The concept and types of social groups. What blood type is good for life

In order to find answers to this and other questions, we went to the repository of all medical wisdom - Shuya Medical College.

Our gaps in this area were filled by teachers: surgeon Evgeny Plyaskin and teacher of disaster medicine Alexander Kumokhin.

-What is a blood group?

All people inherit a specific protein and antibodies to it. Antibodies are located in the plasma - there are two of them: alpha and beta. And on the surface of erythrocytes there are antigens: A and B. Depending on their variations, 4 main blood groups differ.

- People with which blood group more?

The most common blood type is the first. There are 38% of such people. There are fewer people with the second group - 31%. Owners of the third group 18%. The rarest group is the fourth; only 8% of people have it. Most people also have the D antigen, that is, a positive Rh. Their 85%. The remaining 15% do not have this antigen, which determines their Rh negative.

- Do the inhabitants of central Russia differ in this regard from the peoples living in other parts of the world?

There are some observations in this regard. It has been noticed that in Europe almost everyone has a positive Rh blood, but in Russia and some other regions it is not rare and negative. In addition, people of the Negroid and Mongoloid race tend to have 3 and 4 blood types more often, but Slavic peoples 1 and 2 dominate.

-Does blood type affect human immunity and susceptibility to certain diseases?

It cannot be said that the blood type somehow determined the immunity of a person. That is, how a person tolerates colds and infectious diseases or climate change, to a greater extent is determined not by his blood type, but by a number of other factors. In any case, we are not aware of any research in this direction. And yet, the blood type is somehow tied to certain diseases, that is, it determines some predispositions. For example, it has been noticed that ulcers are, as a rule, people with the second blood group.

-At one time it was very fashionable to eat according to the blood type. How useful is it?

With regard to the benefits of nutrition by blood type, solid scientific justification she has no under her. To a greater extent, this is from the area of \u200b\u200bsomeone's logically built conclusions and probabilities.

At certain stages of personality development, one of the leading was the need to belong to a group. At the same time, in the process of development of group cohesion, the group comes into conflict with the individual, acting for it as an inhibitory moment in development.

Studying the question of the role of the group in the development of the individual, it is important to emphasize that at certain stages the group is a necessary condition for the development of the individual. A. Maslow and a number of other authors emphasize that in adolescence and youth, the need to belong to a group is one of the leading ones in personality development.

A person can be a member of several groups at the same time, and the degree of his participation in the group is different. But most often, belonging to a group covers only some personality traits, and only a certain amount of a person’s entire life activity is spent within one group.

A group is a relatively stable collection of people connected by a system of relationships governed by common values and norms.

A) Interaction between a person and a group

“The interaction of a person and a group is always two-sided: a person, through his work, through his actions, contributes to the solution of group problems, but the group also has a great influence on a person, helping him to satisfy his needs for security, love, respect, self-expression, personality formation, elimination of anxiety and etc.

It is noted that in groups with good relationships, with an active intra-group life, people have better health and better morals, they are better protected from external influences and work more successfully than people who are in an isolated state or in "sick" groups, stricken with intractable conflicts and instability.

The group protects the individual, supports him and teaches both the ability to perform tasks and the norms and rules of behavior in the group.

But the group not only helps a person to survive and improve his professional qualities. It changes his behavior, often making the person significantly different from what he was when he was outside the group. These influences of a group on a person have many manifestations. Let us point out some significant changes in human behavior that occur under the influence of the group.

Firstly, under the influence of society, changes occur in such characteristics of a person as perception, motivation, sphere of attention, rating system, etc. A person expands the sphere of attention, the system of assessments due to a closer appeal to the interests of other members of the group. His life is dependent on the actions of his colleagues, and this significantly changes his view of himself, his place in the environment and others.

Secondly, in a group a person receives a certain relative "weight". The group not only distributes tasks and roles, but also determines the relative position of each. Group members can do exactly the same job, but have a different "weight" in the group. And this will be an additional essential characteristic for the individual, which he did not and could not have, being outside the group. For many members of the group, this characteristic may be no less important than their formal position.

Thirdly, the group helps the individual gain a new vision of his "I". A person begins to identify himself with the group, and this leads to significant changes in his worldview, in understanding his place in the world and his destiny.

Fourth, being in a group, participating in discussions and developing solutions, a person can also give out suggestions and ideas that he would never give out if he thought about the problem alone. The effect of brainstorming on a person significantly increases the creative potential of a person.

Fifth, it has been noted that in a group a person is much more inclined to accept risk than in a situation where he acts alone. In some cases, this feature of changing human behavior is the source of more effective and active behavior of people in a group environment than if they acted alone.

Often a person resists many influences from the group for a long time, he perceives many influences only partially, he denies some completely. The processes of adaptation of a person to a group and adjustment of a group to a person are ambiguous, complex and often quite lengthy. Entering a group, interacting with the group environment, a person not only changes himself, but also has an impact on the group, on its other members.

Being in interaction with the group, a person tries to influence it in various ways, to make changes in its functioning so that it is acceptable for him, convenient for him and allows him to cope with his duties. Naturally, both the form of influence and the degree of influence of a person on a group essentially depend both on his personal characteristics, his ability to influence, and the characteristics of the group. A person usually expresses his attitude towards the group in terms of what he considers most important for himself. At the same time, his reasoning always depends on the position that he occupies in the group, on the role he plays, on the task assigned to him and, accordingly, on what goals and interests he personally pursues.

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* Management - O.S. Vikhanskiy - Interaction of a person with a group (electronic textbook) 0http://www.univer5.ru/management/management-o.s.vihanskiy-217/Page-64.html

B) Forms of interaction between a person and a group

“The interaction of a person with a group can be either in the nature

cooperation, or merger, or conflict. Each form of interaction can have its own degree of manifestation. That is, for example, we can talk about a hidden conflict, a weak conflict, or an unresolvable conflict.

In the case of cooperation, a trusting and benevolent relationship is established between a group member and the group. A person considers the goals of the group as not contradicting his goals, he is ready to find ways to improve interaction, positively, albeit with a rethinking of his own positions, perceives the decisions of the group and is ready to find ways to maintain relations with the group on a mutually beneficial basis.

When a person merges with a group, the establishment of such relations between a person and the rest of the group is observed, when each of the parties considers the other as an integral part of the whole with it. A person builds his goals based on the goals of the group, to a large extent subordinates his interests to its interests and identifies himself with the group. The group, in turn, also tries to look at the individual

as a performer of a certain role, but as a person who is completely devoted to it. In this case, the group takes care of the person, considering his problems and difficulties as his own, and tries to assist him in solving not only production problems, but also in solving his personal problems. In the event of a conflict, there is a juxtaposition of the interests of the individual and the group and the struggle between them to resolve this contradiction in their favor. Conflicts can be generated by two groups of factors: 1.organizational, 2.emotional.

The first group of factors is related to the difference in views on goals, structure, relationships, distribution of roles in the group, etc. If the conflict is generated by these factors, then it is relatively easy to resolve. The second group of conflicts includes such factors as distrust of a person, a sense of threat, fear, envy, hatred, anger, etc.

The conflicts generated by these factors are hardly amenable to complete elimination. The conflict between a member of a group and the group is wrong to consider only as an unfavorable, negative condition in the group. Evaluation of the conflict fundamentally depends on what consequences it leads to for the person and the group. If the conflict turns into an antagonistic contradiction, the resolution of which is destructive for a person or for a group, then such a conflict should be classified as undesirable and negative forms relationship between the individual and the group.

But very often the conflict in relations within the group is positive. This is due to the fact that conflict can lead to favorable consequences.

First, conflict can increase motivation to achieve goals. It can cause additional energy to act, bring the group out of a stable passive state.

Secondly, the conflict can lead to a better understanding of relations and positions in the group, to an understanding by members of their role and place in the group, to a clearer understanding of the tasks and nature of the group's activities.

Thirdly, conflict can play a creative role in finding new ways for the group to function, in finding new approaches to solving group problems, in generating new ideas and considerations on how to build relationships between group members, and so on.

Fourthly, the conflict can lead to the manifestation of interpersonal relations, to the identification of relations between individual members of the group, which in turn can prevent a possible negative aggravation of relations in the future.

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* Forms of interaction between a person and a group -http://www.inventech.ru/lib/strateg/strateg0178/

To answer the question of what a social group is, one must go back to ancient times and remember that mankind has always survived in society. In primitive society, groups were created that united into a society. Therefore, the association of people who have a common goal, which is the connection between a single person and society, is called a social group.

What are the groups

The main aspects of social life are laid precisely in social groups Oh. They have their own rules and regulations, ceremonies and rituals. As a result of the activities of groups, self-discipline, morality, and abstract thinking appear.

Social groups are divided into small and large. If you combine two people with one task and goal, it will already be a small social group. A small group can be from two to ten people. These people have their own activity, communication, purpose. An example of a small social group can be a family, a group of friends, relatives.

Large social groups are formed a little differently. These people may not directly contact each other. But they are united by the realization that they belong to a group, they have general psychology and customs, way of life. An example of large social groups can be an ethnic community, a nation.

Group sizes depend on the individuality of its members, and cohesion also depends on the size of the group: the smaller it is, the more cohesive it becomes. If the group expands, it means that respect, tolerance, consciousness should develop in it.

Social groups, their types

Consider the types of social groups. They are primary and secondary. The first type refers to a group of people who have great importance for an individual, people who occupy a significant place in his life. Secondary groups are groups where the individual has some practical purpose by joining it. An individual can move from a primary group to a secondary group and vice versa.

The next type of social groups are internal and external groups. If we belong to a group, then for us it will be internal, and if we do not belong, then external. Here, an individual can also move from group to group, respectively, and its status will change.

Reference groups - groups in which people have the opportunity to compare themselves with other people, these are the objects to which we pay attention when forming our views. Such a group can become a benchmark for evaluating their views. We ourselves may or may not belong to the reference group.

And the last type of groups - formal and informal. They are based on group structure. In a formal group, its members interact with each other according to prescribed rules and regulations. In informal groups, these rules are not followed.

Characteristics and signs of groups

Signs of a social group are always clearly expressed. If we analyze them, we can distinguish several main ones:

the presence of a single goal, which has importance for members of the whole group;
the presence of norms and rules that operate within the group itself;
there is a system of solidarity between members of the group.

If all these rules apply in groups, then, accordingly, the group is highly integrated. Depending on the characteristics and type, the structure of the social group is formed.

Characteristics of social groups. It includes the structure and size of groups, methods of group management. Based on the size of the group, one can tell about the relationship between its members. The closest and strongest relationship occurs between two members of the group, it can be husband and wife, friends. Emotions play a big role here. If more people are added, then new relationships are restored in the group, not always good ones.

Often one person separates from the group, who will become its leader or leader. If the group is small, then it can do without a leader, and if it is large, then its absence will settle chaos in the group. If a person falls into a group, then he has the ability to make a sacrifice, the control over his body and thoughts weakens. This is an indicator that social groups play a significant role in the life of mankind.

Man cannot live in complete solitude. The people with whom he interacts directly are called the small group.

Group- this is a real-life education in which people unite according to some certain features. sign, which distinguishes the group, can be considered some kind of common activity subordinated to a common goal. The unity of purpose is the basic principle of uniting people in a small group, and the main means of uniting is interpersonal interaction.

The groups have certain norms (rules of conduct) and values, deviation from which is punishable by sanctions (from condemnation to boycott and exclusion from the group).

All groups of people can be divided into large (nations, classes) and small (family, group of friends). The difference between them is not only quantitative (according to various estimates, a small group includes 7-20 people), but also qualitative (a feature of a small group is the possibility of direct contacts between all members of the group).

small group- this is a small association of people whose members have a common goal and are in direct personal contact with each other. Quantitative composition: from 2 to 40 people.

small group characterize: the presence of a common goal, joint activities, personal (direct) interaction of group members, a certain emotional background, duration of existence, voluntary nature, the presence of mutual expectations.

Small groups are :

Formal - groups that are created and exist only within the framework of officially recognized organizations;

Informal - groups that arise and exist on the basis of the personal interests of their members and operate outside of official organizations.

These relationships develop as if by themselves. Although this is not entirely true. The position of a person in a small group is called a word "status"(from the Latin position, state). It defines the rights, duties and privileges of a person. AT different groups the same person can have different status, different position.

Man is always playing "social role". It's like a way of behavior, determined by the status of a person. Some roles seem to be permanently assigned to a person: the role of a family member, the role of an employee. While you are in school, your role is a student. In a group, a person plays different roles. These roles are determined by the nature of the group's activities.

The most important is the role of the leader. Leader in a group - this is a person who has influence on others when they perform joint actions. This may be an ordinary member of the group, if he is obeyed, his leadership is recognized. Moreover, in the course of activity, the leader can change.

The group exerts a certain pressure on the individual. According to the method of reaction to such pressure, possible behavior patterns:

conformism or opportunism (a person changing his behavior in order to outwardly meet the requirements of other people with internal disagreement),

suggestibility (a person does not hesitate to accept the line of behavior adopted in the group),

active consent (consciously defending the interests of the group),

non-conformism (disagreement with the majority, defending one's own interests).

u What small groups are you a member of? Give 3 examples. What kind of group behavior do you use?

The person is involved in public life not as an isolated individual, but as a member of social communities - a family, a friendly company, a labor collective, a nation, a class, etc. His activities are largely determined by the activities of those groups in which he is included, as well as the interaction within groups and between groups. Accordingly, in sociology, society acts not only as an abstraction, but also as a set of specific social groups that are in a certain dependence on each other.

The structure of the whole public system, the totality of interrelated and interacting social groups and social communities, as well as social institutions and relations between them, is the social structure of society.

In sociology, the problem of dividing society into groups (including nations, classes), their interaction is one of the cardinal and is characteristic of all levels of theory.

The concept of a social group

Group is one of the main elements of the social structure of society and is a collection of people united by any significant feature - a common activity, common economic, demographic, ethnographic, psychological characteristics. This concept is used in jurisprudence, economics, history, ethnography, demography, psychology. In sociology, the concept of "social group" is usually used.

Not every community of people is called a social group. If people are just in a certain place (on a bus, in a stadium), then such a temporary community can be called "aggregation". A social community that unites people on only one or a few similar grounds is also not called a group; the term "category" is used here. For example, a sociologist might categorize students aged 14 to 18 as youth; elderly people who are paid by the state allowance, provides benefits for paying utilities, - to the category of pensioners, etc.

Social group - it is an objectively existing stable community, a set of individuals interacting in a certain way on the basis of several signs, in particular, the shared expectations of each member of the group regarding others.

The concept of a group as an independent one, along with the concepts of personality (individual) and society, is already found in Aristotle. In modern times, T. Hobbes was the first to define a group as "a certain number of people united by a common interest or common cause."

Under social group it is necessary to understand any objectively existing stable set of people connected by a system of relations regulated by formal or informal social institutions. Society in sociology is considered not as a monolithic entity, but as a set of many social groups that interact and are in a certain dependence on each other. Each person during his life belongs to many such groups, among which are the family, the friendly team, the student group, the nation, and so on. The creation of groups is facilitated by similar interests and goals of people, as well as the realization of the fact that when combining actions, you can achieve a significantly greater result than with individual action. Wherein social activity Each person is largely determined by the activities of those groups in which he is included, as well as the interaction within groups and between groups. It can be stated with full confidence that only in a group a person becomes a person and is able to find full self-expression.

The concept, formation and types of social groups

The most important elements of the social structure of society are social groups and . Being forms of social interaction, they are such associations of people whose joint, solidarity actions are aimed at meeting their needs.

There are many definitions of the concept of "social group". So, according to some Russian sociologists, a social group is a collection of people who have common social signs performing a socially necessary function in the structure of the social division of labor and activity. The American sociologist R. Merton defines a social group as a set of individuals interacting with each other in a certain way, aware of their belonging to this group and recognized as members of this group from the point of view of others. He distinguishes three main features in a social group: interaction, membership and unity.

Unlike mass communities, social groups are characterized by:

sustainable interaction, contributing to the strength and stability of their existence;
a relatively high degree of unity and cohesion;
clearly expressed homogeneity of the composition, suggesting the presence of signs inherent in all members of the group;
the possibility of entering into broader social communities as structural units.

Since each person in the course of his life is a member of a wide variety of social groups that differ in size, nature of interaction, degree of organization and many other features, it becomes necessary to classify them according to certain criteria.

There are the following types of social groups:

1. Depending on the nature of the interaction - primary and secondary (Appendix, scheme 9).

primary group, by definition, Ch. Cooley, is a group in which the interaction between members is direct, interpersonal in nature and differs high level emotionality (family, school class, peer group, etc.). Carrying out the socialization of the individual, the primary group acts as a link between the individual and society.

secondary group- This is a larger group in which interaction is subordinated to the achievement of a specific goal and is formal, impersonal. In these groups, the focus is not on the personal, unique qualities of the members of the group, but on their ability to perform certain functions. Organizations (industrial, political, religious, etc.) can serve as examples of such groups.

2. Depending on the method of organization and regulation of interaction - formal and informal.

formal group- This is a group with a legal status, interaction in which is regulated by a system of formalized norms, rules, laws. These groups have a consciously set goal, normatively fixed hierarchical structure and act in accordance with the administratively established procedure (organizations, enterprises, etc.).

informal grouparises spontaneously, on the basis of common views, interests and interpersonal interactions. It is deprived of official regulation and legal status. These groups are usually led by informal leaders. Examples are friendly companies, informal associations among young people, rock music lovers, etc.

3. Depending on the belonging of individuals to them - ingroups and outgroups.

Ingroup- this is a group to which the individual feels a direct belonging and identifies it as "mine", "our" (for example, "my family", "my class", "my company", etc.).

Outgroup - this is a group to which the given individual does not belong and therefore evaluates it as “alien”, not his own (other families, another religious group, another ethnic group, etc.). Each ingroup individual has his own outgroup rating scale: from indifferent to aggressive-hostile. Therefore, sociologists propose to measure the degree of acceptance or closeness in relation to other groups according to the so-called Bogardus' "social distance scale".

Reference group - this is a real or imaginary social group, the system of values, norms and evaluations of which serves as a standard for the individual. The term was first proposed by the American social psychologist Hyman. The reference group in the system of relations "personality - society" performs two important functions: normative, being for the individual a source of norms of behavior, social attitudes and value orientations; comparative acting as a standard for the individual, allows him to determine his place in social structure society, evaluate themselves and others.

4. Depending on the quantitative composition and form of the implementation of connections - small and large.

- this is a directly contacting small group of people united to carry out joint activities.

A small group can take many forms, but the initial ones are the “dyad” and “triad”, they are called the simplest molecules small group. Dyadconsists of two people and is considered an extremely fragile association, in triad actively interact three persons, it is more stable.

The characteristic features of a small group are:

small and stable composition (as a rule, from 2 to 30 people);
spatial proximity of group members;
sustainability and longevity:
a high degree of coincidence of group values, norms and patterns of behavior;
intensity of interpersonal relationships;
a developed sense of belonging to a group;
informal control and information saturation in the group.

large group- this is a large group in its composition, which is created for a specific purpose and the interaction in which is mainly indirect ( labor collectives, enterprises, etc.). This also includes numerous groups of people who have common interests and occupy the same position in the social structure of society. For example, social-class, professional, political and other organizations.

A collective (lat. collectivus) is a social group in which all vital connections between people are mediated through socially important goals.

Characteristic features of the team:

combination of interests of the individual and society;
commonality of goals and principles that act for members of the team as value orientations and activity standards. The team performs the following functions:
subject - solution of the task for which it is created;
social and educational - combination of the interests of the individual and society.

5. Depending on the socially significant signs - real and nominal.

Real groups are groups identified according to socially significant criteria:

floor - men and women;
age - children, youth, adults, the elderly;
income - rich, poor, prosperous;
nationality - Russians, French, Americans;
marital status - married, single, divorced;
profession (occupation) - doctors, economists, managers;
location - city dwellers, rural dwellers.

Nominal (conditional) groups, sometimes called social categories, - is allocated for the purpose of carrying out sociological research or population statistics (for example, to find out the number of passengers-beneficiaries, single mothers, students receiving nominal scholarships, etc.).

Along with social groups in sociology, the concept of "quasi-group" is singled out.

A quasi-group is an informal, spontaneous, unstable social community that does not have a definite structure and system of values, in which the interaction of people is, as a rule, of a third-party and short-term nature.

The main types of quasigroups are:

Audienceis a social community united by interaction with a communicator and receiving information from him. The heterogeneity of this social formation, due to the difference personal qualities, as well as the cultural values and norms of the people included in it, determines and varying degrees perception and evaluation of the information received.

- a temporary, relatively unorganized, unstructured accumulation of people united in a closed physical space by a common interest, but at the same time devoid of a clearly perceived goal and interconnected by similarity emotional state. Allocate General characteristics crowds:

suggestibility - people in the crowd are usually more suggestible than those outside it;
anonymity - the individual, being in the crowd, as if merges with it, becomes unrecognizable, believing that it is difficult to “calculate” him;
spontaneity (contagiousness) - people in the crowd are subject to rapid transmission and change of emotional state;
unconsciousness - the individual feels invulnerable in the crowd, outside social control, therefore, his actions are "impregnated" with collective unconscious instincts and become unpredictable.

Depending on the way the crowd is formed and the behavior of people in it, the following varieties are distinguished:

random crowd - an indefinite set of individuals formed spontaneously without any purpose (to watch a celebrity suddenly appear or a traffic accident);
conventional crowd - a relatively structured gathering of people influenced by planned predetermined norms (spectators in a theater, fans in a stadium, etc.);
expressive crowd - a social quasi-group formed for the personal pleasure of its members, which in itself is already a goal and result (discotheques, rock festivals, etc.);
acting (active) crowd - a group that performs some kind of action, which can act as: gatherings - an emotionally excited crowd gravitating towards violent actions, and revolting crowd - group characterized by particular aggressiveness and destructive actions.

In the history of the development of sociological science, various theories have developed that explain the mechanisms of crowd formation (G. Lebon, R. Turner, and others). But for all the dissimilarity of points of view, one thing is clear: to control the command of the crowd, it is important: 1) to identify the sources of the emergence of norms; 2) identify their carriers by structuring the crowd; 3) purposefully influence their creators, offering the crowd meaningful goals and algorithms for further actions.

Among quasi-groups, social circles are closest to social groups.

Social circles are social communities that are created for the purpose of exchanging information between their members.

The Polish sociologist J. Szczepanski identifies the following types of social circles: contact - communities that constantly meet on the basis of certain conditions (interest in sports competitions, sports, etc.); professional - gathering for the exchange of information solely on a professional basis; status - generated by the exchange of information between people with the same social status(aristocratic circles, women's or men's circles, etc.); friendly - based on the joint conduct of any events (companies, groups of friends).

In conclusion, we note that quasi-groups are some transitional formations, which, with the acquisition of such features as organization, stability and structure, turn into a social group.