Sedentary and nomadic birds of the Yaroslavl region. Objectives: Educational: To introduce children to sedentary and nomadic birds of the Yaroslavl region with their image

Winter is a big test for many bird species. They need a lot of food to keep warm and survive the cold. In search of food, nomadic birds constantly move from place to place. Unlike, nomadic species overcome no more than a hundred kilometers. Often they settle closer to a person, mastering parks and squares. Birds that remain for the winter in their native land are called wintering, or sedentary. Below is a list of wintering and nomadic bird species with a photo and a brief description.

Great spotted woodpecker

Numerous species distributed throughout Russia. The woodpecker's habitat is forests, burnt areas, parks, squares. The bird makes hollows in trees with soft wood. In summer, woodpeckers feed on insects, and in winter, on seeds extracted from cones. In the absence of food, birds of this species fly to new places.

house sparrow

The bird is distributed everywhere, with the exception of the northern regions. The sparrow builds nests near the human dwelling: at the drainpipes, under the slope of the roof. Often it occupies empty hollows. Sparrows are. The basis of their diet is cereals, so in rural areas they can cause significant damage to crops. In winter, the population is sharply reduced, the cold for these birds is a serious test.

common raven

The bird lives throughout Russia. She settles in forests, groves, steppes and forest parks. The raven does not gravitate towards the neighborhood with a person. The food source is lizards, mice, chicks, eggs, frogs and carrion. A small proportion of the diet is plant foods. In winter, juveniles roam in large flocks, while adults remain in their nests.

Crow gray

The habitat is Eastern and Western Siberia. In the warm season, the crow settles on the edges of forests and in floodplains of rivers. With the onset of cold weather, birds fly to settlements and feed on human food waste. In late autumn, juveniles migrate to the south, and urban birds are constantly sedentary.

Jackdaw

Another representative of the Raven family lives in Central and Western Europe. The jackdaw settles in forests and groves, it can also be found in forest parks. In the wild, the bird feeds on insects and berries, and does not disdain food waste in landfills. In the central regions of the country, birds lead a sedentary lifestyle.

Thrush fieldfare

Birds nest in light forests, forest edges, squares and parks. They can be found in every corner of Russia. Birds feed on insects that are collected on the ground. With the onset of cold weather, thrushes fly to the southern regions. In the European part of the country fieldfares winter in city parks.

Blackbird

A numerous species that lives in forests with dense undergrowth, near streams and rivers. Thrushes look for food on the ground. The food source is insects, as well as berries and seeds. In autumn, birds gather in flocks and prepare to fly away. Only a small part of blackbirds winters in a permanent place.

Crossbill

The little bird is distinguished by the unusual shape of its beak, which allows it to open the scales of spruce and pine cones. Crossbills inhabit the forests of Europe and Central Asia. The species is well adapted to frost, and leads a sedentary lifestyle in winter. To protect from the cold, the crossbill insulates the nest with animal hair.

pika

The habitat of the bird is mixed and deciduous forests. She arranges nests behind tree bark and in old hollows. The pika feeds on insects, which it catches with its thin and sharp beak. The bird moves upward in a spiral along the tree. The pika actively scares off uninvited guests from its own hollow. These birds do not fly much. In winter, they can roam for short distances.

Nuthatch

Representatives of the avifauna living in Europe and Siberia. The species nests in coniferous and mixed forests. The main food sources are insects living in tree crevices, seeds and nuts. The nuthatch stores food for the winter, hiding it in hollows. In cold weather, the bird flies to parks, eating food from feeders.

waxwing

Feathered are. They nest on small fir trees, pines and birches. The waxwing feeds on mountain ash, viburnum, hawthorn and wild rose. She does not leave her habitat for the winter in the harvest years of mountain ash. If the winter is severe, the birds migrate to the south.

Great tit

The bird is common in both Europe and Asia. The species nests in mixed and deciduous forests. Recently, the tit has been actively settling in summer cottages and city parks. These birds are omnivores, sometimes they devastate stocks of nuthatches and Muscovites. The tit is a sedentary species that is a frequent visitor to city feeders.

Crested titmouse

The crested tit lives in the coniferous forests of Europe, where it builds nests in small hollows. In summer, birds feed on insects found in cracks in the bark. Crested tits store food for the winter. In the cold season, they can be seen in the snow, where they pick up wind-blown seeds.

Muscovite tit

An inhabitant of coniferous and mixed forests, which is rarely found in cities. Moskovka is distributed throughout Europe. She settles in hollows and abandoned burrows. The diet of this species of tits is made up of coniferous tree seeds, nuts, birch sap. Moskovka stores food from June to December. In severe winters, the bird is forced to migrate to settlements.

Long-tailed tit

The habitat is the European part of Russia. The bird prefers forests with dense undergrowth. The long-tailed tit finds food in the crowns of trees and shrubs. It feeds on invertebrates, their eggs and larvae. For the winter, the bird moves to summer cottages, to the outskirts of cities and villages. Before migrating, tits gather in flocks, the number of which does not exceed twenty individuals.

Brown-headed titmouse

The species lives in the coniferous forests of Europe and the Caucasus. She builds nests in hollows, which are located at a short distance from the ground. Unlike other tits, the brown-headed chickadee hollows out small hollows on its own. Both partners are engaged in home improvement. Like all tits, the brown-headed tit feeds on insects. A small part of the diet consists of seeds of conifers, cereals and berries. Birds store food for the winter. Wintering areas coincide with habitats. Due to harsh weather conditions, the strongest individuals survive.

Bullfinch

The homeland of these birds are taiga forests. The bullfinch is recognizable due to the bright red plumage on the chest. Birds make nests in the branches of fir trees and junipers, lead a secretive lifestyle. All types of bullfinches are forest dwellers, which are rarely found within the city. Some representatives are migratory. The basis of the diet is seeds, berries of mountain ash, bird cherry and viburnum. If the winter turned out to be difficult, then the bullfinch flies to the cities. Here he finds food in the feeders on the windows of the houses.

Jay

The bird lives in almost all forests of Eurasia, but prefers oak groves. For the ability to imitate other voices, the jay is called a mockingbird. These birds skillfully hide their nests in the branches of juniper and spruce. Depending on the season, birds feed on insects, small birds and mammals. In harvest years, acorns form the basis of the diet. Jay is a nomadic bird species that can be seen in cities in winter.

Magpie common

Numerous species inhabiting light forests, meadows, fields and wetlands. Magpies are also found in residential areas. The bird is afraid of the dense forest. She arranges nests on willow, alder, birch and elderberry. In settlements, nests are located on the tops of trees. In summer, the basis of the diet of forty is the eggs of small birds, insects, mollusks,. In the cold season, birds eat grains, food leftovers and carrion. In winter, magpies gather in flocks and begin to search the garbage dumps in search of food.

Goldfinch

The bird is distributed throughout Europe. She nests on forest edges, in mixed forests and oak forests. Goldfinch builds nests on chestnuts, oaks, ash trees and fruit trees. The bird often settles near human habitation. The diet is made up of seeds of thistle, dandelion, burdock and sunflower. Goldfinch roams only in severe winters. It usually flies short distances. Goldfinches migrate to parks and gardens.

rock dove

The rock dove is widespread throughout Europe. They are well adapted to the harsh. In the wild, pigeons live near agricultural land and in mountainous areas. They make nests in hard-to-reach places. Pigeons are omnivorous, but the basis of the diet is plant foods. Urban individuals are content with food waste. Rock pigeons are sedentary, rarely leaving their nests. In temperate climates, some individuals fly south.

Non-migratory birds are a large group that includes sub-groups of nomadic and sedentary animals. All of them do not leave the country in winter. For better nutrition, only nomadic birds can fly over short distances. But this is not a seasonal change of residence, but only a temporary relocation. In Russia, tits, nuthatches, jays, bullfinches, siskins, waxwings, crossbills, etc. are referred to as nomadic non-migratory.

More interesting are sedentary birds, since they practically do not fly from their inhabited place during their lives. Of course, such representatives are rare in the northern or temperate zones, since it is difficult to get food there. Most often they live in tropical or subtropical climates.

settled birds

In Russia, these are hazel grouses, capercaillie, black grouse, some species of magpies. Many of them can also be migratory (depending on the climate). So, the gray crow, which lives mainly in the north of Russia, flies south in winter. But in some southern countries, it is a settled bird and does not fly anywhere. The same can be said about the blackbird, which leaves Russia for the winter, and in Western Europe it is among the non-migratory birds. The “true patriot” of Russia can be called a house sparrow: he never leaves the country. But his brothers, who inhabit Central Asia, fly away to India for the winter. Birds of the owl order (owls, owls, owls, owls) never leave their place of residence.

Non-migratory birds of Russia in the summer make food stocks for the winter. For example, tits hide the collected insects and seeds in the bark of trees and in lichens. These supplies will help you survive in the cold season and not think about the flight.

From the end of winter, non-migratory birds prepare for breeding and often forget about food, so during the mating season they lose weight. All spring and early summer, non-migratory birds build new nests, incubate eggs and feed hatched chicks. Such hard work affects the diet of "young parents", and they again lose weight. Therefore, from mid-summer and all autumn, sedentary birds feed diligently and collect supplies for the winter. An exception is the crossbill: its food is the seeds of spruce and pine, which are gone at the end of summer. Therefore, this representative of non-migratory birds of Russia loses weight by autumn and begins to eat its prepared stocks, and in winter enjoys fresh food.

Thus, the "air patriots" of our country never leave its borders and all year round they are engaged in gathering food and educating a new generation.

Wonderful pictures with migratory and wintering birds. Which birds stay wintering in their homeland, and which ones fly away?

Walking in a park or forest, we listen to the birds singing and often just don’t think about which bird trills so nicely. There are birds that live in our area all year round, but there are also those that fly to "warm lands" in the fall.

The fact is that in winter it is very difficult for birds to find food for themselves, because insects, berries and grains become scarce, and when snow falls, they are almost impossible to find at all. And different types of birds solve this problem in different ways: migratory birds fly hundreds and even thousands of kilometers to warmer countries, and sedentary ones adapt to our harsh winters.

Titmouse in the snow, which, apparently, wants to feast on seeds

Settled, wintering birds: list, photo with names

Feeders are hung up to help the birds that have stayed over the winter find food. And it is quite possible that they will be of interest to such visitors:

• Sparrow. Noisy sparrows that fly in flocks may well become the first visitors to the feeder.

• Tit. Tits are in many ways not inferior to sparrows, they quickly rush to feed in the feeders. But compared to sparrows, tits are endowed with a more meek disposition. It is interesting that in summer the titmouse eats almost as much food as it weighs itself. Often in the feeders you can observe mixed flocks, consisting of both sparrows and titmouse.

• gaichka. A close relative of the titmouse. However, the breast of the nut is not yellow, but light brown. Also, the tit differs from other tits in that it makes a hollow in a tree to make a nest in it.

Gaitka - a special type of tits

• Crow. Ravens are often confused with rooks. It is known that crows are very rare in the western part of Russia. Therefore, if you live in the European part of Russia and see a black bird making a shrill croak, then most likely you have a rook in front of you.

• Pigeon. The distribution and lifestyle of pigeons was largely influenced by people who simply brought them with them to different parts of the Earth. Now pigeons are found on all continents with the exception of Antarctica. Pigeons easily change the rocks that are their natural habitat for man-made structures.

The nodding gait of pigeons is due to the fact that it is easier for them to see the object of interest to them.

• Woodpecker. In the warm season, woodpeckers feed mainly on insects, which they get from under the bark of trees, and in the winter cold, they can also eat plant foods: seeds and nuts.

• Magpie. Magpie is considered a bird with high intelligence, it is able to express a lot of emotions, including sadness and knows how to recognize its reflection in the mirror. Interestingly, not only its brethren, but also other birds, as well as wild animals, in particular bears and wolves, react to the alarming cry of a magpie.

Magpie - winter bird

• Owl. Owls are different, large and small, in total there are more than 200 species. These birds are endowed with sharp eyesight and excellent hearing, which allows them to lead a nocturnal lifestyle. It is interesting that the tassels on the head of an owl are not ears, the real ears of owls are hidden in feathers, and one of them is directed upwards, and the other downwards, in order to better hear what is happening above the head and on the ground.

Owl - nocturnal bird

• This bird is also considered an owl and is a close relative of other owls.

• A rare owl that lives mainly in mountainous areas in northern latitudes. The name of the bird according to different versions means "inedible" or "insatiable".

• Jackdaw. Outwardly, jackdaws look like rooks and crows, moreover, there are mixed flocks in which you can see all three types of birds. However, the jackdaw is smaller than the crow. And if you are lucky enough to watch a jackdaw up close, you can easily recognize it by the gray color of some of the feathers.

• Nuthatch. This little bird climbs tree trunks very dexterously. In summer, nuthatches hide seeds and nuts in the bark, and in winter they feed on these supplies.

• Crossbill. Like the nuthatch, this bird is an excellent tree climber and can hang upside down on branches. Crossbill's favorite food is seeds from spruce and pine cones. This bird is remarkable in that it can breed chicks even in winter, but only if there is enough food.

• Bullfinch. Only males have bright red plumage on the chest, females look much more modest. Bullfinches are more often seen in winter, because due to lack of food, they are drawn to people. In summer, bullfinches prefer wooded areas and behave inconspicuously, so it is not easy to see them.

• waxwing. A bird with beautiful plumage and a singing voice. In summer it feeds mainly on insects and likes to settle in coniferous forests. In winter, the waxwing moves to the more southern regions of the country; it is often found in cities. In the cold season, mountain ash and other fruits become the main food for birds.

• Jay. A large bird, which, however, can fly to feast on a feeder hung by people. In summer, it is rarely seen in the city, but closer to winter, the bird begins to reach for human habitation.

• Wren. One of the smallest birds, the weight of an adult male is only 5-7 grams. Kings are relatives of sparrows.

Wren - an inhabitant of the forests

• . A large bird that is a favorite trophy for many hunters. Pheasants can fly, but more often they move on foot.

• Grouse. It is also an object of hunting, despite the fact that this bird is quite small. The weight of an adult hazel grouse rarely reaches 500 g. It is interesting that the largest population of these birds lives in Russia.

The hazel grouse is a bird that is related to the black grouse

• Another bird that is related to hunting. Grouse are found on the edge of the forest and in the forest-steppe.

• Falcon. It is considered one of the smartest birds on the planet and one of the best hunters. The falcon is able to work in tandem with a man, but it is very difficult to tame him.

• . Like the falcon, it is a bird of prey. A hawk's vision is 8 times sharper than a human's. And rushing for prey, the hawk can reach speeds of up to 240 km / h.

Migratory, nomadic birds: list, photo with names

• Rooks differ from crows in a gray-yellow beak. In the Kuban and Ukraine, you can see how in the fall the rooks gather in huge flocks, so large that the sky seems black from the birds soaring in it - these are rooks that fly south. However, rooks are only conditionally migratory birds, some of them remain to winter in central Russia, some winter in Ukraine, and only some birds fly for the winter to the warm shores of Turkey.

• they love to fly to freshly dug up land, sometimes they fly right behind a plowing tractor in order to have time to get as many worms and larvae from the dug up land as possible.

• This inconspicuous bird with a singing voice loves warmth, and therefore flies south in autumn. And for wintering, our native nightingales have chosen hot Africa. These birds fly to winter in the eastern part of the continent - Kenya and Ethiopia. However, local residents cannot enjoy their singing, because nightingales sing only during the mating season, which they have in their homeland.

• Martin. Swallows love rocky terrain, they often settle on the sheer walls of quarries that people have dug out. However, our winters are too severe for swallows, and therefore in autumn they fly to the southern, farthest from us, part of Africa or to Tropical Asia.

• Chizh. Like the rook, it is a migratory bird that arrives early and winters nearby: in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and southern Europe. Outwardly, siskins are inconspicuous, their gray-green feathers are absolutely not striking against the background of branches. The nature of the bird matches the appearance: quiet and meek.

• Goldfinch. In Europe, it is a wintering bird, however, in Russia, goldfinches can only be seen in summer. By winter, goldfinches gather in flocks and go to lands with a warmer climate. Goldfinches are close relatives of siskins.

Goldfinch is one of the most colorful birds

• A slender bird that runs fast on the ground and shakes its tail with every step. Wagtails spend the winter in eastern Africa, southern Asia, and sometimes southern Europe.

• Quail. The only bird from the order Galliformes, which is migratory. The weight of an adult quail is not so great and is 80-150 g. In summer, quails can be found in fields sown with wheat and rye. Quail winters far beyond the borders of our Motherland: in southern Africa and southern Asia, on the Hindustan peninsula.

• Thrush. The song thrush with its sweet trills creates worthy competition with the nightingale. And his appearance, like that of a nightingale, is inconspicuous. In winter, thrushes become Europeans: Italy, France and Spain are their second home.

• lark. Larks return from warm countries very early, sometimes already in March you can hear their sonorous song, which becomes a harbinger of spring warmth. And larks winter in Southern Europe.

• Gull. With the onset of cold weather, gulls living on the coasts of the northern seas migrate to the Black and Caspian Seas. But over the years, seagulls are more and more drawn to people, and more and more often they stay to spend the winter in cities.

• . Swifts winter in Africa, and reach its equatorial part or even go to the southern part of the mainland.

• Starlings are in great need of birdhouses, since most often they breed offspring in them. And our starlings go to winter in Southern Europe and East Africa.

This bizarre black cloud is a flock of starlings returning home

• Finch. Finches from the western part of the country winter mainly in Central Europe and the Mediterranean, and finches that live near the Urals in summer go to South Kazakhstan and southern regions of Asia for wintering.

Finch - a noisy inhabitant of the forest

• Heron. It is rather difficult to determine where the herons winter, some of them travel huge distances to South Africa, some winter in the Crimea or the Kuban, and in the Stavropol Territory, herons sometimes even remain to winter at all.

• Crane. These birds are monogamous, and once having chosen a partner, they remain faithful to him all their lives. Cranes nest in swampy areas. And their wintering places are as diverse as those of herons: Southern Europe, Africa and even China - in all these parts of the world you can meet cranes that have flown from Russia to spend the winter.

• Stork. In Russia there are black and white storks. White storks make huge nests up to one and a half meters wide and make very long flights to the south. Sometimes they overcome half the planet and reach South Africa, a country located in the very south of Africa.

• Swan. The swan is a bird that represents devotion and romance. Swans are waterfowl, so for wintering they choose places near the water, often the Caspian or Mediterranean Sea.

• Duck. Wild ducks in winter, as a rule, do not fly far and remain in the expanses of the post-Soviet states. It is noteworthy that their domestic relatives also begin to worry in the fall and sometimes try to fly away, sometimes they even fly over fences and fly short distances.

• . Cuckoos settle in forests, and in the forest-steppe, and in the steppe. The vast majority of cuckoos fly to winter in tropical and South Africa, less often cuckoos winter in South Asia: in India and China.

• . A small bird with a singing voice and bright plumage that flies to the tropics for the winter.

• . They wake up at dawn and are among the first to start the morning song. Previously, this little songbird was called a robin. Robins fly to winter in Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, returning home among the first.

What is the difference between migratory birds and wintering birds: presentation for preschoolers

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Slide 3: presentation of migratory birds

Why do migratory birds fly to warmer climes where they spend the winter, why do they come back?

Winter is a severe test for birds. And only those who, in harsh conditions, can get food for themselves remain to winter.

What could be the ways for birds to survive in the cold season?

• Some birds store food in the summer for the winter. They hide plant seeds, nuts, acorns, caterpillars and larvae in grass and cracks in tree bark. These birds include the nuthatch.
• Some birds are not afraid of people and live near residential buildings. In winter, they find food in feeders and on garbage heaps.
• Some birds are predators and feed on rodents. There are birds of prey that can feed on hares, hunt fish, small birds and bats.

If a bird can find food for itself in winter, then it does not need to go on a tiring and difficult flight to warmer climes in the fall.

It would seem that everything is simple, and the only reason for the seasonal migration of birds is the lack of food. But in reality there are more questions than answers. For example, imagine that a wild duck, which is a migratory bird, is provided with an artificially heated pond and sufficient food. Will she stay for the winter? Of course not. She will be called on a long journey, a strong feeling that is difficult to explain, called a natural instinct.

It turns out that birds fly away to warmer climes, as if out of habit, because their ancestors did this for hundreds and thousands of years.

Another question to be answered: why do birds return from warm countries every spring? Ornithologists have concluded that the start of the return flight is associated with the activation of sex hormones and the start of the breeding season. But why do birds fly thousands of kilometers and breed chicks exactly where they themselves were born? Poets and romantic natures say that birds, like people, are simply drawn to their homeland.

How do migratory birds know where to fly? A question to which, to this day, there is no intelligible answer. It has been experimentally proven that birds can navigate in a completely unfamiliar area and in conditions of limited visibility, when neither the sun nor the stars are visible. They have an organ that allows them to navigate the Earth's magnetic field.

But the mystery remains how the juveniles, who have never flown to warmer climes before, find their wintering grounds themselves, and how do they know the route to fly? It turns out in birds, at the genetic level, information is recorded about the point on the map where you need to fly, and moreover, a route is drawn to it.

Do migratory birds nest in the south?

Birds wintering in warm regions do not lay eggs and do not incubate chicks, which means they do not need a nest. A nest is needed only for chicks, which migratory birds will incubate in their homeland.

Which birds are the first and last to arrive in spring?

They arrive first in the spring rooks. These birds return to their homeland in early spring, when the first thawed patches appear in the snow. With their strong beak, rooks dig larvae on such thawed patches, which form the basis of their diet.

The last to arrive are birds that feed on flying insects. These are swallows, swifts, orioles. The diet of these birds consists of:

• Komarov
• Moshek
• gadflies
• Zhukov
• cicada
• butterflies

Since the appearance of a large number of adult flying insects from larvae requires warm weather and about two weeks of time, the birds that feed on them also arrive home after the mass appearance of these insects.

Which birds are the first and last to fly away in autumn?

With the onset of autumn cold weather, insects complete their active life cycle and hibernate. Therefore, the birds that feed on insects are the first to fly to warm lands. Then the birds that feed on the plants fly away. Waterfowl are the last to leave. For them, even in autumn, there is enough food in the water. And they fly away before the water in the reservoirs begins to freeze.

VIDEO: Birds fly south

A flock of what migratory birds promises snow?

According to popular belief, if a flock of wild geese- expect the first snowfall. This sign may not coincide with real weather phenomena. So in the north of Russia, geese fly to warmer climes in mid-September, and snow can fall much earlier. Let's say the first snow in Norilsk fell on August 25 this year. In the south, geese fly to warmer climes at the end of October, and sometimes even at the beginning of November. The first snow in these areas may fall at this time. But it all depends on the weather conditions in autumn. Indian summer here can drag on for the whole of October.

VIDEO: Geese gather in flocks for flights to the south

Which bird in the order Galliformes is a migratory bird?

A migratory bird from the order Galliformes is quail. The quail's habitat extends beyond Russia in the west and south. In the east, these birds live up to the western coast of Lake Baikal. They are distributed in Europe, Western Asia and Africa.

They fly south for the winter. And they winter in Hindustan, North Africa and Southwest Asia.

VIDEO: How do migratory birds fly?

Including: aquatic invertebrates, diurnal butterflies, fish, amphibians and reptiles, wintering birds, migratory birds, mammals and their tracks,
4 pocket field determinant, including: inhabitants of water bodies, birds of the middle zone and animals and their traces, as well as
65 methodical benefits and 40 educational and methodological films on methodologies conducting research work in nature (in the field).

Handbook of ornithology*

Tutorial sections (individual pages):
1. Anatomy and morphology of birds
2. Bird nutrition
3. Bird breeding
3.1. sexual dimorphism
3.2. Egg and its features
3.3. Mating behavior
3.4. Territorial behavior
3.5. Nest building
3.6. Variety of nests
3.7. Nest classification
4. Migrations
5. Variety of birds

4. Bird migrations

Classification of birds according to the nature of seasonal migrations.
According to the nature of seasonal migrations, all birds can be divided into three categories: sedentary, nomadic and migratory.

To settled include birds that live in the same area throughout the year and do not make any regular movements around the area. Some of these birds spend their whole lives within a small nesting area, not going beyond its borders even in winter. These birds can be called strictly settled . In the northern and temperate latitudes, there are extremely few of them, and all of them are almost exclusively synanthropes, that is, they live constantly near human settlements. Synanthropic species include house sparrow , rock dove, and in places field sparrow , checkbox and some other birds. Near human habitation, they find enough food throughout the year.
Other representatives of this category of birds, after breeding, go outside the nesting territory in search of food and other favorable conditions and spend the winter in its immediate vicinity. At the same time, such species of birds do not make continuous migrations, but live all winter more or less settled, in one or several points. These birds can be called semi-sedentary . They belong to grouse , capercaillie , black grouse, part of the populations magpies , common oatmeal , crows and others. Semi-settledness is characteristic of birds that are well provided with winter food.

Category nomadic birds are made up of birds that, after breeding, leave the nesting territory and make continuous movements until spring, moving away for tens, hundreds and even thousands of kilometers. In contrast to the settled ones, the nomads are characterized by constant movement in search of food and the absence of a more or less long-term settlement during the winter. If birds linger in places where food is concentrated, then not for long, since their natural food reserves in winter are not as plentiful and stable as those of sedentary birds. The direction of movement of nomadic birds is not constant. Visiting places favorable in terms of food and other conditions during migrations, birds can repeatedly change the path of their movement in a wide variety of directions, but more often towards warm climatic zones. This trend is especially noticeable in birds migrating over long distances (hundreds and thousands of kilometers). Migratory birds do not have any fixed wintering grounds; they are the entire winter roaming area, which, as a rule, does not go beyond temperate latitudes.
Migratory birds include tits , nuthatch , jay , crossbills , squint , siskin , bullfinch , waxwing and etc.

Category migratory includes those birds that, after breeding, leave the nesting territory and fly for the winter to other, relatively remote areas, lying both within the nesting area of ​​the species, and far beyond its borders. Unlike nomadic birds, migratory birds are characterized by the presence of not only certain directions and dates of flight, but also a fairly clearly defined wintering area in which the birds live more or less settledly or make minor migrations in search of food. Movement to wintering areas in such species does not take place in the form of migrations, but in the form of a well-defined flight. The directions of flight for different species and populations may be different, but for the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere, most often in the direction of the southern points. Wintering areas are usually many hundreds and even thousands of kilometers away from bird nesting sites and lie in noticeably warmer climatic zones.
Most of the birds in our country are migratory: blackbirds , ducks , geese , finch , field lark , waders , herons , warblers , warblers and many others. All these birds cannot find their usual food in their summer habitats in winter.
Among the birds, a number of species can be distinguished with a gradual transition from sedentary to real migratory, migrating for many thousands of kilometers. This diversity of the nature of seasonal migrations is explained by the different adaptation of birds to seasonal changes in living conditions.
This classification of seasonal bird migrations is conditional and has a schematic character. At the same time, not the species as a whole, but the population of the species, should be taken as the migration unit, since in many species some populations are sedentary, others are nomadic, and others are migratory. Any forms of seasonal movements of birds are based on their response to seasonal fluctuations in the environment, and these forms should be considered as qualitatively different stages of the fundamentally single phenomenon of seasonal migrations.

Forms of seasonal migrations.
Among the seasonal bird migrations that occur throughout the year, the following forms can be mentioned: post-breeding migrations, autumn-winter migrations, autumn migration, spring migration. From the second half of summer, post-nesting migrations begin, which are characteristic of both nomadic and migratory birds. Post-nesting migrations are accompanied by the formation of aggregations and flocks, which are of great importance in the life of birds during the non-breeding period and especially during migrations. In autumn, post-nesting migrations in migratory birds pass into autumn-winter migrations, and in migratory birds - into autumn migration for wintering. The non-breeding period ends with the spring migration of birds from wintering grounds to their nesting regions. Let us dwell on the characteristics of individual forms.
Post-nesting migrations. During the nesting period, each pair is strictly tied to the nesting area. While the incubation and feeding of chicks is in progress, the birds lead settled way of life, collecting food in the immediate vicinity of the nest. At the end of breeding, the sedentary nature of birds is disturbed, the brood leaves the nesting territory and begins post-nesting movements and migrations to places more distant from the nest.
Post-nesting migrations are characteristic of both nomadic and migratory species. In time, they coincide with noticeable changes in conditions. nutrition due to which the brood can no longer satisfy its increased food needs within a small nesting (feeding) area. Changes in the feeding conditions of birds are influenced by several reasons: seasonal changes in the environment, the transition of birds to new types of food, and the reduction in stocks in the nesting area as a result of long-term feeding activities of the brood.
seasonal changes in the environment appear in the second half of summer and are expressed in a slight reduction in the length of the day, a decrease in the strength of lighting, a decrease in air temperature, especially at night. These changes cause changes both in the life of animals and in the life of plants that birds feed on. Some plants by this period (or during it) finish their flowering, growth and even vegetation, as a result of which dried flowers, coarsened leaves and stems lose their fodder value. But along with this, seeds and berries appear on many plants, representing a new type of seasonal food for birds.
During this period, some insects and other invertebrates complete their development cycle and, having laid eggs, die (a number of species of butterflies, beetles). Some invertebrates, under the influence of night cold, take refuge in shelters and become less active. Some insects move from shaded places to other places that are more favorable in terms of temperature and light. Finally, in many insects during this period, the second and third generations appear, and their numbers increase significantly. As a result of the presence of these factors, not only the qualitative and quantitative composition of bird feed changes, but also, which is important to emphasize, their spatial distribution.
The noted changes affect territorial location birds. After chicks emerge, for example, most species of forest birds change habitats and move to other, lighter places. Inside the forest, birds concentrate mainly on areas of light forest. Deaf, shaded areas, especially with damp soils, where a significant revival was observed in the spring during the nesting period, become deserted and are almost not visited by birds. The usual for the nesting period, the distribution of birds is noticeably disturbed. From some places, birds disappear, in others - their concentration increases dramatically. Illuminated edges, clearings, light forest areas well warmed by the rays of the sun, where insects are still numerous and active, and where plant food in the form of ripe fruits and seeds of herbaceous plants are more common, become the most lively. Insectivorous, as well as granivorous birds, whose flying chicks still need animal feed, move to these places.
The noted changes in nutritional conditions become especially noticeable in the middle zone of European Russia at the end of July and August; it is at this time that post-nesting migrations in most birds take on a pronounced character.
Go to new types of food- an important factor influencing the occurrence of post-nesting migrations of birds. It is closely dependent on seasonal changes in the food supply. It is widely known, for example, the complete or partial transition of many birds in the post-nesting period from animal feed to vegetable feed. Repeating from year to year, changing the diet has become a physiological need for birds. There are also age-related changes in the composition of food. Feeding on animal food in the nest, the chicks of many birds, after leaving the nest, begin to consume plant foods.
The foraging activity of birds, which takes place over a long period of breeding within a limited individual nesting area, leads to a reduction in the food supply on its territory. According to some reports, the number of, for example, caterpillars and pupae of some insects (bird food) is sometimes reduced by 40-62% and even by 72% (Korolkova, 1957). As a result, in feeding areas, certain components of the diet may be deficient, while the amount of others will be sufficient. In this case, despite the significant total food reserves, the brood will not be able to feed on its nesting area and therefore move outside it.
All of the above gives reason to believe that the leading stimulus for post-nesting migrations in birds is food factor. Under his influence, the birds leave the nesting area in search of food and begin to roam in the immediate, and then its distant environs. The adaptive value of post-nesting migrations consists in the redistribution of the population of the population over the territory in connection with the upcoming changes in food conditions.
Autumn-winter wanderings . Weak post-nesting changes in the environment gradually turn into sharper autumn-winter ones, which have a profound and multilateral influence on the life of birds. These changes, as noted earlier, lead to a significant deterioration for many bird conditions nutrition, thermoregulation and protective conditions. Small movements in the near and far neighborhoods of nesting places in nomadic birds turn into more distant migrations that take place throughout autumn and winter.
The basis of the autumn-winter movements of nomadic birds is also the food factor, as evidenced by many data. It is well known that in case of fodder crop failure, the range of bird movements increases, and in such years even semi-sedentary birds ( black grouse, forest populations ptarmigan etc.) undertake long-distance migrations, appearing in places where they do not occur in normal years. The food factor is the main cause of the phenomenon of the so-called invasions in birds. It is known that nomadic species such as waxwing , spruce crossbill , nutcracker , squint and others during the years of poor food harvests undertake unusually massive and long-distance migrations, sometimes moving far beyond the boundaries of their nesting area.
The dependence of migrations on feeding conditions is especially clearly revealed when analyzing the nature of bird movements. While searching for food, these birds move from one place to another, lingering on each of them for as long as they need to eat the food they find. In species with sufficient food supplies, continuous movements alternate with a more or less long delay in feeding places. This type of migration is common mainly for birds that feed on plant foods during these seasons ( woodpeckers , crossbills , siskin , tap dancers and others). Individual species of birds, whose food is less plentiful and dispersed, roam continuously. This is characteristic mainly of insectivores ( tits , kinglets) and other predatory birds.
The food conditions are determined range autumn-winter migrations. It is different not only in different species, but also in populations. This is well known, for example, for big tits. According to the data of ringing in the European part of the former USSR, the bulk of adult and part of young birds in the autumn-winter period is limited to small migrations to nesting areas, during which they move away from nesting places for several tens of kilometers, settling most often in settlements. Some adults and most young birds leave the nesting area for a distance of several tens to hundreds of kilometers. Finally, a small number of adults and 25-30% of young birds migrate over a distance of hundreds to two thousand kilometers (Likhachev, 1957; Mikheev, 1953).
Neighbor migrations take place in populations and individuals living in the autumn-winter period in sufficiently forage biotopes. In the presence of biotopes that are poor in terms of food, the birds undertake more distant movements. Young birds roam more and farther than old ones. By spring, nomadic birds return to their nesting areas.
Autumn and spring flights . Migratory birds are less fit or not at all not adapted to the upcoming changes in living conditions in the autumn-winter period. Therefore, they fly farther from their breeding grounds and overwhelmingly winter in warmer climatic zones than nomadic ones.
Among the migratory birds there are species, some of whose populations remain to winter in the nesting area, or at least in such regions of the northern and temperate latitudes, from where the other part of the populations of this species flies away. Such species with partial departure can be called weakly migratory Unlike real migratory , in which all populations without exception make flights. In order to imagine the nature and causes of the migrations of this group of birds, let us consider some examples.
ptarmigans, inhabiting the Arctic islands, for the most part are migratory, as they fly away for the winter to the mainland in the forest tundra. But some of the apparently adult birds remain to winter on the islands, feeding at this time on slopes bare of snow or on snow pits dug by reindeer. Therefore, when food is available, ptarmigans can tolerate the harsh conditions of winter.
Partial departure is observed in gray crows. As ringing in Latvia has shown, all populations of young and a significant part of adult crows fly to the Baltic coast for winter at a distance of 900-1000 km from nesting sites, and only a quarter of the population of adult birds winters on the spot. These include the most adapted individuals that find themselves in favorable feeding conditions. It is also known that for the winter, the northern populations of crows arrive in the habitat of the southern ones, and the southern ones fly even further south. This suggests that if the northern population can feed on the southern habitat, then the reason for the flight of the latter depends not on food, but on some other conditions. But we must not forget that the northern populations are better adapted to adverse environmental conditions and, in particular, to low temperatures than the southern ones. In addition, flying to more southern regions, the northern populations of crows fall into conditions of longer daylight hours and favorable temperatures. Because of this, they can survive the winter on the food base on which the local populations migrating south are unable to feed themselves.
A vivid example of the dependence of the autumn departure of weakly migratory birds on feeding conditions can be blackbird. In normal years, the rowan thrush flies away from the central regions in mid-October, but in the years of the rowan harvest, some birds linger until December and January, and individual flocks remain for the whole winter, successfully enduring thirty-degree frosts.
Partial migration observed in a number of birds: in blackbird, whose old individuals in many places in Western Europe live settled, and the young fly away; at mallards, remaining in places to winter in small numbers near non-freezing water bodies in the middle and even northern parts of the country; long-tailed duck regularly wintering in small numbers in the ice-free coastal waters of the Barents Sea, etc.
The phenomenon of partial wintering of migratory birds is more often observed in southern latitudes than in northern ones. For example, in England among song thrushes, ringed at nesting sites and then recaptured, individuals wintering near breeding sites were: in Scotland - 26%, in the north of England - 43%, in the south of England - 65% (Lack, 1957).
The reason for partial wintering in the category of migratory birds under consideration can be attributed to their ecological features and, in particular, their lower adaptability to winter changes in food and other living conditions compared to nomadic birds. This can be shown in the following example. Of the 35 species of weakly migratory birds nesting in the former Privolzhsko-Dubna Reserve, 32 species (91%) feed on the ground in summer and only 3 (9%) in trees. Of the 26 species of nomadic birds in the reserve, only 2 species of birds (8%) forage on the ground; the remaining 23 species (92%) are on trees and in the air (Mikheev, 1964). In the presence of a thick snow cover, weakly migratory birds cannot stay over the winter in the reserve due to lack of food and must fly away regardless of whether other living conditions are favorable or not for them. And only under certain circumstances, partial wintering of birds in these places is occasionally possible (for example, near human habitation).
Weakly migratory birds generally react more sensitively to autumn environmental changes, leave the nesting area earlier and start autumn migrations earlier than nomadic ones. Only an insignificant part of their population lingers or stays to winter in the nesting area, while the main part flies to warmer climatic zones.
Thus, the population of weakly migratory bird species is heterogeneous in terms of the severity of seasonal migrations. Some populations are limited to migrations and movements within cold and temperate zones, while others make regular and more distant flights to warm climatic zones.
In contrast to the group discussed above, true migratory birds, which make up the majority of migrants, never have partial migrations and partial wintering in the breeding area. All of them fly away for the winter to warm climatic zones. This is due to the fact that the vast majority of real migratory birds have acquired adaptability to life only in the conditions of the warm seasons of the year and cannot endure the abrupt changes in the environment that occur in the autumn-winter period. Flight to other parts of the range is almost the only adaptation of real migratory birds that helps them avoid the negative impact of adverse food, temperature and other living conditions that occur in the nesting area in winter.

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