home > Mathematics

Object and subject of social work. Subjects of social work

As an object of social work in its broad interpretation are all people, the entire population. This is explained by the fact that the life of people, all strata and groups of the population depends on those conditions that are largely determined by the level of development of society, the state of the social sphere, the content of social policy, and the possibilities of its implementation.
However, the population is structured for various reasons. And it distinguishes such people, such groups and strata, who find themselves in a difficult life situation, when they can either completely solve me, or only partially can solve the social and other problems that have arisen before them.
Therefore, when considering this issue, it is necessary to expand the interpretation of the object.
1. The first group of objects of social work are groups of the population that find themselves in a difficult life situation. When they talk about practical social work, they primarily mean the provision of assistance, support, social security (health, deviant behavior, old age, the disadvantaged situation of families and other categories of citizens, homelessness, orphanhood, etc.)
2. The second most important group of objects of social work are various spheres of people's life.
. The sphere of production, production and social infrastructure (environment, environment, the process of creating wealth, industries that serve this area, the population, etc.).
. Urban, rural, and intermediate forms of settlement. It is important to take into account the size of settlements, the concentration of the population in them, the level of development of productive forces, types of production, saturation with cultural and community facilities, improvement, development of transport, means of communication, etc.
. Health sector - the system, public and private institutions, ongoing health care activities, etc.
. The sphere of education, which includes all types and forms of education, training and retraining of personnel, and the corresponding infrastructure.
. Sphere of science (research institutes and laboratories, institutions, teams, scientists).
. Cultural and leisure sphere - part of non-working time used for recreation and entertainment.
. Power structures (units protecting the state from external hostile forces and opposition within the country).
. The penitentiary system is a correctional labor institution.
. Socio-ethnic environment.
. The sphere of consumer services.
Thus, the object of social work is specific areas of people's life, all people (in a broad interpretation), individuals and groups in need of constant help (in a narrow interpretation), who find themselves in a difficult life situation.
Subjects.
All functions of helping the needy are performed by the subject of social work. The subject includes all those people and organizations that conduct and manage social work. This is the state as a whole that implements social policy. These are charitable organizations, relief societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. These are public organizations: Children's Fund. VI Lenina, Russian Association of Social Services. Association of social educators and social workers. Union of Officers, etc.
But the main subject of social work is, of course, not organizations, not associations, but people engaged in social work professionally or on a voluntary basis.

The objects of social work arise and are formed objectively, under the influence of socio-economic conditions of life, but are formed by political and other social institutions, i.e. are an add-on.

An object is a part of objective reality that interacts with a subject.

Consider the content of the concept of the object of social work. These are people who need help: old people; pensioners; disabled people; seriously ill; children; people who find themselves in a difficult life situation; teenagers who find themselves in bad company, etc.

There are several tens of millions of such people in Russia. It should be remembered that each of these tens of millions of people with their own personality, with their own mindset and complex biography. This requires a sense of tact, compassion, patience, and the ability to understand the problem of another person from the social worker.

Thus, the object of social work is all people. Scientists offer the following classification of objects of social work:

1. The state of health does not allow you to solve life problems on your own.

2. Service and work in extreme social conditions (war veterans, widows and mothers of servicemen).

3. Elderly, retirement age of people.

4. Deviant behavior in its various forms and types (children of deviant behavior; children experiencing adult violence; persons who have returned from places of deprivation of liberty; use drugs or alcohol in the family).

5. The difficult, unfavorable situation of various categories of families (orphans, families with many children, parents who have not reached the age of majority, conflict families).

6. The special situation of children (orphanhood, vagrancy, neglected children).

7. Vagrancy, homelessness (without a fixed place of residence).

8. Legal status of persons subjected to political repressions.

The subjects of social work are the people and organizations that conduct and manage social work.

The main subject of social work are people engaged in social work professionally and on a voluntary basis. There are not so many professional workers, there are approximately 550 thousand of them in the world. These people have diplomas, they are officially assigned the specialty "Social worker". The main load is performed by non-professional workers. In Sweden, there are 3.5 thousand professional workers and 46.5 thousand non-professional workers in three large cities.

Among social workers, organizers or managers and practical social workers are distinguished.

Therefore, the subjects of social work can be:

1. Organizations, institutions, social institutions, societies:

- a state with legislative, executive and judicial powers of different levels. These are the Ministry of Health and Social Development, as well as the executive bodies for managing social work (territories, regions, republics, cities);

- various social services: territorial centers of social assistance to families and children; social rehabilitation centers for minors; social shelters for children and teenagers; telephone counseling centers.

2. Public, charitable and other organizations and institutions:

- trade unions, branches of the Children's Fund, Red Cross societies, private social services.

Non-state charitable organizations in Russia are: the Moscow House of Mercy, charitable organizations "Complicity", "The Soul of Man" (Moscow), the Refugee Assistance Association (St. organizations."

3. People engaged in practical social work professionally or on a voluntary basis.

There are about 500 thousand professional social workers in the world, and those engaged in social work on a voluntary basis are considered to be when one social worker serves 10-15 people.

4. Teachers, as well as those who contribute to the consolidation of knowledge and skills in social work (practitioners where students practice).

5. Researchers of social work of the department of universities, laboratories, postgraduate studies.

Functions of social work

- diagnostic - making a social diagnosis;

- prognostic - forecasting and development of a model of social behavior of objects;

- preventive and preventive (or socio-therapeutic) organization of social, medical, legal assistance;

- human rights - the use of legal and legal norms to provide assistance, support and protection of the population;

- socio-pedagogical function - identifying the interests of people in various activities;

- socio-medical function - organization of work on disease prevention, nutrition, family planning, occupational therapy, healthy lifestyle;

- social function - providing assistance to the elderly, the disabled, improving their living conditions and organizing a normal life;

- communicative function - organizing the exchange of information, the inclusion of various authorities in the activities of social services;

- organizational function - the direction of the activities of social services to provide various types of assistance and social services to the population.


Similar information.


Traditionally, the social sphere is seen as a space for social work. And this has its reasons. In this chapter, without removing the question of characterizing it as a specified space, the author tries to consider the social sphere as an object of social work. At the same time, we must immediately make a reservation that aspects of the social sphere are closely interconnected, intersect, although, in our opinion, they are not identical.

When delimiting (differentiating) the objects of social work, one should proceed from a broad interpretation of the object. That is, the object is taken in its entirety, it is interpreted from the general scientific, philosophical and subject-sociological points of view. In this sense, the object is considered, firstly, as a philosophical category denoting an objective reality, an external world that exists outside our consciousness and independently of a person; secondly, as an object, a phenomenon to which human activity is directed; thirdly, as an enterprise, institution, place of business, location.

Since social work is such a branch of knowledge in which an empirical, applied component occupies a significant place, it is important to interpret the object from the point of view of sociological research as a carrier of a particular social problem, as a specific area of ​​social reality, a sphere of activity of the subject of public life.

Taking into account the above, groups of objects of social work are determined.

The first group includes groups of the population that found themselves in a difficult life situation. Their characteristics, taking into account the possible classification (according to the state of health, service and work in extreme social conditions, forms and types of deviant behavior, etc.), are given in a number of the author's works.

The second group of objects of social work includes the entire population, all its groups and strata. It must be borne in mind that every person at any time, at any period of his life needs the full satisfaction of his needs and interests. At the same time, in each sphere of his life activity they can be satisfied unevenly. The rich need to maintain and improve their health, in a more relaxed environment, without stress. A healthy person can be poor and not be able to realize their diverse healthy attitudes. In any family, intermarriage or parent-child relationships can become aggravated. Children, teenagers, old people always need protection. This is especially characteristic of the conditions of the crisis state of society. Thus, each person needs to some extent in support, help, protection.

The vital activity of all strata and groups of the population depends on conditions that are largely predetermined by the level of development of society, the state of the social sphere, the content of social policy, and the possibilities for its implementation. Therefore, with good reason, it is possible (and necessary) to include the spheres of life of a person, group, layer, community as an object of social work. Bearing in mind the first group of objects of social work, we interpret it in the narrow sense of the word. In the second and especially in the third cases, it is understood in a broad sense - as not only a solution to everyday problems, but also the prevention of acute social problems on a global scale (unemployment, poverty, various social diseases, the most acute forms of deviant behavior, problems of socialization of a person, groups, communities).

When characterizing the spheres of life as elements of society, it is important to take into account the understanding of human society in both a broad and a narrow sense.

Naturally, all spheres of social life are closely interconnected, permeate, penetrate each other. Their singling out in a certain sense is conditional, at the same time justified and useful, since it makes it possible to more clearly and vividly present their essence and features. In this regard, the social sphere is unique, it is it that represents an alloy, an organic combination, a combination, a unity of the social aspects of all spheres of public life. That is why, in the context of the topic, we are primarily interested in the essence, content and features of the social sphere as the most important object of social work.

The reasons for the actualization of the state and development of the social sphere in modern conditions are very diverse. Among them, one can single out factors of both a global, fundamental, and private, one might say regional, nature.

First of all, it is the level of development of human society as a whole. In the XX century. and the beginning of the XXI century. it is the position in society of a person, the satisfaction of his urgent needs and interests that come to the fore. The reasons for this are the achieved level of social production, the development of productive forces, culture, and man himself.

At the same time, it was precisely this achieved level of development of society that posed extremely acutely, as never before, the issues of the relationship between nature and society, the preservation and improvement of the natural human environment; population problems due to the exhaustibility of the planet's natural resources, redistribution (more equitable) of material and other resources between continents, groups of countries, north and south, human health problems and other problems of survival, human security.

This situation in each individual country is determined, on the one hand, by the problems facing humanity as a whole, and on the other hand, by the situation that has developed in a particular country.

The social sphere is an extremely important area of ​​the life of human society, in which the social policy of the state is implemented through the distribution of material and spiritual benefits, ensuring the progress of all aspects of social life, and improving the position of the working person. The social sphere covers the system of social, socio-economic, socio-ethnic relations, ties between society and the individual. It also includes a set of social factors in the life of public, social and other groups and individuals, the conditions for their development. The social sphere covers the entire space of a person's life - from the conditions of his work and life, health and leisure to social-class and socio-ethnic relations. The content of the social sphere is the relationship between social and other groups, individuals about their position, place and role in society, lifestyle and way of life.

The structure of the social sphere includes the following components: a) social activity; b) the social structure of society;

c) social infrastructure; d) social relations in the proper or narrow sense.

Let us briefly explain the content of each of these components.

Generally activity - it is a way of existence and development of social reality, a manifestation of social activity, purposeful reflection and transformation of the surrounding world. The main features of the activity are consciousness (goal setting), productivity, social character. Given this characteristic social activity focused on the social sphere as a whole, on the implementation of the social aspects of all other activities. A particular manifestation of it is social work aimed at providing assistance, social support, social protection of people, creating normal conditions for their life.

The social structure of society as a component of the social sphere (but not only it) is a set of stable and orderly links between objectively existing social classes, social and other groups, strata and communities of people. It is worth emphasizing that the social structure reflects the differentiation of society into groups that are socially different from each other to one degree or another. In connection with this and the essence of social work, it is important to isolate those groups and strata of the population that occupy a special position in the social structure due to the situation (disability, old age, illness, low income, etc.) in which they find themselves, that situation which requires the use of a wide variety of technologies of social work with them.

social infrastructure as a component of the social sphere, it is material and material elements that provide the conditions for human life in society - in the industrial, political and spiritual areas, in the family, in everyday life. This is a combination of such industries as science, education, healthcare, trade, public catering, consumer services, housing and communal services, transport, communications, etc.

Social relations in the proper sense as a component of the social sphere, these are objectively developing relations between people regarding the social status, lifestyle of people, their groups and strata, their equality (social) and inequality in society, the implementation of the principles of social justice, the degree of satisfaction of material, spiritual and other needs of people, conditions for the existence and development of an individual, group, class. Ultimately, the essence of this component of the social sphere can be specified as an opportunity (for each person, group, stratum) of access to values, goods and services, guarantees and rights of the individual, working conditions of a person, life, leisure, health, the ability to determine the choice of profession and place residence, participation in management, social and professional advancement and movement (mobility).

The state and development of the social sphere at the present stage of human society are associated with the process of globalization. Globalization in its current state, on the one hand, contributes to the development of the social sphere, and on the other hand, it slows down, hinders its development and functioning, especially in separate enclaves represented by underdeveloped, developing countries. Suffice it to say that, due to unequal exchange, price scissors, and other reasons, the ratio of the per capita income gap between industrialized and developing countries is more than 10. dollars Residents of Russia, for example, are now 40 times poorer than Americans. The poverty threshold in the country is $38 per month, while in the US it is $1,500.

Such a situation, of course, cannot continue indefinitely. It is the desire to maintain the current situation in developed countries at the expense of the majority of the world's population that determines the irrepressible aggressiveness of the United States and its allies. The events of September 2001 in the USA show that there will be no reconciliation on the current economic and social basis of rich and poor countries.

The state of the social sphere in the current conditions of Russia is alarming. The state of the social sphere, the living standards of the country's population depend on many factors, but above all on the degree of development of the country's economy. And it is currently socially (in the interests of the majority of the population) is not oriented. The social sphere does not have a proper economic base. Gross domestic product for the 90s. 20th century almost halved. In terms of annual GDP production in 1987, Russia ranked 5th among the leading countries (after the USA, Japan, China and Germany), in the late 90s. - only 13th place.

Per capita food consumption has dropped sharply. The country's food security has been undermined. According to various sources, food imports account for almost 40-50% (and even higher in large cities) of food consumed.

According to the index developed by UN experts, which takes into account not only the level of gross national product per capita, but also life expectancy, its quality, the level of medical care and education of the population, Russia in the mid-90s. 20th century occupied the 37th place in the world community

(below Barbados, Uruguay, Trinidad and Tobago, the Bahamas), and some former Soviet republics are even lower. At the beginning of the XXI century. Unfortunately, the situation has not changed radically.

The current Russian state does not care about social infrastructure as the most important component of the social sphere. This is especially true for the village. Funds are not allocated for the construction of new communications and buildings, for the repair of old ones, schools and post offices in rural areas are closed, which is contrary to the law (this requires the consent of the majority of residents). Shops are closed in many villages, people have nowhere to buy the most necessary things. Sometimes it is not possible to call an ambulance due to the lack of telephone communication (there is no money for repairs). In fact, many villages and towns are dying out.

In the North, in remote areas, thousands of towns and villages remain in winter without electricity, gas, medical care, and bus service.

Compared with the budget of the RSFSR in Russia in the 1990s. less money was invested: in medicine and physical culture - by 3.2 times; in education - in 3.5; culture and art - in 4.1; in science - 6.2 times, in defense - 5.5 times. The situation has not changed radically in the first decade of the 21st century.

  • purchasing power of the national currency (ruble). For 1975-1985 inflation was 30%, for 1989-1999. over 1,000,000% (absolute peacetime record);
  • affordable prices for the most important goods and services: public transport in the city - 5 kopecks. (now 5-8 rubles or more); conversation from a street payphone - 2 kopecks. (now 4 rubles); a decent lunch in a cafe - 1 rub. (now 50-70 rubles); bath - 20 kop. (50 rubles). For the most important goods and services, the growth over the past 10 years has amounted to 20-50 times;
  • elementary social justice and stability. The maximum wage gap was 5 times (now - tens and hundreds of times);
  • social guarantees: the purchasing power of salaries, pensions, allowances, scholarships (now, according to official data, it is 5-10%, in fact, 2-3 times more); protection of childhood and motherhood; free housing, the opportunity for everyone to be treated and rest, to receive an education;
  • confidence in the future: protection from unemployment, from the arbitrariness of the employer, safety on the street, at home, in transport, in the forest, etc.; from banking and other "pyramids", etc.; from socially dangerous diseases. These indicators have deteriorated and are deteriorating due to the natural disasters that befell Russia in the summer of 2010 - fires. The fundamental change in the situation in the country depends on many factors. First of all, measures are needed to overcome the systemic crisis, develop the real economy, change social policy in the interests of the majority of the population. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. special attention should be paid to the issue of creating a single social space within the framework of the CIS, which could greatly contribute to the development of the social sphere of the peoples of all countries of the former Soviet Union, strengthening the social security of citizens of the CIS countries. The creation of a single social space involves the adoption of a number of specific measures in the social sphere. These measures include: settlement of problems of employment of workers in the territory of the member states of the Commonwealth; determination of reasonable proportions between the minimum pension and wages; determination of the main parameters of social security; ensuring guarantees of compensation payments to the least socially protected categories of the population, including payments of pensions earned by citizens of one CIS country in other Commonwealth countries; adoption of coordinated measures to ensure targeted social assistance, benefits for the low-income, sources of their financing and charity; development of a unified approach to the establishment of benefits and guarantees throughout the CIS for disabled veterans of the Second World War, "Afghans", etc.; ensuring social rights and guarantees for military personnel (both those who are in military service and those who have completed it) throughout the territory of the former Union; coordination and convergence of the systems of national economic and criminal legislation of the CIS countries, unification of legal norms and standards, which will help increase the effectiveness of the struggle for law and order, curb crime; putting into effect uniform norms and standards for environmental protection, agreed requirements in the field of ecology (legal assistance in civil and family rights, resolving on a parity basis legal issues affecting the interests of citizens of various states of the former USSR, solving problems of refugees, etc.).

The implementation of these measures, as well as the national projects being implemented by the government (on housing, agriculture, education and health care) can, hopefully, significantly improve the state of the country's social sphere.

A single object of social work - the social sphere - can be specified by highlighting its constituent parts. This is important for understanding how, in what way it is possible to influence them, that is, to apply various technologies.

The components of the social sphere are very diverse. Among them, the most important are:

  • sphere of production, industrial and social infrastructure. This area includes the environment, environment, the process of creating material and other benefits; a complex of branches of the economy serving industrial and agricultural production, as well as the population; material elements that provide the conditions for life in society - in the industrial, political and spiritual spheres, in the family and everyday life;
  • urban and rural, as well as intermediate forms of settlement. From the point of view of social policy and social work in this area of ​​human life, it is important to take into account the size of settlements, the concentration of population in them, the level of development of productive forces, types of production (industrial, agricultural, etc.), saturation with cultural and community facilities, improvement, development of transport , means of communication, etc.;
  • healthcare- a system of public, private and mixed enterprises and institutions that carry out activities to protect health, prevent and treat diseases and prolong human life;
  • the sphere of education, including all types and forms of education, training and retraining of personnel - from kindergartens to higher educational institutions, as well as the corresponding infrastructure;
  • the field of science - the area of ​​life carried out by research institutes and laboratories, research centers, design bureaus and other institutions, teams and individual scientists and aimed at obtaining, substantiating and systematizing objective knowledge about the phenomena and processes occurring in nature and society;
  • sphere of culture - includes the subject results of people's activities (machines, structures, works of art, etc.), as well as human strengths and abilities implemented in activities (knowledge, skills, intelligence, moral and aesthetic development, worldview, ways and forms of communication of people);
  • cultural and leisure sphere- part of non-working time used for recreation and entertainment (visiting cultural institutions and mass spectacles, games, dancing, reading, etc.), creative and amateur activities, physical education and sports, as well as the entire infrastructure for organizing recreation and entertainment, creative and amateur activities;
  • power structures of society - include the army, navy, border units, militia (police), OMON and other power units that protect the state from external hostile forces and opposition within the country. This also includes, of course, the entire infrastructure of power units, designed to ensure the performance of the relevant functions of power structures;
  • penitentiary system - correctional labor institutions in which people who have committed an offense or a crime are serving their sentences, as well as activities for the implementation of punishments and correction (positive socialization) of the punished;
  • socio-ethnic environment - in a broad sense, this is a socio-political system as a whole, in which a socio-ethnic community functions (operates, develops): the social division of labor, the mode (methods) of production, the totality of social relations and institutions, public consciousness, the culture of a given society (community). In a narrow sense, the socio-ethnic environment means the immediate environment of a socio-ethnic community, group, stratum, their individual representatives (family, family and domestic relations, labor and settlement collectives, various groups of people of a social and socio-ethnic nature);

the sphere of consumer services for the population - part of the service sector, the provision of non-production and production services (housing repair, dry cleaning of things, tailoring and repair of clothes, shoes, car maintenance, rental, services of baths, hairdressers, laundries, photo studios, repair of household appliances, etc.) by relevant institutions and enterprises.

In each of these areas as objects of social work, taking into account their specifics, the issues of creating normal conditions for work and recreation, providing medical and other assistance, support, social protection of people working in these areas, as well as all groups, strata of the population, directly or indirectly related to these areas. Ultimately, we are talking about creating, through the implementation of social measures, optimal conditions for life, positive socialization of people, their various groups and strata.

Thus, from the above characteristics of the social sphere, we can make a reasonable conclusion that it really is the space, and the social one, in which social work is carried out in all its aspects and directions. Wherein social space interpreted in both a broad and a narrow sense. In a broad sense, it is a socially developed part of natural wealth as a habitat for people, a spatial and territorial aspect of the life of society and the objective world of man, a characteristic of the social structure of society in terms of the “location” of social groups and strata, conditions and opportunities for their development. The elements of the social space are the directly surrounding nature, civil society, the state, regions, national and other socio-ethnic subjects of management, labor and domestic associations. The social space can be attributed to everything that directly ensures the protection of the social interests of a person, the realization of the social needs of citizens, motivates or blocks the disclosure of the essential forces of a person, society. Therefore, it is very important to preserve the natural space that provides the necessary reproduction of mankind.

In a narrow sense, social space means an essential characteristic of the conditions and opportunities for the social development of individuals, groups, organizations, determined by their place in the system of production relations and derived factors (education, free time, etc.).

Naturally, these two components of the social space are organically linked. Their content is predetermined by the level of development of human society as a whole, the stage at which it is located, the state of a particular society in a particular country. Such an understanding of the social space, determined by the content of the social sphere, determines the interpretation of social work in a broad and narrow sense, the possibility and necessity of the technologies used to solve social problems of people.

Considering the social sphere as an object of social work, we mean its understanding in a broad sense. Based on this, in the context of globalization, an important place should be occupied not only by the analysis of social protection, support and assistance of the population in relation to certain groups (especially socially vulnerable), but first of all, the introduction of social work technologies in various spheres of people's life (spheres of production, healthcare, education , cultures, urban and rural forms of settlement, etc.).

Globalization is an objective process of internationalization associated with the emergence and necessity (whether we like it or not) of solving the global problems of our time (ensuring lasting peace, preventing thermonuclear war, preserving the natural environment, guaranteed provision of the inhabitants of the Earth with food, energy resources, etc.) , i.e., problems associated with the social protection of people on a globalized scale.

Thus, in the theory of social work, the emphasis is not only on patterns of an internal nature (within the framework of national-state formations), which are mainly discussed in textbooks, but also on patterns that go beyond individual countries and peoples. These include, in particular, the coordination of actions of international and regional organizations, individual states and peoples (large and small) and their groups, the observance of the interests of each of them in the positive resolution of the global problems indicated above, not at the expense of others, but in the interests of all. Thus, in the context of globalization, both the objects and subjects of social work are objectively expanding, they go beyond the framework of national-state formations.

It seems that in the future (such a trend is already being formed, especially in “social” states), more and more attention will be paid to the implementation of social work, understood in a broad sense - as an activity to prevent, prevent (at least massive) “social diseases” (unemployment , drug addiction, other forms of deviant behavior), for the social protection of all people by providing energy, food resources, etc. Thus, social work should be more proactive, proactive, and preventive.

In this regard, more and more attention should be paid not only to clients (individuals, groups, layers), but also to the normal development of certain areas of public life as objects of social work.

However, the ratio of these two sides of a single process - social work in a broad and narrow sense - will depend on the state of peace on Earth, on the normalization, humanization of relations between countries and peoples, the predominance of certain (positive or negative) elements in the process of globalization.

As for Russia, the theory and practice of social work will largely develop or, on the contrary, be hampered depending on socio-political and socio-economic changes in society.

The theory of social work in our country will be enriched through the development of scientific, educational and practical activities not only in Russia, but also through theoretical and practical achievements in the field of social work abroad.

In the context of the predominance of the positive aspects of globalization, social work will acquire a clearer social, humanistic character.

Probably, over time, the interdisciplinary nature of social work will lose its significance due to a clearer definition of its objects and subjects. At the same time, the process of enriching the theory of social work on the basis of the development of scientific and educational disciplines close to it is not excluded.

Social work as a science and educational process can take one of the central places in the system of social disciplines and social education.

  • See: A Brief Dictionary of Modern Concepts and Terms. 2nd ed. - M.: Respublika, 1995. S. 285.
  • See: Social work: theory and practice. Textbook, allowance. - M.: INFRA-M, 2001. pp. 14-15; Pavlenok P.D. Theory, history and methodology of social work: Textbook, manual. - M.: Dashkov i K, 2003-2010 and others.
  • We can agree with the statement of G.I. Osadchaya that the measure of the development of the social sphere can be the following social indicators: the value of the subsistence minimum; the proportion of the population below the poverty line; the magnitude of income polarization (decile coefficient); the number of people receiving education; a list of medical services available to the entire population; the share of the unemployed in the total number of able-bodied population; average life expectancy; infant mortality; fertility. (Osadchaya G.I. Social sphere of society: theory and methodology of sociological analysis. - M., 1996. P. 22).
  • See: Moskvin L.B. The role of the social sphere in the development of the CIS // Socio-political journal. 1994. No. 11-12. pp. 12-13.
Fundamentals of Social Work: Cheat Sheet Author Unknown

6. OBJECTS OF SOCIAL WORK

6. OBJECTS OF SOCIAL WORK

An object can be interpreted as something opposing the subject in his subject-practical and cognitive activity. It is not only identical to objective reality, but also acts as such a part of it that is in interaction with the subject.

If we consider social work as a science, then we are dealing with object-subject relations. In this case, the object is considered as a certain type of practical social reality. As an object of social work in its broad interpretation are all people, the entire population.

Groups of objects of social work - people who find themselves in a difficult life situation. When they talk about practical social work, they first of all mean the provision of assistance, support, and social protection for those groups of the population that find themselves in a difficult life situation.

Reasons for classifying such objects:

1. Health status, which does not allow a person or group to solve their life problems in full or at all.

2. Service and work in extreme social conditions(wars).

3. Elderly, retirement age people. This includes single elderly people and families consisting of only pensioners (due to age, disability, and other reasons).

4. Deviant behavior in its various forms and types.

5. Difficult, unfavorable situation of various categories of families: families with orphans and children left without parental care; low-income families; large families, etc.

6. The special situation of children(orphanhood, vagrancy, etc.).

7. Vagrancy, homelessness.

8. The position of women in the prenatal and postnatal state.

9. Legal (and therefore social) status of persons subjected to political repression and subsequently rehabilitated.

Various spheres of human life The spheres of life as objects of social work are very diverse. Among them, the most important are:

Sphere of production, industrial and social infrastructure;

Urban and rural, as well as intermediate forms of settlement;

Healthcare

The sphere of education;

Sphere of science;

Sphere of culture;

Cultural and leisure sphere;

Power structures of society

penitentiary system;

Socio-ethnic environment;

The sphere of consumer services for the population.

From the book Fundamentals of Social Work: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

4. CONCEPT-CATEGORIAL APPARATUS OF SOCIAL WORK

From the author's book

5. MAIN COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL WORK Social work as a social phenomenon and a special type of activity includes a number of components: object, subject, content, functions, means, goals and management. They are organically, closely interconnected, forming

From the author's book

7. SUBJECTS OF SOCIAL WORK The objects of social work are those who need help, support, social protection, and the subjects are those who provide this assistance, support, protect. The subjects of social work are: 1. organizations,

From the author's book

8. MAN AS AN OBJECT AND SUBJECT OF SOCIAL WORK The main object and at the same time the subject of social work is a person. However, not always a person can be a subject, and the object is constantly acting. This is due to different stages of its age development:

From the author's book

10. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK

From the author's book

12. THE LINK OF SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL WORK Social policy and social work are closely interrelated. Both are characterized by two interdependent sides: scientific-cognitive and practical-organizational. Social work is

From the author's book

14. PERIODIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORK The emergence, formation and development of social work is associated with the generic needs of society at each stage of its existence in the constant improvement of social relations. Charity and mercy

From the author's book

16. PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT OF SOCIAL WORK Pedagogical principles express the patterns that operate in the educational process of personality development. The sources of pedagogical principles are ideology, epistemology, psychology, best practices

From the author's book

19. Psychological principles and tasks of social work

From the author's book

25. FUNCTIONS OF TECHNOLOGIES OF SOCIAL WORK Functions of technologies of social work diagnostic function - the study by a social worker of the characteristics of a group of people (or an individual), the degree of influence on them (or on him) of the microenvironment and the formulation of a "social

From the author's book

27. OBJECTS OF SOCIAL AND MEDICAL WORK Social and medical work is one of the important areas in the activities of social institutions and occupies a special place in practical healthcare.

From the author's book

28. ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL AND SOCIAL WORK The medical and social assistance service is staffed with specially trained workers, based on the tasks assigned to it. Approval of relevant positions of social workers with a medical orientation in

From the author's book

34. OBJECTS AND SUBJECTS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDHOOD The objects of social protection are children - persons under 18 years of age. Different groups of children need different assistance and equally social protection. To priority groups of children who are primarily in need of

From the author's book

52. LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL WORK WITH MIGRANTS A social worker needs to take into account the peculiarities of the legal status of forced migrants in Russia.

From the author's book

53. OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL WORK WITH MIGRANTS

From the author's book

58. ORGANIZATION OF SOCIAL WORK The effectiveness of the activities of social services essentially depends on the type of organizational management structure used. (OSU). Under the OSU social work is understood as a set of elements of the management body and sustainable

Subjects and objects of social work

Subject and object of social work-- the most important components of the system of theory and practice of social work . Object of social work- this is primarily a person in the system of social ties and relations, to whom social action is directed. This is a client of social assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation, social diagnostics and prevention, social expertise and social therapy.

Object of social work-- client -- a person in need of social protection. Historically, at first, the concept of a client included people who had a predisposition to violate generally accepted standards (beggars) or difficulties in adapting (migrants). Over time, not only the categories of clients change, but also the groups of problems that form the clients of social work. Subsequently, the category of clients was extended to people who, under the influence of society and the abnormal living conditions that this society creates, lose the possibility of normal functioning. In this interpretation, marginalized, unemployed people with certain problems in family relationships were classified as clients of social work.

Currently social work client a beating person, group or community is identified who needs the help of a social worker and with whom an agreement has been reached to work together.

In such a broad context, any person with any problem can be a client of social work. In the theory of social work, there are various typologies of clients of modern social work. For example, according to the direction and nature of interaction: individual;

Group; community; or according to the specifics of the request: aggressors, polite, dumb, etc.

Subject of social work is the one who provides social assistance. These can be government organizations (social insurance, social protection agencies), public organizations (various charitable unions, organizations, foundations, etc.) and private individuals - specialists in the field of social work of various qualifications (social therapist, social gerontologist, social ecologist, etc.) or voluntary assistants - volunteers. Social work is two-sided. The social assistance provided is based on the system of interactions between the social worker and the client, as well as with the significant social environment of the client.

The essence of social work. Purpose, tasks, subject of social work

Social work- a profession for those who have a strong desire to help improve the lives of others. Social work is a professional activity aimed at assisting people, social groups in overcoming personal and social difficulties through support, protection, correction and rehabilitation. Social workers help people by helping them cope with issues in their daily lives, such as family and personal problems, relationships with relatives.

Social work is the most important social institution civil society, which allows you to gently and consistently create the necessary conditions for the realization of private interests without prejudice to public interests. The practice of social work is far from perfect, which makes the issue of its development especially relevant. Recent trends are aimed at maximizing the nationalization and formalization of this type of activity, or at minimizing the participation of the state in this area.

The subject of social work are not all social relations, but a group of relations that are the most problematic, that is, they lead to destabilization, social disorganization, an increase in social tension, the emergence of social conflicts, people getting into difficult life situations; as well as the patterns of interaction between the subjects of social work in the optimization of social relations (in the process of forming the ability to restore the social subject). Social work studies activity, that is, the introduction of an active subject into the subject of social work.

In social work, the social, psychological and physiological well-being of the individual is important. Concerning main goals of social work:

Increasing the degree of independence of the client, revealing the possibilities and abilities of the individual to most effectively resolve life problems;

Creation of conditions conducive to the maximum manifestation of the potential of clients and the opportunity to receive everything that they are entitled to by law;

Adaptation or readaptation of people in society;

Creating conditions for the individual so that he can live with a sense of dignity and respect for himself from others, despite deviations in physical or mental development or a life crisis;

Achieving such a result when the client can cope with their problems on their own and the need for the help of a social worker will disappear.

At the macro level, social work is expressed in certain measures to improve the living environment of people:

Assistance in creating decent conditions for human life in society;

Prevention of socio-political and national-ethnic conflicts;

At the meso level, social work acts as a kind of activity to help a person, family and various groups of people in need. The forms of activity are diverse - from the provision of various material benefits to the organization of the most important spheres of people's lives.

At the micro level, social work is built on the basis of the needs of the individual (client) and is aimed at restoring or maintaining the societal and psycho-mental connections of the individual with the society, group or individual. Assistance is offered in the form of individual consultations, patronage and group work. Thus, main goal of social work- not only concern for the well-being of the individual, family, community, but also the disclosure of their capabilities and abilities for normal life.

The goals of social work are specified in the following tasks:

1. Maximize the individual abilities and moral and volitional qualities of clients, encouraging them to take independent actions to take personal responsibility for everything that happens in their lives.

2. Promote mutual understanding between the client and the social environment in which he exists. Emphasis on self-help and self-development of the client.

3. To develop the main provisions and principles of social policy, to achieve at all levels their legislative adoption and executive implementation. The need for social legislation and political actions of social workers on the distribution of budgetary funds and tax revenues, targeted assistance to those in need, observance of ethnic equality, organization of health insurance, professional training and retraining, prevention and eradication of crime, requires active participation in election campaigns, administrative structures, means mass media, social actions of trade unions, women's, environmental and other public organizations.

4. Carry out work to prevent and prevent socially undesirable phenomena. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle, physical culture, a nutritious balanced diet, the organization of medical examinations and vaccination of the population contribute to maintaining a healthy nation, maintaining an optimal standard of living.

5. Organize scientific research, conferences and seminars on the problems of social work, publish scientific and methodological literature for practitioners and students.

6. Promote the dissemination of information about the rights and benefits of certain categories of citizens, the duties and opportunities of social services, provide advice on the legal, legal aspects of social policy.

We also recommend

Loading...Loading...