The root system of plants, how to correctly determine the size of the root system of a fruit tree, useful tips. How to plant trees near the house? Plants with a shallow root system

A properly developing root system of a tree is the key to the successful completion of the entire life cycle by the plant. Since the normal development of the root is ensured by the quality of the soil, and its upper and lower layers into which the roots germinate, the care of plant roots in practice consists in caring for the soil, which is the environment in which the growth and development of the root system takes place. It is very important for a gardener to know exactly how the underground part of each type of fruit tree is located in the soil - this information will allow you to properly care for the plants, observe the depth of soil cultivation, which would not lead to damage to the roots, especially suction ones. Knowing the region of the periphery of the near-stem circle, the gardener will be able to rationally apply fertilizers - they will immediately find themselves in the area where the most active roots of the tree are located, as well as properly perform root watering.

The structure of the root system

The root system of plants, in particular fruit trees, is their underground part, including the root neck, skeletal roots and overgrowing. The place of transition of the root into the stem is called the root neck, it has a transitional color, the color between the ground and underground parts of the plant changes smoothly. Only trees that have grown from seeds can have a real horse neck; plants propagated by cuttings or layering have a false root neck. When planting seedlings of fruit trees, it should be remembered that the root neck should be located above the soil surface.

The primary root and all branches extending from it take part in the formation of the skeletal structure of the root. The purpose of the skeletal roots is to supply the tree with nutrients in the warm season and store nutrient reserves in the winter. Skeletal roots also serve to strengthen the plant in the soil. The growth they give is a natural way for plants to propagate.

The root lobe of a tree is formed from overgrown roots, it is the most active part of the system, it serves to absorb and absorb moisture and nutrients from the soil and transfer them to skeletal roots.

Types of tree root systems for placement in the ground can be:

• vertical
• horizontal.

The size of the root system - on what factors do they depend

If the growth conditions are satisfactory, then the size of the root system of the tree can be quite large. In fruit trees, roots can penetrate 3-4 m deep, they can branch out 5-8 m wide. But in most cases, the most active part of the root system is located at a shallow depth, about 0.2-0.8 m.

It should be noted that the growth of the root system of fruit trees is an uneven phenomenon; two waves of enhanced growth can be observed throughout the year: in autumn and spring. Interestingly, in the spring, the ground part of the tree comes to life earlier, in the fall, the growth of the shoots first stops, then the leaves fall off, the growth of the roots continues for some period after the leaf fall.

The rapidity of the increase in the size of the underground part of the tree depends on the temperature of the soil, its saturation with moisture and air, and nutrients. The soil temperature from +7 C to +20 C is considered optimal for growth; when the temperature drops below 0 or rises to +30 C, growth stops. The roots of shrubs and trees suffer from a strong drop in temperature to a greater extent than the crown. Therefore, in frosty winters, the root area should be covered with peat, snow, spruce branches.

The level of saturation of the soil with oxygen largely depends on the friability of the soil, and excessive moisture, especially stagnant water, does not affect it in the best way. Inhibition of root growth contributes to the lack or excess amount of nitrogenous compounds in the soil. Potassium and phosphorus are useful for the tree - they stimulate the branching of the roots, and calcium gives strength. The size of the root system of trees also depends on the type of rootstock. It is possible to promote an increase in the mass of roots below the arable horizon through certain agricultural practices, for example, plantation plowing.

Typically, the depth of the root system of fruit trees is from 20 to 60 - 75 cm. As for the horizontal direction, they far exceed the projection of the crown on the ground. The bark system of plums and cherries have a similar occurrence pattern.

Apple tree

The root system of the apple tree is somewhat different; For example, if the soil is damp and heavy, then the depth can be only 20-25 cm. But for the climatic zone of the North Caucasus, this figure will be about 7 m, if the crown radius of such an apple tree is 1.5 m, then the side roots can be spread horizontally in a radius of about 3.5 m.

The depth of the grid of small roots for such a tree will be in the range of 50-60 cm.

Pear root system - features

The pear tree has vertical and horizontal root systems, the roots of the first go to a considerable depth and have practically no branches, the roots of the second, parallel to the ground surface, are very strongly branched, but at the same time they have a compact arrangement and go beyond the crown projection slightly. The horizons of the root system of pear trees are in deeper horizons than the roots of apple trees. That is why the pear is not inclined to give shoots, this phenomenon is much more common in apple trees.

The largest number of pear roots lies at a depth of 20 cm to 160 cm, and skeletal roots can grow to a depth of 5 m. In a pear with a rounded crown, the root system is usually wider and denser than in pyramidal trees. The activity of growth and placement of the root system in space is influenced by:

• rootstock,
• characteristics of the grafted variety,
• environmental conditions
• tree age,
• climatic conditions,
• correct fit.

Of the features of the pear, it should also be remembered that during transplantation it reacts very painfully to pruning of the roots. The crown, sensitive to the state of the root system, begins to fully develop only in the second year after plant transplantation, and then only in the case of restoration of the root system. A tree with heavily damaged overgrown roots is practically doomed to death.

What species of fruit trees should be preferred

Numerous studies show that the size of the root system of fruit trees, from the second year onwards, is approximately 1.5 - 2 times larger than the projection of the crown diameter. Moreover, such a proportion is observed in trees of different species growing in different climatic conditions. At the same time, with the shift of the horticultural zone to the south, a deepening of the occurrence of the underground part is observed. But with a high level of groundwater or the presence of dense pebble layers in the soil, the trees of the southern regions can also have a superficial location of the root system.

When choosing a tree species, preference should be given to one that has a uniform root position along the circumference, as deep and wide as possible, allowing you to get the maximum amount of moisture and nutrients from the soil. A plant that meets these requirements will be highly frost and drought resistant. In addition, the life of such plants will be longer, and their fruiting will be regular. Also, when planting a garden, one should take into account what kind of root system the trees planted nearby will have - even Darwin proved that there is intense competition between plants of the same species when growing together, but it is absent in plants of different species. Also, a more active spread of the roots will be observed in the direction of the growth of a weaker neighboring tree.

The root system of seedlings

Since the development of the root system of a tree determines the duration of its life and the quality of fruiting, when buying seedlings, you should pay close attention to the roots. When buying a tree with an open root system, you need to make sure that it is sufficiently developed and dense. The tips of the roots should have a whitish tint - such plants have been dug up recently and their roots continue to grow.

You should not buy trees:

• with blackened and withered roots,
• with growths on the roots,
• with twisted, deformed roots.

Caution should be taken with trees with sluggish or dry foliage - perhaps the plants were kept unburied and their survival rate could significantly decrease from this.

The plant is monoecious, with bisexual flowers in inflorescences, fruiting mainly on annuli and fruit twigs. Biologically close to mountain ash. It differs from others in simple leathery leaves, dark-colored fruits and a bushy type of growth (the height of the shrub does not exceed 2-3 m). The root system is horizontal, fibrous, superficial, undemanding to soil conditions.[ ...]

It blooms from July to autumn, ripened spikelets fall along with the inflorescence. One plant produces about 1000-2000 seeds. For seed germination, a temperature of 20-35 ° C and sufficient soil moisture are required. Seedlings are formed only when seeds are placed on the surface to a depth of 3 cm, and light increases their germination by 2 times. The root system is represented by adventitious roots penetrating the soil to a depth of 1.5-2 m. Thick rhizomes penetrating the arable layer in all directions, carry renewal buds in numerous nodes and are concentrated mainly in a layer up to 20-25 cm on loose soils. buds or from ascending rhizomes, above-ground shoots are formed. Some of them bear fruit, while others, especially on dense soils, spread over the surface in the form of lashes, and after 1-3 m their top sinks into the soil again. Therefore, there is a strong turfing of the soil with pigs.[ ...]

In the fight against bodyak, agrotechnical measures are widely practiced. Peeling after harvesting crops ensures the elimination of relatively weak young plants grown from seeds. Against well-developed plants, the depletion method is used, which includes repeated surface treatments with deep pruning of the root system. Cutting the root system accelerates the awakening of the renewal buds, weakens and depletes the viability of plants. The greatest success in the destruction of this weed is achieved by a combination of mechanical and chemical methods. In crops of crops, thistle is well suppressed by herbicides 2,4-D, 2M-4HP, as well as their mixtures.[ ...]

In the spring of 1997, due to the increased thickness of the snow cover, which contains large reserves of water, during the period of snowmelt on the slope where experiment 5 is located, an intense runoff of melt water was formed, which led to the development of soil erosion. Melt waters, flowing down the waterlogged layer of soil thawed from the surface, underlain by permafrost, which served as an aquiclude, produced striate erosions on the plots to the depth of soil thawing (3-5 cm). Due to the exposure of the tillering node and the upper part of the root system, plants died in places of soil erosion. Plants suffered the most from erosion in the plots of the first repetition of the experiment, located in the concave part of the slope, through which the most concentrated surface runoff passed. In this regard, the first repetition of the experiment, in which more than 50% of the plants died from erosion, was excluded from the experiment and plowed up.[ ...]

Each of the three types of xerophyte root systems is oriented towards different water sources. Plants with a deeply penetrating taproot use deep water, which, although difficult to reach, is a fairly reliable permanent source of water supply. Plants with a superficial type of root system are focused on maximizing the use of precipitation almost at the time of its fall. Such plants have the ability to use rainfall to a greater extent than plants with a deep root system. A powerful root system, intensively penetrating the entire volume of soil available to the plant, occupies an intermediate position. It uses water that has penetrated into the soil and is retained by it, that is, it has not gone into the depths where groundwater occurs.[ ...]

Due to deeper root systems, most soils are capable of activating the biogeochemical exchange between the deeper soil layers and the plow horizon. Absorbing nutrients from the deep layers of the soil, they raise phosphorus, calcium, microelements to the surface layers, where the root systems of cultivated plants are concentrated. A one-year culture of S. replaces the application of 25 kg/ha of phosphorus.[ ...]

Young generative plants retain the ability to form sylleptic shoots. The shoots of the basal part of the crown are so long and thin that they sag down under the influence of their own gravity. In the basal part of the trunk, the crust is fissured. Leaves of an adult type, mainly with a wedge-shaped base of the plate, rhombic. The root system is adnexal, superficial.[ ...]

Weeds with a deep root system extract minerals from deep soil layers inaccessible to cultivated plants. Nutrients obtained by weeds from the depths of the soil enrich the surface layer of the soil, and this helps to improve the conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants. To a certain extent, weeds protect the soil from erosion, preventing the movement of elements of the mineral nutrition of plants beyond the limits of agrobiogeocenosis. Weeds diversify the species composition of agrobiocenosis, contributing to an increase in the number of animal species associated with them, and especially insects. The emergence of new symbiotic relationships is stimulated, bringing the agrobiocenosis closer to the natural community. The multi-species composition of agrobiocenosis prevents the exorbitant reproduction of dominant insects that can cause significant damage to crops. Crops without weeds are more often affected by Pests.[ ...]

Cucumber is an annual creeping plant. With the help of antennae, it is firmly attached to the supports and grows upwards. The leaves are angular-heart-shaped, large, alternate. In the axils of the leaves, male flowers (barren flower) and fruiting female flowers (ovary) appear. On lateral shoots, as a rule, female flowers are formed more than on the main one. When growing cucumbers in protected ground, in order to obtain an early and friendly harvest, the main shoot of plants is pinched over the second or 3-4th leaf. Cucumbers were brought to us from the hot tropics, so the high demand for heat and moisture is the most characteristic feature of cucumber plants. It is no coincidence that people single out “cucumber” years, when the weather is warm in summer, drizzling rains fall in a decade or two, and warm evaporation occurs from the heated surface of the earth. In an atmosphere of air drought, the growth of cucumbers weakens and even stops. Cucumbers are also demanding on soil moisture. Their root system develops in the surface layer of the soil and a change in the moisture content of this layer adversely affects the overall development of plants. To keep the top layer of soil (10-15 cm) moist all the time, cucumbers require small but frequent waterings.[ ...]

Features of caring for early spring bulbous plants. The main value of early spring bulbous plants lies in the very early flowering, which is not repeated during the summer. Therefore, early spring bulbous plants are planted in sunny places near the house against the backdrop of a lawn or in front of small shrubs. After the leaves begin to die off in June, July, the place vacated in the flower garden from under the early spring bulbous plants can only be occupied by summer plants with a shallow and superficial root system, for example, nemesia, lobelia, purslane. That is why early spring bulbous plants are not planted in the center of the flower garden.[ ...]

Phosphorus absorbed (adsorbed) on the surface of the root system was easily washed off when the root system was immersed in water and entered the plants much more difficult. From the total amount of phosphorus adsorbed by the root during the 20 minutes of the plants' stay on the water, almost seven times less came to the above-ground organs than was lost to the external solution during the same time. It seems that the first portions of phosphorus, adsorbed by the roots in a short time, cannot move further through the plant, and that this is more easily done for new portions of phosphorus entering the plants after saturation of the surface absorption capacity of the root.[ ...]

It is also possible to arrange letniki, close in color, but with a different structure of the bush, for example, eschol-tion, glazing and marigolds. The contrasting combination of yellow and purple (tagetes Gnome and ageratum) has become classic. The superficial root system of annuals (salvia, begonia, gracilis, terry petunia, nasturtium, lobelia) allows them to be planted in wide vases, boxes, decorative containers, etc. The continuous flowering of these plants creates a decorative effect for several months.[ ...]

The amount of suspended material that can be carried off the surface by runoff depends to a large extent on vegetation cover (Figure 2.13). The structure of plants above the surface of the earth is a physical barrier that reduces the intensity of surface runoff. The root system of plants under the ground binds soil particles, which prevents erosion.[ ...]

In this work, we were interested in the general question: how deeply surface effects on plants are reflected by solutions of chemical compounds on the course of physiological processes that are remotely related to what happens at the site of exposure. In particular, it was interesting to consider the nature of the effect of surface spraying with growth-activating substances on the activity of the root system of a plant organism. The studies were carried out on wheat of the Lutescens 758 variety and tomatoes of the Best of All variety. The sodium salt of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) was taken as a growth regulator in the form of an aqueous solution, which was sprayed on the plants. In the experiments it was supposed to trace the effect of toxic, causing formative changes in plants, doses of 2,4-D and lower, stimulating doses.[ ...]

The leaves are entire, broadly oval, basal, on the main velvety green background along the veins there are darker spots of oval, elongated or linear shape, the underside of the leaves is purple, with the same pattern. Petioles are long, up to 15 cm, with wings. In nature, this species, like other members of the arrowroot family, lives in the tropics of Brazil, in the Amazon basin, where high temperatures and air reign, the spirit is saturated with water vapor, which determines the plant's requirement for culture: shade and moisture-loving, needs constant spraying yes I maintain high humidity and cover the rhizome with damp moss, winter temperature should not fall below 17 °, grows well with northern exposure, but when protected from direct sunlight can be kept in western and eastern. Land mixture: sheet, humus, peat, sand (4:1:2:2) with the addition of a small amount of coniferous earth and crushed charcoal. Maranths have a superficial root system, so they are cultivated in flat containers, arranging good drainage. At the slightest overdrying, the plants roll up the leaves, and when the water stagnates, the roots rot, so you need to water moderately in winter. Propagated by dividing large specimens in the spring during a period of active growth. In wide containers or in the soil of the winter garden, calatheas grow luxuriantly, forming spectacular decorative leafy groups. They are also good for arranging flower baskets. In room conditions with high air dryness, calatheas and some types of arrowroot “are best grown in glass greenhouses with a waterproof deck and artificial illumination with fluorescent lamps (Fig. 60). [...]

Of the 13 dogwood species found in the USSR, the most famous and useful is the male dogwood (C. mas). This is a large, up to 4-5 m high, multi-stemmed shrub, sometimes taking the form of a low (5-7, rarely up to 9 m) tree. Male dogwood is widely distributed in the mountains (from the foothills to 700-800 m) of the Caucasus and Crimea, it also grows in the south of the European part of the USSR, and outside our country - in Southern and Central Europe and Asia Minor. This is a very hardy plant. It can be found on the slopes of all exposures, and on a wide variety of soils, including dry rubble, in the undergrowth of deciduous forests, in thickets of shrubs and on open sunny slopes; superficial mycorrhizal root system allows dogwood to be fixed even on a significant steepness.[ ...]

The movement of water in the soil from the bottom up is carried out by capillary forces. Since this is a surface tension phenomenon, the height of the water rise is inversely proportional to the diameter of the soil pores. Thus, the smaller the pores, the greater the distance of capillary movement. The rise of capillary water from the water table (the depth at which all the soil is in field capacity) makes up for water lost to plants and to soil evaporation. The loss of water to evaporation affects only the upper layers of the soil, since as the water column increases, more and more pressure is required to extract soil moisture. During a period of prolonged drought, it is easy to recognize plants with a shallow root system.[ ...]

Choosing the right variety plays a big role. In recent years, interlinear hybrids Pb have been bred. A hybrid plant on 20 racemes produces more than 20 kg of fruit. It should be noted that the seeds collected from hybrids cannot be used for sowing in the following years, since the plants from them do not have high qualities. I have a new cultivar which I named Golden Acre Dwarf. Plant growth stops when they reach a height of about 1.2 m. This is a very bushy standard variety that does not require supports. The variety Lycopersicum exulentum with its excellent shallow root system is very valuable for both large and small hydroponic farms.[ ...]

The main condition for building a stable, long-term functioning composition is the correct selection of species from the point of view of their ecology, namely, the same requirements for the irrigation regime, illumination and soil composition. It is important to take into account the nature of the root system and the growth rate of each species when planting in groups. Plants with a superficial deep root system are planted in low flowerpots - with a strong rod. When planted freely in the ground, the plants grow very quickly and luxuriantly, losing their original proportions. This method of planting is suitable for compositions built symmetrically, that is, visible from all sides, and according to the principle of a free, natural arrangement of plants. When building asymmetric compositions, it is better to cultivate each plant in a separate pot, and combine it into a group using any aggregate - peat, moss, vermiculite, sand, expanded clay. A potted culture inhibits the development of root systems and, accordingly, the above-ground parts of plants, slows down their growth, and the composition as a whole retains its original proportions longer. The advantage of this planting is also the ability, if necessary, to quickly replace one instance with another without damaging the roots of the plant. The current care of compositions consists in watering and top dressing, taking into account the rhythm of plant development, alternating periods of dormancy and vegetation, timely pinching and pruning. Group plantings and tapeworms in mobile containers are recommended to be rotated periodically to avoid uneven growth of shoots due to one-sided lighting.[ ...]

The selective action of auxins depends on a number of factors. Very often, dicotyledonous plants with horizontally arranged wide leaves are sensitive, and after spraying the solution is retained, and resistant plants, often monocotyledons, with narrow, vertically directed leaves, from which droplets easily roll off. In addition, the epidermis of some plants is more permeable to auxin solutions than others. Another reason for the selectivity in the action of herbicides in the treatment of soil is related to their solubility in water. For example, a weakly polar herbicide can be adsorbed in the surface layers of the soil. From here it is absorbed by weeds with a shallow root system, which therefore die, and cultivated plants with deeper roots are not damaged. Conversely, if crop roots are shallow, then a more polar herbicide can be used, which seeps down and is absorbed by deep-rooted weeds. However, more important than all these factors is the hereditary difference in the sensitivity of living cells of various plant species to synthetic auxins.[ ...]

When setting the timing of fertilizer application, the depth of their incorporation, in particular when top dressing, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the development of the root system of plants, the depth of its penetration, as well as the ability of some crops to form additional roots that develop in the surface layers of the soil.[ ...]

On steeper slopes, to reduce the mobility of disturbed soils and inhibit the processes of solifluction, plants with a strong and deep root system - shrubs are used. At the same time, great attention is paid to the prevention of washing off grass or shrub crops by surface runoff, especially in the initial period. With a high speed of surface runoff on steep slopes, do you use? mulching - lining the roots of plants with straw, manure branches or foliage, and in addition, diversion ditches are arranged.[ ...]

The role of mycorrhiza is very great in tropical rainforests, where the absorption of nitrogen and other inorganic substances occurs with the participation of a mycorrhizal fungus that feeds on saprotrophs on fallen leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, etc. The main source of minerals here is not the soil itself, but soil fungi . Mineral substances enter the porcini directly from the hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi. In this way, a more polyoo use of mineral substances and their more complete cycle are ensured. Impossibly, it is explained that most of the root system of rainforest plants is located in the surface layer of the soil at a depth of about 0.3 m.[ ...]

MICROIRRIGATION - the most economical water-saving methods of irrigation, among which the most famous is drip irrigation. With this method of irrigation, water is supplied through a system of distribution plastic pipelines, on which each plant has droppers that supply moisture drop by drop to the soil surface in the zone where the main mass of plant roots is distributed (used in the former USSR); or porous tubes laid above the ground or bringing water directly to the root system. All this significantly reduces losses from evaporation and seepage, but most importantly, drip irrigation consumes 20-25% less water than conventional sprinkling, and 40-60% less than surface irrigation. This economical method of irrigating agricultural land has become widely used in many countries of the world (Table 40), and the area of ​​irrigated land with the help of micro-irrigation has increased almost 8 times since the mid-70s, and at present this value is more than 475 thousand .ha Experiments carried out in foreign countries (USA, Israel, South Africa) showed that the use of M. made it possible to increase the yield of alfalfa by 2 times, potatoes - by 75%, barley - by 43%, etc. (Poustel, 1989).[ ...]

Deserts grassy and shrubby (some parts of Africa, such as the Sahara, the Middle East and Central Asia, the Great Basin and the southwest of the United States, northern Mexico, etc.). The climate is very dry, with hot days and cold nights, with less than 200-250 mm of precipitation per year. Vegetation: xerophytic herbs and sparse shrubs, cacti, many ephemerals that develop rapidly after short rains. The root systems of plants are extensive, superficial, intercepting moisture from rare precipitation or tap roots penetrating the ground to the groundwater level (30 m and deeper). Fauna: various rodents (jerboas, ground squirrels), ungulates (kulans, goitered gazelle, pronghorn antelope), predators (wolf, coyote, corsac). From the birds of saja, sandgrouse, larks. Lots of reptiles, insects and arachnids. The soils are light brown, gray soils, takyrs. Ecosystems are fragile, easily disturbed as a result of overgrazing, wind and water erosion.[ ...]

The leaching of trace elements and their inclusion in migration processes occurs not only as a result of the impact of abiogenic factors on rocks and products of their mechanical destruction. Living organisms also play an active part in this. Some of them, primarily woody plants, extract ore elements, including heavy metals, from the depths with the help of the root system. The subsequent decomposition of leaf litter and dead wood leads to the enrichment of the surface soil layer with these elements. Therefore, we can talk about the functioning of a kind of geochemical, or rather biogeochemical pump (V. M. Goldshmidt), due to which geochemical anomalies often form on the surface.[ ...]

As for the results of the impact of emissions on wildlife, the following circumstances should be taken into account. For the conditions of the Bovanenkovskoye field, for almost 9 months, the ground surface is covered with snow, in which acid precipitation gradually accumulates, essentially without any further physical and chemical transformations. During the spring flood, part of the pollutants dissolved in the water is carried away with the channel runoff of the Seyakha River, which flows through the territory of the complex. However, due to a poorly developed runoff system, in most of the fishing area during the flood period, there is no active mixing and movement of "contaminated" water, and it territorially remains approximately in the same zones (in the same areas) where the surface accumulation of pollutants took place, t .e. either in adjacent water bodies, increasing the acidity of the upper layers of water, or in the upper soil layer, having a partially negative effect on the root system of plants. However, as the analysis showed, the main negative impact on mosses and lichens (the main type of vegetation for the area of ​​the BGCF location), moreover, during their spring-summer vegetation period, is caused by “acidic” precipitation. The histogram of the area distribution of some threshold levels of irreversible changes in mosses and lichens due to the impact of acid precipitation is shown in Fig. 3. fifteen.

When planning the garden of your dreams, the most attractive and exciting process is the process of choosing plants. Planting should be in harmony with all elements of the garden. It is the vegetation that is remembered in the garden first of all. It must be borne in mind that each plant has its own characteristics and tendency to a certain type of soil. When all the issues with the preparation of the soil are carried out, we proceed to the selection of plants. This is done taking into account their requirements for light, moisture, soil nutrition and belonging to the climatic zone. It is possible, of course, to create collections and difficult-to-care gardens, but this requires a conscious, responsible decision. Only taking into account the above points, the plants will grow well and delight you with the splendor of greenery and a riot of colors. But, the most important rule is to start working with plants with love. Many experiments have been carried out, proving that plants react to your attitude towards them.

Having a wide range of plants (unless of course you collect a collection) does not mean that the garden is perfect. The main attention is paid to the appearance, texture, leaf shape, color, size, flowering time of plants. It will not be superfluous to get acquainted with the types of the root system. These data should be taken into account when preparing planting pits and determining the location of plants.

In garden centers, plants are now sold in containers (closed root system). It is easier to compose a composition from such plants and they can be planted almost all year round, with the exception of the period when the ground is frozen. It is easier to transport container plants and their survival rate is better. Checking a container plant or not is easy - just get the plant out of the container. The lump must be intertwined with roots and not fall apart. But, if the roots crawled out of the drainage holes, it means that the plant has not been transplanted for a long time and it will be in a depressed state (you need to pay attention to such things). Large specimens are often sold in "balots" - a prepared root ball in burlap, placed in a metal mesh. This is also a closed root system. Burlap in the ground rots in a season, and the mesh decomposes in 3-4 years. Therefore, such plants are planted in a grid, only the upper part is cut off - this is done to allow the trunk to grow. In spring and autumn, plants with an open root system are transplanted and divided - such planting material is cheaper, but planting time is reduced.

Typical root systems of woody plants:
1 - Rod unbranched root system, the main roots during normal development are very deep (fir, ginkgo biloba, larch, pseudohemlock, red maple, field maple, Norway maple, hornbeam, tree-like hazel (bearnut), small-leaved linden, elm, horse chestnut, black alder, birch, beech, lirodendron, yew berry) rice. one
2 - Tap root system unbranched in youth, branched with age, deep on normal soils (European larch) fig. 2
3 - Deep, branched root system. With age, the taproot branches out due to the increase in the mass of lateral roots (pedunculate oak, mountain ash, pseudolarch, hawthorn, plum, pear, common ash) Fig. 3
4 - Tap root system unbranched in youth, branched with age. On normal soils it is deep, on heavy soils it is flat (Scots pine) rice. 4
5 - Superficial root system. Basically, the roots are very superficial, often located radially (warty birch, Griffith pine, red oak, maple, locust, willow, cypress, thuja, hemlock, spruce, turf, magnolia, sumac) fig. 5

You should be aware that not all plants tolerate the influence of the roots and crowns of other trees. There are a number of plants that are still quite unpretentious next to more powerful neighbors. These are: boxwood, sod, hazel, euonymus, ivy, holly, privet, honeysuckle, pyracantha, alpine currant, elderberry, snowberry, yew, mahonia, wolfberry, chaenomeles, lingonberry, periwinkle.

The territory of our sites, as a rule, is small. Therefore, you should be aware of the plants that are inappropriate to use in small areas (unless, of course, a decision has been made to plant one or two large-sized plants). Types of tall plants whose height in adulthood is from 4 to 20 meters: single-colored fir (15m), lawson cypress (5m), larch (18m), Serbian spruce (14m), prickly spruce (15m), Austrian black pine (15m), field maple (15m, crown diameter 12m), common maple (30m), silver maple (30m), horse chestnut (25m), forest or European beech (25m), ash (up to 35m), English oak (40m), red oak (up to 20m), Robinia (12m), white willow (crown diameter and height 20m), European linden (up to 40m), small-leaved linden (up to 20m).

But, at present, our market is very rich dwarf types and varieties of ornamental plants. With their help, you can decorate even very small rockeries and mixborders very beautifully, make a beautiful accent on an alpine hill, replenish a collection or make a single landing in front of a window or in a lawn. When choosing plants, it is very convenient to use Polish catalogs sold in garden centers. Here not only photographs of plants are placed, but also their shape and size relative to the human figure are indicated. Dwarf firs, spruces, thujas, junipers, birches, barberries, spireas, columnar oaks and mountain ash, a lot of standard forms of coniferous and deciduous plants can please the eye.

It would be nice to know that there are concepts of frost resistance and winter hardiness of plants. Frost resistance- this is the ability of plants to withstand low temperatures characteristic of a certain climatic zone. BUT winter hardiness- endurance of plants with frequent changes in the environment (there is a sharp cold snap with strong wind and frost, then warming, then snowfall, etc.). Each type of plant has its own distinctive characteristics, for example: Horse chestnut does not come from our places, it is frost-resistant and can grow in both sunny and shady places. Black alder requires moist soil and does not tolerate calcareous soils. Beech and hornbeam tolerate pruning well and require fresh soil. Birch tolerates pruning well, but you need to know what time to do it so that it does not dry out from loss of juice, but in general, this plant is unpretentious. Small-leaved linden does not tolerate soil compaction. And the pedunculate oak is thermophilic and grows very slowly.

Exist plant classification in relation to lighting, soil acidity, relation to environmental influences and industrial emissions, soil compaction at the roots, wind-resistant and wind-resistant plants. It is necessary to identify groups of plants that tolerate short-term flooding: field maple, ash-leaved, pseudoplane tree, alder, chokeberry, birch, hornbeam, white turf, holly, magnolia, plum, rhododendron, black elderberry, snowberry, linden, elm, mountain ash, viburnum, aristolochia , clematis, honeysuckle, larch, spruce, Scotch pine, Weymouth, thuja, cypress. But there are very few plants that will endure a constantly elevated water level: the deren will give a weak increase, and the metosequoia will take a long time to rebuild, and this is not our plant.

Heavy clay soils for Belarus is not uncommon. You can completely replace the soil on the site, carry out drainage work, make the necessary slope for water drainage and add a sand cushion, but in this case, we are talking about a 60 cm soil layer. from surface to depth. For annuals and herbaceous perennials, this is a solution to the problem, but for trees and tall shrubs, in which the root system goes several meters deep, this is help, but as long as the plant is young. Therefore, it is better to save yourself from disappointment in the future and study the list of plants suitable specifically for your conditions. Moreover, the list of plants is quite large: maple, alder, hornbeam, turf, hazel, cotoneaster, hawthorn, euonymus, beech, forsythia, ash, ivy, holly, oak, alpine currant, wild rose, blackberry, willow, clematis. From conifers: cypress, larch, microbiota, spruce, pseudo-hemlock. It should be remembered that some varieties of the above plants can be very whimsical, but an individual approach is important here. And species plants calmly tolerate these conditions.

A very important indicator soil acidity. In the past, we have already said that acidic soils prevail in Belarus, but conifers, rhododendrons, hydrangeas and some other plants need a special substrate. It must be added to the planting hole and mixed with the existing soil. Consider many beloved hydrangea- about the physiological origin of the change of colors in these plants. How to get blue hydrangeas? It is very important to choose the right variety. A pure blue color is possible only in a pink-flowered variety, whose flowers contain a sufficient amount of the coloring matter delphinidin. White flowers do not have this coloring matter, so they will never turn blue. Deep pink cultivars such as 'Hamburg' contain small amounts of delphinidin in their flower cells. They are dominated by red, they will give purple, which can also be interesting. Only with sufficient application of aluminum to the soil before flowering will it guarantee a pure blue color. Aluminum can be applied to plants in soil with a low pH value, because. it decomposes sufficiently only at a value less than 5.0 and can be absorbed by plants. Aluminum sulfate is applied from 1.5 to 5 per cubic meter. Hydrangea of ​​the delicate variety "Bouquet of Roses" easily changes color even with slightly acidic soil. But, it should be noted that plants with blue flowers are much lower than those with blue and pink flowers. Mixed-color specimens may be the largest.

Plants for acidic soils: Coniferous - fir, cypress, ginkgo, juniper, spruce, microbiota, low pine or dwarf pine, Weymouth pine, common, Griffith, pseudo-hemlock, yew, thuja, hemlock. Deciduous - broom, dabetia, action, sucker, erica, gorse, hydrangea, holly, willow, magnolia, pachysandra apical, types of cinquefoil, swamp oak, red, some varieties of currants, raspberries, blackberries, roses, red elderberry, blueberries. Mountain ash, viburnum, spirea, lilac, dogwood - withstand acidic soils.

If we are more or less clear with moisture and acidity, then “turn on” sunlight in shady corners and from the north side of the buildings will not work. But nature took care of that too. If such conditions exist, then there are plants for them. Green varieties of barberries feel good without bright sun, they endure shade: boxwood, hornbeam, derain, hazel, cotoneaster, hawthorn, euonymus, forest beech, holteria, witch hazel virginian, ivy, hydrangea, holly, kerria, privet, honeysuckle (flowering will not plentiful), some varieties of magnolia, pachysandra, vesicle, japanese pieris (in our zone winters under cover), bird cherry, rhododendron, some varieties of gooseberries, dog rose, elderberry, mountain ash, varieties of viburnum, large-leaved linden, euonymus forchuna, clematis, aristolochia. From coniferous plants: fir, species and varieties of spruces, cypress trees, hemlock, microbiota, western thuja, folded, chisel-shaped thuja.

It is necessary to note one more very important point, which is usually not paid attention to - in nature there are poisonous plants and they are widely used in landscaping. If there are small children in the house, then their attention is often attracted by berries on ornamental plants, they often tear off the bark from branches or take plant parts in their mouths. In the wolf, all parts of the plant are poisonous, and 10-12 berries are a lethal dose for children. In the euonymus, all parts are poisonous, 36 berries are deadly for an adult. The holly has poisonous fruits and leaves, 30 berries are deadly for an adult. In the bean plant - all parts of the plant are very dangerous, 4 beans is a lethal dose for a child. In sumac, bark and milky juice are dangerous. In juniper, all parts of the plant are poisonous, 20 grams are deadly, the ends of the shoots are especially dangerous. Datura, lily of the valley, foxglove are also classified as poisonous plants, but they are not as dangerous as those listed above.

Allergy- an insidious disease and it is necessary to know the allergens of natural origin. The most numerous group of allergens that enter the body mainly from the air and through direct contact with the skin: plant pollen (most of the pollen is emitted by plants in the morning), mold spores, powdery mildew, the juice of some plants, which is released when they are damaged. There are two periods when pollen is constantly in the air - this is spring, when deciduous trees bloom and summer, the time of flowering grasses. You can leave for this period. I don’t want to create an image of enemy plants, each of the following has properties that are unique in beauty. Deciduous trees: goat willow, black and gray alder, poplar, aspen, hazel, birch, ash, jasmine. Lawn grasses should not be brought to flowering and mowed in time. Cereals and herbs: oats, rye, wheat, rice, wheatgrass, timothy, hedgehog, ragweed, meadow grass, chaff, chamomile, fescue, plantain, ryegrass, foxtail, ornamental cereals, yarrow, asters, chrysanthemums, helenium. Many herbs bloom during the flowering of poplars and it is the herbs that cause allergic reactions, and poplars are only a source of fluff. Plants that cause phytodermatosis: nettle, wolf's bast, dandelion, white gauze, quinoa, wormwood, nightshade, ivy leaves, primrose plants.

​Related Articles​

Fibrous root system:

• I also found this information: It is difficult to uproot stumps with deep taproot and developed lateral roots (oak, pine, larch), it is easy to uproot trees with lateral, superficially creeping roots (aspen, alder, spruce).
• The easiest way to fill the space around trees and shrubs is to create a green carpet under them, which will close the bare areas not only under large trees, but also under low-growing shrubs without harm to them. They create it, of course, with the help of ground covers and shade-tolerant creeping perennials close to them with decorative leaves. In addition to the decorative effect, green spaces will suppress the spread and development of weeds, greatly simplify garden care, saving you a lot of time that is usually spent on weeding. Actually, a green carpet may not necessarily be only green: by combining plants with beautiful foliage with annuals, planted clearings and patches, you can create colorful, illuminating shady places from the inside, carpets that are more reminiscent of patchwork-style bedspreads.​
• Canadian hemlock
• Ash-leaved maple
• Oak red
• Pine (most species) - less deep in heavy soils
• Rough elm
• Apple tree (species and varieties) - not very deep
• Goof narrow-leaved - medium deep
• False maple
• Coming up with decorative compositions from plants, we must take into account their maximum sizes. After all, trees and shrubs tend to change - grow, gain mass and increase in size. It is equally important to know the details of the "underground" life of the root systems of large plants. Because under the ground there are, as it were, inverted branched crowns. Some are pyramidal (tap root system), while others are almost spherical (fibrous).
• Pine, spruce, palm, cypress
• When choosing plants for your green mat, pay attention to their decorative period: the longer your plants are attractive, the more stable and colorful your garden design will be. So, if ground covers are good only in the active garden season, then such evergreen beauties as hardy and unpretentious, and besides, rapidly growing ivy, periwinkle, pachysandra, waldsteinia will cover the soil not only in spring, summer or autumn, but also in winter period, without losing its appeal regardless of the season and weather, and decorative leafy stars such as hosta are so spectacular that the lack of winter attire is easy to forgive. The apical pachysandra pleases the eye with foliage of a juicy green color, a dense and lush carpet of carved leaves, under which no free soil is visible. But the hosta with its large heart-leaved leaves with colorful patterns fills shady places with charm and light. And even though it is more valued precisely for its decorative foliage, flowering, which lasts all summer, is also very attractive. Periwinkle is a plant, albeit a simple one, but so cute thanks to modest leaves and surprisingly bright flowers. It grows both in the shade and in the sun, is durable, blooms for a very long time and can easily settle even under shrubs. Much more space will be required for Fortune's euonymus with its powerful shoots, but the bright foliage, changing yellow-green patterns to pink-green by winter, is worth it to push other crops. And shade-loving annuals - begonias, mimulyus, balsams, nasturtiums, some types of small-colored geraniums will help to dilute the green sea of ​​\u200b\u200bleaves and bring summer bright colors into it.
• Thuja western
• Robinia false locust (white locust) - in maturity
• Spruce (most species)
• Bird cherry magalebka
• Willow pear
• Hawthorn smooth
• Alder gray - not very deep

Tap root system:

• Norway maple - not very deep
• Hanging birch - shallow
• The deeper the roots, the better the grounding, therefore, the conductivity of electric charges. current - more, respectively, lightning will "prefer" this tree to another, provided that there are no taller trees nearby, since static charge accumulates more on taller trees.​
• If shrubs can only be “decorated” with a blanket of ground cover and creeping plants with occasional interspersed with flowering letniki, then under the trees you can arrange a real mini-flower garden (unless, of course, we are talking about a pear, linden, oak, apple tree or cherry with a superficial root system ). The ideal combination for decorating areas under trees is a combination of perennials that are not afraid of competitors and develop well even in cramped conditions of swaying ornamental grasses and shade-loving ferns. They play on contrasts, create the effect of a motley sea and only emphasize the beauty of soloist trees.​
• Common bird cherry
• Walich's pine
• Willow (many species)
• Common ash
• Common pear
• Hawthorn round-leaved
• Black alder - often very deep
• Field maple - not very deep
• Fluffy birch
• ​I always thought that lightning hits the tallest trees.​
• Some of the best plants that can settle in the shade are the magnificent foxglove with its unique long inflorescences of fancy bells, the bright cuff, the imposing epimedium, the touching function. You definitely can’t call them inconspicuous “crumbs”! An original flowering rug can be made from ivy-leaved cyclamen, which produces pink flower heads at the end of summer. It will not be superfluous to the collection of shade-tolerant perennials and the imposing astilbe with its openwork filigree loose panicles or aquilegia with graceful flowers, which is rightfully considered a tramp plant. But sometimes even too bold colors for shade need to be balanced with the help of more restrained, but no less beautiful plants. Decorative sedge, shield plant will perfectly “calm” flowering perennials and create a landscape effect in the near-stem circle. But geraniums are best planted in a diffused shade along the edge of the crown as a kind of edging. By the way, geranium is the only plant that is suitable for creating a monocarpet of tall perennials. Its root system is so compact that you can even plant geraniums next to capricious beauties. Plant a few bushes around the trunk and in a few years you will have an amazingly hardy and colorful rug of geraniums.​
• Empty soil under trees and shrubs looks unattractive, and weeds spreading through free areas take a lot of time and effort. Finding a solution to this problem is quite difficult, because, on the one hand, the crown of large trees and shrubs is too dense and does not provide sufficient lighting for planting a lawn, and, on the other hand, planted plants can interfere with the development of the main characters of the garden. And the more dense, dense crown trees and shrubs have, the more superficial their root system, the more difficult the task of decorating the place around them. But this does not mean that there is no solution to such a problem. Among garden plants there are many very beautiful and unpretentious perennials, which with their roots will not interfere with the development of shrubs or trees themselves, as well as a great many “light” ground covers that not only feel good in the shade, but also create favorable conditions for the development of trees. The main thing is to choose the right lush accompaniment for specific types and varieties of trees.​
• Chinese poplar

Superficial root system:

• Irga canadian
• Ash narrow-leaved
• English oak
• Hawthorn single-petal
• Black alder "Imperialis"
• Common horse chestnut - more or less
• Birch black
• Maybe these trees are just taller?!
• In the shade of huge trees, you can even plant small flowering shrubs, such as low rhododendrons. They should be surrounded by only one plant, because the accumulation of motley rugs will look too flashy. To rhododendrons, for example, you can plant a clearing of Canadian derain, which will make a surprisingly elegant duet with blooming handsome men, or contrastingly dark weaving ivy.
• Not all trees "love" the neighborhood with other plants. The "peaceful" linden, apple tree, oak seem to be created so that their near-stem zone is decorated with lush plants and bright flowers. These trees have a compact, not too wide and deep root system, which allows planting a variety of plants in the shade of the crown, even perennials that actively use the moisture and nutrients of the soil. In full measure, pears with cherries can also be counted among them. Under such trees that do not refuse to be adjacent to other crops in the near-trunk circle, plants are planted quite densely to create the most beautiful carpet, placing up to 12 ground cover seedlings per square meter, about 7 medium-sized or 3 large perennials.
• Balsamic poplar
• Pea cypress
• Japanese cranberry
• Gester laxative
• Plum hawthorn
• Fir (most species) - deep
• Liesuga menzies
• Ginkgo biloba
• Thick roots are better conductors than small ones - they have more moisture, they have a large area of ​​​​contact with the ground.
• There are two main types of root systems. In most oaks, some pines (for example, hard and swamp) and many other trees, this system is pivotal: the base of the trunk passes into a large vertical root, which gradually narrows and branches like the above-ground part of the tree. This main root is usually supplemented by adventitious ones that radiate horizontally from the base of the trunk. In the case of a fibrous root system, characteristic, for example, of elms, beeches and maples, the tree has only such horizontal roots, and the main one among them is not noticeable. Within each of these types, numerous variations are observed. In addition, trees of the same species can form a tap root system on powerful fertile soils and a fibrous root system on damp or rocky places.

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Ground cover plants to fill the space under trees and shrubs.

It is much more difficult to arrange a zone under such representatives of trees as Norway maple or birch, because their roots are very wide and develop horizontally, close to the soil surface. Herbaceous perennials in such trees are inappropriate, and groundcovers will need help: a palm-wide layer of compost should be poured on top of the loosened soil between the roots with the addition of an equal share of garden soil, planted, mulched with large sawdust or bark and wait until the plants take root and spread on their own . You should start with just a few plants. Planting birch and maple trunks is not a matter of one season, and the main thing in it is to be patient and allow the plants to gradually develop on their own. Twice a year, new compost should be laid out between plants and top dressing with organic fertilizers should be doubled, as well as additional watering in drought should be provided.

White poplar "Nivea"

river maple

Amur velvet

Rowan aria

Elm smooth

Robinia false locust (white locust) - in youth

Linden (most species)

Maple red - shallow

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Trees. Tall trees, with a minimal root system growing vertically?

UNESCO

Because a more developed root system contributes to the accumulation of a larger charge on the tree, which attracts lightning.
As for the diameter, as a rule, it is believed that the diameter of the root system is close to the diameter of the crown.
But among the trees there are also plants that create a very strong shadow in which only a few plants can take root, and they “scare away” these neighbors by releasing poisonous substances. So, hazel and chestnut in the leaves contain poisons, which, after falling off, fall into the ground and inhibit the growth of plants in the near-stem zone. Robinia is even more insidious: poisons are secreted not only by leaves, but also by roots. You can’t create a lush carpet next to these plants.