Carrying out agrochemical survey of soils. Agrochemical survey and monitoring of soil fertility in Pobeda agricultural firm, Petrovsky district
Lesson plan:
1. Subject, methods and tasks of agrochemical survey. Significance of agrochemical survey of soils.
1. Subject, methods and tasks of agrochemical survey. Significance of agrochemical survey of soils. In recent decades, the anthropogenic impact on natural objects, including the soil cover of grolandscapes, has significantly increased. Land degradation in some regions has reached a critical level, when the restoration of soil properties and, above all, their fertility has become practically impossible without purposeful environmental protection.
Environmental action plans and their implementation can only be carried out on the basis of complete information about the state of the environment, including the soil cover. An important role in this is called upon to play a systematic monitoring of the state of agricultural soils. The optimal form of organization and implementation of such control is complex agrochemical monitoring, which combines various areas of work on the examination of agricultural soils: agrochemical, toxicological, radiological, herbological. Taking into account the experience of these works for the agrochemical service of Russia, this monitoring can be implemented as a comprehensive large-scale survey of soils of agricultural lands by design and survey centers (stations) for chemicalization of the agrochemical service. The relevance of this approach is due to the introduction of various forms of management in agricultural production, which leads to the complication of the interaction of the land user with the environment.
These guidelines present a methodology for conducting a comprehensive agrochemical survey of agricultural soils, the results of which can be used to maintain and increase their fertility, reduce and prevent negative anthropogenic impacts on the soil, and improve crop quality.
The application of these guidelines does not preclude the conduct of systematic special agrochemical, toxicological, radiological and herbological surveys.
A comprehensive agrochemical survey of agricultural soils is carried out in order to monitor and assess changes in soil fertility, the nature and level of their pollution under the influence of anthropogenic factors, creating data banks of fields (working plots, conducting continuous certification of land (working) soil plots.
The main tasks of agrochemical monitoring of the state of lands are:
timely detection of changes in the state of fertility of agricultural land;
their assessment, forecast for the future and taking the necessary measures to preserve and improve soil fertility;
information support of the land cadastre and state control of soil fertility and land protection.
The results of an agrochemical survey are used in the development of technologies, recommendations and design estimates for the use of chemicals, as well as scientifically based determination of the need and distribution of mineral fertilizers at all levels of agricultural production management, in the certification of soils of land plots and soils, in the cadastral valuation of land.
An agrochemical survey of soils is carried out by experts in the certification of soils of land plots, specialists of the departments of soil and agrochemical surveys of the State, republican, regional, regional centers (stations) of the agrochemical service. If there is a production need, specialists from other departments of chemicalization centers (stations) of the agrochemical service, district (inter-district), economic (inter-farm) agrochemical laboratories, who have passed the appropriate advanced training courses, can be involved in these works.
Soils of collective farms, state farms, peasant (farm) farms and other land users are subject to agrochemical survey.
Soil of all types of agricultural land - arable land, hayfields, is subject to agrochemical examination. pastures and numerous plantations.
In order to maintain the continuity of information during the agrochemical survey, a grid of elementary plots of the previous survey is used.
A comprehensive agrochemical survey is carried out on the basis of simultaneous soil sampling for the purpose of landscape-agrochemical, ecological-toxicological, herbological and radiological assessment and change control; ecological state and soil fertility of agricultural lands:
Landscape and agrochemical assessment is carried out for each working area based on the analysis of the agrochemical properties of soils determined in the combined samples taken from elementary plots that make up a single array of the working area;
Ecological and toxicological assessment is carried out based on the results of analyzes of soil samples for the content of residual amounts of persistent (promising) pesticides and heavy metals and on the basis of visual control of herbicidal phytotoxicity during an agrochemical survey;
Herbological assessment is carried out by determining the degree of weediness during soil sampling; the composition and quantity of weed seeds is determined by performing a special analysis;
The radiological assessment is carried out by measuring the gamma background in each elementary area at 8 points during the selection of soil samples (in case of exceeding the permissible levels, a more detailed examination is carried out).
Based on the results of a comprehensive survey, information is issued for each working area and for all land use.
The results of a comprehensive agrochemical survey of soils are used for:
preparation of quality certificates for working areas;
Development of technology for the production of environmentally friendly crop products and efficient use of agricultural land;
compiling "ecological passports for lands of all types of agricultural land use;
Current and long-term planning of the use of the land fund and the specialization of agricultural production;
allocation of micro-reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and territories of biological farming;
identification of potential and real sources of soil pollution by agrochemical toxicants. and technogenic pollutants in order to reduce and prevent their negative impact on the state of agrocenoses and the quality of agricultural products.
Scientific and methodological guidance in carrying out work on a comprehensive agrochemical survey is carried out by the Central Research Institute of Agrochemical Services for Agriculture (TsINAO) of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia.
The frequency of agrochemical examination of soils is established differentially for various natural and economic regions and zones of the Russian Federation.
Re-examination times:
For farms using more than 60 kg/ha a.i. for each type of mineral fertilizers - 5 years;
For farms with an average level of fertilizer use (30-60 kg/ha AI) for each type - 5-7 years;
For irrigated agricultural land - 3 years;
For drained agricultural land - 3-5 years;
For state variety plots, experimental farms for complex chemicalization and for the implementation of innovative projects (regardless of the volume of fertilizers used) - 3 years;
At the request of farms using high doses of fertilizers, a reduction in the time between repeated surveys is allowed.
An agrochemical survey of soils is carried out in accordance with the work plans agreed with the regional agricultural production authorities, as well as with the heads of farms (peasant) farms, collective farms, cooperatives and other forms of ownership.
The work plan determines the annual volumes of soil areas to be surveyed by types of land, the number of agrochemical analyzes by type, indicating the methods for their implementation. The order of work on administrative districts is established. An agrochemical survey of the soils of an administrative region should be carried out in one field season.
The work plan for the current year is drawn up by the head of the department of soil and agrochemical surveys.
The areas of agricultural land subject to survey are taken into account as of January 1 of the year preceding the agrochemical survey.
The approved work plan for the agrochemical survey of soils is communicated to customers no later than November 15 of the year preceding the agrochemical survey.
Conclusion of agreements with farms for carrying out agrochemical examination of soils is carried out no later than December 15 of the year preceding the agrochemical examination.
The plan for conducting an agrochemical survey for each farm is communicated to specific executors no later than one month before the start of the field season. Monthly work planning is carried out according to work orders.
To conduct an agrochemical survey, field groups are organized in the department of soil and agrochemical surveys, consisting of the head of the group, main, leading, senior specialists and specialists in soil scientists-agrochemists. The number and composition of the groups are determined by the volume of soil-agrochemical surveys.
The head of the department of soil and agrochemical surveys is responsible for the planning, organization and quality of agrochemical soil surveys and compliance with contractual obligations.
A comprehensive agrochemical survey of soils of agricultural lands is carried out in order to control the direction and assess changes in soil fertility, the nature and level of their pollution under the influence of anthropogenic factors, the creation of data banks of fields (working plots), and continuous certification of land (working) soil plots.
To assess the state and dynamics of the agrochemical characteristics of agricultural land (arable land, perennial plantations, fodder land, fallow land), it is planned to continue conducting a systematic large-scale agrochemical survey of agricultural land, which is an important part of the overall monitoring of the state of these lands.
The main tasks of agrochemical monitoring of the state of lands are:
Timely detection of changes in the state of fertility of agricultural land;
Their assessment, forecast for the future and taking the necessary measures to preserve and improve soil fertility;
Information support of the land cadastre of state control of soil fertility and land protection.
An agrochemical survey is carried out on all types of agricultural land - arable land, incl. irrigated and drained, fodder lands, perennial plantations and plantations, fallow.
The frequency of agrochemical examination of soils is established differentially for various natural-economic and zones of the Russian Federation.
Re-examination times:
For farms using more than 60 kg/ha a.i. for each type of mineral fertilizers - 5 years;
For farms with an average level of 30-60 kg/ha a.i. application of fertilizers for each type - 5-7 years;
For irrigated agricultural land - 3 years;
For drained lands - 3-5 years;
For experimental farms of complex chemicalization and for the implementation of innovative projects (regardless of the volume of fertilizers used) - 3 years;
At the request of farms using high doses of fertilizers, a reduction in the time between repeated surveys is allowed.
Along with the main tasks of the agrochemical survey of soils, there are other tasks, such as: landscape-agrochemical, ecological-toxicological, herbological and radiation assessments and control of changes in the ecological state and fertility of agricultural soils. land.
An integral part of the survey of agricultural land is the visual control of the manifestations of phototoxic effects and the effects of herbicides on agriculture. culture.
The phototoxicity of herbicides is understood as the toxic effect of the herbicides themselves, their residual amounts and metabolites contained in the soil from previous treatments on agriculture. culture. Phytotoxicity manifests itself in the form of general chlorosis of plants, yellowing, twisting of the tips and edges of leaves, stems and other parts of the plant, in the lag of plants in growth, drying, lack of seedlings, etc.
Visual control of herbicidal phytotoxicity is carried out during the selection of soil samples. In the process of control, the intensity (nature) and extent of plant damage are assessed in points.
Sampling is carried out according to the generally accepted method to the depth of the arable layer. For sites with known cases of herbicidal phytotoxicity, study the history by collecting on-farm information, which should include information about the crop.
Simultaneously with the selection of soil samples in the field, radiological surveys are carried out. Radiological examination is carried out by measuring the gammaphone and taking soil samples. To determine the exposure dose rate of gamma radiation from soils, it is recommended to use a dosimeter DRG-01T. If this device is not available, the DRG-05M dosimeter or the SRP-88N scintillation exploration device can be used. In accordance with the technical description, the accuracy of the device is checked in the laboratory or its state check. (A. N. Esaulko, V. V. Ageev, L. S. Gorbatko et al., 2011)
Planning and organization of work, office preparation of a cartographic basis for carrying out an agrochemical survey of soils.
An agrochemical survey of soils is carried out in accordance with the work plans agreed with the regional agricultural authorities. production, as well as with the leaders of farming (peasant) farms, collective farms, cooperatives and other forms of ownership.
The work plan determines the annual volumes of soil areas to be surveyed by types of land, the number of agrochemical analyzes by type, indicating the methods for their implementation. The order of work on administrative districts is established. An agrochemical survey of the soils of an administrative region should be carried out in one field season.
The work plan for the current year is drawn up by the head of the department of soil and agrochemical surveys.
Agricultural area. lands subject to survey are taken into account as of January 1 of the year preceding the agrochemical survey.
The approved work plan for the agrochemical survey of soils is communicated to customers no later than November 15 of the year preceding the agrochemical survey.
The conclusion of contracts with farms for carrying out an agrochemical survey of soils is carried out no later than December 15 of the year preceding the agrochemical survey.
The plan for conducting an agrochemical survey in the department of soil and agrochemical surveys, field groups are organized as part of the head of the group, main, leading, senior specialists and specialists in soil scientists-agrochemists. The number and composition of the groups are determined by the volume of soil-agrochemical surveys.
The head of the department of soil and agrochemical surveys is responsible for the planning, organization and quality of agrochemical soil surveys and compliance with contractual obligations.
The cartographic basis for conducting an agrochemical survey of soils is, as a rule, a plan of on-farm land management.
The preparation of the cartographic basis for the agrochemical survey of soils is carried out by specialists from the groups of cartographic materials.
Work on the preparation of cartographic materials consists of the following stages:
Obtaining land management plans, soil, cadastral maps, maps of on-farm land valuation from the departments of land use, land management and soil protection of the production departments of agriculture;
Transfer to land management plans of the boundaries of the contours of types, subtypes of soils, land plots and their cadastral numbers;
Drawing up a list of comparison of the numbering of land plots adopted in the practical work of the SCAC with the unified cadastral numbering currently adopted.
The primary object of the state cadastral valuation is the agricultural land of the associations of peasant farms, collective farms, agriculture. cooperatives, joint-stock companies of state and municipal enterprises, auxiliary agricultural enterprises. enterprises, agricultural research and educational institutions, other enterprises, organizations and institutions, peasant farms, the district land redistribution fund, agriculture. land.
The objects of cadastral valuation are grouped within the boundaries of the former collective farms and state farms before their reformation, according to which the materials of soil surveys were drawn up, and on-farm land valuation was carried out. The initial land-accounting and resulting land-assessment information of the primary objects of the cadastral valuation is summarized by administrative, land-assessment districts (with zoning) and the subject of the Russian Federation as a whole.
The list of objects of cadastral valuation of administrative districts in the context of former farms is compiled in accordance with the materials for the cadastral valuation of the land fund of the district according to the form prevailing at the beginning of the year. The list includes owners, landowners and land users.
In the list for each object of cadastral valuation, its name, cadastral number, total agricultural area are indicated. land, incl. arable land.
The objects of cadastral valuation are named according to the name of the legal entity, rural, city administration, last name, first name and patronymic of the farmer. The cadastral number includes the code of the subject of the Russian Federation, the administrative district, the former farm and the object of the cadastral valuation.
Information about agricultural areas. land, incl. arable land is collected according to the cadastral registration of land as of January 1 of the year of the cadastral valuation of land. The data are specified in the area when agreeing on the list of objects of cadastral valuation.
For each farm, at least 10 copies of copies of the planning basis are prepared. Three copies of the cartographic base with plotted soil contours are handed over to the head of the department of soil and agrochemical surveys - 1 copy is used for field work; 2 - serves to transfer elementary sections and sample numbers; 3 - is a spare; the remaining copies of the planning basis are used to compile the author's copies of agrochemical cartograms. (A. N. Esaulko, V. V. Ageev, L. S. Gorbatko et al., 2011)
For the examination of eroded soils, only that planned basis is used, on which the contours of soils of various degrees of erosion are identified.
For agrochemical inspection of irrigated agricultural areas. land, a map (plan) of irrigated lands is used.
In non-chernozem, forest-steppe and steppe zones, mountainous areas, a field agrochemical survey is carried out on a scale of 1:100,000 and 1:25,000; in semi-desert and desert zones - on a scale of 1:25000. It is allowed to scale down to 1:50000, provided that all agricultural land plots are clearly identified on a cartographic basis. land. On irrigated lands, the survey is carried out on a scale of 1:5000 - 1:10000.
When leaving for field work, specialists conducting an agrochemical survey are given cover letters signed by the head of the district department of agriculture, the necessary equipment, and a work order report. Field work is carried out at a temperature not lower than +5 0 С.
Upon arrival at the farm, the soil scientist-agrochemist collects information on the use of fertilizers, land reclamation, and agricultural productivity. crops for the last 3-5 years and enters them in the journal of agrochemical survey of soils of the farm.
Together with the agronomist of the farm, the soil scientist-agrochemist goes around and inspects the land, clarifies and applies visual changes in the situation to the land use plan (new roads, field boundaries, forest plantations, etc.). In irrigated areas, salts are deposited on the surface. The placement of agricultural crops is being specified. crops, their condition, the degree of weediness, the conformity of the area configuration with the cadastral number of the land plot, land plots that are systematically fertilized with high doses of fertilizers are noted, eroded, obsolete and bouldered fields are noted. All these data are entered into the "Journal of Agrochemical Survey of Soils ..." and noted on the land use plan.
To compile soil certificates for land plots and clarify the total areas of various types of agriculture. soil scientist-agrochemist checks the compliance of the total area of each of the agricultural. land with cadastral map information.
Certifiable land plots are allocated by a soil agronomist and the chief agronomist of the farm according to the cadastral map before conducting an agrochemical survey of soils. At the same time, the system of land use that has developed in the economy and the numbering of the cadastral map are taken into account. The scheme of land plots must necessarily correspond to the cadastral map.
In accordance with subparagraph 21) of paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 8, 2005 "On state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas", I ORDER:
1. Approve the attached Rules for conducting an agrochemical survey of soils.
2. The Department of production and processing of crop products and phytosanitary safety of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the manner prescribed by law to ensure:
1) state registration of this order with the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
2) within ten calendar days after the state registration of this order with the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, sending its copy for official publication in printed periodicals and in the Adilet information and legal system;
3) placement of this order on the Internet resource of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
3. This order shall enter into force ten calendar days after the day of its first official publication.
Acting
Minister S. Omarov
"AGREED" "AGREED"
Minister of Finance Minister of National Economy
Republic of Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan
_________ B. Sultanov __________ E. Dosaev
March 8, 2015 March 10, 2015
Approved
by order of the acting
Minister of Agriculture
Republic of Kazakhstan
dated February 27, 2015 No. 4-1/147
rules
conducting an agrochemical survey of soils
1. General Provisions
1. These Rules for conducting an agrochemical soil survey (hereinafter referred to as the Rules) are developed in accordance with subparagraph 21) of paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 8, 2005 “On state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas” and determine the procedure for conducting an agrochemical soil survey arable land by a state institution in the field of agrochemical services for agricultural production, determined by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter referred to as the state institution).
2. The following terms are used in these Rules:
1) agrochemical examination - determination of the content of plant mineral nutrition elements, humus, pH of the salt regime, microelements in the soil;
2) agrochemical cartogram - a map showing in color terms the degree of soil supply with nutrients digestible for plants - humus, macro- and microelements;
3) frequency of agrochemical examination of soils - the time period between agrochemical examinations;
4) active substance - the name of the nutrient and its content in agrochemicals, expressed as a percentage;
5) combined sample (sample) - a mixture of individual (point) samples taken within an elementary area;
6) geographic information system - an automated system designed for collecting, processing, analyzing, modeling and displaying data, as well as solving information and calculation problems using digital cartographic and textual information;
7) arable land - a land plot systematically cultivated and used for crops, including crops of perennial grasses, as well as pure fallows. The arable land does not include land plots of hayfields and pastures occupied by crops of preliminary crops (for no more than three years), plowed up for the purpose of radical improvement, as well as aisles of gardens used for crops;
8) land plot - a part of land allocated within closed boundaries, assigned in the manner established by the Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 6, 2007 to the subjects of land relations;
9) land use plan - a cartographic document for land use, giving a visual representation of the spatial position and size of land use, containing information on the composition and area of arable land;
10) summary analytical statement - an accounting document of agrochemical indicators, consisting of the results of chemical analyzes for the content of macro- and microelements in soils;
11) working area - a part of a separately cultivated area of arable land, which occupies a certain position in terms of relief (watershed, slope, slope depression, floodplain) and allocated on the plan of on-farm land management during land management work;
12) arable layer - a layer of soil subjected to regular mechanical processing;
13) humus - an organic, usually dark-colored, part of the soil, formed as a result of the biochemical transformation of plant and animal residues;
14) bouldering - the presence of boulders (stones) in the soil;
15) trace elements - chemical elements contained in the soil, plants and living organisms in small quantities;
16) floodplains of the river - floodplains flooded for a long time;
17) passport sheet - a document containing a detailed soil-agrochemical and agronomic characteristics of each field;
18) irrigated lands - lands on which agricultural crops are grown under irrigation conditions;
19) rainfed lands - lands on which agricultural crops are grown without irrigation;
20) soil - a special natural formation that has a number of properties inherent in animate and inanimate nature, consisting of genetically related horizons (form a soil profile) resulting from the transformation of the surface layers of the lithosphere under the combined influence of water, air and organisms;
21) soil complex - a mosaic soil cover, consisting of alternating small areas of soils of various types, which, continuously repeating, replace one another after several meters;
22) soil fertility - the ability of the soil to provide plants with digestible nutrients, moisture and produce crops;
23) soil sample - a sample of soil material taken for laboratory research;
24) soil salinization - an increase in the concentration of salts in the soil, ultimately making it impossible for plants to grow;
25) soil erosion - destruction, washing away and blowing out of the top layer of soil;
26) check - a plot of land intended for growing rice;
27) elementary plot - the area of arable land, characterized by one combined sample.
2. The procedure for conducting an agrochemical survey of soils
3. Final provisions
18. Based on the results of the agrochemical survey of soils, the following are compiled:
1) a summary analytical sheet, in accordance with Appendix 4 to these Rules.
2) passport sheet, in accordance with Appendix 5 to these Rules;
3) agrochemical cartogram, in accordance with Appendix 2 to these Rules.
19. On the basis of the documents specified in paragraph 18 of these Rules, an agrochemical essay is drawn up in the form, in accordance with Appendix 6 to these Rules, which is provided to the owner of the land plot and (or) land user.
Based on the results of the agrochemical essay, a conclusion is drawn up on the results of the agrochemical survey of soils, which is provided to the owner of the land plot and (or) the land user.
20. Based on the results of an agrochemical survey of soils, a state institution shall compile an agrochemical atlas of soil fertility in a district or region.
An agrochemical atlas of soil fertility is compiled upon completion of the survey cycle for each oblast in the context of districts and for each district in the context of farms.
The agrochemical atlas includes color cartograms of humus content, nutrient elements and explanations for them.
21. The documents specified in paragraph 18 of these Rules are subject to storage in a state institution for 7 years.
The results of an agrochemical survey of soils are stored in an information data bank on the agrochemical state of agricultural land in accordance with the order of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 25, 2014 No. appointment” (registered in the Register of State Registration of Regulatory Legal Acts No. 9618).
The protection of the information data bank is carried out by encrypting the information contained in it using an encryption key, access to which is available only to the head of a state institution or a person replacing him.
22. At the request of the state inspector for the use and protection of land, the state institution shall submit copies of the agrochemical essay with a conclusion on the results of the agrochemical examination of the soil.
23. In case of a decrease in soil fertility indicators established by comparing the results of the last two agrochemical soil surveys, the state institution informs the state inspector for land use and protection about this.
Appendix 1
to the Rules for
Notice of Agrochemical Soil Inspection
We inform you that the following representatives of the state
institutions:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
in the period from ___________ 20__ to ____________ 20__ will be
an agrochemical survey of soils was carried out _________________________
________________________________________________________________.
(owner of the land plot and (or) land user)
I ask you to provide access to representatives of the state
institutions to the fields to be surveyed. When conducting
examination is carried out by participation and control by
land owner and (or) land user.
Supervisor: ____________________________ ____________
(last name, first name, patronymic (signature)
(if present in the document,
identity card)
Place of printing
Annex 2
to the Rules for
agrochemical soil survey
Agrochemical cartogram
Conventions
20 - field number |
|
Annex 3
to the Rules for
agrochemical soil survey
List of documents on the analysis of soil samples
Determination of organic matter (humus) according to the Tyurin method in the modification of TsINAO. GOST 26213-91;
Determination of organic matter (humus) according to the Tyurin method modified by Nikitin. GOST 62213-91;
Determination of readily hydrolysable nitrogen by the method of Tyurin and Kononova Workshop on agrochemistry: edited by Mineev, 2001;
Determination of alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen by the Kornfield method; Workshop on agrochemistry: edited by Mineev, 2001;
Determination of nitrate nitrogen by the Grandval-Lage method, Workshop on Agrochemistry: edited by Mineev, 2001;
Determination of nitrates by the ionometric method. GOST 26951-86;
Determination of nitrates by the TsINAO method. GOST 26488-85;
Determination of mobile phosphorus and potassium in carbonate soils according to the Machigin method in the modification of TsINAO. GOST 26205-91;
Determination of mobile phosphorus and potassium in non-calcareous soils according to the Chirikov method in the modification of TsINAO. GOST 26204-91;
Determination of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium by the method of Kirsanov in the modification of TsINAO. GOST 26207;
Determination of phosphorus and potassium according to the new technology of TsINAO (on an automated analytical system) in extracts from soils according to the Chirikov or Machigin method. OST 10 256-2000, OST 10 258-2000;
Determination of humus by the Tyurin method in the modification of TsINAO (on an automated analytical system); Yu.M. Loginov, A.N. Streltsov. Automation of analytical work and instrumentation for monitoring soil fertility and the quality of crop products. - M .: Agrobusiness - center, 2010;
Determination of heavy metals in soils (on an automated analytical system) Yu.M. Loginov, A.N. Streltsov Automation of analytical work and instrumentation for monitoring soil fertility and the quality of crop products. - M .: Agrobusiness - center, 2010;
Automated determination of soil composition on analyzers PRIMACS snc , SKALAR SAN ++ (compliance with international requirements ISO, EN, AOAS, ASBC, etc.);
Methods for determining the specific electrical conductivity, pH of the salt regime and the dense residue of the aqueous extract. GOST 26423-85;
Methods for determining the specific electrical conductivity, pH of the salt regime and the dense residue of the salt extract. GOST 26483-85;
Method for determination of mobile compounds of ferrous and trivalent iron according to Verigina-Arinushkina. GOST 27395-87;
Methods for determining moisture, maximum hygroscopic moisture and moisture of stable wilting of plants. GOST 28268-89;
Determination of heavy metals in agricultural soils and crop products, Guidelines, Moscow, 1992;
Determination of mobile compounds of copper and cobalt according to the method of Krupsky and Alexandrova in the modification of TsINAO in carbonate soils. GOST 50683-94;
Determination of mobile compounds of copper by the method of Peive and Rinkis in the modification of TsINAO. GOST 50684-94;
Determination of mobile compounds of cobalt by the method of Peive and Rinkis in the modification of TsINAO. GOST 50687-94;
Determination of mobile manganese compounds according to the method of Krupsky and Alexandrova in the modification of TsINAO in carbonate soils. GOST 50685-94;
Determination of mobile compounds of manganese according to the method of Peive and Rinkis in the modification of TsINAO GOST 50682-94
Determination of mobile zinc compounds according to the method of Krupsky and Alexandrova in the modification of TsINAO in carbonate soils. GOST 50686-94;
Determination of mobile compounds of molybdenum by the Grigg method in the modification of TsINAO. GOST 50689-94;
Soils. Determination of mobile sulfur by the TsINAO method. GOST 26490-85;
Determination of mobile boron compounds by the method of Berger and Truogh modified by TsINAO. GOST 50688-94;
Method for determination of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in aqueous extract. GOST 26424-85;
Method for determination of calcium and magnesium in aqueous extract. GOST 26428-85;
Method for determination of exchangeable calcium and exchangeable (mobile) magnesium by TsINAO methods. GOST 26487-85;
Method for determination of chloride ion in water extract. GOST 26425-85;
Method for determination of sulfate ion in water extract. GOST 26426-85;
Method for determination of sodium and potassium in aqueous extract. GOST 26427-85;
Methods for determination of water-soluble calcium and magnesium. GOST 27753.9-88.
Appendix 4
to the Rules for
agrochemical soil survey
Region ___________________________
District _____________________________
Household __________________________
Year of examination __________________
Consolidated analytical sheet
Samples No. _____ to No. _______
Sample |
Field |
P2O5 |
K2O |
Humus % |
pH |
Sample |
Field |
P2O5 |
K2O |
Humus % |
pH |
||
mg/kg soil |
mg/kg soil |
||||||||||||
(last name, first name, patronymic (if available in the document,
identity card), position)
Summary analytical sheet for trace element
Samples No. _____ to No. ______
Sample |
Field |
Sample |
Field |
||||||||||
mg/kg soil |
mg/kg soil |
||||||||||||
The examination was carried out by: ___________________________________________
(last name, first name, patronymic (if available in
identity document), position)
Appendix 5
to the Rules for
agrochemical soil survey
Region_____________________________
District_______________________________
Household ___________________________
Year of examination ____________________
Passport sheet
The main agrochemical characteristics of soils of land plots
№
|
Field |
Area, ha |
soil type |
N-light hydrolysis |
mobile phosphorus |
Exchangeable potassium |
Humus |
Acidity |
|||||
mg/kg soil |
content group |
mg/kg soil |
content group |
mg/kg soil |
content group |
content group |
pH |
Group |
|||||
trace elements
№
|
Field |
Area, ha |
soil type |
||||||||||
mg/kg soil |
content group |
mg/kg soil |
content group |
mg/kg soil |
content group |
mg/kg soil |
content group |
mg/kg soil |
content group |
||||
Appendix 6
to the Rules for
agrochemical soil survey
Registration of an agrochemical essay
1. Title page approved by the head of the state institution.
2. List of performers.
3. Introduction, goals, tasks of agrochemical soil survey.
4. The main part (results of agrochemical studies, information about land owners and (or) land users, soil groups, agrochemical cartograms).
5. Conclusion.
6. Applications.
| See also... |
|---|
| Agrochemistry and agrosoil science |
| Methods of agronomic chemistry. |
| The use of fertilizers as a factor in the intensification of agriculture. Importance of fertilizers in increasing the productivity of agricultural crops. |
| The current state of arable soils in Russia. Ways out of the current situation. |
| Agrochemical Service of the Russian Federation. |
| Plant nutrition. Types and types of plant nutrition. |
| The chemical composition of plants. Organic compounds of plant dry matter, their role in shaping the quality of agricultural products. |
| The chemical composition of plants. Macro-, micro- and ultramicroelements, their necessity for plants. The role of ash elements in the formation of the quality of agricultural products. |
| Removal of nutrients with the harvest (biological, economic, residual). |
| Supply of nutrients to plants. The structure of the root system. The entry of the ion into the free space of the root. |
| Supply of nutrients to plants. The structure of the plasmalemma. Overcoming the membrane barrier. Ion transport through plant tissues. |
| Influence of environmental conditions on the supply of nutrients to plants (concentration of soil solution, the ratio of macro- and microelements in the nutrient medium, soil moisture and aeration). |
| Influence of environmental conditions on the supply of nutrients to plants (thermal regime, light, environmental reaction, activity of soil microorganisms). |
| selectivity of plants. Physiological reaction of fertilizers. |
| Frequency of plant nutrition. Terms and methods of fertilization. |
| Visual method of plant diagnostics of mineral nutrition of plants. |
| Chemical method of plant diagnostics of mineral nutrition of plants. |
| Soil as an object of study of agrochemistry. The phase composition of the soil. |
| The mineral part of the solid phase of the soil. |
| The organic part of the solid phase of the soil. |
| Soil absorption capacity, concept and types. Biological, mechanical and physical absorption capacity of the soil. |
| Chemical absorption capacity of the soil. |
| Physical and chemical absorption capacity of the soil. Non-exchangeable absorption of cations. |
| Soil cation exchange capacity and composition of absorbed cations. |
| Soil reaction (acidity, alkalinity). Principles of methods for determining the exchangeable (рНKCl) and hydrolytic acidity of soils. |
| The amount of absorbed bases and the degree of soil saturation with them. The principle of the method for determining the amount of absorbed bases in soils. |
| soil buffering. |
| Agrochemical characteristics of soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils. |
| Agrochemical characteristics of chernozems and chestnut soils. |
| Agrochemical survey of soils. Methodology for carrying out and use of materials for soil diagnostics of plant nutrition and certification of soils of land plots. |
| The ratio of agricultural crops and soil microorganisms to soil acidity and liming. |
| Importance of calcium and magnesium for plants. |
| Interaction of lime with soil. Effect of lime on soil properties. |
| Determining the need and sequence of liming soils. Basic and supporting liming. |
| Determination of doses of lime. |
| lime fertilizers. Classification. Industrial fertilizers (hard calcareous rocks). |
| lime fertilizers. Classification. Local fertilizers (soft calcareous rocks). Industrial waste rich in lime. |
| Place of application of lime in crop rotation. Timing and methods of applying lime fertilizers. |
| Liming efficiency. The influence of lime on the yield and quality of agricultural products, the effectiveness of organic and mineral fertilizers. |
| Plastering. Soils in need of gypsum. The interaction of gypsum with soil. Influence of gypsum on the properties of solonetzes and alkaline soils. |
| Determination of plaster doses. Ameliorative materials used for plastering. |
| The place of application of gypsum in the crop rotation. Terms and methods of making gypsum. Influence of gypsuming on productivity and quality of crop production. Other methods of melioration of solonetzic soils. |
| The value of sulfur for plants. Gypsum fertilization of legumes. |
| Classification of mineral fertilizers. Physical and mechanical properties of mineral fertilizers. |
| Nitrogen transformations in plants. Dynamics of nitrogen consumption during the growing season. Signs of deficiency and excess of nitrogen for plants. |
| The content and forms of nitrogen in soils. |
| Agrochemical indicators characterizing the supply of soils with nitrogen. Principles of methods for determining the content of nitrate, ammonium and easily hydrolysable nitrogen in soils, the nitrification capacity of soils. |
| Nitrogen transformations in soils. The main processes, their significance in connection with plant nutrition and the use of fertilizers, regulation of agricultural practices. |
| Soil nitrogen balance. |
| nitrate fertilizers. Compound. Receipt. Properties. Soil interaction. Application. |
| Ammonium fertilizers. Compound. Receipt. Properties. Soil interaction. Application. |
| Ammonium nitrate fertilizers. Compound. Receipt. Properties. Soil interaction. Application. |
| ammonia fertilizers. Compound. Receipt. Properties. Soil interaction. Application. |
| amide fertilizers. Compound. Receipt. Properties. Soil interaction. Application. |
| Ammonia. Carbamide-ammonium nitrate. Slow acting nitrogen fertilizers. Compound. Receipt. Properties. Soil interaction. Application. |
| Nitrification inhibitors. Factors for the use of nitrogen from mineral fertilizers. |
| Doses, timing and methods of applying nitrogen fertilizers. |
| The effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers. Ecological aspects of the use of nitrogen fertilizers. |
| Groupings and tables |
| Useful formulas |
| Examples of problem solving |
| All Pages |
Agrochemical survey of soils. Methodology for carrying out and use of materials for soil diagnostics of plant nutrition and certification of soils of land plots.
Large-scale agrochemical examination of soils is carried out by the centers of agrochemical service available in each region. The frequency of the survey depends on the intensity of the use of fertilizers and ameliorants. So, on variety plots, in experimental farms of scientific research institutes, on reclaimed lands, an agrochemical survey is carried out every 3 years. On farms where saturation NPK is more than 180 kg/ha - after 4 years. With a low level of fertilizer use - in 5-7 years. When conducting an agrochemical survey of any enterprise, agricultural land is divided into plots. The elementary area is the area that can be characterized by one mixed sample. For example, in the Ural region S = 8 ha. In the soil samples taken from the plots, indicators are determined that allow assessing the level of soil fertility (pH, G, K, P, trace elements) and the environmental safety of land (the content of heavy Me, pesticide residues, radionuclides). The results of the survey are issued in the form of agrochemical cartograms with an explanatory note and passports of fields with a scheme of certified plots. An agrochemical cartogram is a map of a farm with plotted contours that determine the characteristics of soils in relation to agrochemical indicators. The basis for the compilation of cartograms are standard groupings, established classes (groups of soils according to the degree of acidity, humus content, mobile forms of nutrients, etc.) Each class corresponds to a certain color, in which the selected contours are painted. The scale of agrochemical cartograms is equal to the scale of soil maps: in the nonchernozem zone 1:10000; in the steppe zone 1:25000.
The explanatory note contains an analysis of changes in agrochemical parameters for the period between the last 2 studies, as well as recommendations for reclamation measures and the use of fertilizers.
The field passport is issued in electronic form, it contains data on the natural-economic and soil-agrochemical state of the site. The field passport contains three parts: address, soil-agrochemical, operational. The address part indicates: the region, the district of the enterprise, the type of land and crop rotation, the field number and its area. In soil-agrochemical: soil type and HS, pH, G, content of mobile forms of nutrients. The operational part contains information on the use of fertilizers and ameliorants, crops cultivated in this area and their yield. Electronic versions of field passports expand the possibility of statistical processing of the results of an agrochemical survey. For example, using a computer, one can extract data on the content of nutrients in a particular type of soil or generalize the results for several enterprises.
Grouping of soils according to the content of mobile phosphorus, determined by various methods
|
group number |
Method |
||||
|
Kirsanova |
Chirikova |
Machigin |
|||
|
Р2О5, mg/kg soil |
|||||
|
Turquoise |
Very low |
< 25 |
< 20 |
< 10 |
|
|
light blue |
Low |
26-50 |
21-50 |
11-15 |
|
|
Blue |
The average |
51-100 |
51-100 |
16-30 |
|
|
Light blue |
Increased |
101-150 |
101-150 |
31-45 |
|
|
Blue |
High |
151-250 |
151-200 |
46-60 |
|
|
Navy blue |
very high |
> 250 |
> 200 |
> 60 |
|
Grouping of soils according to the content of exchangeable potassium, determined by various methods
|
group number |
Method |
||||
|
Kirsanova |
Chirikova |
Machigin |
|||
|
K2O, mg/kg soil |
|||||
|
Yellow |
Very low |
< 40 |
< 20 |
< 100 |
|
|
light orange |
Low |
41-80 |
21-40 |
101-200 |
|
|
Orange |
The average |
81-120 |
41-80 |
201-300 |
|
|
Light brown |
Increased |
121-170 |
81-120 |
301-400 |
|
|
Brown |
High |
171-250 |
121-180 |
401-600 |
|
|
Dark brown |
very high |
> 250 |
> 180 |
> 600 |
|
Soil diagnostics of plant nutrition. Certification of soils in land plots.
Agrochemical survey materials serve as the basis for the implementation of soil diagnostics of plant nutrition and certification of soils of land plots. Soil diagnostics consists in predicting the supply of plants with nutrients using standard groupings developed on the basis of the results of numerous field experiments. For example, the low supply of P2O5 established during agrochemical analysis suggests that the cultivated crop will lack P, as a result, you can choose the appropriate doses, timing and methods of application fertilizers. More difficult to perform soil diagnostics of plant nutrition N . Agrochemical cartograms showing the provision of plants with nitrogen do not constitute, because. the content of mineral forms of nitrogen changes very rapidly as a result of the use of plants and the activities of m.o. Recommended methods for assessing nutrition is the determination of nitrogen reserves in the arable soil layer or in layers 0-60, 0-100 cm, before sowing c /x crops. In the future, the doses of fertilizers are adjusted using experimentally based recommendations. It is also possible to determine mineral nitrogen during the growing season. It should be noted that soil diagnostics allows only a preliminary conclusion about the conditions of mineral nutrition. More complete information can be obtained using complex diagnostics, in which soil diagnostics is supplemented by plant diagnostic methods. Voluntary certification of soils of land plots is carried out by comparing environmental safety indicators with standard requirements. With positive results, the land user is given a certificate of conformity giving the right to certify the products received under a reduced scheme with a reduction in costs by 2-3 times.
The control of soil supply with nutrients for plants is the task of agrochemical monitoring. The Unified State Agrochemical Service was established in our country in 1964. It was part of the system of agronomic services for agricultural enterprises and had numerous functions. In a short time, 197 zonal agrochemical laboratories were created, which were scientific and production institutions equipped with the necessary equipment for field and laboratory research, cartographic work, setting up field experiments with fertilizers, crop quality control, etc. Their competence was to conduct regular agrochemical land surveys of collective farms and state farms, development of recommendations for the rational use of fertilizers, i.e., in fact, it was a planned monitoring study.
At present, this service has been transformed and state centers of agrochemical service have been established on the basis of zonal agrochemical laboratories. These organizations control the provision of soils with mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, microelements, and monitor the humus state.
For the purposes of agrochemical monitoring, methods for determining the content of nutrients in the soil were developed, tested and unified. Most of these methods are registered in the form of state standards (GOSTs), which made it possible to obtain comparable results.
Methods for determining the indicators of individual properties are differentiated for soils of different types. For example, the content of mobile phosphorus is determined by one of three methods: Kirsanov (for acidic soils, GOST 26207), Chirikov (for soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils, non-carbonate chernozems, GOST 26204), Machigin (for carbonate soils, GOST 26205). Since the assessment of soil fertility is carried out on the basis of their complex characteristics, information on the content of mobile compounds of nutrients is supplemented by data on their total content in the soil. Based on the results obtained, soils are assessed by the content of the main nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (Tables 10.10-10.13). Taking into account the grouping according to the content of mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, cartograms of the provision of soils with nutrients are compiled, which serve as the basis for rational adjustment of the level of effective fertility by applying fertilizers.
An important stage of agrochemical monitoring is the performance of balance calculations, taking into account the removal of chemical elements with the harvest. Based on this, doses of mineral and organic fertilizers are calculated to replenish the removal of plant nutrients and maintain effective soil fertility at the required level.
Recently, the development of multi-element diagnostics of mineral nutrition of plants has been underway. This type of diagnostics involves taking into account not only the supply of plants with N, P, K, but also the ratio between the main nutrients and microelements, which characterizes the balance of nutrients in the soil environment. Agrochemical monitoring also includes control of the humus state of soils.
At the present stage, the tasks of the state centers of the agrochemical service also include the assessment of contamination of arable land with heavy metals, and therefore, in parallel with agrochemical mapping, large-scale mapping of soils is carried out with the aim of their environmental and toxicological assessment of the content of heavy metals, arsenic and fluorine. The assessment is carried out in accordance with the MPC and APC levels of these elements for soils. Land surveys for the purpose of pollution assessment have been carried out since 1991 in the departments of the agrochemical service.
The results showed that at present in the Russian Federation in a number of regions soil contamination with heavy metals is observed. It has been established that in the arable soils of the Astrakhan, Bryansk, Volgograd, Voronezh, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kostroma, Kurgan, Leningrad, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Samara, Sverdlovsk, Sakhalin, Ulyanovsk regions, the Republic of Buryatia, Mordovia, Krasnoyarsk and Primorsky territories, there is an excess MPC for three or more elements. Soil pollution occurs mainly with copper (3.8% of the area has pollution above the MPC), cobalt (1.9%), lead (1.7%), cadmium and chromium (0.6%).
In arable soils of the Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kirov, Tambov, Rostov, Penza, Saratov, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Chita, Amur regions of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tuva, Kabardino-Balkaria, Tatarstan, Kalmykia, Krasnodar Territory, no excess of the MPC of metals was found.
TYPES OF UNIVERSAL SOIL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
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