - vapor barrier tape; 2 - window sill; 3 - foam insulation; 4 - plaster mortar; 5 - support block of the window sill; 6 - noise damping gasket; 7 - drain; 8 - waterproof vapor-permeable tape; 9 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape;

Figure A.10 - The node of the lower junction of the window block, window sill and drain to the opening of the wall panel

1 - waterproofing tape; 2 - waterproof vapor-permeable tape; 3 - insert made of a material with low thermal conductivity; 4 - foam insulation; 5 - vapor barrier tape; 6 - flexible anchor plate; 7- sealant

Figure A.11 - Mounting seam in the junction of the balcony door frame made of PVC profile (127 mm) to the wall opening

1 - noise-absorbing gasket; 2 - waterproof vapor-permeable tape; 3 - foam insulation; 4 - vapor barrier tape; 5 - bearing support block; 6 - sealant

Figure A.12 - Mounting seam in the junction of a window frame made of PVC profile (127 mm), window sill and ebb in the opening of a single-layer wall

1 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 - additional; 3 - sealant; 4 - moisture resistant drywall with a vapor barrier coating; 5 - foam insulation

Figure A.13 - The node of the side and top junction of a window block made of PVC profiles to the wall opening with a quarter and finishing the inner slope with panels

1 - finishing the outer slope with a plaster mortar with a vapor permeability coefficient in accordance with the requirements of this standard; 2 - vapor-permeable facade painting; 3 - foam insulation; 4 - sealant; 5 - frame dowel; 6 - sealant; 7 - painting vapor barrier; 8 - a layer of plaster with a high coefficient of resistance to vapor permeability

Figure A.14 - Mounting seam of the junction of the window block to the wall opening with the finishing of the outer slope and facade with a vapor-permeable plaster mortar

1 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 - connector

Figure A.15 - Window frame connection unit

1 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 - corner connector

Figure A.16 - Corner joint of window frames

1 - a channel for supplying warm air from a heating device to a window block (strobe in a screed from a plaster mortar); 2 - window sill; 3 - decorative grille outlet

Figure A.17 - Scheme of the lower junction with a channel for supplying warm air from the heater to the window unit

Requirements for fasteners and their installation

B.1 Fasteners are designed for rigid fixation of window blocks to wall openings and for transferring wind and other operational loads to wall structures.

B.2 For fastening window frames to wall openings, depending on the wall structure and the strength of wall materials, various universal and special fasteners (parts and systems) are used, Figure B.1:

Spacer frame (anchor) dowels metal or plastic, complete with screws. The screws may have a countersunk or cylindrical head;

Universal plastic dowels with locking screws;

Construction screws;

Flexible anchor plates.

Screws, screws and plates are made of stainless steel or steel with an anti-corrosion zinc chromated coating with a thickness of at least 9 microns.

Fastening window frames and anchor plates to wall openings with nails is not allowed. If it is necessary to fasten the window unit to walls made of low strength materials, it is allowed to use special polymer anchor systems.

B.3 Expansion metal frame anchor dowels are used to provide resistance to high shear forces when fastening window blocks to walls made of concrete, solid brick and with vertical voids, expanded clay concrete, aerated concrete, natural stone and other similar materials.

a - metal frame dowel;
b - plastic frame dowel;
c - a universal plastic dowel with a locking screw;
g - construction screws;
e - flexible anchor plate.

Figure B.1 - Examples of fasteners

Expandable plastic frame dowels are used in aggressive environments in order to prevent contact corrosion, as well as for the purpose of thermal insulation of the connected elements.

The length of the dowels is determined by calculation, depending on the operating loads, the size of the window block frame profile, the width of the mounting gap and the wall material (the depth of the dowel embedding in the wall must be at least 40 mm, depending on the strength of the wall material). The diameter of the dowel is determined by calculation depending on the operational loads; in general, it is recommended to use dowels with a diameter of at least 8 mm. The material of the dowel is structural polyamide according to ND. For the manufacture of screws and screws, steels with a tensile strength of at least 500 N/mm2 are used.

B.4 The bearing capacity of frame dowels (permissible pull-out loads) is taken according to the manufacturer's technical documentation. Reference values ​​​​of the bearing capacity (permissible pull-out and shear loads) of frame expansion dowels with a diameter of 10 mm are given in Table B.1.

B.5 Plastic dowels with locking screws are used for fastening window blocks to walls made of bricks with vertical voids, hollow blocks, lightweight concrete, wood and other building materials with low compressive strength. The length and diameter of plastic dowels with locking screws are taken similarly to B.4. For fastening window blocks to mounting wooden embedded elements and draft boxes, it is allowed to use building screws.

B.6 Flexible anchor plates are used for fastening window blocks to multilayer walls with effective insulation. Mounting on flexible anchor plates is possible when installing window blocks in other wall structures. Anchor plates are made of galvanized sheet steel with a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm. The bending angle of the plate is selected locally and depends on the size of the mounting gap. The plates are attached to the window blocks before they are installed in the openings using construction screws with a diameter of at least 5 mm and a length of at least 40 mm. To a multilayer wall, flexible anchor plates are attached to the inner layer of the wall with plastic dowels with locking screws (at least 2 attachment points for each plate) with a diameter of at least 6 mm and a length of at least 50 mm.

B.7 It is allowed to use other fasteners and systems, the design and conditions of use of which are specified in the technical documentation.

B.8 To seal the dowels in the wall opening, holes are drilled. The drilling mode is selected depending on the strength of the wall material. There are the following drilling modes:

B.9 The drilling depth of the holes should be more than the anchored part of the dowel by at least one screw diameter. To ensure the calculated traction force, the diameter of the hole to be drilled should not exceed the diameter of the dowel itself, while the hole must be cleaned from drilling waste. The distance from the edge of the building structure when installing dowels should not be less than twice the anchoring depth.

B.10 The location and configuration of fasteners should not lead to the formation of thermal bridges that reduce the thermal parameters of the assembly joint.

Options for fastening window blocks to walls are shown in Figure B.2. Recommended minimum penetrations (driving depth) of building screws and dowel fit are given in Table B.2.

B.11 The heads of the dowels and locking screws should be buried in the inner fold of the box profile, the mounting holes should be closed with decorative caps (plugs).

a - fastening with spacer equal dowels;
b - fastening with construction screws;
c - fastening with flexible anchor plates
Figure B.2 - Schemes for fastening window blocks to the side slopes of openings

Annex B
(mandatory)

General requirements for the production of work on the installation of assembly joints

B.1 General requirements

B.1.1 The installation of assembly seams is carried out simultaneously with the installation of window blocks. Installation must be carried out by specialized organizations according to technological documentation developed on the basis of standard installation instructions.

B.1.2 Standard instructions for the installation of window blocks and the installation of assembly joints (including albums of design solutions for junctions) are developed by competent organizations. The standard instruction is coordinated with the regional construction authorities. On its basis, specialized installation organizations, taking into account local climatic conditions and the requirements of territorial building codes, develop technological documentation for the production of installation work.

B.1.3 During the construction and reconstruction of building objects, work on the installation of window blocks and the installation of assembly joints is carried out after the building or its part is handed over for installation according to the act of acceptance of window openings.

B.1.4 When repairing or replacing window blocks in operated premises, installation work is carried out in a manner that ensures compliance with the requirements of this standard, taking into account the specific conditions of the facility, as agreed with the customer.

B.2 The procedure for surveying objects, carrying out design measurements and agreeing on the conditions for the production of work

B.2.1 Before developing design solutions for junction nodes during the reconstruction and overhaul of buildings, as well as when replacing window blocks in operated premises, they conduct a survey of the conditions of the construction situation, the features of the operation of the premises and perform the necessary design measurements.

B.2.2 When inspecting a construction site, briefly describe its purpose, number of storeys, orientation, technical condition of the building (including the condition and design of the wall fence), the condition of the ventilation and heating systems. If necessary, floor plans of the building are drawn up, window openings are numbered and the alignment of the base lines with respect to the facade is determined. Measurements of the actual geometric dimensions of wall openings are performed using the methods in accordance with GOST 26433.0, GOST 26433.1 and GOST 26433.2 (at the same time, deviations in the horizontal and vertical planes are recorded), at the same time, the technical condition of the openings is assessed, their preparation for installation in accordance with the requirements of this standard and conditions order.

B.2.3 To develop optimal design solutions and installation technology, the following should be agreed with the customer:

Drawings (sketches) of structures of window blocks to be installed, options for installing window blocks according to the depth of the opening, dimensions of the window sill;

The intended design of the mounting joint, including the choice of insulating materials and fasteners;

Designs of finishing elements (cladding details) of a wall opening;

The sequence of work on the dismantling of replaced structures, the restoration of slopes, the installation of window blocks, the installation of assembly joints, the installation of ebbs, window sills and other elements;

Conditions for organizing the installation area for the production of work, as well as measures to ensure their safe conduct.

In addition, it is necessary to discuss with the customer the specifics of the construction situation during the work: the expected temperature and humidity conditions, the procedure for ventilation and heating of the room, etc.

B.2.4 Design measurements, inspection data and conditions agreed with the customer are drawn up with the relevant documents: a sheet (map) of measurements and an agreement protocol.

B.3 Opening preparation

B.3.1 The preparation of openings may be preceded by the callout of baselines linked along the facade of the building, relative to which window blocks will be placed vertically and horizontally.

B.3.2 Before the installation of assembly seams, the adjacent surfaces of the box of the window unit and the wall opening must be cleaned of dust, dirt, oil stains, frost and frost.

B.3.3 When repairing objects and replacing window blocks in operated premises, the surfaces of internal and external slopes destroyed during the extraction of old windows should be leveled with plaster mortar without the formation of thermal bridges (cold bridges). The procedure for restoring damaged sections of the opening under the removed box is established locally as agreed with the customer.

B.3.4 In the outer enclosing structures of walls with low resistance to heat transfer and if it is necessary to place the box of the window unit outside the plane of possible condensation, it is required to insulate the surfaces of internal slopes with materials with a low thermal conductivity.

B.3.5 If there is no quarter in the window opening, a false quarter is allowed (for example, the use of a corner made of weather-resistant polymeric materials or metal alloys). For the same purposes, it is allowed to use flashings without sealing the places where they adjoin the box of the window block or the surface of the wall opening (Appendix A, Figures A.2 and A.7).

B.4 Installation and fastening of window blocks

B.4.1 The installation location of the window unit according to the depth of the wall opening is chosen in accordance with the design decision.

When replacing window blocks in operated premises or in the absence of a design solution, a window block box in a homogeneous (single-layer) enclosing structure is recommended to be placed at a distance of no more than 2/3 of its thickness from the inner surface of the wall, and in layered walls with effective insulation - in the zone of the insulation layer .

B.4.2 Window blocks are set according to the level within the permissible deviations and temporarily fixed with mounting wedges or in another way at the corner joints of boxes and imposts (the mounting wedges are removed after the installation of the insulation layer, their installation sites are filled with insulation material). In the lower junction of the box, it is allowed to use support (bearing) blocks as mounting supports (mounting wedges). After installation and temporary fixation, the box of the window block is attached to the wall opening using fasteners (see Appendix B).

B.4.3 The choice of fasteners and the distance between them along the contour of the opening, as well as the depth of embedding in the thickness of the wall, are set in the working documentation based on the calculation, depending on the area and weight of the window product, the design of the wall opening, the strength of the wall material, the magnitude of wind and other operational loads.

The minimum distances between fasteners must not exceed:

For window frames made of wood - 800 mm;

For boxes made of aluminum alloys and white PVC profiles - 700 mm;

For boxes made of colored PVC profiles - 600 mm.

The distance from the inner corner of the window frame to the fastener is (150-180) mm, and the distance from the transom connection to the fastener is (120-180) mm.

B.4.4 Transfer of power loads to the assembly seam is not allowed. To transfer the loads acting in the plane of the window unit to the supporting building structure, support (bearing) pads made of polymeric materials or hardwood impregnated with protective agents with a hardness of at least 80 units are used. according to Shore A. The number and location of the support blocks are determined in the working or technological documentation. The recommended block length is 100-120 mm. Support pads are installed after fastening the window block to the wall opening with fasteners. The fit of the side blocks should be tight, but not exert a force on the box profiles. Examples of the location of support (bearing) pads and fasteners are shown in Figure B.1

B.5 Installation seam

B.5.1 The installation seam is performed in accordance with the design solution, in accordance with the technological documentation and the requirements of this standard. The mounting gap is filled in layers, taking into account the temperature and humidity conditions of the environment, as well as the recommendations of the manufacturer of insulating materials. The procedure for installing mounting window seams at temperatures below those recommended by the manufacturers of insulating materials (for example, using heating of materials and surfaces of building structures) should be provided for in the technological documentation.

B.5.2 When using self-expanding insulating tapes in the outer layer, the following requirements should be taken into account:

To ensure a tight fit in the horizontal and vertical directions of the seam, the tape is cut along the length with an allowance of 1.0-1.5 cm on each side;

The tapes are fastened by means of a self-adhesive mounting layer at a distance of 3-5 mm from the edge of the quarter along the inner / pimages1 / g30971p border = / pic31.gif / pimages1/g30971p border=/pic31.gif / pimages surface of the window opening;

If a quarter made of brick has jointing or recesses in the seams, then the tape is attached directly to the box of the window block before it is installed in the opening;

Fracture of tapes at an angle is not allowed;

It is possible to bend the tape when insulating the seam of the window unit of an arched or round configuration;

The application of a plaster layer, putty or coloring compositions on the vapor-permeable material of the outer layer is not allowed.

a - a window block with a vertical mullion;

b - a window block with a non-multiple (shtulp) porch;

A is the distance between fasteners;

– support (bearing) pads;

– fasteners (systems)

Figure B.1 - Examples of the location of support (bearing) pads and fasteners

B.5.3 For the installation of a central heat and sound insulating layer, it is recommended to use foam insulation. Filling the mounting gap with foam insulation should be carried out with the window block fully assembled and finally fixed, while the completeness and degree of filling of the mounting gap should be controlled.

Before starting work, it is necessary to carry out a trial test for the primary expansion of the foam material in the environmental conditions of the installation area and during operation, do not allow excess foam to go beyond the inner plane of the window block frame profile. Cutting off excess foam insulation is allowed only from the inside of the mounting seam, provided that a continuous vapor barrier layer is installed with a vapor barrier tape.

In the case of using box profiles with a width of more than 80 mm and if the width of the mounting gap exceeds the dimensions provided for by this standard by more than 1.5 times, the gap should be filled in layers, with intervals between layers, using the technology recommended by the foam insulation manufacturer.

B.5.4 The internal vapor barrier layer is installed continuously along the entire contour of the wall opening.

When using vapor barrier tape materials for insulation of the inner layer, the following requirements should be followed:

Cutting the tapes along the length should be carried out with an allowance for overlap in the places of corner joints;

The connection of the tapes with the surfaces of the window block and the wall opening along the entire perimeter must be tight, without folds and swelling;

When installing a vapor barrier tape under the plaster layer, tapes with an outer coating should be used, which provides the necessary adhesion to the plaster mortar;

It is allowed to join the tapes along the length in straight sections, with an overlap of at least 1/2 of the nominal width of the tape.

B.6 Arrangement of junction nodes for finishing elements (cladding details) of wall openings to window blocks

B.6.1 The junctions of internal slopes (regardless of their design) to the box of the window unit and the mounting seam must be sealed, and measures must be taken to prevent the appearance of cracks and cracks during operation. For example, sealing joints with sealants or other materials with sufficient deformation resistance.

B.6.2 When installing a window drain at the junction points to the wall opening and the box of the window unit, measures should be taken to prevent moisture from entering the installation seam, and gaskets (dampers) should be installed under the drains to reduce the noise impact of raindrops. The recommended overhang of the drain over the outer surface of the wall is 30-40 mm.

B.6.3 The junction of the window sill to the frame of the window unit is tight, tight and resistant to deformation. It is recommended to install the window sill on supporting bearing pads and foam insulation.

B.6.4 In the nodes of the connection of individual boxes of window blocks to each other or their adjoining to the stand, spacer, rotary or expansion profiles, measures should be taken to prevent the formation of thermal bridges. It is allowed to install self-expanding tapes or other insulating materials in such nodes along the entire contour of the junction, providing the necessary resistance to heat transfer and deformation resistance.

B.6.5 Protective films from profiles of doors and frames are removed in accordance with the recommendations of the profile manufacturers, taking into account the conditions for safe work.

B.7 Security requirements

During the performance of work on the installation of assembly joints, as well as during the storage of insulating and other materials, the requirements of building codes and safety regulations in construction, fire safety rules in the production of construction and installation works and SSBT standards (labor safety standards system) must be observed. Safety instructions must be developed for all technological operations and production processes (including operations related to the operation of electrical equipment and work at height).

Calculation method for assessing the temperature regime of the junctions of window blocks to wall openings

The method is designed to assess the temperature regime of the junctions of window blocks to wall openings and to select the most rational design solution for mounting joints, taking into account the geometric shape, location and thermal conductivity of sealing materials, window blocks and wall structures.

The essence of the method lies in modeling the stationary process of heat transfer through the junctions of the window block to the wall opening using the appropriate software.

D.1 Software requirements

D.1.1 The software tool used for the calculation must have accompanying technical documentation and provide the ability to calculate a two-dimensional (flat) or three-dimensional (spatial) temperature field, heat flows and heat transfer resistance in a given area of ​​enclosing structures under stationary heat transfer conditions.

D.1.2 Input of initial data should be made either in graphical form (from the monitor screen) or in the form of tabular data and provide the ability to set the required characteristics of materials and boundary conditions of the calculated structure in a given area; in this case, it is possible to use both a data bank and specify initial data in the form of calculated values.

D.1.3 The presentation of calculation results should provide the possibility of visualizing the temperature field, determining the temperature at any point in the calculated area, determining the total incoming and outgoing heat flows through given surfaces and the resistance to heat transfer of local sections of structures.

D.1.4 The final results of the calculation should be presented in a documented form and include: design temperatures of the outside and inside air, heat transfer coefficients of surfaces, temperature distribution over a given section of the calculated node, information on incoming and outgoing heat flows, values ​​of resistance to heat transfer of local sections of structures.

D.2 General instructions

D.2.1 Assessment of the temperature regime of the junctions of the window block to the wall openings should be carried out for the following characteristic sections (Figure D.1):

junction of a window block with a wall (horizontal section);

The junction with the window sill (vertical section);

An interface node with lintels of a window opening (vertical section);

Connection unit for the threshold of a balcony door with a floor slab (for balcony doors).

When using the program for calculating three-dimensional temperature fields, the assessment of the temperature regime of the indicated sections can be carried out on the basis of the calculation of one spatial block, including a fragment of the outer wall with filling the window opening.

For surfaces bordering on external and internal air - in accordance with the outlines of the structural elements of the fences;

For surfaces (sections) limiting the calculation area - along the symmetry axes of the enclosing structures or at a distance of at least four thicknesses of the structural element falling into the section.

D.2.3 Boundary conditions should be taken:

For surfaces bordering on external and internal air in accordance with the design standards of the relevant buildings and structures and the climatic region of construction;

For surfaces (sections) limiting the calculation area, the heat flux and heat transfer coefficients should be taken equal to zero.

D.2.4 It is recommended to calculate the temperature regime of the junction points in the following order:

The dimensions of the computational domain are determined and characteristic sections are selected;

Make design schemes of junction nodes; at the same time, complex configurations of sections, for example, curvilinear ones, are replaced by simpler ones if this configuration has little effect in terms of heat engineering;

Initial data are prepared and entered into the program: geometric dimensions, design coefficients of thermal conductivity, design temperatures of outdoor and indoor air, design coefficients of heat transfer of surface areas;

Carry out the calculation of the temperature field;

Perform visualization of the calculation results; analyze the nature of the temperature distribution in the area under consideration, determine the temperature of the inner and outer surfaces at individual points; set the minimum temperature of the inner surface; the calculation results are compared with the requirements of this standard and other regulatory documents; determine the total heat flux included in the calculation area; if necessary, the design solution of the junction is changed and repeated calculations are carried out;

Prepare a documented report on the results of calculations.

D.3 Basic requirements for accompanying technical documentation

Accompanying technical documentation should contain:

Scope of the software tool;

Information about the certification of software products;

Detailed description of the purpose of the program and its functions;

Description of the procedure for installing the program on a personal computer;

Description of mathematical models used in the program;

Detailed user manual with implementation examples;

Technical support service coordinates.

D.4 Calculation example

It is necessary to calculate the temperature field and evaluate the possibility of condensation on the surface of the junction of a window block made of glued wood according to GOST 24700 to the wall of a single-layer brick wall made of solid brick on a cement-sand mortar (horizontal section). The outer waterproofing layer is a pre-compressed sealing tape, the central heat-insulating layer is foam insulation, the inner vapor barrier layer is a vapor barrier tape. The surface of the window slope is insulated with a thermal insert made of extruded polystyrene foam 25 mm thick. The main dimensions and characteristics of the materials of the window unit and the outer wall are shown in Figure D.2.

Analysis of the results of calculations shows that the minimum temperature of the inner surface is observed in the zone of conjugation of the window frame with the slope of the window opening and is . Comparison of the minimum temperature of the inner surface with the temperature of the "dew point" indicates that there are no conditions for condensation to form on the surface of this junction (at the same time, the temperature on the inner surface of the double-glazed window in the region of the distance frame is 3.4 °C, which will cause condensation in this area) .

Figure D.1 - Layout of sections for checking the temperature regime of the junctions of window blocks to the outer walls: a - window block; b - balcony door

Figure D.3 - The results of calculating the temperature distribution along the junction of a window block made of glued wood to a wall made of solid brick

Annex D
(informational)

Information about the developers of the standard

This standard has been prepared by a working group of specialists consisting of:

N.V. Shvedov, Gosstroy of Russia (head);

HELL. Krivoshein, SibADI;

G.A. Pakhotin, SibADI;

A.A. Klimukhin, NIISF RAASN;

V.A. Lobanov, NIISF RAASN;

V.A. Mogutov, NIISF RAASN;

V.A. Anikin, MNIITEP;

P.E. Nesterenko, "illbruk";

A.A. Lokochinsky, "illbruk";

W. Miller, Gealan Werk Fickenscher GmbH;

V.A.Kozionov, CJSC "KBE - Window Technologies";

V.A.Ignatenko, CJSC "KBE - Window Technologies";

V.A. Tarasov, ZAO KBE - Window Technologies;

S.A. Maryasin, SPK Concept LLC;

Yu.P. Alexandrov, JSC "TsNIIPromzdaniy";

V.A. Zubkov, Research Center "Samarastroyispytaniya";

A.Yu. Kurenkova, NUEPTs "Interregional Window Institute";

O. Naumann, firm "fischer";

A.V. Spiridonov, APROK;

I.A. Rumyantsev, State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy";

IN AND. Snetkov, State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy";

D.N. Shvedov, Center for Certification of Window and Door Equipment;

O.M. Martynov, Federal Center for Certification in Construction;

N.Yu. Rumyantsev, Robiteks LLC;

V.S. Savich, Federal State Unitary Enterprise CNS

The need to replace the balcony door is not so rare. For example, when the apartment is overhauled, and the old wooden structure spoils the interior with its appearance. Or it has fallen into disrepair, and it no longer makes sense to repair, paint, insulate it. As a rule, they change not only balcony doors, but the entire block (together with the window), update the window sill, ebb, slopes. When planning an installation, do everything according to the rules.

Balcony block - reliable protection from the cold

Before starting work on installing a new design, you need to deal with the old door.

• The first step will be the dismantling of the old door leaf. It just needs to be taken off the hinges.
• Next, we disassemble the box itself - usually this is done with the help of a small crowbar. If necessary, you can break or file it. Do not forget to “pick out” old nails, self-tapping screws, screws from the wall opening on which it was fixed.
• After removing the balcony doors, the entire block must be thoroughly cleaned of dust, dirt, and small debris (split plaster, concrete) from the opening. Feel free to use suitable cleaning products. Then let the surface dry thoroughly.

We take a roulette

Now it's time for one of the most important steps - taking measurements for new doors. You have to accurately define several parameters.

The main thing is to get it right

• We define the width as follows - first we determine the total (this is the distance between the two side slopes). With the help of a metal ruler, the width of the slopes themselves is also measured. Further, these two figures are added, and 4 cm are subtracted from the resulting amount. This value will become the desired width. Measurements are taken at the bottom of the opening.
• We measure the height along the side slopes (on the right, on the left - from the outside of the balcony). Try to apply the tape measure as tightly as possible.

Measure everything several times - double-check yourself

In addition to the tape measure, professionals advise using a building level in order to identify in time the possible curvature of the opening horizontally and vertically. This situation is typical for houses of old buildings. Sometimes because of this, serious errors are made in determining the width and height. If necessary, the surfaces for mounting the balcony door are leveled with a cement-sand mortar.

If you are not sure about the figures received, call an experienced craftsman for measurements. Errors at this stage in the future will lead to problems with installation, difficulties in operation.

We put a new

So, you have brought a new door. Before starting installation, check if the product has any defects (scratches, chips, low-quality fittings, etc.). Disassemble the structure (remove the door leaf from the hinges, fix the handle on it).
Initially, fix the new door frame (leave a small gap between it and the wall). Attach the structure to the wall with dowels, level it (using expansion wedges and a level). When done with this, install the fasteners by pre-drilling the holes.

Before installing the door, it is necessary to remove the double-glazed window

Note. Between the box and the mounting surfaces, it is better to leave a gap (only a few millimeters) in order to avoid rapid wear of the frame, reduce the load on it.

• Mount the window sill and the threshold (it is better to match it with the floor covering).
• Fill the gaps with insulation (polymer foam, mineral wool, other material).
• Hang the door leaf on the hinges. It is better to involve an assistant in this process. Make sure that there are no distortions.
• The final touch will be the assembly of accessories. When you're done with this, check how everything works.

If the installation of the balcony door is done correctly, it will open and close easily, in the closed position there will be no gaps between the doors and the frame.

What to choose?

When planning to replace a balcony block, apartment owners today are increasingly opting for PVC doors and windows. The reasons for this are affordable price, durability of operation, attractive appearance. In addition, you can drain yourself if problems arise.

A balcony block is a balcony door in one construct with a window overlooking the balcony. Do-it-yourself installation of a balcony block is not technically difficult and saves up to 10% of money and even up to 15% if a standard block is suitable, but it has a number of features. We will describe them in the order of production.

Feature 1: Helper

At all stages of work, you will need an assistant, and by no means a stunted white hand. The components of the structure, even without glass, are heavy and bulky. It is impossible to bring the delivered solid block into the apartment - it will not go up the stairs; You will need at least 3 walks. Considering that riggers do not charge less than 150 rubles per floor, and bulky assembly units cannot be grabbed by one, lifting them from the entrance to the first floor eats up a good share of the savings.

Installation of a balcony block alone is generally impossible: something will turn out and crash. Perhaps breaking through the glass of the balcony, outside, on passers-by. And in any case, measuring and leveling the mounting surfaces alone at a distance exceeding the span of the hands will not give the required accuracy, and the already paid block cannot be assembled on the spot. Therefore, even before the start of work, agree with an intelligent and strong helper.

Feature 2: what about the old block?

If the balcony is glazed, insulated, and the previous block has not rotted, dried out or cracked, then think carefully: why not leave it in place? Glass can be removed and washed, frames can be removed, old paint can be removed to the tree with a building hair dryer and a metal spatula.

Old wood is not necessarily old trash. Tweak frames, replace fittings, prime, paint or varnish - and an old tree, closed from external influences, can last for a long time. For a habitable balcony, it is easy to arrange an air vent in a wooden door, and put a fan in the window: this will provide heating and heat exchange in the cold season.

But if you are determined to install a new block, then the dismantling of the balcony block of the old one must be carried out to the main wall. After removing the frames, dismantling the window sill with a low tide and dismantling the old box, it will be necessary to knock down the plaster and screed around the entire perimeter of the opening. In the brick walls, grooves for the window sill will certainly be found; they need to be cleaned with a hammer and a chisel or a chisel to a brick.

Feature 3: What kind of block do you need?
Types of balcony blocks

The most common designs of balcony blocks are shown in the figure. The price increases from left to right. For any type of block, only a hinged door, without the possibility of tilting, will reduce the price of the block by 4-7%. But to ventilate an insulated balcony with such a door, you will have to work extra, see below. The purpose of the structures shown is as follows, in order from left to right:

Typical balcony block

• Typical block. Plastic windows of such blocks are often made with an adjustable ventilation slot, which, in combination with a hinged door, solves the problem of air exchange with an insulated balcony. The bottom panel of the door can be made of glass, which brings such a block closer to a viewing one. In general, it is inexpensive and quite convenient, and therefore a widespread option. How such a block looks “live” can be seen in the figure on the right.
• Block under the insulated balcony. Window - two-section; the section farthest from the door is hinged / folding, the door also. Ventilation of a closed balcony is easy, and suitable for an open balcony, but more expensive.
• "Stalin" bloc- for old houses with small balconies and a narrow balcony door. Balconies in such houses are often dilapidated, glazing with insulation does not withstand, so "Stalin" blocks are not made with blind windows. The waste of material during manufacture is also large: the dimensions are not standard, so that the "Stalin" block with a smaller area is much more expensive than a typical one.
• Overview block- glazing in the entire height of the structure. It is used in new buildings of a class above the average or private houses. Expensive, and absolutely unsuitable for typical high-rise buildings: no one will allow breaking a load-bearing wall to such an extent.

feature 4: material

Here, in fact, there are no special features: PVC. The aluminum profile is more expensive, and when the balcony is closed, your “chic-brilliance-beauty” will not be visible from the outside. And for an open balcony, aluminum is not suitable because of useless thermal insulation. The choice of PVC profile depends not so much on the manufacturer, but on your climatic conditions, if the balcony is open. With an insulated balcony, the choice is clear: the cheapest, for places with a warm, even climate.

Possible option: modern modified tree. It is very expensive, but if the whole room is already finished with wood, the wooden block will organically fit into the interior. In this case, it makes double sense to think: is it not better to repair and renew the old wood?

Feature 5: standard or customized?

Modern glaziers, as a rule, are well aware of the peculiarities of the development of their area and keep balcony blocks of commonly used sizes ready. The most common option is a block for houses of the 137th series; in size it is suitable for many other typical buildings. The standard dimensions of a balcony block for 137 houses are shown in the figure.

Standard dimensions of the balcony block

Measure your opening, estimate by eye, or beat off a piece of plaster, stock up to a solid wall. If it fits, you're lucky, it'll be cheaper. You just need to visit the seller, choose the right or left block that you need, and try it on the spot.

Notes:

• When inspecting the selected block, make sure that it is equipped with a dummy profile for the window sill. It is safer to measure the dimensions from the prepared opening, and measure them at the seller's warehouse, taking into account the height of the false profile.
• Anchor plates of balcony blocks are up to 4 mm thick. Therefore, when measuring, you must also take into account a margin of 10 mm around the perimeter of the block.

Feature 6: metering

Let's say you're out of luck and you have to order a balcony block. First of all, ask the seller if they send a measurer for free. Most do, but some require you to place an order first and make some prepayment. Such a manufacturer may be quite conscientious, but, for example, in the outback, where the flow of orders is small, he simply has no other choice, and according to the results of measurements, it may turn out that the order is unfulfillable or an additional payment is needed. In this case, you need to know how to measure the balcony block and the opening under it yourself and, based on the results, agree on the order.

First of all, measurements on a custom-made block are MANDATORY made on a cleared to a solid wall and a prepared opening. All mounting surfaces must be respectively horizontal and vertical and perpendicular to each other; window sill removed. The opening, if necessary, is leveled with a cement-sand mortar. When drawing a sketch / drawing, you need to give a margin for anchors of 10 mm around the perimeter. No more follows, since both the window and the door are firmly fixed only on three sides.

The measurement scheme of the opening for the balcony block is shown in the figure. Sizes shown in red may not be produced; in this case, the manufacturer will make the door “by default”: the upper glazing is at the height of the window glass block, and at the bottom there is a plastic panel. The dummy profile for the window sill must be selected in advance and accurately measured its height.

Notes:

• The widths of the window and door are indicated separately, as in the figure, and not from a common base, as is customary in mechanical engineering.
• For all glazed areas, you need to specify whether they will be hinged, folding, or both. Otherwise, the manufacturer will by default make all the glazing deaf, and the bottom of the door - plastic.
• Check with the manufacturer ahead of time if they can make a door with an adjustable vent slot on the BOTTOM. This, together with the ventilation slot at the top of the window, will solve the problem of air exchange of the insulated balcony.

In the free space of the sketch, you need to indicate the following:

• "The height of the window - taking into account the dummy profile of such and such (indicate the type of profile)."
• "At the top of the window - an adjustable ventilation slot" if required.
• “There is also an adjustable ventilation slot at the bottom of the door,” if they make such doors.

If instead of a sketch you decide to draw a drawing of a balcony block in accordance with all building codes and regulations, then, of course, no additional instructions will be required.

Feature 7: ventilation

Ventilation scheme for an insulated balcony

In order to maintain at least an “industrial” temperature of at least +14 degrees on an insulated balcony in winter without noticeable additional heating costs, the balcony must have sufficient air exchange with the room. The scheme of such air exchange is shown in the figure. The problem is completely solved by an exhaust fan with a diameter of 110-130 mm, with a capacity of 70-100 l / h and an outlet with a damper at the bottom of the door, but the plastic window slot does a good job if the outside is not lower than -16.

If an old tree remains in the case, we give the glass from the window to the glazier and get it back with round holes of the required size. In the door from below, with a pen drill, we drill 3-4 rows of holes 20-30 mm and close them with a decorative mesh.

New plastic is not suitable for making holes, therefore, when installing the block, you need to punch a through groove 200-250x40-60 mm in the door threshold and put a galvanized box with an adjustable damper into it. The damper rod is brought out with stainless steel wire 1-2 mm to the level of the window sill. The box is sealed flush with the threshold.

Feature 8: delivery to the installation site

From the integral construct, brought from the manufacturer, carefully remove the double-glazed windows. To do this, pry off the fixing glazing beads with a thin screwdriver. First of all, we bring glass into the room. A third person is needed here - a watchman, at least a wife: an unforeseen feature in the form of nearby children can affect the integrity of the glass, and it is very difficult to grab 20-30 kg of glass alone and carry it up the stairs. Frames and sashes also need to be brought in together. In general, the third guards while two are dragging.

Feature 9: Mounting

How to install a balcony block? Not exactly like a regular plastic window! (but it makes sense to study the typical technology for installing plastic windows in advance).

The door and window of the unit are completely adjacent to the wall on only three sides, so there are several features here:

• When buying / ordering, we select a block with thicker anchors, at least 2 mm. "Zero" tin anchor plates are not suitable.
• The door frame, in addition to anchors and wedges, is reinforced with self-tapping screws with press washers 6-8 mm, which enter the wall by at least 60 mm. Under them, you need to mark the holes in advance, first in the frame, and through them on the wall, and drive the dowels there. Location of holes: a pair 200 mm from each corner and two along the long (high) side of the door at an equal distance in height.
• Wedges for leveling need to be taken in pairs, for the floor, and plastic: they slide more easily, besides, the tree dries out over time and stops holding.
• After landing on the anchors, we align the frame of the block with wedges from above and from the sides; we knock the wedges with a hammer through a screwdriver or a steel bar and leave them in place (see the figure below).

Leveling with twin wedges

• After alignment, we apply frames without double-glazed windows to the places, check for fit and skew.
• We fix the door frame with self-tapping screws.
• We hang frames, install fittings, mount mechanisms, check their work.
• We insert double-glazed windows, fix with glazing beads.

Note: hammer the glazing beads with a RUBBER hammer. The usual one with a rubber spacer on scotch tape will either not drive in, or there is a high risk of breaking the glass, especially a large window package.

Feature 10: window sill

Installation of the balcony block is completed with the installation of a window sill; low tide on the insulated balcony will only interfere. Balcony blocks are not equipped with window sill boards, they must be purchased separately. The width of the window sill must be chosen so that it closes the heating radiator no more than a third in width from the wall, otherwise the circulation of warm air will be difficult.

We cut the window sill to size; if the wall is brick - taking into account the depth of the grooves. Then we close up the sidewalls with decorative overlays and insert them into the groove of the false profile. The window sill should lie tightly on the bottom shelf of the profile groove. To do this, we temporarily press it on top with pieces of foam.

You can read more about installing different types of window sills here.

Next, align the window sill horizontally in the transverse direction, also with foam placed on the bottom of the board. From below we put props from cut-to-size rails, and we impose heavier oppression on the window sill. This is necessary so that the board does not warp when foaming.

In conclusion, we foam the groove of the backing profile. After the foam hardens by foaming, a gap along the perimeter of the entire block. The work on the installation of the actual balcony block is completed.

Without features

Finishing the slopes of the opening, lining the quarters, finishing the balcony and the room are done in the usual way.

Even a small threshold on the balcony door without additional insulation will solve several problems at once. On the one hand, access to the balcony will be convenient, and the area between the room and the door will be aesthetic. On the other hand, the threshold will exclude the formation of a “cold bridge”, enhance waterproofing, and protect the flooring adjacent to the balcony.

The balcony threshold can be made of several material options:

• bricks;
• cement (filler);
• metal profile with plasterboard finish;
• tree;
• plastic.

Each of the materials as the basis for creating and finishing the threshold implies an individual arrangement scheme.

Simple and affordable - poured cement mortar construction

Cement-sand mortar at the base of the balcony threshold is the simplest and most affordable solution. Arrangement will require some work to prepare the space in front of the door.

If initially the balcony door is without a threshold (see photo), then you need to clear the space between the slopes from the walls to the door frame from the old flooring. The base under the threshold must be free of dust and dirt, repeatedly primed for optimal bonding.

Formwork is mounted on a prepared base with a dried primer. A wooden board with a thickness of up to 3 cm will suffice. The solution is prepared in a standard proportion of cement and sand (1: 3). The liquid glass added to the solution will increase the water-repellent properties of the threshold.

Cement-sand construction requires time to dry - at least 5 days. Only after this period the outer formwork is removed and executed
finishing the threshold of a balcony door with materials suitable for the general interior, for example, stone, tile, laminate or carpet.

French balcony glazing with a sliding door design will require the arrangement of a filling threshold in several stages. At the initial stage, only half of the mixture is poured, on top of which a metal mesh is laid, tying the sheets together with wire. Only after that use the rest of the solution to fill the threshold of the desired height.

The height of the nut is adjustable depending on performance requirements.

Brickwork at the balcony door - how to do it?

Reliable installation of the threshold on the balcony door can be made of brick. Just as in the previous case, before starting work, you need to prepare the foundation. With a spatula, the plane under the future threshold is carefully cleaned, primed, and given time to dry.

The next step is the preparation of a cement-sand mortar in the above proportions. To make the mortar set faster, you can add a little isogypsum or satengypsum, thoroughly mixing the mixture with a construction mixer.

Brickwork is carried out in accordance with the rules, carefully smearing the joints with mortar, processing bricks for laying in slope turns. The finished brick structure, fixed with a perforated corner, is covered with mortar, leveling it with a spatula, preventing the formation of voids. Once the threshold is dry, you can proceed to the finish.

Metal profile at the heart of the design - features

For arranging complex thresholds for balcony doors, a metal profile is suitable. You will also need to prepare the base and make markings on the floor for ease of installation of the metal profile. Self-tapping screws and mounting angles are used for fastening. Given the degree of load on the threshold, the number of fasteners should be increased as much as possible.

Mineral wool, expanded clay gravel is used as a heat-insulating layer.

Moisture-resistant drywall is suitable for facing the surface, which can be moistened with water before use to increase flexibility. The finished threshold is puttied and leveled.

Plastic elevation at the balcony door - about the benefits

In terms of accessibility and ease of installation, a plastic threshold can compete only with a filler based on a cement-sand mortar. Such designs are appropriate in cases of a slight elevation at the balcony door above the floor level.

It is noteworthy that everyone can build a threshold on a balcony door from a window sill from a PVC window that has gone out of service. It is convenient to do this in two ways: open using self-tapping screws and closed - on a metal profile with mounting foam as a substrate.

The plastic threshold has several significant advantages:

• aesthetic appearance;
• comfortable in using;
• protects the room from cold and moisture penetrating from the balcony;
• affordable;
• easy to mount.

There is only one drawback, but significant - the plastic construction is short-lived. Active operation will lead to the appearance of cracks in a few years and this is inevitable.

In such cases, the only way out is to remove the threshold for repair or replacement with a more practical one, for example, a wooden one.

Wooden structures for decorating a balcony ledge - what is special?

The wooden threshold is distinguished by a high level of reliability - this is the main thing. The design almost does not allow cold and moisture to pass even without additional insulation. Everyone can make a wooden threshold with their own hands using a technology similar to the technology for creating a plasterboard structure with a metal profile at the base.

An environmentally friendly, beautiful and durable threshold made of wood is equipped with wooden bars, the dimensions of which must correspond to the dimensions of the structure intended for use. Additionally you will need:

• chipboard sheet for the top;
• a set of carpentry tools;
• drill;
• corners;
• self-tapping screws.

If you need to change the plastic threshold to a wooden one, then the process begins with the dismantling of the old structure and preparing the surface for arranging a new one. The next step is to create the frame. To do this, use bars, adjusting them to the size of the threshold with a hacksaw. Finished bars are fastened together with self-tapping screws, fixing the corners with metal corners. In each corner, holes are additionally prepared for mounting on the floor.

The wooden frame is laid on the prepared area, its location is marked with a pencil, after which holes are drilled for the dowels. The next stage is the installation of the frame on the floor with the fixing of the chipboard sheet in the upper part with self-tapping screws. The finished threshold is lined with suitable materials.

In conclusion, we note that the threshold is indeed an important condition not only for the aesthetic appearance of the area in front of the balcony, but also for keeping the heat in the room with the onset of cold weather.

You can equip the threshold with your own hands from improvised materials, ranging from an old plastic window sill to wooden slats. The main thing is to correctly calculate the dimensions of the structure, taking into account the distance from the floor to the door strip and think over the material for insulation, which increases the performance properties of the finished product.

It is also important to consider options for finishing the finished structure. The threshold should be in harmony with the interior of the room, despite the fact that most of the time it will be masked by curtains.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZNqreayWiQ Video can "t be loaded: The best solution for finishing thresholds (access to a "cold" balcony or loggia) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZNqreayWiQ)

As a rule, the arrangement of the threshold on the balcony door is the final stage of work on the installation and finishing of the balcony block (door). In the vast majority of cases, professional installers offer the manufacture of thresholds from PVC material - a window sill, which is mounted on an existing threshold.

The window sill has both its advantages and disadvantages. The former include the aesthetic appearance of the balcony block, especially if the PVC profile has a color other than white, in such cases the threshold of the window sill PVC panel looks like a single whole with the entire balcony block. It is easy to care for such a threshold, it does not absorb moisture, it is easy to clean. The disadvantages include: fragility, rapid wear, especially if the balcony is used daily, an almost inevitable creak that develops as such a threshold is used, severe freezing, since plastic is a poor heat insulator ...

Why is a threshold needed?

The arrangement of the threshold in front of the balcony door has several goals. Firstly, it allows you to smooth out the difference in height between the floor and the balcony profile, that is, to make the process of accessing the balcony more convenient. Secondly, it seals the place of foaming of the lower gap between the doorway of the wall and the door frame, this simultaneously eliminates a possible “cold bridge” that may form at the place of foaming, and enhances waterproofing, since the foam can be saturated with water during operation and moisture can enter the apartment, under flooring.

These and other reasons sometimes make it necessary to equip the thresholds in front of the balcony door from other materials.

They may be:

• brick;
• cement mortar;
• metal profile sheathed with moisture-resistant drywall;
• wooden block, with a chipboard (OSB) laid on it, or made of boards.

The arrangement of each of these types of thresholds has its own characteristics, which we will describe below.

flood threshold

The easiest to arrange is a threshold filled with cement-sand mortar. To arrange it, it is necessary to free the space in front of the balcony door from the floor covering, if any, remove the laminate or parquet boards so that the space between the slopes and from the wall level to the door frame can be filled with mortar. The base on which the threshold will be installed should be cleaned of building dust, primed twice with an acrylic or silicate primer, which will completely bind the remaining dust and in the future will not allow the filled threshold to peel off from the base.

After the primer dries, it will be necessary to equip the formwork. In this case, one board, 2.54 cm thick and of the appropriate width, screwed or pressed with heavy objects flush with the wall in which the balcony door is installed, will be enough. The solution is prepared from a mixture of building sand and cement grade 200-400. The proportion is standard: 1 part cement / 3 parts sand. To increase the setting speed and give the threshold additional water-repellent properties, liquid glass can be added to the solution.

The threshold can be arranged at any height, but if it is high enough, expanded clay gravel or broken red brick can be used as a filler, which is laid in one layer in the resulting niche and poured with mortar on top.

After setting the solution, it is allowed to gain strength, that is, such a threshold should be used no earlier than 5-7 days after pouring. When the solution is completely set, the outer formwork is removed, and the threshold itself can be finished either with laminate or linoleum, or lined with ceramic tiles or decorative stone.

If the door is wide, more than 80 cm, or the design of the balcony door is sliding (French doors), then the threshold should be filled in two stages.

First, pour half the thickness of the mixture, then lay a masonry mesh (metal) on it, tying the individual sheets together with steel wire, and then pour the threshold to the required height.

brick threshold

In order to save cement, especially when the difference between the floor and the lower edge of the balcony frame is large enough, you can use a brick (it does not matter which one). The preparation of the base is carried out in the same way as for the flood threshold. Arrangement of formwork is not required, but when working, you may need a “grinder” with a cutting wheel for stone, to fit the bricks to size.

Laying is carried out on a cement mortar prepared in the same proportions as for pouring. After setting the solution, you can begin to operate such a threshold in a day. The brick threshold is also finished depending on the design concept of the room.

Metal profile threshold

In some cases, when it comes to arranging the threshold of a door with a complex (not rectilinear) shape, it is necessary to use a metal profile used for mounting drywall and waterproof drywall with a thickness of at least 10 mm. Preparation of the base, with the exception of cleaning it from excess construction debris and dust, is not required.

According to the pattern, or markings on the floor, a metal profile is mounted to the base, screwed to the concrete base with self-tapping screws into a dowel or anchors, then vertical racks of the required height are set, fastened to the profile by means of fasteners and metal screws, and then the top horizontal, symmetrical to the bottom, circuit. It should be borne in mind that the threshold will experience a constant load, so the number of fasteners and the frequency of their location during the arrangement of the threshold should be increased by at least 3 times, compared with the recommended frequency of their use when facing plasterboard walls or ceilings.

For additional thermal insulation, the space between the concrete base and the upper plasterboard threshold panel is filled with mineral wool or expanded clay gravel. If the threshold to be installed has curved lines, the facing of the end surfaces should be made of ordinary (non-moisture resistant) drywall 5 mm thick, pre-soaked in water to give it flexibility. After installation, the end part of the threshold should be puttied with oil-adhesive putty to impart water-repellent properties.

wooden threshold

The arrangement of a wooden threshold is also similar to the arrangement of a plasterboard threshold. To fasten wooden bars to a concrete base, holes are drilled in them according to the diameter of the anchors 100-150 mm long - depending on the thickness of the bar, the bars are laid out on the base and with a nail or a thin punch, through the drilled holes, the places for drilling the base are outlined. After that, the bar is removed.

Holes of the required depth are drilled with a perforator or impact drill. After that, the bar is again applied in place and the anchor fasteners are hammered and tightened. A self-tapping screw fixing option is possible, then polyethylene dowels are pre-inserted into the drilled holes.

Subsequent finishing

The mounted threshold usually needs additional finishing. It can be either laminate or parquet, ceramic tiles or just linoleum. It all depends on what kind of coverage you have on the floor and whether you want the threshold to stand out as an element of the balcony block or, on the contrary, you want it to be the same texture as the floor.

All types of materials that are used for the manufacture of thresholds can be finished with any of the materials listed above. Some difficulty may be the selection of the adhesive composition for wood cladding with ceramic tiles. But for this, there are many polymer mastics and adhesives that provide excellent adhesion (gluing) to any of the known building materials.

Summing up

Self-arrangement of the threshold in front of the door leading to the balcony is a rather laborious process that can take several hours. Therefore, you should start it when you have free time. In the case of pouring the threshold with concrete mortar, it is advisable to do it at a time when you do not plan to use the balcony for several days, so as not to step on the mortar that has not yet become stronger.