1 of 33

Presentation on the topic: Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov 1745-1813 Great Russian Field Marshal General from the Golenishchev-Kutuzov family, commander, Field Marshal (since August 31 (September 12), 1812). At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812 -. general of infantry, elected head of the St. Petersburg, as well as the Moscow militias. From August 17 (29) - Commander-in-Chief of all Russian armies operating against Napoleon. First Full Knight of the Order of St. George

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

Military skill Skillful conduct of the battle of Borodino on August 26, 1812, a masterfully executed march-maneuver to Tarutino from September 17 to October 3 (which saved the army and cut off the French from the grain-growing provinces), a deep understanding of the people's war and its all-round support, leadership of military operations that led to to the final defeat and expulsion of the enemy hordes from Russia, speaks of the immortality of Kutuzov, as the son of his Fatherland. Taking command of the Russian armies near Gzhatsk during a long retreat inland and soon taking on his shoulders the great responsibility for leaving Moscow, Kutuzov could report from Vilna six months later: "The war ended with the complete extermination of the enemy."

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration1765-1812 Russian commander, prince, student and associate of A. V. Suvorov. During the Patriotic War of 1812, Bagration commanded the 2nd Western Army. Bagration was a model of a professional military man, loved by the army, distinguished by calmness in danger, outstanding courage and a deep knowledge of military art.

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

The courage of Bagration At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, the 2nd Western Army was located near Grodno and was cut off from the main 1st Army by the advancing French corps. Bagration had to retreat to Bobruisk and Mogilev with rearguard battles, where, after the battle near Saltanovka, he crossed the Dnieper and on August 3 connected with the 1st Western Army of Barclay de Tolly near Smolensk. Bagration advocated involving wide sections of the people in the fight against the French, was one of the initiators of the partisan movement.

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

The Courage of Bagration At Borodino, the army of Bagration, constituting the left wing of the battle order of the Russian troops, repelled all the attacks of Napoleon's army. According to the tradition of that time, decisive battles were always prepared as for a show - people changed into clean linen, dressed in ceremonial uniforms, orders, white gloves, sultans on shakos, etc. Exactly as he is depicted in the portrait - with a blue St. Andrew's ribbon, with three stars of the orders of Andrei, George and Vladimir and many order crosses - they saw the regiments of Bagration in the Battle of Borodino, the last in his military life. A fragment of the nucleus crushed the tibia of the general's left leg. The prince refused the amputation proposed by the doctors. The next day, Bagration mentioned in his report to Tsar Alexander I about the injury: “I was wounded quite lightly in my left leg by a bullet with fragmentation of the bone; but I don’t regret it in the least, being always ready to sacrifice the last drop of my blood to defend the fatherland and the august throne ... "

slide number 8

Description of the slide:

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky1771-1829 Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, cavalry general. During the Patriotic War of 1812 he commanded the 7th infantry. corps, showed great organizational skills of a military leader, courage and bravery. Under his command, the corps successfully fought at Saltanovka, in the battle of Smolensk in 1812, and in the battle of Borodino in 1812.

slide number 9

Description of the slide:

The feat of Raevsky near Saltanovka In connection with the battle near Saltanovka, a story is known about how Raevsky carried away his sons in one of the attacks. This attack is depicted in the famous painting by Samokish. Despite the fact that this fact is widely known, it is nothing more than a patriotic fiction of journalists who described the course of the war in Russian newspapers. Suffice it to recall that Raevsky's youngest son was only 11 years old.

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

Barclay de TollyMikhail Bogdanovich 1761-1818 Russian commander, prince, field marshal general, commander-in-chief of the Russian army from June to August 1812, infantry general, commander-in-chief of the 1st Western Army. At the beginning of the war, he organized the withdrawal of troops to the east, the retreat of his army to Polotsk, then to Smolensk, avoiding a pitched battle, and connected with the 2nd Western Army near Smolensk. In the battle of Borodino, he led the defense of the center and the right flank, having earned the high praise of M.I. Kutuzov, he was awarded the Order of St. George II class.

slide number 11

Description of the slide:

Seslavin Alexander Nikitich1780-1858 At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, he was adjutant to General M. B. Barclay de Tolly. Alexander Seslavin showed special courage in the Battle of Borodino, and with the start of partisan operations he was given command of a separate light detachment. He was the first to open the speech of Napoleon from Moscow and his movement to the Kaluga road, thanks to which the Russian troops managed to block the path of the enemy at Maloyaroslavets. Then, relentlessly following the French, Seslavin delivered very important information about them to the commander in chief and inflicted all kinds of harm on them.

slide number 12

Description of the slide:

Tormasov Alexander Petrovich 1752-1819 famous cavalry general. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, he commanded the 3rd Observation Army, formed to cover the south from the enemy, which defeated the units of the Saxon corps of General J. Renier near Kobrin on July 15, and on July 31 repelled the attacks of the superior forces of the Renier and K corps at Gorodechno Schwarzenberg, preventing their active operations in the Kiev direction, and after the connection of the 3rd Army with the Danube Army, Adm. P.V. Chichagov on Sept. liberated the western part of Volhynia

slide number 13

Description of the slide:

Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn 1771-1844 Most Serene Prince, cavalry general. Member of hostilities in Poland (1794-1795), the wars with Napoleon, the Patriotic War of 1812. He distinguished himself in the battle of Borodino. For Borodino, Golitsyn was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree.

slide number 14

Description of the slide:

Figner Alexander Samoylovich1787-1813 The feat of the partisan-saboteur Figner began after the Russian army left Moscow. At the head of the partisan detachment he formed, the "Legion of Death" delivered unexpected blows to French formations. Alexander Figner, with the assistance of peasants and Italian deserters, began to disturb the rear communications of the enemy and, with his brave enterprises, instilled such fear that Napoleon announced a reward for his head. “A fanatic in courage and patriotism” - Kutuzov gave such a description to Figner. Dressed in an enemy uniform, speaking several languages, he penetrated behind enemy lines, obtaining important information. A selflessly brave man, Figner died in battle after the French were expelled from Russia near the city of Dessau in 1813. The 26-year-old hero forever inscribed his name in the annals of the war of 1812

slide number 15

Description of the slide:

Denis Vasilyevich Davydov 1784-1839 hero of the war of 1812 military history writer and poet of noble origin. In the Patriotic War of 1812 he was the initiator of the partisan movement. In popular memory, the name of Denis Davydov is inseparable from the Patriotic War of 1812 as the name of one of the leaders of the army partisan movement, which played an important role in the victory over Napoleon. One of the outstanding exploits of Davydov is the case near Lyakhov, where he, along with other partisans, captured the two thousandth detachment of General Augereau; then, near the town of Kopys, he destroyed the French cavalry depot, scattered the enemy detachment near Belynichi, and, continuing the search to the Neman, occupied Grodno.

slide number 16

Description of the slide:

Matvey Ivanovich Platov 1751-1818 Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, military ataman of the Don Cossack army (since 1801), cavalry general (since 1809), count (since 1812). During the Patriotic War of 1812, he commanded the Cossack regiments on the border, covered the retreat of P.I. Bagration to Smolensk. In the Battle of Borodino, he made a swift raid in the rear of the left flank of the French army.

slide number 17

Description of the slide:

Alexei Petrovich Yermolov 1777-1861 Russian military leader and statesman, chief of the General Staff of the 1st Western Army Barclay de Tolly. Hero of the Battle of Borodino, commanded the left flank in the 2nd Army, where Bagration was seriously wounded, took over the confusion of the troops, took command of himself. Fierce hand-to-hand combat ensued at Kurgan height. The French deployed the captured guns to the Russian side. The soldiers of the 3rd Ufa Regiment began to retreat. But they were stopped by two Russian generals - Yermolov and the head of all artillery in the battle of Borodino Alexander Kutaisov. Standing in front of the formation, they led the foot soldiers in a counterattack. Soldiers from other battalions joined the Ufa residents and broke into the battery with a single blow.

slide number 18

Description of the slide:

slide number 19

Description of the slide:

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova 1783-1866 The first female officer in Russia, a cavalry girl Saved a wounded officer on the battlefield and was awarded the soldier's St. George's Cross by Emperor Alexander I. He ordered her to be enrolled in the Mariupol hussar regiment under the name of Cornet Alexandrov. In 1812, Nadezhda Durova served in the Uhlan regiment. She went all the way from the border to Tarutino, received the rank of lieutenant, and for a short time was Kutuzov's adjutant

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

State University of Sea and River Fleet named after Admiral S.O. Makarova

Faculty of Economics and Finance

Department of National History, Political Science and History

Abstract on the topic:" Heroes of the War of 1812"

St. Petersburg 2014.

Introduction

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

2. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

4. Denis Vasilyevich Davydov

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The Patriotic War of 1812 is a memorable, great event in the history of our country. Courage, valor, courage and love for the fatherland were clearly manifested in its course.

In 1811, Napoleon informed his ambassador in Warsaw, Abbé de Pradt, that: "In five years I will be the ruler of the whole world. Only Russia remains, I will crush it ..."

Napoleon's invasion was a great misfortune for Russia. Many cities were turned to dust and ashes.

Kutuzov M.I., who combined the remarkable features of the Russian spirit, did not accidentally find himself in the center of events. Nominated by the people, society, that year he became, in essence, a national leader.

But the expulsion of the French from Russia did not mean that the fight against Napoleon was over. He still kept almost all of Europe under his control and conceived the dominant plans. Russia, in order to ensure its security, continued hostilities and led the movement for the liberation of the European peoples from French rule. The victory in the Patriotic War was of no small importance, laying the foundation for the liberation of the peoples of Central and Western Europe.

In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russian people, together with other peoples of Russia, defended their statehood and independence. It was one of the significant upsurges of patriotic feelings of all segments of the country's population - peasants, soldiers, and townspeople. The fight against Napoleonic aggression caused the growth of national consciousness, gave impetus to the development of Russian culture.

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

Family and clan

Mikhail Kutuzov was born on September 16 (September 5 according to the old style), 1745, in St. Petersburg. The noble family of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs traces its origins to the combatant of Alexander Nevsky, Gabriel Oleksich, who defeated the Swedish commander Birger Jarl in the Battle of the Neva in 1240. The great-great-grandson of Gabriel Fedor Alexandrovich retained the nickname of his father Alexander Proksha "Kutuz" (pillow) and became the ancestor of the Kutuzovs. The grandson of Alexander Proksha ("Kutuz") and the nephew of Fyodor Alexandrovich Kutuzov, Vasily Ananievich, had the nickname "Topper Leg" for his height, and the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs went from him.

Mikhail's mother, Anna Larionovna Bedrinskaya, born in 1728, the daughter of a landowner from Opochetsk, Pskov and guides, a retired captain of the Narva garrison regiment, died when her son was still very young. He was raised by his grandmother and later by his father.

Kutuzov's father, Illarion Matveyevich (1717-1784), military engineer, lieutenant general and senator. Illarion Matveyevich Kutuzov began military service under Peter the Great and served for at least thirty years in the engineering troops. For his mind and abilities he was called "a reasonable book." Under Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, he drew up a project for the construction of the Ekaterininsky Canal (Griboedov Canal) to eliminate the deadly consequences of the floods of the Neva River. The construction of this canal was carried out under the Empress Catherine the Great, and I.M. Kutuzov was presented with a golden snuffbox, strewn with diamonds. He was personally known to Catherine already at the beginning of her reign.

February 3, 1765 received the Order of St. Anna 1st degree. Then he participated in the Turkish war of 1768-1774, under the command of Count Rumyantsev, and was considered "very knowledgeable, not only in military affairs, but also in civil affairs." kutuzov war french

At the beginning of 1744, Larion Matveyevich was sent to Stockholm.

This time, the baron was to take the post of Russian resident minister at the Swedish royal court, that is, to become an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. The new ambassador and his adjutant went to Stockholm not by ship, but by a detour via Koenigsberg, Berlin, Hamburg and Copenhagen. The journey took almost a year, and during this time Larion Matveyevich learned and saw a lot. During his stay in Stockholm, Larion Matveevich received a letter in which his wife, Anna Illarionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova, announced that they had a son named Mikhail. Returning home, Larion Matveyevich was greeted by joyful household members and, seeing his first-born, Mishenka, for the first time, took in his arms

Personal lifeM.I.Kutuzov

Kutuzov got married in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluk volost, Loknyansky district, Pskov region.

The wife of Mikhail Illarionovich, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754-1824), daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov and sister of A.I. Bibikov, a major statesman and military figure (marshal of the Legislative Commission, commander in chief in the fight against the Polish confederates and in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion, friend of A. Suvorov).

April 27, 1778 Kutuzov married Ekaterina Ilinichnaya Bibikova. They had six children in a happy marriage. The son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy, and was buried in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd) on the territory of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);

Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1827);

Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in the first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);

Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - Ilya Stepanovich Sarochinsky (1788/89-1854);

Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).

Elizabeth's first husband died fighting under the leadership of Kutuzov, Catherine's first husband also died in battle. Since the field marshal had no offspring in the male line, the name Golenishchev-Kutuzov in 1859 was transferred to his grandson, Major General P.M. Tolstoy, son of Praskovya.

Kutuzov also related to the imperial house: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeny Maximilianovich Leuchtenberg.

Kutuzov's father showed a great influence on the education and upbringing of his son.

From childhood, Kutuzov was a capable boy, combining curiosity, resourcefulness and playfulness with thoughtfulness and a kind heart. Already at such a young age of twelve, he entered the artillery and engineering school. There he attended lectures by M.V. Lomonosov and mastered the knowledge of four foreign languages, to which two more were added over time. He graduated from school in 1759 among the best, was left at the school as a teacher.

Military service

Two years after graduation, on January 1, 1761, he received the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his personal request, was sent as a company commander to the Astrakhan infantry regiment A.V. Suvorov. A year later, under the patronage of Empress Catherine, who knew I.M. Kutuzov, Peter III appointed Mikhail an aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Reval, Prince Holstein-Bergsky. In August 1762 M.I. Kutuzov was promoted to captain. In 1764, when visiting Reval, the Empress invited him to distinguish himself on the field of honor in Poland, where the future commander received a baptism of fire in battles against Prince Radziwill. Then he again served in Revel, participated in the drafting of a new legislative code, working in the justice subcommittee, and fought with the Polish confederates. Since 1770, Kutuzov has been fighting the Turks as part of the army of P.A. Rumyantsev. In 1772, the commander found out that Mikhail was mimicking him at officer feasts, got angry and transferred the merry fellow to the Crimean army of V.M. Dolgorukov. After this incident, the young officer became secretive and distrustful.

In July 1774, after the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kaiyardzhy peace, Devlet Giray landed with Turkish troops in Alushta, but the Turks were not allowed to go deep into the Crimea. On July 23, 1774, in the battle near the village of Shumas, north of Alushta, a three thousandth Russian detachment defeated the main forces of the Turkish landing force. On July 24, during the pursuit of the Turks, Kutuzov, who commanded the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out near his right eye, which "squinted", but his vision was preserved. After being cured, he again serves in the Crimea under the command of L.V. Suvorov, at the request of which on June 28, 1777 he was promoted to colonel. For participation in the suppression of the uprisings of the Crimean Tatars in 1782, he was appointed brigadier, and in 1784 major general. Since 1787, the general has been participating in the second Russian-Turkish war as part of the Yekaterinoslav army of Prince G.A. Potemkin. In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where on August 18, 1788 he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time. This time the bullet went almost through the old channel. In 1790, he distinguished himself during the assault on Izmail, personally led by him the 6th column attacking the walls three times, finally broke into the fortress and defeated the garrison. Then he was appointed commandant of the captured fortress. In 1792, Kutuzov again fought with the Poles, and the following year, for his devoted service, he received an estate in the Volyn province with 2,667 souls of peasants and the post of governor-general of Kazan and Vyatka.

Catherine II highly appreciated the diplomatic abilities of the general, appointing him Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Constantinople. The newly minted diplomat successfully coped with his difficult duties, strengthening Russia's influence in Turkey and actively counteracting the intrigues of the emissaries of the French revolutionary government at the Sultan's court. Returning to Russia in the autumn of 1794, he became close to the favorite of the Empress, Count P.A. Zubov, and in early 1795 he was appointed commander of the troops and fleet on the Swedish border. Kutuzov became an experienced courtier, he was favored by both Catherine II and Paul I.

Kutuzov in 1797 was again sent to fight French diplomacy, but now as an extraordinary and plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) at the Prussian court. In December, he was appointed inspector of troops in Finland and chief of the Ryazan Musketeer Regiment, which from April 2, 1798 became known as the Musketeer General of Infantry Golenishchev-Kutuzov Regiment (this title was awarded to Kutuzov on January 4 of the same year). In 1799, he was appointed commander of the Russian troops in Holland, but due to the break in Russia’s alliance with Austria and England, he returned to St. governor. On September 8, 1800, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, the highest award of the Russian Empire. At the end of the reign of Paul I, Kutuzov temporarily acted as governor of St. Petersburg, replacing the absent Count Palen.

Alexander I approved him in this position on June 17, 1801, but fired him a year later. Then Kutuzov lived in his estate Goroshki, Volyn province, doing housework. The commander began to be needed by the emperor, who was aggressive towards him, only in March 1805 during the war with France. Thanks to his command, it was still possible to save the Russian army, which found itself alone in the face of exceeding enemy forces after the defeat of the Austrians near Ulm, but after the union of the allied forces, he was actually removed from the leadership by Alexander I and therefore did not consider himself guilty for the defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops at Austerlitz.

In October 1806 Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kyiv, and in 1807. went to war with Turkey as assistant to the commander-in-chief of the Danube army. Due to the intrigues of his boss, Field Marshal A.A. Prozorovsky, Kutuzov was obliged in 1809 to take up the post of Lithuanian military governor again. But it was difficult to do without a competent commander and diplomat, and in 1811 Kutuzov became commander-in-chief of the Danube army. In June, he finally defeated the Turks under the fortress of Ruschuk, repeating his success in early October and surrounding the Turkish army.

On October 29, he was granted the title of count. Kutuzov consolidated his military successes with the help of diplomacy, concluding on May 28, 1812, a much-needed peace treaty for Russia on the eve of the war with Napoleon.

Patriotic War of 1812

The Patriotic War of 1812 met Kutuzov in St. Petersburg idle. When, while the Russian armies in the west were led by Barclay de Tolly and Bagration, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and then Moscow militias. Only after the surrender of Smolensk to the French, Alexander I was forced to meet the demands of the public and the troops and appoint Mikhail Illarionovich commander-in-chief of the two armies, which by this time had united.

Enthusiastically greeted by the population along the way, Kutuzov arrived at the troops on August 17. Disagreeing with the proposal to immediately give the French a general battle, he led the army back for several more days and on the 22nd stopped at the village of Borodino, where preparations for the battle began. In the morning at dawn on August 26, the Russian army met with the army of Napoleon. Having lined up his troops in a deep battle formation, Kutuzov, with a sharp maneuver of forces and means, stopped all Napoleon's attempts to achieve a decisive advantage, he himself successfully counterattacked. At the cost of huge losses, the French managed to push the Russians on the left flank and in the center, but, recognizing the futility of further actions. By evening, Napoleon withdrew his troops to their original positions. The Russian army lost 44 thousand people in this battle, the French lost about 40. Kutuzov not only destroyed Napoleon's dream of winning the war in one battle, but also retained an impeccable combat-ready, morally strong army.

Implementing a strategically advantageous war plan, Kutuzov gave Moscow to the enemy on September 2, but already at that time the replenishment of the Russian army with reserves began, and partisan struggle unfolded behind enemy lines. Covertly maneuvering towards the village of Tarutino, Kutuzov blocked the French way to the south, where they could provide themselves with food and fodder. Realizing that a critical situation had befallen them, Napoleon sent an adjutant to Kutuzov with a proposal for peace negotiations, but he replied that the war was just beginning.

Leaving Moscow on October 7, Napoleon kept his way to Maloyaroslavets, where Kutuzov blocked his path and, after a bloody battle, ordered the French to retreat along the Smolensk road they had devastated. Having launched a counteroffensive, the Russian army launched strikes against the retreating French troops near Vyazma, Lyakhovo, and Krasnoye. Kutuzov's careful attitude towards his soldiers is characteristic: seeing the gradual depletion of the French army, he said: "Now I won't give even ten Frenchmen for one Russian." The famine and the ensuing Russian cold increased the morale of the French army, and after the Berezina, its retreat turned into a flight. Napoleon lost in Russia more than 500 thousand people killed, wounded prisoners, almost all artillery and cavalry.

On December 21, Kutuzov, in an order for the army, congratulated the troops on the expulsion of the enemy from Russia. For the skillful command of the Russian army in 1812, he was granted the rank of Field Marshal and the title of Prince of Smolensk. He was also awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class, becoming the first full cavalier of the Russian Military Order.

Kutuzov met the decision of Alexander 1 to move the army further west without much enthusiasm: he was haunted by future human losses and the possible strengthening of France's European rivals. With the arrival of the king to the troops, he slowly withdrew from the main affairs in command, his health was weakening, and on April 16 in the city of Bunzlau (Poland), he died at the age of 67 years.

2 . Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay -de- Tolly

Family and clan

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly was born on December 13, 1761, on the estate of Pamushis, Livonia province.

Johann Stefan, moved to Livonia in 1664 and settled in Riga. It was he who became the founder of the Russian line Barilaev. Johann Stefan Barclay de Tolly married Anna Sophia von Derenthal, the daughter of a Riga lawyer, who bore him three sons. Johann Stefan turned out to be not only the founder of the Russian line of his surname, but also the first of his kind, Barilaev, a Russian subject, since, together with all members of the Riga magistrate, he took an oath of allegiance to his new homeland - Russia. Johann Stephan's two sons became officers in the Swedish army. The eldest, Wilhelm, followed his father and in 1730 was elected a member of the Riga city magistrate. One of Wilhelm's sons, Weingold-Gothard, was born in Riga in 1726. He served in the Russian imperial army and retired as a lieutenant. The poor officer, who received only the rank of the eleventh class for military service, had neither peasants nor land and was forced to become a small tenant. In 1760 he began to live in Lithuania, on a small deaf manor Pamušys. Here, on December 13, 1761, his third son was born, who was named Michael. Thus, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was a fourth-generation Russian citizen and the son of an officer in the Russian army.

Since the boy's father's name was Weingold Gotthard and his second name in translation into Russian meant "God-given", later Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was called Mikhail Bogdanovich.

Education and the beginning of military service

At a very early age, at the age of three, Barclay was sent to St. Petersburg to live with his uncle, Russian army brigadier von Vermeulen, who gave him his first primary general and military education. At the age of 14, Barclay was appointed to serve in the Pskov Carabinieri Regiment and after 2 years of hard study and excellent service became an officer. Since 1788, Barclay de Tolly fought in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, heroically showed himself in the army of G. Potemkin during the assault and capture of Ochakov. In 1790 he went to Finland, where he fought against the Swedes as part of the Russian army. When the Russo-Swedish war ended, he led a battalion of a grenadier regiment in St. Petersburg.

During the Russian-Prussian-French war of 1806-1807, acting as part of the corps of L. Bennigsen, Barclay de Tolly distinguished himself in the battle of Pultusk, where he commanded an advanced detachment of five regiments. Barclay confirms his military talent during the ice campaign across the Gulf of Bothnia to the Swedish company in 1809, for which he was promoted to lieutenant general and was soon appointed commander in chief of the Finnish army and the Finnish governor general.

In January 1810 M.B. Barclay de Tolly assumed the post of Minister of War, energetically taking up the reform of the army and preparing for war with France.

Patriotic War of 1812

With the outbreak of the Patriotic War on March 19, 1812, Barclay led the 1st Western Army. He was an opponent of the operational plan of the Prussian General K. Fuhl, according to which the forces that were considered the main ones were divided into two parts, and the battle was expected to be held in a military camp near the city of Drissa. After the retreat and connection with the 2nd Western Army, P.I. Bagration Barclay skillfully led the actions of the Russian troops in the bloody battle near Smolensk. Despite the objections of Bagration and other generals, he gave the order to retreat, thereby setting the military and the broad masses of the civilian population against him. What they forgave Kutuzov, Barclay de Tolly was not forgiven. With the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief, the commander of the 1st Western Army also fell under his command. Mikhail Illarionovich ordered to leave the position at Tsarev-Zaimishche. Before getting permission to leave the active army, citing a serious state of health, at a meeting in Fili, he spoke in favor of leaving Moscow without a fight.

After treatment in Kaluga, on February 4, 1813, he took command of the 3rd Army. The general took the fortress of Thorn, and then distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen. On May 19, he was appointed commander in chief of the combined Russian-Prussian army.

On August 18, 1813, the troops under his command defeated the enemy at Kulm, and in the Battle of Leipzig, commanding the center of the allied forces, he again managed to achieve victory with his skillful skill, for which he was elevated to the dignity of a count. For the capture of Paris in 1814 M.B. Barclay de Tolly was promoted to field marshal general. The vicissitudes of fate undermined the health of the field marshal. In the spring of 1818, Barclay went to Germany for treatment on the waters. His path lay through East Prussia. Here Barclay fell seriously ill and died on May 13, 1818. It happened not far from the city of Insterburg, on the poor Shtilitzen manor.

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

Family and clan

Bagration Petr Ivanovich was born in 1765 in the city of Kizlyar (Tver region) in the family of a retired colonel from an old family of Georgian princes.

Personal life

One of the main events of Bagration was connected with Gatchina.

Here in early September 1800 he married.

Bagration, during balls and masquerades, in a whirlwind of secular entertainment, was noticed by a young St. Petersburg beauty, Countess Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. At eighteen, she shone with beauty at balls and was surrounded by a large mass of admirers. The attention of the beauty to the famous General Bagration, shown in the summer of 1800, was not caused by serious feelings. Bagration was at that time thirty-five years old, he was not handsome, but he could attract attention. The military glory he won in tough battles created a romantic halo for him. Peter Ivanovich successfully distinguished himself from the courtiers: he was straightforward, honest, easy to handle and shy in women's society.

Education and the beginning of military service

Bagration P.I. received knowledge in the Kizlyar school of chief and non-commissioned officers' children.

He served in the military from 1782 to 1792. in the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment, and then in the Kiev Horse Chasseurs and Sofia Carabinier Regiments in the ranks from sergeant to lieutenant colonel. From 1783-1786 took part in hostilities against the mountaineers in the North Caucasus, and in 1788 on December 6 (17) he distinguished himself in the capture of Ochakov. In 1798 - colonel, commander of the 6th Jaeger regiment, in 1799 - major general. In the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov in 1799, Bagration commanded the vanguard.

Under the leadership of Bagration, the troops played no small role in the battles on the rivers Adda on April 16 (27), Trebbia on June 6-8 (17-19) and at Novi on August 4 (15), successfully and bravely fought at Saint Gotthard on 13-14 ( September 24-25, Chortova, Mosta.

During the war of the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805 he served in the army of M.I. Kutuzov, sent to help the Austrians. On November 4 (16), 1805, having at his disposal a small number of soldiers of only seven thousand, he covered the retreat of the Russian army to Moravia at Shengraben, repelled the attacks of Murat's fifty thousandth corps. In the battle of Austerlitz on November 20 (December 2), 1805, he led the right wing, which steadfastly repulsed the onslaught of the French; tried to capture the Pracen height, but was repulsed by Murat and Lann. After the battle, M.I. successfully covered the retreat of the main forces. Kutuzov.

He played an important role in the war of the Fourth Coalition with Napoleon. On January 26 (February 7), 1807, during the withdrawal of the Russian army, L.L. Bennigsen to Preussisch-Eylau thwarted the French task of cutting off the lines of communication with Russia. In the battles of Preussisch-Eylau on January 27 (February 8), Heilsberg on May 29 (June 10) and Friedland on June 2 (14), 1807, he proved himself brilliantly.

Bagration - a participant in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. He led the Aland expedition in 1809. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. from July 1809 to March 1810 he commanded the Moldavian army, from August 1811 he led the Podolsk army.

Patriotic War of 1812

During the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, in the conditions of the general retreat of the Russian troops, he made every effort to unite with the First Army M.B. Barclay de Tolly. From March 1812 he commanded the 2nd Western Army. In the first period of the war, with a skillful maneuver from Volkovysk to Smolensk, he led his army out of the blow of the prevailing enemy forces to join with the 1st Western Army, inflicting heavy losses on the French troops in the rearguard battles at Mir, Romanov and Saltanovka. In the Battle of Borodino in 1812, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army, which fell on the main blow of the French, and courageously defended the Semyonov flushes. September 12 (24) Bagration P.I. was badly wounded. He died in the village of Simy, Vladimir province, on the estate of his friend Prince B.A. Golitsyn, where he was buried.

4. Denis Vasilievich Davydov

Family and clan

Davydov Denis Vasilievich was born on July 16 (27), 1784 in the family of brigadier Vasily Denisovich Davydov (1747-1808), who served under the command of A.V. Suvorov, in Moscow. A descendant from an ancient noble family, leading its history from the first Kazan king Ulu-Magomed and Tsarevich Minchak Kasaevich, who swore allegiance to Ivan III, inherited from his ancestors a passion for horses, a love for dashing cavalry battles, sudden attacks and lengthy raids on horseback. your own risk. Denis's mother was the daughter of General-General Shcherbinin Evdokim Alekseevich.

Study and military activities

Little Denis was introduced to military affairs from an early age. Despite his small stature, on September 28, 1801, D.V. Davydov still managed to enter the Estandart Junker in the Guards Cavalier Guard Regiment. On September 9, 1802, he was promoted to cornet, and on November 2, 1803, to lieutenant. As part of the Guards Hussar Regiment, he participated in the campaign of 1807, where he received a baptism of fire and was almost captured by the French. Davydov was appointed adjutant to the commander of the vanguard P.I. Bagration. During the Swedish war of 1808-1809. he was with the detachment of his friend Ya.P. Kulnev, and then participated in the ice campaign to the Aland Islands. In the Turkish campaigns of 1809-1810. Denis Vasilyevich again accompanies Kulnev, participating in the siege of the fortresses of Silistria, Shumla and Ruschuk. On April 8, 1812, Davydov was promoted to lieutenant colonel and sent to the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment. Soon begins the most striking episode of his military biography, the campaign of 1812.

Patriotic War of 1812

On August 21, 1812, in view of the village of Borodino, where he grew up, they were already hastily dismantling the parental house. Five days before the great battle, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to Bagration the idea of ​​his own partisan detachment. Bagration's order to create a partisan detachment was one of his last before the Battle of Borodino. On the first night, Davydov's detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks was ambushed by peasants.

Because the peasants were poorly versed in military uniforms, which were similar among the Russians and the French. In one of the sorties, Davydov with hussars and Cossacks captured 370 Frenchmen, while repulsing 200 Russian prisoners. His squad grew rapidly. The rapid successes of D.V. Davydov convinced Kutuzov of the expediency of guerrilla warfare, and he was not slow to give it a wider development and constantly sent reinforcements. Member of foreign campaigns 1813-14, commanded a cavalry regiment and brigade. He was close to the future Decembrists M.F. Orlov, F.N. Glinka, A.A. Bestuzhev and others. After the war, the restless nature makes him often change jobs, and on November 14, 1823, he resigns.

Denis Vasilyevich Davydov died on April 22, 1839 in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province. He was 55 years old. The cause of such an early death is a stroke.

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

She was born on September 17, 1783 in Kyiv from the marriage of the hussar captain Durov with the daughter of the Little Russian landowner Alexandrovich, who married him against the wishes of her parents.

The Durovs were supposed to lead a nomadic regimental life. The mother, who wanted to have a son, disliked her daughter, and all her upbringing was entrusted to the hussar Astakhov. In such an atmosphere, the child grew up to 5 years old and adopted the habits of a nimble boy.

In 1789 A.V. Durov leaves military service and receives a post of chief in the city of Sarapul. October 25, 1801 he marries his daughter to the head of the Sarapulsky lower Omsk court, V.S. Chernov. In 1803, Nadezhda gave birth to a son, Ivan, but soon left the family.

On September 17, 1806, having changed into a man's dress, Nadezhda joined the Cossack regiment. On March 9, 1807, in Grodno, under the name of the nobleman Alexander Vasilievich Sokolov, Nadezhda Durova enlisted as a private in the Horse-Polish Lancers Regiment, reducing her age by 6 years and without mentioning marriage and the birth of a child. She bravely fought on the battlefields of Gugstadt, Heilsberg, Friedland.

Soon the parents managed to find the missing daughter. With a special courier, she was sent to St. Petersburg, where on December 31, 1807 she received the highest meeting with Alexander I. The emperor personally presented the order, gave the go-ahead to remain in the army and ordered, under the name of Alexander Andreevich Alexandrov, to transfer her to the aristocratic Mariupol hussar regiment. Only in the capital, having received a letter from Grodno, Durova learned about the death of her mother. Three years later, she transferred to the Lithuanian Lancers, either because of a romantic story about a colonel's daughter who fell in love with her, or for an everyday reason: the dear life of hussar officers. In the Battle of Borodino, Lieutenant Alexandrov received a concussion in the leg. After leaving Moscow, Nadezhda Andreevna is already serving as an adjutant to M.I. Kutuzov. The consequences of the shell shock soon showed, and until May 1813 she was on vacation in Sarapul. In the battles for the liberation of Germany, Durova distinguished herself during the sieges of Hamburg and the fortress of Modlin. At her father's request, in 1816 she retired with the rank of staff captain and settled in Sarapul. On March 21, 1866, she died, having bequeathed to call herself Alexandrov at the funeral, which, of course, was not.

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

The legendary hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Ya.P. Kulnev was born on the night of July 24 to 25 (August 5), 1763, in the small Belarusian village of Sivoshino, located on the road to Polotsk Lyutsin (now the Latvian city of Ludza), where the family of officer Pyotr Vasilyevich Kulnev went on official business.

Poor nobleman P.V. Kulnev began his service as a corporal in 1746, took part in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, during the Polish campaign of 1769 he was seriously wounded and retired, and after 1775 until his death in 1795 he served as a mayor in Lucin . He married a German, during the Seven Years' War, a Catholic, Louise Grebippitz. They had seven children.

In 1770, Yakov and his younger brother Ivan entered the land gentry corps. In 1785 they were released with the rank of lieutenants and were accepted into the Chernigov Infantry Regiment, from where Ya.P. Kulnev in the same year transferred to the Petersburg Dragoon Regiment. In his first military campaign (in 1789 against the Turks), he distinguished himself at the siege of Bendery and was noticed by Prince G.A. Potemkin. But, however, the praises of the great commander A.V. were of much no small importance for the young officer. Suvorov during the Polish campaign of 1794, when during the storming of Prague on the outskirts of the Polish capital of Warsaw, Kulnev was one of the first to penetrate enemy fortifications, for which he was promoted to the rank of major.

Ya.P. Kulnev fought valiantly during the French campaigns of 1805 and 1807. On May 24, 1807, Lieutenant Colonel of the Grodno Hussar Regiment took part in the battle of Gutstadts, the next day his regiment made a successful attack on two enemy columns, on May 29 fought at Heilsberg, on June 2 - near Frindland. In the last battle, his regiment was surrounded, but thanks to the courage and courage, resourcefulness of the officer, the hussars broke through the encirclement.

The war with Sweden began in 1808. In the spring, Kulnev's detachment acted very unsuccessfully and was forced to retreat in front of the prevailing enemy forces, suffering significant losses. In August, Kulnev led the vanguard of the army of General P.V. Kamensky. On the night of August 21, after the Battle of Kuorgan, Kulnev noticed a secret retreat of the Swedish troops and immediately moved to pursue the enemy. Thanks to his determination and courage, the enemy was completely defeated. On December 12, Yakov Petrovich was promoted to major general. During an ice campaign in the spring of 1809, his detachment reached the Swedish coast near Cape Grisselgam, just 100 miles from Stockholm. For courage and determination, Kulnev was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.

In February 1810, he became the head of the vanguard of the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army P.V. Kamensky in the war against the Turks. On August 26, the enemy was defeated in the battle of Batin.

However, after a skirmish with the commander-in-chief, he left the active army and in January 1811 was appointed chief of the Grodno hussar regiment, located in the Vitebsk province.

Kulnev wanted to marry and received consent, but the bride, whose last name is unknown, demanded that he resign. However, the courageous general did not want to leave the service at such a difficult time for the Fatherland.

The first victories of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812 are associated with the name of Kulnev. Leading the vanguard of the corps of P. X. Wittgenstein, who covered St. Petersburg, he inflicted several defeats on the French, captured up to 1 thousand prisoners, including General Saint-Genis (Genier) , the first general captured by the Russian troops in 1812. Covering the withdrawal of the main forces, Kulnev held back the corps of Marshal Udiyo, which was many times superior in number to his detachment.

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich, famous Russian general and hero of the Patriotic War of 1812

Mikhail was born on October 1 (12), 1771 in a family of emigrants from Herzegovina Andrei Stepanovich and the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner Maria Andreevna Miloradovich. At a young age of nine, on November 16, 1780, he was enlisted in the army and was soon transferred to the Izmailovsky Guards Regiment with the rank of ensign.

Education M.A. Miloradovich received abroad, where in 1778 he was sent along with the tutor I. JI. Danilevsky, the father of the famous military writer A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky.

For 4 years he studied at the University of Königsberg under the guidance of the philosopher I. Kant, then for 2 years in Göttingen. Later Miloradovich lived in France for 3 years.

The outbreak of the Russian-Swedish war in 1788 found a young second lieutenant in the Izmailovsky battalion, where he participates in hostilities in the territory of modern Finland. On January 1, 1790, he was appointed lieutenant, and on January 1, 1796, captain.

Emperor Pavel I, who was the chief and colonel of the Izmailovsky regiment, favored Miloradovich, who already in 1798 was appointed major general and appointed chief of the musketeer regiment. The military unit in 1799 was sent to Italy, where he was met by A.V. Suvorov with joy, as the son of his colleague. Miloradovich did not let down the commander, for the courage and courage shown in the battle near the village of Lekko (April 14), he was awarded the Order of St. Anna I and degree.

On April 29, two horses were wounded under him at the battle of Basagnano. With a banner in hand, he led the attack.

Distinguished M.A. Miloradovich in the battle of Novi and during the assault on Saint Gotthard.

A.V. Suvorov appointed him an army general on duty. M D. Miloradovich, during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, became friends with the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

In 1805, a separate brigade of Mikhail Andreevich covered the retreat of the army of M.I. Kutuzov. The 4th column of Miloradovich, in the battle of Austerlitz, advanced in the center of the Russian troops, was in the rearguard for three days, repulsing the endless attacks of the French.

Since 1806, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war, and in 1809 he was appointed general of infantry. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Miloradovich was engaged in the formation of army reserves, with which he arrived on August 18 at the disposal of M.I. Kutuzov. At the Battle of Borodino, he commands two corps on the right flank, and then moves to the center, where he repels countless French attacks. Soon he had to replace the wounded P.I. Bagration as commander of the 2nd Army.

During the retreat to Moscow, he commanded the rearguard, constantly engaging in skirmishes with the enemy, because of which he was unable to participate in the famous council at Fili. Marshal Murat promised Miloradovich to stop the movement of his troops so that the Russians could freely leave the capital without fighting on its streets. With fighting, the troops retreated to Tarutin.

M.A. Miloradovich, having led the vanguard, during the counteroffensive of the Russian army, which consisted of two cavalry and three infantry corps, with a forced march, the troops approached Maloyaroslavets and saved the corps of D.S. Dokhturova.

On October 22, the troops defeated the French near Vyazma. In early November, with a skillful flank maneuver, they bypassed Napoleon's army near the village of Krasnoye, which ensured the victory of the main forces.

On August 18, in the battle of Kulm, he led the troops, replacing the wounded A.I. Osterman, and on October 6 near Leipzig led the Russian and Prussian guards.

Miloradovich was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

August 19, 1818 St. Petersburg military governor-general. After the death of Alexander 1, M.A. Miloradovich began to actively support the candidacy of Konstantin Pavlovich as a candidate for the Russian throne. His actions, especially the oath to Konstantin, objectively played into the hands of the conspirators, and an attempt on December 14, 1825, during a speech on

Senate Square to persuade the soldiers to return to the barracks ended with a pistol shot by P.G. Kakhovsky. The mortally wounded general died at 3 am on December 15 (27) and was buried in St. Petersburg on December 24.

Conclusion

The Patriotic War of 1812 was a difficult period for Russia. But neither the retreat nor the bloody battles broke the spirit of the Russian army. Many similar fates were given by the heroic Patriotic War of 1812. To those who went over to the side of the enemy, in a difficult time for the country, of course, there was contempt for the Russian people, but no manifestos could prevent this. Those who surrendered to the enemy were not punished in any way, which once again speaks of the strength and greatness of the soul of the Russian people. They defeated the enemy who encroached on our Motherland.

The people who rose to fight for the freedom of their homeland were the main hero of the war of the twelfth year.

Bibliography

1. Efremova L.V., I.Ya. Kraivanova, O.P. Andreeva, T.D. Shuvalova, O.N. Papkov: Borodino Panorama, Moskovsky Rabochiy Publishing House, 1985.

2. Zhukov E.M. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. (Volumes used: 10, 4, 2), State Scientific Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1962.

3. Levchenko Vladimir: Heroes of 1812. Collection. Young Guard, 1987.

4. Opalinskap M.A., S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov: History of the Russian state. Biographies. 19th century first half. Moscow, Book Chamber Publishing House, 1997.

5. URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/BAGRATION_PETR_IVANOVICH.html

6. URL: http://smol1812.a-mv.ru/index.php/geroi-vojny-1812-goda

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

The just character of the Patriotic War of 1812. The efforts of falsifiers of history: slander on the brilliant commander M.I. Kutuzov. Patriotic war of 1812 and its heroes. The course of the Battle of Borodino, the causes of fires in Moscow and the disappointment of Napoleon.

abstract, added 12/07/2010


Before the war. Preparation of the parties for the war of 1812. The beginning of the war. Appointment of M.I. Kutuzov. Borodino; invasion of Moscow. Tarutinsky march-maneuver. Causes of the partisan war of 1812. Peasant War. Army guerrilla war.

abstract, added 02.12.2003


A study of Napoleon's strategy in the Patriotic War of 1812. Smolensk and Borodino battle. Military Philosophy of Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov. Davydov's small war. Tarutinsky maneuver of the Russian Army. The study of the patriotism of Russian military leaders.

presentation, added 09/03/2014


The foreign policy situation in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. The beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812 Preparation of the parties for the war. Battle of Borodino, the role of Kutuzov as a commander. The retreat of the Russian army and the fire in Moscow. Partisan movement and the defeat of Napoleon

abstract, added 03/05/2011


Causes of the Patriotic War of 1812, its main events. History of the Battle of Borodino. Participation of the Russian people during the Patriotic War of 1812. Results and consequences of the Patriotic War. Acceleration of the complex process of consolidation of the Russian nation.

test, added 02/25/2010


Russia's just national liberation war against Napoleonic France that attacked it. Great Russian commanders: Kutuzov, Bagration, Davydov, Biryukov, Kurin and Durova. Patriotic war of 1812 and its role in the public life of Russia.

abstract, added 06/03/2009


Causes of the events of the war of 1812, the political state of Russia and France on the eve of the war. The manifestation of the heroism of the Russian people. The partisan movement as an expression of the national character of the Patriotic War. Russian women shared all the hardships of military life.

abstract, added 05/28/2002


Background to the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812. Preparation for war, characteristics of the military forces of France and Russia on the eve of the war. Start of hostilities. History of the Battle of Borodino. End of the war, Tarutino battle. Consequences of the War of 1812.

abstract, added 03/25/2014


The beginning of the service of the famous Russian commander Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov. Participation in the Russian-Turkish wars. Kutuzov under Alexander I. Patriotic War of 1812. Battle of Borodino and Tarutino maneuver. Death of M.I. Kutuzov.

presentation, added 09/23/2011


Results, features and historical significance of the Patriotic War of 1812. Geopolitical situation on the eve of the war. The balance of forces and military plans of the parties. Strategy and tactics of the Russian army in the course of hostilities. Borodino: the grave of the French cavalry.

Heroes of 1812

From the heroes of yesteryear

Sometimes there are no names left,

Those who took the fight to the death

They became just earth, grass.

Only their formidable prowess

Settled in the hearts of the living.

E. Agranovich

The poet, of course, has in mind the living, and not the existing, vegetating ones.

The country is celebrating the bicentenary of the Patriotic War of 1812. This isSeveral notes in our newspaper are devoted to this significant event.

The hero is an indispensable attribute of history. Pantheon of historical heroesforms national self-consciousness, the mentality of the nation, influencesinfluence on the formation of ideas about modern heroes. It is no coincidence that thishour there is a replacement of heroes in a number of historical periods of our history.Kolchak and Denikin replace Chapaev and Shchors; Pavlov, who soberly assessednational intelligentsia, is replaced by one who justified the Nazis,Ilyin; Anka-machine-gunner is replaced by Anka-forgive me, God forgive me, sincewitch; Panfilov - Vlasov. And, as a result, instead of inspiredcreators - Chkalov, Stakhanov, Angelina, Krivonos, modernnew heroes and idols…

Similar replacements have already affected the heroes of the twelfth year and the heroes of thishistorical period. From the numerous series of brilliant heroes you take a few.

Mikhail B oddanovich Barclay de Tolly

In the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809, the corps undercommanded by Barclay made the legendary winterny passage through the Kvarken Strait, which decided the outcomewar. He commanded the entire Russian army at the initialstage of the Patriotic War of 1812, after which it wasreplaced by M.I. Kutuzov. In 1813-1814 in foreignnom campaign of the Russian army commanded the unitedRussian-Prussian army as part of the Bohemian armyStryan Field Marshal Schwarzenberg. At the beginning of 1812, the Minister of War of Russia M. Barclayde Tolly developed a plan for the impending war with NapoLeon. (See note of the forwarding agent of the 1st table of the secret

expedition of the Military Ministry of Lieutenant Colonel P. Chuikevich, thenhead of the GRU, April 12, 1812). Naturally, this plan was knownonly to a narrow circle of people. And it was implemented by Mikhail Bogdanovich, therefore, according toconsequent retreat of the Russian army (which led to a catastrophicreduction of the French army and the growth of the Russian army) metmisunderstanding not only among the population and lower ranks, but even among highlyassigned military. Many directly accused him of betrayal.

Regarding the plan of military operations of the Russian army, Clausewitz, who participatedin the war of 1812 at the headquarters of Wittgenstein, wrote: “Higher wisdom could notmake a plan better than the one the Russians unintentionally executed. Here veevery military theorist is mistaken - the plan was carried out deliberately and hadauthors and main performers: Emperor Alexander I, Barclay de Tolly, and forthose Kutuzov. Moreover, Barclay de Tolly had to perform the most unpleasantand the hard part of the plan.

In the Battle of Borodino, Barclay de Tolly commanded the right wing andthree Russian troops. On the Borodino field, Barclay de Tolly, embroidered with golduniform was in the thick of the battle, under it 9 horses were killed and wounded,5 of his 8 adjutants died. But he not only sought death, the battle demanded himdirect presence in the most dangerous areas. After Borodino,the troops, who had previously met Barclay de Tolly in silence, greeted him with thunder vowel cheers.

Barclay de Tolly - full St. George Cavalier (second after Kutuzov),count, prince. In a letter to his wife after leaving Moscow, he wrote:

“Whatever the outcome, I will always be convinced that I did everything necessarymine for the preservation of the state, and if his majesty still has an army,own to threaten the enemy with defeat, then this is my merit. After numerousbloody battles, with which I delayed the enemy at every step andinflicted significant losses on him, I handed over the army to Prince Kutuzov, when he acceptedcommand in such a state that she could measure her strength with howany powerful enemy. I gave it to him at the moment when I was filled withfirm determination to expect an enemy attack in an excellent position, and I wasren that I will beat her. ... If in the battle of Borodino the army was not completelyand finally broken - this is my merit, and the conviction of this will servemy consolation until the last minute of my life.

The best thing about him, his tragic fate was said by A.S. Pushkin.

commander

The Russian tsar has a chamber in his halls:

She is not rich in gold, not in velvet;

It is not in her that the diamond of the crown is kept behind glass;

But from top to bottom, in full length, around,

With my brush free and wide

It was painted by a quick-eyed artist.

There are no country nymphs, no virgin madonnas,

No fauns with bowls, no full-breasted wives,

No dancing, no hunting, but all the raincoats and swords,

Yes, faces full of martial courage.

Crowd close artist placed

Here the chiefs of our people's forces,

Covered with the glory of a wonderful campaign

And the eternal memory of the twelfth year.

Often slowly between them I wander

And I look at their familiar images,

And, I think, I hear their militant cliques.

Many of them are gone; others whose faces

Still so young on a bright canvas,

Already grown old and drooping in silence

The head of the laurel...

But in this harsh crowd

One attracts me the most. With a new thought

I will always stop in front of him - and I will not drive

From him my eyes. The more I look

The more I torment heavy sadness.

It is written in full length. The forehead is like a naked skull,

Shines high, and, it seems, lay down

There is great sadness. All around - thick haze;

Behind him is a military camp. Calm and gloomy

He seems to be looking with contemptuous thought.

Has the artist laid bare his exact thought?

When he portrayed him as such,

Or was it involuntary inspiration, -

But Dow gave him that expression.

O unfortunate leader! Your lot was harsh:

You sacrificed everything to a foreign land for you.

Impenetrable to the gaze of wild mob,

You walked alone in silence with a great thought,

And, in your name, the sound is alien dislike,

Chasing you with their cries

The people, mysteriously saved by you,

Cursed over your sacred gray hair.

And the one whose sharp mind comprehended you,

In order to please them, I slyly rebuked you ...

And for a long time, strengthened by a powerful conviction,

You were unshakable before the general error;

And halfway was due at last

Silently give in and the laurel crown,

And power, and a plan, thought out deeply, -

And hide alone in the regimental ranks.

There, outdated leader! like a young warrior

Lead cheerful whistle heard for the first time,

You threw yourself into the fire, looking for the desired death, -

Wow! -

.....................

.....................

O people! miserable race, worthy of tears and laughter!

Priests of the moment, admirers of success!

How often does a person pass by you

Over whom the blind and violent age swears,

But whose high face in the coming generation

The poet will delight and delight!

Dmitriy Petrovich Neverovsky

(27.10.1777 - 27.10.1813)

Lieutenant General, Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812He began his service in 1786 as a private of the Life Guards Semenew regiment. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war1787-11, military operations in 1792, 1794. In 1804promoted to major general, since 1809 chief Pavlovskth Grenadier Regiment. Among the soldiers enjoyed luBy the way, they called him "Well Done". Skillful educatorand organizer. In 1811 Neverovsky was entrusted withpeacekeeping in Moscow of the 27th Infantry Division, with the beginningPatriotic War of 1812, the division became part of the 2nd Western army.

On August 2, near Krasnoy, his rearguard detachment (7.2 thousand people) blocked up tohorn 3 cavalry corps under the command of Murat. Having built a divisionin a square, Neverovsky retreated to Smolensk. The division repulsed 40 cavalryattacks of Murat, enraged by his own impotence, who never managed toexploit its numerical and qualitative superiority. (Ney offered Muratto shoot Neverovsky's infantry with artillery, to attract infantry, but Murat wantedwin yourself). Neverovsky lost about 1.5 thousand people, but detainedfor a day the advance of the enemy, which did not allow the Great Army of Napoleonapproach Smolensk and take it on the move.

“I have never seen greater courage on the part of the enemy,” said of hisactions under Red Murat.

“It is impossible to praise enough the courage and firmness with which the division, the commanderbrand new, fought against excessively superior enemy forces.You can even say that an example of such courage in any army to showit’s impossible,” the commander of the 2nd army, P.I., reported to the tsar. Bagration.

This feat "does him immortal glory," said the Sovereign EmperorAlexander I. Neverovsky himself spoke more simply: “I saw to what extentthe courage and fearlessness of the Russian soldier shine.

The 27th division of Neverovsky near Smolensk repulsed all the attacks of the Ponyatov cavalrySky, the resilience of his division determined the outcome of the battle.

Neverovsky's division took part in the most brutal and bloody battles of the war1812, distinguished herself in all the most important battles of the Patriotic War: underRed, in the battle of Smolensk, during the defense of Shevardino - a division aboutled a night hand-to-hand fight, in the battle of Borodino on the Semenov flushes,in the battles at Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets and again at Krasnoy. Division NeveRovsky for the campaign of 1812 suffered the biggest losses in the Russian army.

In the Battle of Leipzig, Neverovsky was seriously wounded in the leg, died of wounds.in the arms of adjutants, deliriously repeating his favorite call: “Guys! Forward! With bayonets!

In 1912, his ashes were reburied at the Borodino field, and his name was given on 24mu infantry Siberian regiment.

Borodino field.

On the front side of the headstone is inscribed:"The ashes of the general are buried hereLieutenant Dmitry Petrovich Neverovsky, who bravely fought inhead of his 27th infantry. division and shell-shocked in the chest by a cannonball on August 26, 1812.

On the reverse side is the inscription:“Lieutenant General D. P. Neverovsky is slainin 1813 near Leipzig. His ashes rested in Halle and in 1912, according to the Highestby order of the Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich was transferred to his homelandJuly 8th of the same year.

By the way, September 10 marks 100 years since the grand opening ofin Smolensk a monument to the heroes of 1812. The monument "with eagles" is considered the bestmonument to the heroes of that war. The name of Neverovsky is immortalized on it next tothe names of Barclay de Tolly, Bagration, Raevsky, Dokhturov.

Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov

(30.8.1784- 07.9.1812)

Count, son of the king's favourite. Major General (1806!!!).Since 1799, inspector-adjutant of the inspector general artilleryLeria A.A. Arakcheev. Showed outstanding abilitySti in the war with France 1805-1806. and in the organizationRussian artillery. At the beginning of 1812 - chiefartillery of the 1st Western Army. In the Battle of Borodinonii the head of all Russian artillery, although there were artillerists are older in rank and age. To a large extent, the success of the actions of the Russianartillerymen during the Battle of Borodinowas due to the order given on the day of the battlecommander of the Russian artillery Kutaisov.

September 6, on the eve of the battle, his orderly delivered artillery to all commandersLeri companies an order, which, in particular, said: “Artillery shouldto sacrifice oneself; let them take you with guns, but you are the lastshoot arrows at close range, and the battery, which is thus taken, will inflictharm to the enemy, which fully atones for the loss of guns.

By this order, Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov ordered the artillery totik, directly opposite to that pointed out by the rescript of AlexanderI received by Kutuzov before the battle. (Here, the tsar, more correctly, Russia hadservants - they themselves decided what and how best to do!).

The execution of the order of Alexander I ensured the safety of artillerytrunks, but doomed Russian artillery to low efficiency and passiveness during the battle.

Kutaisov ordered the artillerymen to destroy the manpower of the enemy. His calculationwas more correct than the imperial one (see the assessment of the Battle of Borodino onpoleon and the dynamics of the number of occupying troops during the war).

Only an extraordinary personality could act contrary to the will of Alexander I,aware of responsibility before the Fatherland.

Thanks to Kutaisov, the Battle of Borodino became the day of Russian artillery.

Some contemporaries "reproached" Kutaisov for leavingglasiya Kutuzov headquarters, goes around the batteries, personally directs the fire and dies onthe beginning of the battle.

However, the participants in the battle, more precisely, its leaders, it was clearer thathad to be done. How to know how the battle would have turned out if the baht had not been beaten off Ray of Rayevsky!

And therefore, at the critical moment of the battle, when the divisions of Generals Broussier, Mowound, Gerard took Raevsky's battery, Kutaisov, together with the chief of staff of the 1stWestern Army General A.P. Yermolov personally organize and leadcounterattack on the Raevsky battery, occupied by the French. This legendary attackcourse, which, Yermolov, walking ahead, threw crosses and shouted: “Whoever comes, he take it!"

We've arrived.

They took the battery.

And they won the battle!

Yermolov was wounded, Kutaisov died, his body was not found.

“And you, Kutaisov, young leader ...

Whether in armor, formidable, performed -

Peruny threw death;

He struck the strings of the harp -

Strings swayed...

Oh grief! faithful horse runs

Bloodied from battle;

On it is his broken shield...

And there is no hero.

And where is yours, oh knight, dust "

"A singer in the camp of Russian soldiers"

V. A. Zhukovsky

A lexandr S amoilovich F igner

(1787 - 01.10.1813)

Colonel, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, organicongestion of the partisan movement. In 1805-06. participated in the expedition of the Russian fleetin the Mediterranean. During the Russo-Turkish War1806-12 distinguished himself in the Ruschuk battle, and duringPatriotic War of 1812 - in defense of Smolensk, in Bohome battle. He was fantastically brave. From Septemberbrya 1812 commanded a partisan detachment, successfulscout. The information he obtained played an important rolein the success of the Russian troops in the battle of Tarutino and takingty Danzig. In 1813, at the head of the international detachment (Germans, Spaniards, Italians

and Russian Cossacks) Figner was active in the rear of the French troops on the territoryterritories of Germany. Surrounded by superior French forces, he died attrying to cross the Elbe.

Merciless to enemies and high efficiency in their destruction (For examplemeasures, did not take prisoners, because he believed that no one invited the French to Russiashal, and the prisoners reduce the combat capabilities of his detachment) met somemisunderstanding among colleagues. However, the authorities appreciated him: it was time for himrisky special operations began, he was promoted to captain right on the fieldbattle during the defense of Smolensk in August 1812, and died in October 1813 already regimentsno one. And Napoleon himself appointed a special award for Figner's head.

unknown hero

Smolensk. “Especially among ... shooters, he stood out for his courage andsteadfastness, one Russian huntsman ... whom we could not force to be silent withrifle fire concentrated against him, not even by the action of one, spdesignated weapon against him, which smashed all the trees,because of which he acted, but did not let up and fell silent only at night, ”-H.V. Faber de Fort, officer of the 23rd Infantry Division of Napoleon's army

Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky

(12. 07.1792 - 10.11. 1878)

Prince, poet and critic. In 1812, chamber junker Vyazemskyjoined the Moscow noble militia, tookparticipation in the Battle of Borodino with the rank of lieutenant. On the fieldbattle, he saved General A.N., wounded in the leg. Bakhmetev. Vyazemsky's letter to his wife "I'm on my way now, my dear. You, God and honor will bemy companions. The duties of a military man are notdrown in me the duties of your husband and fatherour child. I will never fall behind, but I will not kigive in. You are chosen by heaven for my happiness, and I wantDo I make you unhappy forever?

I will be able to reconcile the duty of the son of the fatherland with my duty and in reasoningyou. We'll see you, I'm sure of it. Pray to God for me. He is your prayersHe hears, I rely on Him for everything. Forgive me, my dear Faith. Sorry,my dear friend. Everything around me reminds me of you. I'm writing to you from the bedroomin which I pressed you into my arms so many times, and now I leave itone. Not! we will never part again. We are made for each other, we aremust live together, die together. I'm sorry my friend. I'm just as hardpart with you now, as if you were with me. Here in the houseI think I'm still with you: you lived here; but - no, you are there, and the entrance fromI'm inseparable. You are in my soul, you are in my life. I couldn't live without you.Sorry! May God be with us!"

In the Russian Federation, the search for a national idea continues. Seekers are recommended tonetwork Borodino field. See what was built on it for the centenaryBattle of Borodino.

Ch. editor Pokazeev K.V.

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was born on July 10, 1765 in the North Caucasus, in Kizlyar. He came from an old Georgian princely family, in which service in the Russian army became a family tradition. He studied at the Kizlyar school for senior and non-commissioned officer children. He began military service in 1782. The first military rank was sergeant of the Astrakhan Musketeer Regiment. Bagration gained his first combat experience in clashes with the highlanders who attacked the Caucasian fortified border line. As an officer, Prince Bagration earned his first military awards and fame in the ranks of the Russian army during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791 and the Polish campaign of 1793-1794. There, Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov drew attention to him and predicted a great future for the brave infantry commander.

Bagration's talent as a great military leader was revealed under the banner of Suvorov during the Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1799. In the course of campaigns against the troops of revolutionary France that captured Northern Italy, Major General Bagration commanded the vanguard of the allied Russian-Austrian army. He, as a rule, had to be the first to clash with the enemy and often decide the outcome of the battle, as, for example, in Italy - on the rivers Adda and Trebbia and near the city of Novi Ligure. Contemporaries were struck by his fearlessness and determination in the critical moments of the battle. Suvorov was proud of his talented student, and the French commanders saw Bagration as a dangerous enemy. The Patriotic War of 1812, as well as other anti-Napoleonic wars, confirmed these fears.During the Swiss campaign in the battle on the Saint Gotthard mountain pass, the Russian avant-garde under the command of Bagration brilliantly completed the task, and largely thanks to him, the French had to clear the way for the Suvorov troops, while suffering heavy losses.

In orders and reports to Emperor Paul I, Suvorov constantly noted the merits of the commander of his vanguard, who successfully coped with the most important combat missions. From a foreign campaign, General Bagration returned as a renowned military leader.

In the military campaign of 1805, when the army under the command of Kutuzov made the famous Ulm-Olmutsky march-manoeuvre, General Bagration led its rearguard, which had the most trials.Of these, the most serious was the battle on November 16, 1805 at Hollabrunn. The Russian 7,000th rearguard was opposed by the advanced 40,000th corps of the Napoleonic army under the command of Marshal Murat. Having secured a position at Hollabrunn, Bagration held out until the retreating main forces of the Russian army were at a distance inaccessible to the French army.

Genuine military recognition came to Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration after the battle of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805, which Napoleon considered the "sun" in his military biography. The army of the French emperor numbered 75 thousand people. His opponents are 85 thousand people (60 thousand Russians and 25 thousand Austrians) and 278 guns. The allied army was formally commanded by General Kutuzov, but during the battle, the Russian Emperor Alexander I and the Austrian Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Franz II constantly interfered in his decisions.Bagration commanded the troops of the right wing of the allied army, which for a long time steadfastly repulsed all the attacks of the French. When the victorious scale became

lean towards the Napoleonic army, almost caThe armed troops of Bagration formed the rearguard of the allied Russian-Austrian army, covering the withdrawal of the main forces and suffering heavy losses.The battle of Austerlitz - the “battle of the three emperors” - became for General Bagration a strict test of military maturity, which he honorably

survived. AfterbirthThe result of this battle was the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire and the formation of the Austrian state in its place, which ceased to be an ally of Russia.

During the Russian-Prussian-French war of 1806-1807, Bagration again commanded the rearguard of the allied army, which distinguished itself in major battles in East Prussia - near Preussisch-Eylau and near Friedland. In the first of them, which took place on February 7-8, 1807, Bagration commanded the rearguard of the Russian army, covering its retreat to Preussisch-Eylau. Then the Bagration regiments successfully repulsed the attacks of the French troops and did not allow the enemy to bypass them from the flank. After a bloody battle that lasted untilBy ten o'clock in the evening, the enemy armies remained in their original positions.

"The heroic feat of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812"

There are such events in the Patriotic history that every person should know. Such events, of course, include the Patriotic War of 1812. After all, it was at that difficult time that the fate of the Motherland, of the entire people, was being decided. The theme of our lesson: "The heroism of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812."

Our lesson today is unusual - integrated. And we spend it together with a teacher of literature. After all, literature and history are two related subjects. In history lessons, we often hear poems and fragments of works of art. Today we will reveal our topic using the examples of historical figures and literary images (consider the final stage of the war).

Definitions and terms (they will be our transition to the topic of the lesson).

What war is called Patriotic War? What is a people's militia? Who is a patriot? And which of the famous personalities of Russian history can be called a patriot?

Confrontation between two armies. Guerrilla war.

The Russian army is located near the village of Tarutino, 80 km. From Moscow, covering the Tula arms factories and the fertile southern provinces. Napoleon, who was in Moscow, believed that the campaign was over and was waiting for an offer of peace. But no one sent ambassadors to him. The army, led by Kutuzov, was opposed to peace negotiations. However, a behind-the-scenes struggle was going on at the tsar's court (the empress-mother, brother Konstantin and the favorite of the tsar, Arakcheev, demanded peace with Napoleon). Tensions arose between the army and the court. And Tsar Alexander I refused to enter into negotiations with Napoleon. The hatred for the enemy and the patriotic upsurge in society were such that there could be no question of any peace.

1 part of the movie.

- What was Kutuzov's goal in leaving Moscow? Why? How do you evaluate his action?

Kutuzov took a risk. If his general plan had failed, he would have been severely punished by the emperor. And what a coward he would have remained in the memory of the people. He could give Napoleon one more battle, and even in the event of a defeat, his honor would be out of danger. Kutuzov risked his name and position. He put the sacred duty of saving the Fatherland above personal well-being. Like a patriot!

From the beginning of the invasion of the Napoleonic army into Russia, a people's war began to unfold against the enemy, peasant detachments spontaneously arose. The excesses of the enemy, the fire of Moscow caused even greater indignation of the people. The people's war engulfed the entire territory occupied by the enemy. Partisan detachments detached from the armies made bold raids deep into the territory occupied by the enemy. The merit of Kutuzov is that he attached great importance to this small war, which raised the spirit of the population of the front-line provinces. The popular character of the war was most clearly manifested in the actions of the peasants. The peasants refused to supply the French with food, they killed enemy foragers (after all, the French army had long since broken away from its rear bases, and existed at the expense of extortions from the population). But the soldiers sent to the villages for food disappeared without a trace. In one of the orders, Napoleon wrote that the French army loses more every day from partisan attacks than on the battlefield.

Kutuzov, who quickly appreciated the importance of guerrilla warfare, began to send flying cavalry detachments behind enemy lines; army partisan detachments began to be created.

He commanded the first detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks.

“Denis Davydov is remarkable as a poet, and as a military writer, and in general as a writer, and as a warrior - not only for exemplary courage and some kind of chivalrous enthusiasm, but for the talent of a military leader.”

Davydov gave military service 35 years of his life out of the 55 years allotted to him by fate. With the government, he enjoyed a reputation as a brash and politically unreliable person. But he was one of the most popular people of his time. he was loved, admired, poems dedicated to him.

Student message:

Davydov, what is called in the family, was written to be a military man. Denis was not ten years old when he met with the greatest commander of Russia -. This meeting determined the choice of his life path. “This one will be a military man. I won’t die yet, and he’s already won three battles!”

For 5 years, Davydov was an assistant and adjutant to the remarkable commander Bagration. During the attacks, he was with Bagration at the head of the troops. On the Borodino field, on the very eve of the battle, he received Kutuzov's consent to lead the very first partisan detachment.

Bagration, saying goodbye to Davydov on the Borodino field, handed over to him a personally written order on partisan action and presented his map of the Smolensk province, which the partisan poet carefully kept until the end of his life.

From the very beginning of the raid of the partisan detachment behind enemy lines, Davydov begins to keep a diary, on the pages of which he conveys with remarkable truthfulness everything that was seen, felt in moments of the greatest danger for the motherland. He contributes in every possible way to the development of a people's war - he distributes weapons to the peasants, encourages them to create partisan detachments, and gives advice on how to fight the French. Although Davydov wrote about himself: “I am not a poet, I am a partisan, I am a Cossack” - he was a real, talented poet, who was highly appreciated by his contemporaries. Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky, Pushkin admired him.

Literature teacher.

The literary fame of the poet-hussar, a thoughtless brave man and unrestrained revelers, somehow merged with the partisan glory of Davydov and turned into a kind of legend.

His colleague characterizes Davydov's literary pursuits in an emotionally elevated tone: “Most of his poems smell like a bivouac. They were written on halts, on day trips, between two shifts, between two battles, between two wars; these are trial handwriting of a pen made for writing reports. Davydov's poems were very popular at noisy meals, at merry feasts, among wild revelry.

Let's all plunge into the era when such wonderful people lived and try to feel the spirit of that time.

A film fragment from the film "The Squadron of the Flying Hussars".

- I suggest you listen to D. Davydov's poem "Song" and think about what the hero poet is singing in this poem.

- This poem is like a panorama of the life of a hussar. What is the main thing for a lyrical hero? (the desire to fight for the Motherland, selflessly, headlong to serve Mother Russia).

There were many rumors at that time about D. Davydov. They were also exaggerated about the love victories of the hussar. Although, as a war hero, a charming and witty man, he was, in fact, popular with women. And, of course, the theme of love sounded in his work.

- Listen to D. Davydov's romance, the music for which was written by the famous composer Alexander Zhurbin.

It sounds like a romance from the movie "Squadron of Flying Hussars" - "Don't Awaken".

What is the feeling of this romance?

- At what point in the life of D. Davydov could it sound?

- Why is this romance still perceived by us very emotionally?

There is an objective testimony of Vyazemsky (a friend of the poet): “A cordial and pleasant drinking buddy, he was actually quite modest and sober. He did not justify our proverb: “Drunk and smart, two lands in him.” He was smart, but he had never been drunk. Therefore, it would not be superfluous to note that, singing wine and revelry in verse, D. Davydov in this respect was somewhat poetic.

Here, for example, is “The Song of the Old Hussar”. At first glance, the author yearns here for those times when the hussars at the feast "not saying a word" indulged in endless libations. However, in fact, the reproach “Jomini da Jomini” (denoting the name of a famous general and military historian) was more suitable for D. Davydov himself than “hussarism”, described with exaggeration in the first lines.

– What is typical for D. Davydov's poems? What is the theme of his poetry?

- You have handout No. 1 on your tables with the statements of famous people about Davydov. What can be said about this person as a person?

Nearly a century and a half has passed, but the most noble personality, original poems and military-patriotic works of D. Davydov have not been forgotten. Not forgotten is his friendship with him, who devoted many poems to the partisan poet, from whom he learned a lot. And it was Davydov (as Pushkin once said) who helped him find his own way into the poetic era.

There are beautiful lines of Yaroslav Smelyakov, a famous poet:

In the morning, putting your foot in the stirrup -
Ah, what a blessing! -
You are currently
Managed to jump.

And it is true. The poems of this wonderful poet have survived to our times, and will live for many years, leaving the memory of the one who left them to us as a legacy.

Student messages.

Another staff captain Alexander Figner, fluent in French, collected information behind enemy lines, including in captured Moscow. (Here Figner even intended to kill Napoleon). Bold raids on the rear of the enemy were carried out by detachments of officers Seslavin and Doronov.

Peasant partisans Yermolai Chetvertakov and G. Kurin inflicted great damage on the enemy. The soldier Chetvertakov was captured in one of the battles, soon fled and led a partisan detachment numbering more than 4 thousand people. was even bigger.

The peasants also created many small detachments. The headman Vasilisa Kozhina, who led a detachment of teenagers and women, gained fame.

“The guerrillas destroyed the great army piecemeal. They picked up those fallen leaves that fell by themselves from the withered tree of the French army,” he wrote. During the month of their stay in Moscow, the French troops lost about 30 thousand people.

And the Russian army during the weeks spent in the Tarushinsky camp was replenished with new guns. The whole country, all the peoples of Russia helped the army. Every day, people's militias were created. Every day spent in the camp, Kutuzov called the Golden Day

War and woman are incompatible concepts. War has no feminine face. But in harsh times, women could not stand aside.

Literature teacher.

One of the works dedicated to the heroism of the Russian people in the war of 1812 is “ Notes of a cavalry girl”. They were written by a legendary woman - an officer.

She was born in September 1783. His father was a hussar captain, his mother was the daughter of a wealthy landowner. She married for love, having run away from her parents' house. Dreamed of a son. But the firstborn was a girl who immediately became an unloved child. “I was very strong and cheerful, but only incredibly noisy. One day my mother was in a very bad temper. I kept her up all night; went on a hike at dawn. Mama was about to fall asleep in the carriage, but I began to cry again. This overwhelmed my mother's annoyance, she lost her temper and, snatching me from the hands of the girl, threw me out the window! The hussars screamed in horror, jumped off their horses and lifted me up, all bloody and showing no sign of life. To everyone's surprise, I came back to life. Father... said to my mother: “Thank God that you are not a murderer! Our daughter is alive, but I will not hand her over to you, I will take care of her myself.”

From that moment on, the father gave the girl to the care of his batman Astakhov. In the morning, the uncle put his pupil on his shoulders, walked with her to the regimental stable, entertained the girl with various military techniques. Mother was ashamed of her "hussar girl", showered abuse, often punished, tried to re-educate. Nothing happened. At night, Nadia somehow climbed onto the back of her father's Alcides and galloped away into the field, clutching her mane with her hands.

“Perhaps I would have forgotten all my hussar habits if my mother had not presented to me the fate of a woman in the most bleak way. She spoke to me in the most offensive terms about the fate of the female sex: a woman, in her opinion, should be born, live and die in slavery; that woman is full of weaknesses, devoid of all perfections, and incapable of anything; that a woman is the most unfortunate, most insignificant and most contemptible creature in the world! My head was spinning from this description: I decided, even if it cost me my life, to separate from the floor, which, as I thought, was under the curse of God ... ”.

Once, seeing a Cossack regiment passing through their Sarapul, Nadya cut off a long scythe with her father's saber, saddled Alkid and caught up with the Cossack regiment. She posed as Alexander Durov and begged the colonel to accept her temporarily into the Cossack regiment. As part of the Lithuanian Lancers Regiment, she entered the Patriotic War of 1812. At the head of her squadron, she participated in the battles near Smolensk, near the Koltsky Monastery, in the famous Battle of Borodino.

After a shell shock, he serves as an orderly at Kutuzov. The caring field marshal insisted that she take a vacation and go home for treatment. After ten years of military service, Durova retired in the blue of a staff captain and a pension of one thousand rubles a year.

Living in Yelabuga, she took up the writer's pen. Readers were amazed to see that the tender fingers that once gripped the hilt of the lancer's saber also own the pen. Denis Davydov, a glorious partisan of the war of 1812 and a strict critic, wrote about Durova’s novel like this: “It seems that Pushkin himself gave her his prose pen, and she owes him this courageous firmness and strength, this bright expressiveness of his story, always full, imbued with some kind of hidden thought.

The last years of Durova's life were spent in Yelabuga. She had few close friends. She didn't like talking about her past. She was also cold to her literary glory. She died on March 21, 1866 at the age of 83. She was buried with military honors.

The Napoleonic army felt in Moscow as in a besieged fortress. Three times Napoleon tried to start negotiations with Alexander I and Kutuzov, but failed. Napoleon decided to leave Moscow and move the remnants of the army to the unravaged south of Russia. Before leaving, he ordered the Kremlin, St. Basil's Cathedral and other national shrines to be blown up. It was only thanks to the dedication of the Russian patriots that this plan was thwarted.

Movie - part 2.

On October 6, the French left Moscow, but the strengthened and numerically increased Russian army stood in their way. Russian troops inflicted a defeat on the French near Tarutino... The small town changed hands 8 times. The Russian army tightly closed the road to Kaluga. This battle forced the French command to change the path of further retreat of the French army and turn to the devastated Smolensk road.

Kutuzov organized the pursuit of the retreating French troops. The enemy suffered heavy losses. The retreat became more and more disorderly. An early and harsh winter turned the French army into an uncontrollable, hungry and shabby crowd. When crossing the Berezina River, Napoleon lost another 30 thousand of his soldiers.

Only the miserable remnants of the “great army” managed to cross the border. The emperor himself, leaving his troops, fled to Paris with the words: “There is no more army!”

Do you think Russia should have continued the war after the expulsion of Napoleon from its borders?

At the end of 1812, Field Marshal General reported to the Tsar: “ The war ended with the complete annihilation of the enemy". On December 25, Alexander I issued a manifesto about the expulsion of the enemy from Russia and the end of the Patriotic War.

The meaning of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the reasons for the victories

What is the significance of the victory of the Russian army? (the myth of the invincibility of Napoleon's army). Using the materials of today's lesson, show that the war of 1812 was Patriotic. Why did they win the Patriotic War? How did you manage to do it? Who can you call a patriot? Do you agree with the opinion of the historian Tarle about the main reason for the defeat of Napoleon in Russia? What are the main reasons for winning in your opinion?

Conclusion: In the war of 1812, the Russian army showed its best qualities: steadfastness, courage, bravery. All participants in the war were awarded medals. The order for the army said: “Each of you is worthy to wear this sign, a venerable sign, this evidence of labor, courage and participation in glory, for all of you equally bore the burden and lived with unanimous courage.”

The protagonist is the people who have risen to defend the state independence and national freedom of their great Motherland.

This war contributed to the growth of national self-awareness of people.

Summarizing.