Society as a dynamic system. Society as a complex dynamic system

Society is a system .

What is a system? “System” is a Greek word, from other Greek. σύστημα - whole, composed of parts, connection.

So, if it is about society as a system, it means that society consists of separate, but interconnected, complementary and developing parts, elements. Such elements are spheres of public life (subsystems), which, in turn, are a system for their constituent elements.

EXPLANATION:

Finding an answer to a question about society as a system, it is necessary to find an answer that contains elements of society: spheres, subsystems, social institutions, that is, parts of this system.

Society is a dynamic system

Recall the meaning of the word "dynamic". It is derived from the word "dynamics", denoting movement, the course of development of a phenomenon, something. This development can go both forward and backward, the main thing is that it happens.

Society - dynamic system. It does not stand still, it is in constant motion. Not all areas develop in the same way. Some change faster, some slower. But everything is moving. Even a period of stagnation, that is, a suspension in movement, is not an absolute stop. Today is not like yesterday. “Everything flows, everything changes,” said the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus.

EXPLANATION:

The correct answer to the question about society as a dynamic system there will be one in which we are talking about any kind of movement, interaction, mutual influence of any elements in society.

Spheres of public life (subsystems)

Spheres of public life	Definition	Elements of the sphere of public life
Economic	the creation of material wealth, the production activity of society and the relations that arise in the production process.	economic benefits, economic resources, economic objects
Political	includes relations of power and subordination, management of society, the activities of state, public, political organizations.	political institutions, political organizations, political ideology, political culture
Social	the internal structure of society, social groups in it, their interaction.	social groups, social institutions, social interaction, social norms
Spiritual	includes the creation and development of spiritual goods, the development of public consciousness, science, education, religion, art.	spiritual needs, spiritual production, subjects of spiritual activity, that is, who creates spiritual values, spiritual values

EXPLANATION

The exam will be presented two types of tasks on this topic.

1. It is necessary to find out by signs what area we are talking about (remember this table).

More difficult is the second type of task, when it is necessary, after analyzing the situation, to determine the connection and interaction of which spheres of public life are represented here.

Example: The State Duma adopted the law "On Competition".

In this case, we are talking about the relationship between the political sphere (the State Duma) and the economic (the law concerns competition).

Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna

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Society is the social organization of the country, which ensures the joint life of people.

This is a part of the material world isolated from nature, which is a historically developing form of connections and relations of people in the process of their life activity.

Characteristic features of society:

1. Territory- a certain physical space in which communications are formed and developed (most often within the framework of one state).

2 .Population - a large social group with common social characteristics.

3. Autonomy and self-sufficiency.

autonomy means that society has its own territory, its own history, its own system of governance.
self-sufficiency- the ability of society to self-regulate, that is, to ensure the functioning of all vital spheres without outside interference, for example, to reproduce the size of the population.

Common history (formation, common overcoming of obstacles, solution of joint problems, common heroes)

Shared values and culture

Economy (allowing society to be self-sufficient)

Should last for 1 generation (20-25 years)

8. social structure ( a set of interconnected and interacting social communities, social institutions and relations between them)

Consistency.

System (Greek)- a whole made up of parts, a combination, a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which form a certain unity.

Society is a complex system that brings people together. They are in close unity and interrelation.

The main element of society as a system is a person who has the ability to set goals and choose the means of carrying out their activities.

Society has different subsystems.. Subsystems that are close in direction are usually called spheres human life:

· Economic (material - production): production, property, distribution of goods, money circulation, etc.)

· Political (management, politics, state, law, their correlation and functioning).

· Social (classes, social groups, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other).

· spiritual and moral (religion, science, art).

There is a close relationship between all spheres of human life. Each of these spheres, being an element of the system called "society", in turn, turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make it up. All four spheres of social life are not only interconnected, but also mutually condition each other. The division of society into spheres is somewhat arbitrary, but it helps to isolate and study individual areas of a truly integral society, a diverse and complex social life.

Public relations- a set of various connections, contacts, dependencies that arise between people (the relationship of property, power and subordination, the relationship of rights and freedoms).

Determine the role of law in the system of social regulators. Describe the main elements of the system of law.

Law is a system of generally binding rules of conduct established by the state, norms, the implementation of which is ensured by the power of state coercion.

Right is a public phenomenon. It arises as a product of society at a certain stage of its development.

Right to eat regulator of socially significant human behavior, variety of social norms. It deals with the social sphere, which includes:

b) relations between people (public relations);

c) the behavior of the subjects of public relations.

SIGNS OF LAW

general obligation; normativity; consistency; connection with the state; regulativeness.

The right is considered social regulator Social regulation is necessary because it ensures the normal functioning of society. The essence of social regulation is in influencing the behavior of people and the activities of organizations . But in addition to the social purpose, the right also has functional purpose . The functional purpose of law is best expressed in the fact that law acts as regulator of public relations .

OTHER REGULATORS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

social norm- these are, simply put, the rules of human behavior in society, so that both he and society are in agreement. But these rules do not apply to a specific person, but to all people in a given society, and they are not only general, but also mandatory. The social norms that operate in modern society are divided according to the way they are established and on the means of protecting their claims from violations .

There are the following types of social norms:

1. Law- rules of conduct that are established and protected by the state.

2. Norms of morality (ethics)- rules of conduct that are established in society in accordance with the moral ideas of people and are protected by the power of public opinion or inner conviction.

3. Corporate regulations- the rules of conduct that are established by the public organizations themselves and are protected by them.

4. Norms of customs- rules of conduct that have developed in a certain social environment and, as a result of their repeated repetition, have become a habit of people.

5. Traditions - the most generalized and stable rules of conduct that arise in a certain area of human life (family, professional, military, national and other traditions).

6. Religious norms- a kind of social norms that determines the rules of human behavior in the performance of rituals and is protected by measures of moral influence.

7. aesthetic standards- the concept of beautiful and terrible, harmonious and disharmony, proportional, awkward, etc. in the public mind.

ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM OF LAW

Structure of the legal system- this is an objectively existing internal structure of the law of a given state. The main structural elements of the system of law:

a) Law- the initial component, those "bricks" from which the entire "building" of the system of law is ultimately formed. The rule of law is always a structural element of a certain institution of law and a certain branch of law

The norm is a complex formation, structurally consisting of three elements: hypotheses, dispositions and sanctions.

-Hypothesis- part of the norm, which contains an indication of the conditions or circumstances, in the presence or absence of which the norm is implemented. For example, in the event of the birth of a child, the right to receive a lump-sum allowance for the birth of a child arises. The hypothesis here is the birth of a child.

-Disposition- this is the very rule of conduct, according to which the participants in the legal relationship must act. This part of the norm contains the rights and obligations of subjects, i.e. it determines the measure of permitted and proper behavior. In the example above, the disposition is the entitlement to benefits.

-Sanction- part of the norm, which indicates the adverse consequences arising from the violation of the disposition of the legal norm. These consequences can be of a different nature: punishment (measure of responsibility) in the form of a reprimand, a fine, arrest, imprisonment, etc.; various types of coercive measures (preventive - drive, seizure of property; protective measures - reinstatement of an illegally dismissed employee in his previous job, recovery of alimony), etc.

b) Institute of Law- this is a separate part of the branch of law, a set of legal norms that regulate a certain side of qualitatively homogeneous social relations (for example, property law, inheritance law - civil law institutions).

in) Branch of law- this is an independent part of the system of law, a set of legal norms that regulate a certain area of qualitatively homogeneous social relations (for example, civil law regulates property relations).

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Population

3. Public authority(professionally engaged in the management and protection of society (state apparatus)

4. Legislation(a system of legal norms binding on the entire population)

5. Army(protection of the population and the sovereignty of the state)

6 . The right to make mandatory taxes and fees(for the maintenance of the state apparatus, army, budget payments)

7. Legal right to legal enforcement(from various administrative, criminal penalties, restriction of freedom). To perform the functions of coercion, the state has special bodies: the army, the police, the security service, the court, the prosecutor's office.

8. Sovereignty(the right and ability to manage one's inner and outer life independently, without the intervention of some other force).

CHALLENGES OF THE ECONOMY

Economic activity is necessary in order to turn resources into the necessary economic goods, goods and services that satisfy one or another human need.

The process of transforming natural objects into commodities:

Every economic system is faced with the need to perform certain basic kinds of choice.

Among them, the following are the most important:

1 TO what goods to produce. The inability to produce as many goods as people would like is a consequence of the scarcity of the resources used to produce these goods. The need for each of these choices is dictated by limited resources.

2. How they should be produced ( For almost any product or service, there are several ways of production: manual and automatic assembly of a car; nuclear or thermal power plant). Everything depends on the availability of means of production and its efficiency.

3. Who and what work should be done. The question of who should perform what kind of work is related to the organization of the social division of labor - specialty, qualifications, etc.

4. For whom the results of this work are intended. The distribution of any given quantity of a good can be improved through an exchange that will satisfy more than one person's preferences. According to the concept of equality, all people, by the very fact of belonging to humanity, deserve to receive a portion of the goods and services produced by the economy.

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Bylaws

NLA |5. Decrees and resolutions of the Head of the LPR(Decree "On the curfew regime")

|6. Decrees and orders of the Council of Ministers of the LPR(Decree "On the approval of Sanitary rules in the forests of the Luhansk People's Republic")

|7. Acts of executive bodies of the LPR(Order of the Ministry of Justice of the LPR "On approval of forms of registration cards")

|7. NLA of local governments(Decree of the Head of the Administration of the city of Alchevsk "On the organization of work on spring sanitary cleaning and improvement of the territory of the city of Alchevsk"

|8. Local legal acts ( Order of the director of LEPLI "On the enrollment of NNN in the contingent of 10-B class" ).

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LAWS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY

In the market there is a relationship between price and demand, as well as between price and supply.

Law of supply and demand - an economic law that establishes the dependence of the magnitude of demand and supply of goods on the market on their prices.

Demand– the need of the buyer for the goods and services he needs, for the purchase of which he is willing to pay.

Demand is affected: incomes of buyers, their tastes and preferences, quantity of goods on the market, prices of goods.

The market provides an alternative at different prices. People can buy more products if their price goes down and vice versa. The higher the price of a product, the lower the demand.

Offer – the set of goods that producers are willing to sell at alternative prices.

The proposal is affected by: number of sellers in the market, manufacturing techniques, product prices, costs, taxes, number of sellers.

The higher the price, the more the supply of products from sellers increases.

When the supply of goods exceeds the demand of buyers, then there is an overstocking of the market with surplus products that do not find a market - there is a crisis of overproduction. The way out is to reduce prices (markdown of goods, seasonal sale).

The offer applies exclusively to goods produced for sale. For example, a farmer can use part of his production for his own needs (this is not an offer), and send part of it to a storage warehouse for subsequent sale or sell at the moment.

When demand exceeds supply, there is a shortage of goods.(if the money income of the population grows faster than the output of goods in demand).

Exceptions: price increases may not reduce the sale of products, and sometimes, on the contrary, stimulate. This phenomenon in the market is manifested in the conditions of expectation of price growth. The buyer strives to stock up on goods at not yet extremely high prices. For example: the expectation of a price decrease can reduce the demand for gold or foreign exchange.

In order to circumvent the law of supply and demand in the European Union, overproduction of butter is stored in warehouses, on the so-called "mountain of butter". Thus, there is an artificial containment of supply and the price remains stable.

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1. Expand the relationship between biological and social in a person. Give examples of the relationship between nature, man and society.

On June 2014, the Law of the LPR "On urgent measures of social protection of citizens living on the territory of the Lugansk People's Republic in the conditions of aggression of the armed forces and armed formations of Ukraine" was adopted

Where installed (Art. 1) lump sums families of those killed as a result of the aggression of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, wounded and shell-shocked among the civilian population, servicemen who were maimed and injured.

Established (art. 2) surcharge medical workers, students, graduate students - 25% of the salary, scholarships.

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Describe society as a complex dynamic system. Name the main areas of society.

Andrey Vladimirovich Klimenko, Veronika Viktorovna Rumynina

Social science

"Social science: Proc. allowance for schoolchildren Art. class and those entering universities”: Bustard; Moscow; 2004

annotation

The manual is intended for high school students and university entrants who are preparing to take exams for the course "Social Studies". The structure and content of the book are fully consistent with the program of entrance examinations, developed by the team of authors under the leadership of L. N. Bogolyubov and recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.

A. V. Klimenko, V. V. Rumynina

Social science

Foreword

This manual is intended to help high school students and university entrants preparing to take the exam for the course "Social Studies". It will save readers from the long and laborious work of studying a huge amount of literature.

The manual summarizes the main problems of the course of social science: society, man, knowledge, economic, social, political, legal and spiritual spheres of life in modern society. The structure and content of the manual are fully consistent with the program of entrance examinations in social studies, developed by the team of authors under the leadership of L. N. Bogolyubov and recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The sections "Economics" and "Law" are written in more detail and in detail, since it is at the law and economic faculties of Russian universities that an entrance test in social science has been introduced.

Working on the manual, the authors proceeded from the fact that high school students are well acquainted with the material of the relevant textbooks: “Man and Society” (edited by L.N. Bogolyubov and A.Yu. Lazebnikova), “Modern World” (edited by V.I. Kuptsova), "Social Science" (author - D. I. Kravchenko). Therefore, we tried not to duplicate the text of textbooks, although we followed their presentation logic.

We hope that this book will not only help you prepare for school graduation and university entrance exams, but will also be useful for self-study of the main problems of social science.

We wish you success!

Section I

SOCIETY

sample questions

1. Society as a complex dynamic system. public relations.

2. Development of views on society.

3. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society.

4. Social progress and its criteria.

5. Global problems of our time.

Society as a complex dynamic system. Public relations

The existence of people in society is characterized by various forms of life and communication. Everything that has been created in society is the result of the cumulative joint activity of many generations of people. Actually, society itself is a product of the interaction of people, it exists only where and when people are connected with each other by common interests.

In philosophical science, many definitions of the concept of "society" are offered. In a narrow sense society can be understood as a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity, as well as a specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.

In a broad sense society - it is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interaction of people and forms of their association.

In philosophical science, society is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable of seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty. The system is understood as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, an element is some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.

To analyze complex systems, like the one that society represents, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.

1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution;

2) social, consisting of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other;

3) political, including politics, the state, law, their correlation and functioning;

4) spiritual, covering various forms and levels of social consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of the life of society, form what is commonly called spiritual culture.

Each of these spheres, being an element of the system called "society", in turn, turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make it up. All four spheres of social life are not only interconnected, but also mutually condition each other. The division of society into spheres is somewhat arbitrary, but it helps to isolate and study individual areas of a truly integral society, a diverse and complex social life.

Sociologists offer several classifications of society. Societies are:

a) pre-written and written;

b) simple and complex (the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of a society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, and in complex societies there are several levels of management and several social strata of the population, arranged from top to bottom in descending order of income);

c) society of primitive hunters and gatherers, traditional (agrarian) society, industrial society and post-industrial society;

d) primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and communist society.

In Western scientific literature in the 1960s. the division of all societies into traditional and industrial became widespread (at the same time, capitalism and socialism were considered as two varieties of industrial society).

The German sociologist F. Tennis, the French sociologist R. Aron, and the American economist W. Rostow made a great contribution to the formation of this concept.

The traditional (agrarian) society represented the pre-industrial stage of civilizational development. All societies of antiquity and the Middle Ages were traditional. Their economy was dominated by subsistence agriculture and primitive handicrafts. Extensive technology and hand tools predominated, initially providing economic progress. In his production activities, man sought to adapt to the environment as much as possible, obeyed the rhythms of nature. Property relations were characterized by the dominance of communal, corporate, conditional, state forms of ownership. Private property was neither sacred nor inviolable. The distribution of material wealth, the product produced depended on the position of a person in the social hierarchy. The social structure of a traditional society is corporate by class, stable and immovable. There was virtually no social mobility: a person was born and died, remaining in the same social group. The main social units were the community and the family. Human behavior in society was regulated by corporate norms and principles, customs, beliefs, unwritten laws. Providentialism dominated the public consciousness: social reality, human life were perceived as the implementation of divine providence.

The spiritual world of a person of a traditional society, his system of value orientations, way of thinking are special and noticeably different from modern ones. Individuality, independence were not encouraged: the social group dictated the norms of behavior to the individual. One can even speak of a “group man” who did not analyze his position in the world, and indeed rarely analyzed the phenomena of the surrounding reality. Rather, he moralizes, evaluates life situations from the standpoint of his social group. The number of educated people was extremely limited (“literacy for the few”) oral information prevailed over written information. The political sphere of traditional society is dominated by the church and the army. The person is completely alienated from politics. Power seems to him of greater value than law and law. In general, this society is extremely conservative, stable, immune to innovations and impulses from outside, being a "self-sustaining self-regulating immutability." Changes in it occur spontaneously, slowly, without the conscious intervention of people. The spiritual sphere of human existence is a priority over the economic one.

Traditional societies have survived to this day mainly in the countries of the so-called "third world" (Asia, Africa) (therefore, the concept of "non-Western civilizations", which also claims to be well-known sociological generalizations, is often synonymous with "traditional society"). From a Eurocentric point of view, traditional societies are backward, primitive, closed, unfree social organisms, to which Western sociology opposes industrial and post-industrial civilizations.

As a result of modernization, understood as a complex, contradictory, complex process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one, the foundations of a new civilization were laid in the countries of Western Europe. They call her industrial, technogenic, scientific and technical or economic. The economic base of an industrial society is industry based on machine technology. The volume of fixed capital increases, long-term average costs per unit of output decrease. In agriculture, labor productivity rises sharply, natural isolation is destroyed. An extensive economy is replaced by an intensive one, and simple reproduction is replaced by an expanded one. All these processes take place through the implementation of the principles and structures of a market economy, based on scientific and technological progress. A person is freed from direct dependence on nature, partially subordinates it to himself. Stable economic growth is accompanied by an increase in real per capita income. If the pre-industrial period is filled with the fear of hunger and disease, then the industrial society is characterized by an increase in the well-being of the population. In the social sphere of an industrial society, traditional structures and social barriers are also collapsing. Social mobility is significant. As a result of the development of agriculture and industry, the share of the peasantry in the population is sharply reduced, and urbanization is taking place. New classes appear - the industrial proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the middle strata are strengthened. The aristocracy is in decline.

In the spiritual sphere, there is a significant transformation of the value system. The man of the new society is autonomous within the social group, guided by his personal interests. Individualism, rationalism (a person analyzes the world around him and makes decisions on this basis) and utilitarianism (a person acts not in the name of some global goals, but for a certain benefit) are new systems of personality coordinates. There is a secularization of consciousness (liberation from direct dependence on religion). A person in an industrial society strives for self-development, self-improvement. Global changes are also taking place in the political sphere. The role of the state is growing sharply, and a democratic regime is gradually taking shape. Law and law dominate in society, and a person is involved in power relations as an active subject.

A number of sociologists somewhat refine the above scheme. From their point of view, the main content of the modernization process is in changing the model (stereotype) of behavior, in the transition from irrational (characteristic of a traditional society) to rational (characteristic of an industrial society) behavior. The economic aspects of rational behavior include the development of commodity-money relations, which determines the role of money as a general equivalent of values, the displacement of barter transactions, the wide scope of market operations, etc. The most important social consequence of modernization is the change in the principle of distribution of roles. Previously, society imposed sanctions on social choice, limiting the possibility of a person occupying certain social positions depending on his belonging to a certain group (origin, pedigree, nationality). After modernization, a rational principle of distribution of roles is approved, in which the main and only criterion for taking a particular position is the candidate's preparedness to perform these functions.

Thus, industrial civilization opposes traditional society in all directions. The majority of modern industrialized countries (including Russia) are classified as industrial societies.

But modernization gave rise to many new contradictions, which eventually turned into global problems (environmental, energy and other crises). By resolving them, progressively developing, some modern societies are approaching the stage of a post-industrial society, the theoretical parameters of which were developed in the 1970s. American sociologists D. Bell, E. Toffler and others. This society is characterized by the promotion of the service sector, the individualization of production and consumption, an increase in the share of small-scale production with the loss of dominant positions by mass production, the leading role of science, knowledge and information in society. In the social structure of post-industrial society, there is an erasure of class differences, and the convergence of the incomes of various groups of the population leads to the elimination of social polarization and the growth of the share of the middle class. The new civilization can be characterized as anthropogenic, in the center of it is man, his individuality. Sometimes it is also called informational, which reflects the ever-increasing dependence of the daily life of society on information. The transition to a post-industrial society for most countries of the modern world is a very distant prospect.

In the course of his activity, a person enters into various relationships with other people. Such diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them), are usually called social relations.

All social relations can be conditionally divided into two large groups - material relations and spiritual (or ideal) relations. Their fundamental difference from each other lies in the fact that material relations arise and develop directly in the course of a person’s practical activity, outside the consciousness of a person and independently of him, and spiritual relations are formed, having previously “passed through the consciousness” of people, determined by their spiritual values. In turn, material relations are divided into production, environmental and office relations; spiritual on moral, political, legal, artistic, philosophical and religious social relations.

A special type of social relations are interpersonal relations. Interpersonal relationships are relationships between individuals. At In this case, individuals, as a rule, belong to different social strata, have different cultural and educational levels, but they are united by common needs and interests in the sphere of leisure or everyday life. The well-known sociologist Pitirim Sorokin identified the following types interpersonal interaction:

a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);

b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);

c) between four, five or more people (the singer and his listeners);

d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).

Interpersonal relations arise and are realized in society and are social relations even if they are in the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.

1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution;

2) social, consisting of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other;

3) political, including politics, the state, law, their correlation and functioning;

4) spiritual, covering various forms and levels of social consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of the life of society, form what is commonly called spiritual culture.

Sociologists offer several classifications of society. Societies are:

a) pre-written and written;

c) society of primitive hunters and gatherers, traditional (agrarian) society, industrial society and post-industrial society;

d) primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and communist society.

The German sociologist F. Tennis, the French sociologist R. Aron, and the American economist W. Rostow made a great contribution to the formation of this concept.

As a result of modernization, understood as a complex, contradictory, complex process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one, the foundations of a new civilization were laid in the countries of Western Europe. They call her industrial, technogenic, scientific and technical or economic. The economic base of an industrial society is industry based on machine technology. The volume of fixed capital increases, long-term average costs per unit of output decrease. In agriculture, labor productivity rises sharply, natural isolation is destroyed. An extensive economy is replaced by an intensive one, and simple reproduction is replaced by an expanded one. All these processes occur through the implementation of the principles and structures of a market economy, based on scientific and technological progress. A person is freed from direct dependence on nature, partially subordinates it to himself. Stable economic growth is accompanied by an increase in real per capita income. If the pre-industrial period is filled with the fear of hunger and disease, then the industrial society is characterized by an increase in the well-being of the population. In the social sphere of an industrial society, traditional structures and social barriers are also collapsing. Social mobility is significant. As a result of the development of agriculture and industry, the share of the peasantry in the population is sharply reduced, and urbanization is taking place. New classes appear - the industrial proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the middle strata are strengthened. The aristocracy is in decline.

In the spiritual sphere, there is a significant transformation of the value system. The man of the new society is autonomous within the social group, guided by his personal interests. Individualism, rationalism (a person analyzes the world around him and makes decisions on this basis) and utilitarianism (a person acts not in the name of some global goals, but for a certain benefit) are new personal coordinate systems. There is a secularization of consciousness (liberation from direct dependence on religion). A person in an industrial society strives for self-development, self-improvement. Global changes are also taking place in the political sphere. The role of the state is growing sharply, and a democratic regime is gradually taking shape. Law and law dominate in society, and a person is involved in power relations as an active subject.

Thus, industrial civilization opposes traditional society in all directions. The majority of modern industrialized countries (including Russia) are classified as industrial societies.

a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);

b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);

c) between four, five or more people (the singer and his listeners);

d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).

| |

In philosophical science, many definitions of the concept of "society" are offered. In a narrow sense society can be understood as a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity, as well as a specific stage in the historical development of any people or country.

In a broad sense society -- it is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interaction of people and forms of their association.

1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution;
2) social, consisting of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other;
3) political, including politics, the state, law, their correlation and functioning;
4) spiritual, covering various forms and levels of social consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of the life of society, form what is commonly called spiritual culture.

Sociologists offer several classifications of society. Societies are:

a) pre-written and written;
b) simple and complex (the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of a society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, and in complex societies there are several levels of management and several social strata of the population, arranged from top to bottom in descending order of income);
c) society of primitive hunters and gatherers, traditional (agrarian) society, industrial society and post-industrial society;
d) primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and communist society.

The German sociologist F. Tennis, the French sociologist R. Aron, and the American economist W. Rostow made a great contribution to the formation of this concept.

The spiritual world of a person in a traditional society, his system of value orientations, way of thinking are special and noticeably different from modern ones. Individuality, independence were not encouraged: the social group dictated the norms of behavior to the individual. One can even speak of a “group man” who did not analyze his position in the world, and indeed rarely analyzed the phenomena of the surrounding reality. Rather, he moralizes, evaluates life situations from the standpoint of his social group. The number of educated people was extremely limited (“literacy for the few”) oral information prevailed over written information. The political sphere of traditional society is dominated by the church and the army. The person is completely alienated from politics. Power seems to him of greater value than law and law. In general, this society is extremely conservative, stable, immune to innovations and impulses from outside, being a "self-sustaining self-regulating immutability." Changes in it occur spontaneously, slowly, without the conscious intervention of people. The spiritual sphere of human existence is a priority over the economic one.

As a result of modernization, understood as a complex, contradictory, complex process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one, the foundations of a new civilization were laid in the countries of Western Europe. They call her industrial, technogenic, scientific_technical or economic. The economic base of an industrial society is industry based on machine technology. The volume of fixed capital increases, long-term average costs per unit of output decrease. In agriculture, labor productivity rises sharply, natural isolation is destroyed. An extensive economy is replaced by an intensive one, and simple reproduction is replaced by an expanded one. All these processes occur through the implementation of the principles and structures of a market economy, based on scientific and technological progress. A person is freed from direct dependence on nature, partially subordinates it to himself. Stable economic growth is accompanied by an increase in real per capita income. If the pre-industrial period is filled with the fear of hunger and disease, then the industrial society is characterized by an increase in the well-being of the population. In the social sphere of an industrial society, traditional structures and social barriers are also collapsing. Social mobility is significant. As a result of the development of agriculture and industry, the share of the peasantry in the population is sharply reduced, and urbanization is taking place. New classes appear - the industrial proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the middle strata are strengthened. The aristocracy is in decline.

In the spiritual sphere, there is a significant transformation of the value system. The man of the new society is autonomous within the social group, guided by his personal interests. Individualism, rationalism (a person analyzes the world around him and makes decisions on this basis) and utilitarianism (a person does not act in the name of some global goals, but for a certain benefit) are new systems of personality coordinates. There is a secularization of consciousness (liberation from direct dependence on religion). A person in an industrial society strives for self-development, self-improvement. Global changes are also taking place in the political sphere. The role of the state is growing sharply, and a democratic regime is gradually taking shape. Law and law dominate in society, and a person is involved in power relations as an active subject.

Thus, industrial civilization opposes traditional society in all directions. The majority of modern industrialized countries (including Russia) are classified as industrial societies.

a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);
b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);
c) between four, five or more people (the singer and his listeners);
d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).

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Society as a dynamic system. Society as a complex dynamic system

Spheres of public life (subsystems)

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