The offensive operation dates back to 1945. Red Army offensive (1944–1945)

Restoration of the border of the USSR.

In January 1944, Soviet troops launched a new offensive, during which the blockade of Leningrad was finally lifted on January 27 (Leningrad (commander - L.A. Govorov) and Volkhov (commander - K.A. Meretskov) fronts). In February-March, the armies of the 1st Ukrainian (commander - N.F. Vatutin) and the 2nd Ukrainian (commander - I.S. Konev) fronts defeated the enemy's Korsun-Shevchenko grouping. Continuing the offensive, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front in early February liberated the regional centers of Ukraine Lutsk and Rivne, and the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front (commander - R. Ya . Malinovsky) of the front on February 22 captured Krivoy Rog.

On March 15, the spring offensive began in the South-Western direction in the sector from Lutsk to the mouth of the Dnieper. Ternopil, Vinnitsa, Chernivtsi were liberated.

On March 26, the troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, having crossed the Dniester, crossed the state border along the Prut River and entered the territory of Romania.

At the same time, the troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front (commander - F.I. Tolbukhin) began the liberation of the Crimea. The main blow was dealt from the Sivash bridgehead. On April 15, Soviet troops reached the outer contour of the fortifications of Sevastopol. After two days of artillery preparation, the assault on Sevastopol began on May 7, and on May 9 the city was liberated. The fighting in the Crimea ended on May 12 with the encirclement of a significant enemy grouping at Cape Khersones.

As a result of a four-month military campaign, 329 thousand square kilometers of Soviet territory were liberated, more than 170 enemy divisions numbering up to 1 million people were defeated.

After the end of hostilities in the Crimea, the Soviet command begins to regroup troops, replenish personnel, weapons, ammunition and fuel, preparing for the summer military campaign.

The summer offensive of the Soviet troops began on June 10 on the Karelian Isthmus. As a result of the Vyborg-Petrozavodsk operation, the troops of the Leningrad (commander - L.A. Govorov) and Karelian (commander - K.A. Meretskov) fronts broke through the Mannerheim Line, and on June 20 Vyborg was liberated. Finland ceased hostilities on the side of Germany, and in September 1944 signed an armistice agreement with the USSR.

On June 23, 1944, an offensive began in Belarus (Operation Bagration). As a result of the offensive of the 1st (commander - K.K. Rokossovsky), 2nd (commander - G.F. Zakharov), 3rd (commander - I.D. Chernyakhovsky) Belarusian and 1st Baltic (commander - I.Kh. Bagramyan) of the fronts, the "Center" grouping was defeated. During this military operation, German groups were surrounded near Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Orsha and Mogilev. Developing the offensive, the tank corps of the 1st and 3rd Belorussian fronts liberated Minsk on July 3. On July 13, Vilnius was liberated. Troops of the 1st Belorussian Front on July 20 crossed the river. Western Bug and set foot on the territory of Poland. The troops of the 1st Baltic Front, having liberated Siauliai on July 27, reached the Gulf of Riga on July 31.

On July 13, the 1st Ukrainian Front went on the offensive and defeated the Northern Ukraine grouping (Lvov-Sandomierz operation), on July 27 Lvov was liberated, in early August, Soviet troops reached the river. Vistula, forcing it in a number of sections.

On August 20-29, an offensive was launched in Moldova. The 2nd (commander - R.Ya. Malinovsky) and 3rd (commander - F.I. Tolbukhin) Ukrainian fronts liberated Chisinau (Iasi-Kishinev operation). On August 31, Soviet troops entered the capital of Romania - Bucharest 1.

In September-November, the troops of the three Baltic and Leningrad fronts liberated almost the entire territory of the Baltic states from the Nazis, defeating 26 and destroying 3 German divisions, as well as blocking 38 enemy divisions in Courland.

From October 7 to 29, the troops of the Karelian Front (commander - K.A. Meretskov) in cooperation with the forces of the Northern Fleet liberated the Arctic and the northern regions of Norway from the invaders (Petsamo-Kirkhenes operation).

By mid-autumn 1944, the border of the USSR was restored.

During the summer and autumn of 1944, on the Soviet-German front, the enemy lost 1.6 million people, 29 divisions and 22 brigades were defeated.

Military operations of the armed forces of the USSR

in Eastern and Central Europe.

Military operations are transferred to the territories of Germany's allies and the countries occupied by it. During the summer - autumn of 1944, Romania was liberated (2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Front; Bucharest was liberated on August 31), Bulgaria (3rd Ukrainian Front; Soviet troops entered Sofia on September 15), Yugoslavia (3rd Ukrainian front and the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia; Belgrade operation began on September 28, Belgrade was liberated on October 20), Hungary (October 15, 1944, the Hungarian government asked the allies to conclude a truce; February 18, 1945, Budapest was liberated), Albania (29 November).

In January 1945, Soviet troops, breaking through the German defenses, go on the last offensive.

On January 23, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian (commander - I.S. Konev) Front, advancing from the Sandomierz bridgehead, reached the river. Oder and in some places forced it.

The troops of the 1st Belorussian Front (since November the commander is G.K. Zhukov) entered Germany on January 29, and on February 3 crossed the river. Oder and captured the Kyustrinsky bridgehead.

The 2nd Belorussian Front (commander - K.K. Rokossovsky) reached the Baltic coast in early February, occupied Silesia.

The 3rd Belorussian Front (commander - I.D. Chernyakhovsky, from February 20 - A.M. Vasilevsky) on January 30 surrounded the German grouping in the area of ​​Koenigsberg.

Berlin operation. Capitulation of Germany.

Under the cover of the armies of Rokossovsky in the north and Konev in the south, on April 16, Zhukov transferred a two-million-strong group to storm the Berlin fortified area. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front begin the assault on Berlin. Heavy fighting unfolded on the Seelow Heights - the main strategic foothold on the outskirts of Berlin. On April 17, the Seelow Heights were taken, and on April 20, Soviet troops reached the eastern outskirts of Berlin. On April 16, the 1st Ukrainian Front launched an attack on Berlin, whose troops entered Berlin from the south on April 21, and on April 24 the ring around Berlin closed.

On April 30, two Soviet soldiers hoisted a red banner over the Reichstag (it is believed that they were soldiers of the 150th Infantry Division M.A. Egorov and M.V. Kantaria).

On May 2, 1945, General Chuikov accepted the surrender of the German garrison, and on May 9 in Berlin, in the presence of Soviet, British, American and French representatives, Field Marshal Keitel signed the act of unconditional surrender of Germany.

Soviet-Japanese war.

In accordance with the agreement reached at the Yalta Conference, on April 5, 1945, the USSR denounced the neutrality pact with Japan, and on August 8 declared war on her. It was planned to strike from the territory of Mongolia, from the Soviet Primorye, from Blagoveshchensk and Khabarovsk.

The troops of the Trans-Baikal (commander - R.Ya. Malinovsky), the 1st Far Eastern (commander - K.A. Meretskov), the 2nd Far Eastern (commander - M.A. Purkaev) districts took part in the hostilities from the USSR. The fronts had: 1.5 million people, 27 thousand guns and mortars, 5.2 thousand tanks and 3.7 thousand aircraft.

Already on August 19, the command of the Kwantung Army declared its readiness to lay down its arms, and on September 2, Japan completely capitulated.

The southern part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands went to the USSR. His sphere of influence extended to North Korea and China. However, the peace treaty with Japan was not signed, the reason for this was the islands of Urup, Kunashir, Habomai and Iturup.

By 1944 the situation had changed even more in favor of the Soviet Union. The final period of the war in Europe began. But the path to its end was difficult. The Nazi army was still strong. Due to the lack of a second front, Germany continued to keep the main troops on the Soviet-German front. 236 of its divisions and 18 brigades operated here, which included more than 5 million people, 54 thousand guns, 5400 tanks, 3 thousand aircraft. Germany still commanded the resources of almost all of Europe.

To strengthen the Eastern Front, the command of the German troops by the end of 1943 transferred 75 divisions from the west, a large number of weapons combat vehicles. However, the German industry was no longer able to meet the ever-increasing demand for military equipment.

Since the autumn of 1944, more than 200 thousand people were mobilized monthly for military service in the German armed forces. But this replenishment did not compensate for the losses that if the German troops.

In December 1943, Stalin in a "narrow circle of people" raised the question of a new form of conducting the military campaign of 1944: superiority over the enemy in terms of strategic initiative, favorable disposition of troops, sufficient human and material and technical resources made it possible to carry out large-scale operations not in one or two directions, but consistently on the entire front.

Offensive operations in 1944, called "Ten Stalin blows", began immediately after the completion of the 1943 offensive, preventing the enemy from recovering from the defeat in battles near Kursk and on the Dnieper . The task was to work out such a sequence of attacks on the enemy that would be unexpected for him, would be continuous and would deprive him of the opportunity to maneuver forces to repulse the main attack.

Thus, the main task for 1944 was as follows: to finally defeat the main German groups and complete the expulsion of the invaders from Soviet soil.

Features of military operations in 1944:

1) Almost the entire military campaign of 1944 was developed at the end of 1943. It was the Soviet troops that dictated the nature of actions at the front.

2) Offensive operations were carried out along the entire length of the front, but not simultaneously, but in the form of a series of successive operations in separate sectors of the front.

3) These strikes were delivered on opposite sectors of the front, which did not give the German troops the opportunity to transfer reserves.

4) The actions of the partisans were coordinated and carried out within the framework of a common strategic plan.

First hit, as a result of which the long-term defense of the Germans was hacked, was inflicted by our troops in January 1944 near Leningrad and Novgorod . As a result of this blow, a half-million fascist army was defeated and thrown back into the Baltic states.

Second strike was inflicted in February - April 1944 in the Right-Bank Ukraine (Korsun-Shevchenko operation) . There, a German grouping (10 divisions) was destroyed in the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky area. After that, in the midst of the spring thaw, a large-scale offensive was launched. This was so unexpected for the Germans that they, fleeing, abandoned their equipment and weapons due to the impassability of the roads, and retreated across the river. Bug and Dniester. Right-bank Ukraine was liberated from the enemy. Soviet troops entered the territory of Moldova, and on March 26 they reached the border with Romania.

April-May 1944 our troops inflicted third crushing blow on the enemy in the region of Crimea and Odessa . It took the Germans 250 days to capture the Crimea, and the Soviet troops liberated it in 5 days (May 7-12, 1944).

Before the Germans had time to come to their senses from the blows in the south, in June 1944 fell upon them fourth strike – in the region of Karelia. As a result, the Red Army defeated the Finnish troops, liberated Vyborg and Petrozavodsk, and liberated part of the Karelo-Finnish Republic.

Under the influence of the successes of the Red Army, our allies were no longer able to further delay opening of a second front. On June 6, 1944, the American-British command, two years late, began a large landing in Northern France.

Fifth strike was dealt to the Germans in June - August 1944 during the largest offensive operation in Belarus "Bagration" .

On May 20, 1944, the General Staff completed the development of the plan for the Belarusian offensive operation. It entered the operational documents of the Stavka under the code name "Bagration". The successful implementation of the plan of the operation "Bagration" made it possible to solve a number of other, no less important strategically tasks.

1) Completely clear the Moscow direction from enemy troops, since the front edge of the ledge was 80 kilometers from Smolensk;

2) Complete the liberation of the entire territory of Belarus;

3) Reach the coast of the Baltic Sea and the borders of East Prussia, which made it possible to cut the enemy's front at the junctions of Army Groups "Center" and "North" and isolate these German groups from each other;

4) To create profitable operational and tactical prerequisites for subsequent offensive operations in the Baltic states, in Western Ukraine, in the East Prussian and Warsaw directions.

Operation "Bagration" was carried out on June 23 - August 29. To defeat the enemy, the Soviet Supreme High Command allocated fronts: 1st Baltic (Army General I.Kh.Bagramyan), 1st (Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky), 2nd (Army General G.F. Zakharov), 3rd (General of the Army I.D. Chernyakhovsky) Belarusian - a total of 17 armies, incl. 1 tank and 3 air, 4 tank and 2 Caucasian corps, cavalry-mechanized group, Dnieper military flotilla . The actions of the fronts were coordinated by the Marshals of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky, G.K. Zhukov.

By the end of June 22, 1944, the front with a length of over 1100 km in Belarus passed along the line of Lake Nescherdo, east of Vitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev, Zhlobin, along the Pripyat River, forming a huge ledge. Here, the troops of Army Group Center defended themselves, which had a well-developed network of railways and highways for wide maneuver along internal lines, blocking the path to Warsaw for Soviet troops. When the Soviet troops went on the offensive, she could inflict powerful flank attacks on the troops of the Baltic and Belorussian fronts

The fascist German troops occupied defenses prepared in advance, in depth (2.50-270 km), which relied on a developed system of field fortifications and natural lines. Defensive lines passed, as a rule, along the western banks of numerous rivers, which had wide swampy floodplains.

The idea of ​​the Soviet command provided for a simultaneous breakthrough of the enemy's defenses in 6 sectors in order to dismember his troops and break them in parts. Particular importance was attached to the defeat of the most powerful flank groupings of the Nazis, who were defending in the areas of Vitebsk and Bobruisk, which provided the conditions for the rapid advance of large forces of the 3rd and 1st Belorussian fronts and the development of their success in converging directions to Minsk.

The survivors, while the enemy troops were to be thrown back to a depth of 200-250 km in an area near Minsk unfavorable for defensive operations, cut off their escape routes, surround them and liquidate them. In the future, building up the strike and expanding the front of the offensive, the Soviet troops were to reach the western border of the USSR.

The operation consisted of 2 stages. On the first (June 23 - July 4) Vitebsk-Orsha, Mogilev, Bobruisk, Polotsk, Minsk operations were carried out. As a result of the 1st stage of the Belarusian operation, the main forces of Army Group Center were defeated, a 400-kilometer gap was formed in the center of the Soviet-German front, and Soviet troops were able to advance to the West.

At the 2nd stage (July 5 - August 29), the Vilnius, Bialystok, Lublin-Brest, Siauliai, Kaunas operations were carried out.

During the operation, the partisans cut off the enemy's retreat routes, captured and built new bridges and crossings for the Red Army, independently liberated a number of regional centers, and participated in the liquidation of encircled enemy groups. The Belarusian operation created the conditions for the further advance of the Red Army into Germany.

For participation in the Belarusian operation, more than 1,500 generals, officers, sergeants and soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 662 formations and units received honorary titles after the names of the cities and localities they liberated. In honor of the operation, the Mound of Glory of the Soviet Army, the liberator of Belarus, was poured on the 21st km of the Minsk-Moscow highway. Liberation Day of Minsk July 3 is celebrated as the Independence Day of the Republic of Belarus

As a result sixth strike (in July - August ) The Red Army pushed the Germans back across the San and Vistula rivers with the liberation of Western Ukraine and consolidation on the bridgehead west of Sandomierz ( Lviv-Sandomierz operation ).

AT August 1944 (Yasso - Chisinau operation ) our troops inflicted seventh strike- in the Chisinau-Iasi region, where 22 German divisions were surrounded and defeated, they forced the Romanian army to surrender. As a result of this operation, Moldova was completely liberated, Romania and Bulgaria were withdrawn from the war.

As a result eighth strike (in September - October 1944 ) near Tallinn and Riga German troops were defeated and expelled from the Baltic states, and Finland was also withdrawn from the war, declaring war on Germany.

Ninth impact our troops inflicted in October 1944 between the Tisza and the Danube in Hungary and Yugoslavia . As a result of this blow, Hungary was withdrawn from the fascist bloc and a significant part of Yugoslavia was liberated. The troops crossed the Carpathian Range and entered the territory of Czechoslovakia.

But the northern part of the Soviet-German front still remained. In the plans of the Nazi command, a significant place was occupied by the issue of capturing the northwestern regions of the Soviet Union, mastering the Soviet Arctic, the sea routes of the Arctic Ocean and capturing the Murmansk railway. This would allow fascist Germany to secure its northern flank, as well as isolate the USSR from the outside world and prevent navigation between our northern ports and the ports of England and the USA. The Nazis also believed that the capture of the Soviet North would best provide German communications for the export of strategic raw materials from the USSR and the supply of troops of the 20th mountain army.

Tenth blow in October 1944 became the operation troops of the Karelian Front and ships of the Northern Fleet to defeat the 20th mountain German army in Northern Finland , as a result of which the Pechenga region was liberated and the threat to the port of Murmansk and the northern sea routes of the USSR was eliminated. On October 15, Soviet troops occupied Pechenga, on October 23 they cleared the entire region of nickel mines, and on October 25 they entered the allied Norway to liberate it from German troops.

Thus, 1944 ended with the complete and steady advantage of the Red Army over the Wehrmacht. In 1944, the entire territory of the USSR was cleared of Nazi invaders and military operations were transferred to the territory of Germany and its allies. The successes of the Soviet Army in 1944 predetermined the final defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945.

During the fighting in 1944, the Soviet Armed Forces destroyed and captured 138 divisions; 58 German divisions, which suffered losses of up to 50% or more, were disbanded and reduced to battle groups. Only in the battles for Belarus, 540 thousand German soldiers and officers were taken prisoner by the troops of the Red Army. On July 17, 1944, up to 60,000 of this staff, led by 19 generals, were marched through the streets of Moscow.

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Major military operations 1944–1945
Rubric (thematic category)	Politics

The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945: the period of the defeat of Nazi Germany. The historical significance of the Victory

The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945: the period of a radical change

The beginning of a radical turning point in the course of the war was the Battle of Stalingrad. The counteroffensive of the Soviet troops began on November 19, 1942 ᴦ. strikes by army formations of the Southwestern and Don fronts. The enemy grouping with a total number of 330 thousand people was surrounded. The offensive of the Soviet troops on the Middle Don was launched, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ forced the Nazis to abandon the idea of ​​releasing the encircled group. On February 2, Field Marshal Paulus signed the act of surrender. Battle of Stalingrad (17.07.1942-2.02.1943) ended with the victory of the Red Army.

The battle on the Volga predetermined the outcome of the battles in the North Caucasus. By the middle of February 1943 ᴦ. most of it was released. In January 1943 ᴦ. the ring of the enemy blockade of Leningrad was broken.

The process of a radical turning point in the war was completed in the course of battles on the Kursk Bulge in July-August 1943 ᴦ. The main reasons for the victory of the Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk and their result were: 1) the Soviet command, on the basis of intelligence data, unraveled the enemy’s plan, the main forces were concentrated in the Kursk direction; 2) the offensive began on July 6, the Soviet command, knowing this period, carried out powerful artillery preparation before the start of the offensive, during which the enemy suffered heavy losses; 3) the enemy was stopped along the entire front, and the Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive; 4) in the area of ​​​​Prokhorovka, the largest tank battle in history took place, in which about 1200 tanks participated on both sides; 5) the strategic initiative finally passed to the Soviet side; 6) the victories at the front had a decisive influence on the opening of the second front.

Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya. Troops of the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts under the command of Generals N.F. Vatutin and I.S. Konev 01/28/1944 ᴦ. closed the ring ten enemy divisions, completed the rout of the group. In April 1944, Kherson, Vinnitsa, Nikolaev were liberated, and in early April - Odessa. The Red Army began to eliminate the enemy group in the Crimea.

Belarusian operation (ʼʼBagrationʼʼ) started June 23, 1944 ᴦ. Soviet troops destroyed large enemy groupings near Vitebsk and Bobruisk within six days. Minsk was liberated. The offensive of the Soviet troops turned into a general strategic offensive from the Baltic to the Carpathians. Overcoming enemy resistance, on August 17, Soviet troops reached the German border.

As a result Iasi-Kishinev operation August 20–24, 1944 ᴦ. Moldova was liberated.

In October - November 1944 ᴦ. offensive troops of the Karelian Front on the northern wing was completed, the strategically important Murmansk region and the northeastern regions of Norway were liberated from the enemy.

The victories of the Red Army created the conditions for the liberation of the countries of Europe occupied by the Nazis and assistance to their peoples:

2) 9th of September an uprising broke out in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. The government created by the Fatherland Front severed relations with Germany and declared war on it. The Soviet army entered Sofia;

3) October 20, 1944 ᴦ. troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front and units of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia liberated Belgrade;

4) in Hungary, Soviet troops met fierce resistance from the enemy. Budapest was liberated from the Nazis on February 13, 1945 ᴦ.;

5) Vistula-Oder operation (12.01.-3.02.). Soviet soldiers liberated Warsaw. By the end of March, they reached the coast of the Baltic Sea.

Berlin operation. The troops of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts and the 1st Ukrainian Front, led by G.K. Zhukov, K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev. The offensive began at 5 am on April 16, 1945 ᴦ. The enemy defended fiercely. On April 21, shock units of the Red Army broke into the outskirts of Berlin. The troops of the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts, advancing from the north and south, united west of Berlin. On the Elbe River, near the city of Torgau, they had a significant meeting with the American army. On May 8, an act of unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany was signed in the suburbs of Berlin. From the Soviet side, the signature was put by Marshal G.K. Zhukov. The fighting in Europe ended on May 9 in Prague after Germany signed the act of unconditional surrender.

The historical significance of the victory in the Great Patriotic War:

1) it was an important component of the Second World War;

2) the entry of the USSR into the war imposed by fascist Germany radically changed its political character;

3) the heroism of the Soviet soldiers, the efforts of the Soviet rear were the main sources of victory for the anti-Hitler coalition as a whole;

4) victory in the Great Patriotic War increased the prestige and moral and political authority of the Soviet Union;

5) the victory contributed to the growth of the country's international influence, the strengthening of international relations.

6) as a result of successful military operations and the victory of the USSR, there was a significant strengthening of the security of the country's borders, namely: the Pechenga and Klaipeda regions, part of the former East Prussia in the west, became part of the USSR; South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the east;

7) as a result of the Crimean (February 1945 ᴦ.) and Potsdam (July - August 1945 ᴦ.) peace conferences, the participants of which were: the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, Germany was divided into occupation zones. Fascism was outlawed by the world community.

The USSR suffered huge losses during the war:

1) killed, died of wounds, died in captivity, tortured at least 27 million people; 2) approximately 1710 cities, more than 70 thousand villages, about 32 thousand enterprises were destroyed.

The war exposed many of the vices of the totalitarian regime in the Soviet Union. But the victory allowed Stalin to switch the attention and energy of the people to the restoration of the destroyed economy, to declare that the fact of victory is proof of the advantages of socialism.

USSR in the second half of the 40s-80s. 20th century

Socio-economic development and socio-political life of the country in the post-war period (1945-1953)

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet people got the opportunity to start peaceful labor. The main problems of the post-war period:

1) restoration of the national economy devastated by the war (approximately 1710 cities, more than 70 thousand villages, about 32 thousand enterprises were destroyed).

2) demobilization of the army: out of 11.5 million military personnel in 1945–1946. about 8.5 million people were transferred to the reserve, for whom it was extremely important to provide housing, which in a devastated country was an impossible task. A large number of the population in the post-war years lived in barracks;

3) an urgent conversion was necessary (transferring the economy to a peaceful track), which could not but lead to a decline in industrial production.

The transition of the country to a peaceful track was carried out with the help of the following measures.

1. In September 1945 ᴦ. GKO was abolished. All functions of governing the country were concentrated in the hands of the Council of People's Commissars (in March 1946, it was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR).

2. Already in August 1943 ᴦ. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution ʼʼOn urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupationʼʼ. A significant part of the restoration work was done by the end of the war.

3. In March 1946 ᴦ. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved a plan for the restoration and further development of the economy for 1946–1950.

The main source of the restoration of the country, as well as victory in the war, was the selfless enthusiasm of the Soviet people:

1) during the years of the first post-war five-year plan (1946–1950) 6200 industrial enterprises were restored and built again;

2) in 1948 ᴦ. the pre-war level of industrial production was reached;

3) in 1950 ᴦ. the level of pre-war production was surpassed by 73%;

4) the Stakhanovite movement developed again;

5) the country's economy did not lose its militaristic orientation even after the war: the Soviet government was constantly preparing for a war for survival in a capitalist environment even at a new stage;

6) the leadership of the country and personally I.V. Stalin showed great attention to the development of the military industry and related scientific research;

7) The first test of the Soviet atomic bomb took place in 1949 ᴦ. at the training ground in Semipalatinsk; 8) in 1947 ᴦ. the first Soviet ballistic missile was tested, which was developed under the leadership of S.P. Queen.

The satisfaction of people's material needs, as in the pre-war years, was relegated to the background by the country's leadership. But already in 1947 ᴦ. The food rationing system was abolished. Its abolition, hastened by the government for propaganda purposes, made things a little easier: the average wage of workers was low, and high prices flourished in shops. To overcome financial difficulties, a monetary reform was carried out.

The village, as in the pre-war period, remained a source for pumping out funds that the state received at the expense of the practically unpaid labor of collective farmers. In 1946–1947. due to drought, a poor grain harvest was observed. The village was engulfed in hunger.

Foreign policy of the USSR in the postwar years. ʼʼCold Warʼʼ

The results of the Second World War radically changed the balance of power in the world:

1) the USSR became one of the leading world powers, without which not a single issue of international life was now resolved;

2) at the same time, the dominance and power of the United States increased during the war years, which allowed the American administration already in the 40s. start moving away from the agreements of the war period.

All this led to the fact that in Soviet-American relations a period of sharp cooling set in, the beginning of the Cold War was laid.

The Soviet Union was concerned about the US nuclear monopoly, their attempt to dictate in relations with other countries. At the same time, the United States was alarmed by the great growth of the authority of the USSR in Europe and throughout the world.

US administration in 1947 ᴦ. adopted the Marshall Plan, the essence of which was to revive the Western European economy through the provision of financial assistance and the latest technologies from overseas. Such assistance was not provided to those regimes where the communist parties had influence. The desire of Western European countries and the United States to ensure political stability and military security resulted in the formation of the NATO bloc in 1949 ᴦ.

At the same time, the following activities were carried out in the countries of Eastern Europe:

1) in the countries occupied by the Soviet troops, a socio-political system developed, similar to the Stalinist model of state socialism;

2) the formation of friendly political regimes in Eastern Europe was the main goal of the foreign policy of the Soviet leadership in the first post-war years;

3) in 1945–1948. The USSR concluded bilateral agreements with Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and Yugoslavia;

4) a military bloc of socialist states was created - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD);

5) an economic association was created - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).

After World War II began collapse of the world colonial system. The USSR took advantage of it to establish its influence in a number of countries that had freed themselves from colonial dependence on almost all continents - in Asia, Africa, and later in Latin America. This was successfully facilitated by the international image of the Soviet Union and its opposition to the former colonial powers.

A bipolar world was formed, in which the camp of the capitalist countries led by the USA and the socialist camp led by the USSR were in a state of confrontation. The rivalry of countries, called the Cold War, manifested itself not only in the military-technical field, but also in the spheres of the economy and culture.

Relations between the USA and the USSR became especially aggravated during the war in Korea (1950–1953). During the war, the USSR and China supported the pro-communist forces, and the United States - their opponents. As a result of the war, the country was divided into two states: North and South Korea.

Socio-economic development and socio-political development of the USSR in the mid-1950s-early 1960s. The inconsistency of the period of the ʼʼKhrushchev thawʼʼ

1) debunking the cult of Stalin (the 20th and especially the 22nd party congresses);

2) partial democratization of public life, in which several directions can be distinguished:

a) the cessation of terror and the rehabilitation of its victims;

b) partial expansion of the rights of the Soviets, trade unions and local bodies of the party;

c) ʼʼthawʼʼ in culture, softening of censorship;

d) weakening of the ʼʼIron Curtainʼʼ, the ʼʼʼʼ of which was the 1st Moscow International Festival of Youth and Students in 1957;

3) the expansion of the rights of the national republics, the replacement of Russian leaders with representatives of indigenous nationalities and the rehabilitation of repressed peoples with the return of autonomy and their former place of residence (with the exception of the Crimean Tatars and Volga Germans, who were rehabilitated only in the late 80s);

4) the resumption of the Leninist policy of persecution of the church (albeit in a less severe form);

5) reduction of the army.

Socio-economic reforms This period can be divided according to the content and consequences into two groups.

Positives:

1. A 3-fold reduction in exorbitant taxes on peasants.

2. More active use of the scientific and technological revolution, the great triumph of which was space conquest. In October 1957 The Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, and in April 1961 the world's first manned flight into space took place, which was the Soviet pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin(the designer of the first spaceships was Academician S.P. Korolev). The conquest of priority in space, in which the USSR overtook the Americans, was a huge achievement and a subject of legitimate national pride for Russia, but it was also explained by the priority military goals; meanwhile, launched the space project was still during the life of Stalin.

3. Mass housing construction, the resettlement of millions of citizens from communal apartments to separate ones (the so-called ʼʼʼʼʼʼ).

Contradictions and obvious negatives:

1. Replacement branch management of the economy in the face of ministries borrowed again from the time of Lenin parochial(sovnarkhozy).

2. Continuation of the extensive path of economic development, one of the indicators of which was the plowing virgin lands in Kazakhstan, which gave a short-term effect and turned into their exhaustion.

3. The liquidation of the subsidiary farms of the peasants, which meant bringing collectivization to the point of absurdity and depriving the collective farmers of the last incentive to work.

4. Mass exodus from the devastated village of youth, Consequently issuance of passports to collective farmers (prohibited under Stalin).

5. Voluntarist "jumps" in the economy, vivid examples of which were Khrushchev's anecdotal corn epic, as an attempt to solve the food problem by one means.

6. The division of party bodies on an economic basis into industrial and agricultural ones, which finally reduced them to the level of understudies of economic management structures.

In summary results Khrushchev's reforms in the economy can be summarized as follows:

at first- a short-term increase in the pace of economic development, the enthusiasm of people and the standard of living (especially housing).

Further -

a) slowdown

b) a drop in labor productivity, Consequently the disappearance of fear with absence other effective incentives (which the state economy is unable to provide);

c) depopulation of the countryside and the final decline of agriculture;

d) food crisis.

Major military operations 1944–1945 - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Main military operations in 1944-1945." 2017, 2018.

With final withdrawal blockade of Leningrad(not to be confused with breakthrough blockade in January 1943) on January 28, 1944 and the beginning Leningrad-Novgorod operation, which lasted until March 1, 1944, came the final period Great Patriotic War. In the winter of the same year, the troops of the Baltic and Leningrad fronts liberated the Leningrad region and destroyed the Nazi Army Group North. At the same time, the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian fronts under the command of Vatutin and Konev defeated the fascist Army Group South during Korsun-Shevchenko operation(January-February 1944), after which the liberation of the Right-Bank Ukraine began.

By April 17, 1944, the Dnieper-Carpathian operation- one of the largest operations of the Great Patriotic War. For the first quarter of 1944, the troops of the commanders Zhukov, Vatutin, Malinovsky, Konev, Vasilevsky and Tolbukhin reached the borders of the Soviet Union, completely liberating the Ukrainian SSR from the Nazi invaders.

From April 8 to May 12, 1944 during Crimean operation Crimea was completely liberated.

June 22, 1944 began operation "Bagration"(Belarusian operation, named after Mikhail Kutuzov's comrade-in-arms - Pyotr Bagration). In two months, the Soviet army under the command of Marshal Zhukov, Rokossovsky and other commanders completely recaptured the territory of the Byelorussian SSR, partly the Baltic states and some regions of Eastern Poland. During this period, the German Army Group Center.

June 6, 1944 happened opening of a second front in France ( Norman operation), where the allied troops of the British and Americans opposed the Nazis. Canadians, Australians and New Zealanders also participated in the landing. Participants joined them ( partisans) French Resistance. The entry of the allies into the war diverted attention Adolf Hitler who now had to fight on two fronts. Thus, the offensive of the Soviet army accelerated.

By the end of 1944, during several strategic operations, the territory of the Soviet Union was completely liberated from the invaders:

• Baltic operation(September 14 - November 29, the liberation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia);
• Iasi-Kishinev operation(August 20-29, the liberation of Moldova and the eastern part of Romania);
• East Carpathian operation(September-October, the liberation of Transcarpathia and eastern Czechoslovakia);
• Petsamo-Kirkenes operation(liberation of Karelia and access to the north of Norway - October 1944).

In late 1944 - early 1945, in many countries of Eastern Europe, with the approach of Soviet troops, the national liberation movement against Hitler's Nazis intensified. So it was in Hungary, and in Poland ("Home Army"), and in Slovakia. It was at this time that the liberation of the Soviet Union quickly turned into liberation of Europe.

January 12, 1945 was marked by the beginning Vistula-Oder operation(between the Vistula and Oder rivers), which became one of the fastest military operations of the 20th century. In less than a month, by February 3, Soviet soldiers, together with the rebellious Poles, almost completely liberated Poland and occupied East Prussia. During the operation, the Germans lost up to 800 thousand Wehrmacht soldiers, as well as a lot of equipment and weapons.

During East Pomeranian operation(February-March 1945) the remnants of the northern territories of Poland were liberated and Eastern Pomerania (northeast Germany) was occupied.

From February 4 to February 11, 1945, in the liberated Crimea, Yalta Conference in the Livadia Palace. This meeting was a continuation Tehran Conference leaders anti-Hitler coalition - Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin. The heads of state gathered to resolve the issue of the post-war world order (everyone already understood that the defeat of Germany was a matter of time). In addition to the issue of new borders of European countries, the issue of some East Asian territories after the defeat of Japan was also considered (it was then that it was decided that the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin again passed to Russia). No less important were the negotiations on the creation of a new international organization to replace League of Nations. Thus the prerequisites were created creation of the UN.

In February-May 1945, three final operations of the Great Patriotic War took place:

1. Budapest operation(began at the end of October 1944 and ended on February 13, 1945 with the complete liberation of Hungary and its capital Budapest, as well as access to the Vienna direction).
2. Vienna operation(from March 16 to April 15, 1945 - the liberation from the Nazis of Austria and its capital - Vienna).
3. Berlin operation(April 16 - May 8, - the capture of East Germany, battle for berlin and its subsequent capture, the complete liquidation of the German government and the victory of the anti-Hitler coalition).

On the eve of Victory Day, the British and Americans, fearing a conflict with the Soviet Union when meeting Allied troops, developed Operation Unthinkable, which provided for two options for the development of events at once - both an attack on the Russians and defense. However, the strength and swiftness shown by the Soviet troops during the Berlin operation and directly Storming Berlin, forced the Western allies to abandon this idea. However, the very fact of developing Operation Unthinkable has already become a prerequisite cold war. Meanwhile, on April 25, meeting on the Elbe Russians and Americans in an extremely friendly and joyful atmosphere.

On the night of 8 to 9 May ( May 9- Moscow time, Central European time was May 8) Supreme Commander Wehrmacht Wilhelm Keitel signed the Act of Unconditional capitulation of Germany, and the Great Patriotic War came to an end (but not The Second World War), and May 9 became a national holiday - Victory Day.

Fun fact - during the signing of the act of surrender, the commander of the Wehrmacht, Wilhelm Keitel, when he handed Zhukov a document on the surrender of Germany, saw representatives of France. The field marshal could not resist and asked: “What, did they defeat us too?”

Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya. Troops of the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts under the command of Generals N.F. Vatutin and I.S. Konev 01/28/1944 closed ten enemy divisions in a ring, completed the rout of the group. In April 1944, Kherson, Vinnitsa, Nikolaev were liberated, and in early April - Odessa. The Red Army began to eliminate the enemy group in the Crimea.

Belarusian operation ("Bagration") began on June 23, 1944. Within six days, Soviet troops destroyed large enemy groupings near Vitebsk and Bobruisk. Minsk was liberated. The offensive of the Soviet troops turned into a general strategic offensive from the Baltic to the Carpathians. Overcoming enemy resistance, on August 17, Soviet troops reached the German border.

As a result Iasi-Kishinev operation On August 20–24, 1944, Moldavia was liberated.

In October - November 1944, the offensive of the troops of the Karelian Front on the northern wing was completed, the strategically important Murmansk region and the northeastern regions of Norway were liberated from the enemy.

The victories of the Red Army created the conditions for the liberation of the countries of Europe occupied by the Nazis and assistance to their peoples:

2) 9th of September an uprising broke out in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. The government created by the Fatherland Front severed relations with Germany and declared war on it. The Soviet army entered Sofia;

3) October 20, 1944 troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front and units of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia liberated Belgrade;

4) in Hungary, Soviet troops met fierce resistance from the enemy. Budapest was liberated from the Nazis on February 13, 1945;

5) Vistula-Oder operation (12.01.-3.02.). Soviet soldiers liberated Warsaw. By the end of March, they reached the coast of the Baltic Sea.

Berlin operation. The troops of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts and the 1st Ukrainian Front, led by G.K. Zhukov, K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev. The offensive began at 5 am on April 16, 1945. The enemy fiercely defended himself. On April 21, shock units of the Red Army broke into the outskirts of Berlin. The troops of the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts, advancing from the north and south, united west of Berlin. On the Elbe River, near the city of Torgau, they had a significant meeting with the American army. On May 8, an act of unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany was signed in the suburbs of Berlin. From the Soviet side, the signature was put by Marshal G.K. Zhukov. The fighting in Europe ended on May 9 in Prague after Germany signed the act of unconditional surrender.

The historical significance of the victory in the Great Patriotic War:

1) it was an important component of the Second World War;

2) the entry of the USSR into the war imposed by fascist Germany radically changed its political character;

3) the heroism of the Soviet soldiers, the efforts of the Soviet rear were the main sources of victory for the anti-Hitler coalition as a whole;

4) victory in the Great Patriotic War increased the prestige and moral and political authority of the Soviet Union;

5) the victory contributed to the growth of the country's international influence, the strengthening of international relations.

6) as a result of successful military operations and the victory of the USSR, there was a significant strengthening of the security of the country's borders, namely: the Pechenga and Klaipeda regions, part of the former East Prussia in the west, became part of the USSR; South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the east;

7) as a result of the Crimean (February 1945) and Potsdam (July - August 1945) peace conferences, the participants of which were: the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, Germany was divided into occupation zones. Fascism was outlawed by the world community.

The USSR suffered huge losses during the war:

1) killed, died of wounds, died in captivity, tortured at least 27 million people; 2) approximately 1710 cities, more than 70 thousand villages, about 32 thousand enterprises were destroyed.

The war exposed many of the vices of the totalitarian regime in the Soviet Union. But the victory allowed Stalin to switch the attention and energy of the people to the restoration of the destroyed economy, to declare that the fact of victory is proof of the advantages of socialism.

USSR in the second half of the 40s-80s. 20th century

Socio-economic development and socio-political life of the country in the post-war period (1945-1953)

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet people got the opportunity to start peaceful labor. The main problems of the post-war period:

1) restoration of the national economy devastated by the war (approximately 1710 cities, more than 70 thousand villages, about 32 thousand enterprises were destroyed).

2) demobilization of the army: out of 11.5 million military personnel in 1945–1946. about 8.5 million people were transferred to the reserve, who needed to be provided with housing, which in a devastated country was an impossible task. A large number of the population in the post-war years lived in barracks;

3) an urgent conversion was necessary (transferring the economy to a peaceful track), which could not but lead to a decline in industrial production.

The transition of the country to a peaceful track was carried out with the help of the following measures.

1. In September 1945, the GKO was abolished. All functions of governing the country were concentrated in the hands of the Council of People's Commissars (in March 1946 it was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR).

2. Already in August 1943, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation." A significant part of the restoration work was done by the end of the war.

3. In March 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved a plan for the restoration and further development of the economy for 1946–1950.

The main source of the restoration of the country, as well as victory in the war, was the selfless enthusiasm of the Soviet people:

1) during the years of the first post-war five-year plan (1946–1950), 6,200 industrial enterprises were restored and built again;

2) in 1948 the pre-war level of industrial production was reached;

3) in 1950 the level of pre-war production was surpassed by 73%;

4) the Stakhanovite movement developed again;

5) the country's economy did not lose its militaristic orientation even after the war: the Soviet government was constantly preparing for a war for survival in a capitalist environment even at a new stage;

6) the leadership of the country and personally I.V. Stalin showed great attention to the development of the military industry and related scientific research;

7) the first test of the Soviet atomic bomb took place in 1949 at the test site in Semipalatinsk; 8) in 1947, the first Soviet ballistic missile was tested, which was developed under the leadership of S.P. Queen.

The satisfaction of people's material needs, as in the pre-war years, was relegated to the background by the country's leadership. But already in 1947 the rationing system for food products was abolished. Its abolition, hastened by the government for propaganda purposes, made things a little easier: the average wage of workers was low, and high prices flourished in shops. To overcome financial difficulties, a monetary reform was carried out.

The village, as in the pre-war period, remained a source for pumping out funds that the state received at the expense of the practically unpaid labor of collective farmers. In 1946–1947 due to drought, a poor grain harvest was observed. The village was engulfed in hunger.

Foreign policy of the USSR in the postwar years. "Cold War"

The results of the Second World War radically changed the balance of power in the world:

1) the USSR became one of the leading world powers, without which not a single issue of international life was now resolved;

2) at the same time, the dominance and power of the United States increased during the war years, which allowed the American administration already in the 40s. start moving away from the agreements of the war period.

All this led to the fact that a period of sharp cooling set in in Soviet-American relations, the beginning of the "cold war" was laid.

The Soviet Union was concerned about the US nuclear monopoly, their attempt to dictate in relations with other countries. At the same time, the United States was alarmed by the great growth of the prestige of the USSR in Europe and throughout the world.

The US administration in 1947 adopted the "Marshall Plan", the essence of which was to revive the Western European economy through the provision of financial assistance and the latest technology from across the ocean. Such assistance was not provided to those regimes where the communist parties had influence. The desire of Western European countries and the United States to ensure political stability and military security resulted in the formation of the NATO bloc in 1949.

At the same time, the following activities were carried out in the countries of Eastern Europe:

1) in the countries occupied by the Soviet troops, a socio-political system developed, similar to the Stalinist model of state socialism;

2) the formation of friendly political regimes in Eastern Europe was the main goal of the foreign policy of the Soviet leadership in the first post-war years;

3) in 1945–1948. The USSR concluded bilateral agreements with Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and Yugoslavia;

4) a military bloc of socialist states was created - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD);

5) an economic association was created - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).

After World War II began collapse of the world colonial system. The USSR took advantage of it to establish its influence in a number of countries that had freed themselves from colonial dependence on almost all continents - in Asia, Africa, and later in Latin America. This was successfully facilitated by the international image of the Soviet Union and its opposition to the former colonial powers.

A bipolar world was formed, in which the camp of the capitalist countries led by the USA and the socialist camp led by the USSR were in a state of confrontation. The rivalry of countries, called the "cold war", manifested itself not only in the military-technical field, but also in the spheres of the economy and culture.

Relations between the USA and the USSR became especially aggravated during the war in Korea (1950-1953). During the war, the USSR and China supported the pro-communist forces, and the United States - their opponents. As a result of the war, the country was divided into two states: North and South Korea.

Socio-economic development and socio-political development of the USSR in the mid-1950s-early 1960s. Contradictions of the period of the "Khrushchev thaw"

1) debunking the cult of Stalin (the 20th and especially the 22nd party congresses);

2) partial democratization of public life, in which several directions can be distinguished:

a) the cessation of terror and the rehabilitation of its victims;

b) partial expansion of the rights of the Soviets, trade unions and local bodies of the party;

c) "thaw" in culture, softening of censorship;

d) the weakening of the "Iron Curtain", the "first sign" of which was the 1st Moscow International Festival of Youth and Students in 1957;

3) the expansion of the rights of the national republics, the replacement of Russian leaders with representatives of indigenous nationalities and the rehabilitation of the repressed peoples with the return of autonomy and their former place of residence (with the exception of the Crimean Tatars and the Volga Germans, who were rehabilitated only in the late 80s);

4) the resumption of the Leninist policy of persecution of the church (albeit in a less severe form);

5) reduction of the army.

Socio-economic reforms This period can be divided according to the content and consequences into two groups.

Positives:

1. A 3-fold reduction in exorbitant taxes on peasants.

2. More active use of the scientific and technological revolution, the great triumph of which was space conquest. In October 1957 The Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, and in April 1961 the world's first manned flight into space took place, which was the Soviet pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin(the designer of the first spaceships was Academician S.P. Korolev). Gaining priority in space, in which the USSR overtook the Americans, was a huge achievement and a subject of legitimate national pride for Russia, but it was also explained by the priority military goals; meanwhile, launched the space project was still during the life of Stalin.

3. Mass housing construction, the resettlement of millions of citizens from communal apartments to separate ones (the so-called "Khrushchevs").

Contradictions and obvious negatives:

1. Replacement branch management of the economy in the face of ministries borrowed again from the time of Lenin parochial(sovnarkhozy).

2. Continuation of the extensive path of economic development, one of the indicators of which was the plowing virgin lands in Kazakhstan, which gave a short-term effect and turned into their exhaustion.

3. The liquidation of the subsidiary farms of the peasants, which meant bringing collectivization to the point of absurdity and depriving the collective farmers of the last incentive to work.

4. Mass exodus from the devastated village of youth, Consequently issuance of passports to collective farmers (banned under Stalin).

5. Voluntarist "leaps" in the economy, vivid examples of which were Khrushchev's anecdotal corn epic, as an attempt to solve the food problem with one means.

6. The division of party bodies on an economic basis into industrial and agricultural, which finally reduced them to the level of understudies of economic management structures.

In summary results Khrushchev's reforms in the economy can be summarized as follows:

at first- a short-term increase in the pace of economic development, the enthusiasm of people and the standard of living (especially housing).

Further -

a) slowdown

b) a drop in labor productivity, Consequently the disappearance of fear with absence other effective incentives (which the state economy is unable to provide);

c) depopulation of the countryside and the final decline of agriculture;

d) food crisis.