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What is a reflexive verb examples. Reflexive form of verbs

Reflexive verbs

Postfix verbs sya (-s), which express the inverse action are called inverse: be proud, fall in love, meet.

Suffix sya (s) can be used with most verbs in all forms except participles. It stands after the infinitive suffix - ti (t) or endings in personal forms of the verb. For example: wash - wash, wash, wash.

Modern verb suffix sya (s) - is an ancient short form of the reverse pronoun myself in accusative singular.

With a suffix sya (s) verbs are formed:

Attention! Is written -ss spelled Xia

We swim in the sea - we swim in the lake; Shaved yesterday - shave twice.

Verbal state category

The category of state expresses the relation of action to subject and object. Subject-object relations appear in the sentence. The verb is the main link in the implementation of grammatical relations between the subject and the object of the action. Yes, in the proposal The brigade executes the plan the subject of the action (or the carrier of the dynamic feature) is the word brigade; action performed by the subject as an active agent directed at the object (plan), which is a direct object in the sentence.

The logical relations of the subject and object in this sentence coincide with the grammatical ones; the verb expresses the meaning of an active action directed at an independent object.

However, these logical relations can be conveyed in a different grammatical arrangement, for example The plan is carried out by the team. In such a sentence structure, the verb acts with the meaning of a passive action. Verb performed, derived from a transitive verb fulfill using postfix -sya, lost its transitivity. In this case, the logical subject is expressed in the dependent form of the noun - the creative subject, the logical object appears in the form of the nominative case.

Compare also: Everyone welcomes a friend and Friends are welcome. In the first case, the verb expresses an active action directed at an independent object, in the second case, the action is distributed among the subjects, being at the same time objects.

The meaning of the verbal state is closely connected with the semantics of the verb and appears in its syntactic relations with other words.

The category of state finds its expression in the ways of verbal control, being closely associated with the category of transitivity / intransitivity. Thus, all transitive verbs can express the meaning of active action, while intransitive ones never express it. Transitive and intransitive verbs formed from transitive with a postfix -sya, express double subject-object relations, and intransient ones do not correspond with transitive verbs (for example, go, grow, bloom) express a one-sided, subjective relationship. Compare, for example:

Subject-object relationship Subject relationship

The student completes the task. Everything around is asleep.

The task is completed by the student. Vasilko goes to school.

Alenka dresses her sister. Lena laughs.

Lena is getting dressed (Alyonushka is dressing herself).

Morphological and derivational means of expressing individual values ​​of the state is the postfix sya. With the help of this derivational affix, the meaning of the reverse and passive action is expressed.

Correlate transitive and intransitive verbs with postfixes Xia differ not only in the meaning of the state, but also in semantic shades, compare, for example fight ~ fight, love - love, fight - climb, carry, carry. Only when creating verbs with the meaning of the passive state, the semantic shades of comparable verbs are almost imperceptible, for example the plant builds workshops, workshops are built by the plant; the choir performs the cantata, the cantata is performed by the choir.

In the modern Ukrainian literary language, the following states of verbs are distinguished: active (or real), passive and vice versa.

In addition, there is a group of intransitive verbs that do not express dual, subject-object relations, these are verbs of a state zero in terms of the object.

Attention! In linguistics, since the time of M. V. Lomonosov, the traditional system of states of verbs has been defined. M. V. Lomonosov in the "Russian Grammar" named six states: real (or transitional), reverse, mutual, middle, passive (or suffering) and general.

In the works of A. A. Shakhmatov, three states are named: real, passive and inverse, and within the limits of the inverse state, its various meanings are considered: actually inverse, indirectly recurrent, mutually inverse, etc.

In the academic grammar of the Ukrainian language, only two states are considered: active and passive, it is emphasized that the category of state is inherent only in transitive verbs; it is based on two interrelated correlative grammatical meanings - active and passive. Active meaning is expressed by morphological forms, passive - morphological and syntactic. In considering the verbal state, there is a different approach of scientists to this category: some take into account the semantic-grammatical shades of subject-object relations expressed in verbs; others identify the state with the category of transitivity / intransitivity; some scholars rely only on the grammatically manifested correlation of subject-object relations, ignoring the subject relationship with the null object.

1. Active state. Active (or actual) state verbs express the active action of the subject, aimed at an independent object. Only transitive verbs that control the form of the accusative case without a preposition have this meaning.

For example: A mower in a meadow scythe sonorously kleple(M. Rylsky) The girls peered at the viburnum bush in the meadow(I. Nechuy-Levitsky).

The formal expression of a direct object by a dependent noun (or a pronoun or other substantiated word) is a grammatical indicator of the active state of the verb. In the structure of a sentence with an active state verb, grammatical subject-object relations correspond to a logical subject-object relation.

2. Passive state. The verbs of the passive state are opposed to the verbs of the active state by the relationship of the subject to the object and by the direction of action. The logical subject with the verb of the passive state has the form of the instrumental case without a preposition and acts as an indirect object, thereby expressing the relationship of the passive subject and passive action. The object of action with the verb of the passive state is expressed in the form of the nominative case (pronoun or substantiated word), which acts as a subject, for example: The song is performed by all participants of the concert.

Passive state verbs arise from active state verbs with a postfix -sya. The states of the verb that are relative in meaning appear respectively in active or passive turns of speech, for example: The singer sings an aria. - The aria is performed by the singer.

The forms of inflection of verbs of the passive state are somewhat limited in use: with a creative subject, the verb is more often put in the 3rd person, less often in the 1st or 2nd person or in the past tense. The meaning of the passive state can also be expressed in the form of a passive participle, for example: Did you think I'm all about you? - And, choking, you fall into the grass ... I affirm, I affirm, I live(P. Tychina) Enesm abandoned I'm poor(I. Kotlyarevsky).

The absence of a creative subject in the verb neutralizes the meaning of the passivity of the action, and the verb acquires the meaning of a reciprocal-middle state. For comparison: The film is viewed by the commission and The film is being watched for the second time.

3. Back average condition. The verbs of the reciprocating-middle state express the action of the subject, do not turn into an independent object, but are directed back to the actor himself or additionally characterize him through an unnamed object, for example: child puts on shoes(shoes himself) workshops compete(compete with each other) dog bites(may bite someone).

Reflexive verbs can have different shades of the reciprocal-middle state, characterize the relationship between the subject and the object of the action in different ways.

a) proper reflexive verbs express an action, the subject and object of which is the same person. These include the verbs: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, bathe, wash, powder, shave, dress up. For example: With obscene help, the boy was not slow to wash, clean up(Panas Mirny)

b) reciprocal verbs express an action performed by several subjects, each of which acts simultaneously as the object of the action. These include the verbs: meet, compete, greet, hug, kiss, correspond, chat, consult. For example: It was then ... in the village, in the evening, when I met Gabriel, I saw you. And now you see where they met, - Longshanks recalled.(S. Sklyarenko)

c) indirectly reflexive verbs express an action carried out for the subject himself. With verbs with the meaning of an indirect-reverse state, there may be an indirect object or circumstance, for example prepare for exams, get ready for a trip, get ready for the road. These verbs differ from the actual inverse ones in that the logical direct object is not expressed with them. For comparison: Girl washing her face(girl washes herself) and girl going on the road(girl packs things for the road) Father took up his cap: - Get ready, son, let's go(Panas Mirny) (means "pack your things")

d) in-reflexive verbs express action, is concentrated in the acting person itself, or express the internal state of the subject. This includes verbs with the meaning of the relationship of the performer of the action to the object to admire, to worry, to be surprised, to be angry, to be angry, to calm down, to lament, to shake, to suffer and under. For example: There three willows bow down, how they lament(L. Glebov)

d) active-objectless verbs express the property of the subject without its connection with the object. This includes verbs with the meaning of dynamic signs of beings: bite, fight, scratch, whip (the dog bites, the cow fights, the cat scratches, the horse whips) or inanimate objects: sting, prick (nettle sting, thistle pricks) ",

e) passive-qualitative verbs express a static attribute of an object, the influential actions of another object fall under. These include verbs like tear, bend, beat, break, crumble, prick, g. laugh, drown(melt, become liquid) melt etc. Compare in phrases: iron bends, chintz crumples, wax melts, tin melts, ice breaks, bread crumbles, glass breaks,

f) reflexively passive verbs express an action attributed to a passive subject. Reflexive passive verbs govern the dative form (the dative of the subject), which acts as an indirect application. The logical object with verbs of the reflexively passive state is expressed in the form of the nominative case and acts as the subject in the sentence. For example: And I remember Ulyanzi grandfather's fairy tale(A. Donchenko).

If the direct object is not expressed in the form of the nominative case, then the verb turns into an impersonal with a zero state value for the object, for example I shouldn't eat bread - I shouldn't eat.

Verbs of the reflexive-passive state arise from transitive verbs with the help of a postfix -sya, in which the meaning of the reverse pronoun has been preserved to a certain extent, especially in the group of proper reflexive verbs.

All intransitive verbs without a postfix have a zero state according to the expression of the object -sya (fly, ring, posters, become, run etc.), as well as impersonal verbs with a postfix sya (does not sleep, does not sit, but does not lie down).

Intransitive verbs without postfix Xia mean an action closed in the subject itself, that is, they express only the subjective relation (the relation of the action to the subject), for example: Summer passed like a day, and a blue-eyed, golden-eyed September came out of the loose fog.(M. Stelmakh).

Impersonal verbs with postfix Xia also express one-way relations of action to a logical subject in the form of the dative case (dative subject). Action expressed by an impersonal verb with postfixes Xia, attributed to the subject as an internal state independent of it (I couldn’t sleep; the girl can’t sit in the house; he didn’t lie down).

  • Shakhmatov A. Ya. The syntax of the Russian language. - L., 1041. - S. 476-481. Modern Ukrainian literary language: Morphology / Ed. ed. I. K. Bipolida. - M., 1969.

Schoolchildren and linguistic students need to be able to correctly determine the recurrence of verbs. This is required to perform a morphological analysis, a competent presentation of thoughts. There are a number of nuances that should be taken into account when determining the reflexivity of the verb. It is not enough just to remember that a reflexive verb ends in -sya or -ss: this kind of analysis is the cause of regular errors. It is important to understand the originality of this morphological category of the verb.


Reflexivity as a category of a verb
To correctly determine the recurrence of the verb, you need to know exactly the features of the category under study.

Reflexive verbs are a specific type of intransitive verbs. They denote an action directed by the subject on himself, have a postfix –sya. Postfix -sya is part of the word, reflecting the historical changes in the Russian language. In the Old Slavonic language, the postfix denoted the word "himself", performing the functions of a pronoun.

Be sure to know that the reflexivity of the verb is directly related to the morphological category of transitivity. First, find out if the verb is transitive. You need to remember: the definition of the recurrence of the verb takes time and should be based on the analysis of the word. The presence of the -sya postfix does not guarantee that you have a reflexive verb in front of you.

Algorithm for determining the recurrence of the verb
It is desirable to determine the reflexivity of the verb according to a specific scheme, then the probability of errors will noticeably decrease. You will need to be familiar with the basic terms used in the Russian language course.

  1. First determine the category of transitivity of the verb. Remember the signs of transitivity and intransitivity of the verb:
    • A transitive verb denotes an action directed at oneself (subject). It freely combines with a noun that is in the accusative case, without a preposition. For example, to do (what?) a task. To do is a transitive verb because it goes with a noun without a preposition, and the noun is in the accusative case. To determine transitivity, simply model a phrase where there is a noun dependent on the analyzed verb in the accusative case.
    • Intransitive verbs denote actions that do not transfer to an object. Nouns cannot be combined with such verbs in the accusative case without a preposition.
  2. If the verb is transitive, it is not reflexive. The category of recurrence for him at this stage has already been determined.
  3. If the verb is intransitive, you need to continue its analysis.
  4. Notice the postfix. The postfix -sya is an obligatory sign of a reflexive verb.
  5. All reflexive verbs are divided into 5 types.
    • General reflexive verbs are needed to express changes in the emotional state of the subject, his physical actions. For example, rejoice, hurry.
    • Verbs from the group of proper reflexives denote an action directed at the subject. Thus, one person becomes object and subject. For example, to dress up - dress up yourself.
    • Reciprocal verbs denote actions performed between several subjects. Each subject is simultaneously the object of the action, that is, the action is transferred to each other. For example, to meet - to meet each other.
    • Verbs from the group of non-objective reflexives denote actions that are permanently inherent in the subject. For example, metal melts.
    • Indirectly reflexive verbs imply actions performed by the subject in their own interests, for themselves. For example, stocking up.
    Try to determine what type the verb is. The reflexive verb must be included in one of the groups.
  6. Please note: the postfix -sya is not always a sign of a reflexive verb. Check if the verb belongs to one of the groups:
    • Transitive verbs reflecting the intensity of the action. For example, knock. The postfix increases the intensity.
    • Verbs with impersonal meaning. For example, do not sleep.
If the verb is included in one of the groups, it is not reflexive.

If the verb does not fit into any type from point 6, but clearly belongs to one of the groups of point 5, it has the category of reflexivity.

REVERSE FORM OF VERBS . Verb form formed with an ending -ss or -sya. Verbs with this ending can be divided into 1. verbs in which there are no correlative forms without -sya: to be afraid, to laugh, etc.; however, some of them have verbs without -sya from the same bases, but with other prefixes: ridicule, etc .; 2. verbs with correlative verbs without -sya, but with such a difference in meaning that it cannot be attributed to the ending -sya, eg. fight, cf. tear; 3. verbs with forms without -sya with such a difference in meaning that can be considered solely due to the presence or absence of this ending. The first 2 cases do not allow us to find out the functions of formations with -sya, because the intransitive meaning that unites all of them is usually also for many verbs without -sya. In the latter case, one can speak of a difference in collateral, which can be called repayable and non-refundable (see Pledges and Refundable Pledge). The main meanings (functions) of V. F. for verbs that have both irrevocable and V. F. are as follows: 1. own returnable: the actor does to himself what, in the irrevocable form, he does to the person or object indicated by VIN. pad. noun: wash, rejoice, etc.; 2. mutual: several characters do with each other what, in the irrevocable form, the character does with other persons or objects designated vini. pad. noun: fight, meet, etc.; 3. passive: the object of the action of the verb in an irrevocable form here (with VF with a passive meaning) becomes the subject of speech, although its real (non-grammatical) relation to the action of the verb remains the same, i.e. is denoted by the noun in name, pad., and the subject of the action is either not denoted, or denoted as an instrument of action, creates, by the case of the noun: the house is being built by a carpenter; more often without creativity. pad., denoting the manufacturer of the action: the floors in the house are washed weekly; while VF with a passive meaning is used mainly with names, pad. nouns that do not denote persons; 4. indirect return: the actor does something for himself, in his own interests; VF has such a meaning relatively rarely and, moreover, mainly from intransitive verbs: to knock, i.e. to knock for oneself, to make oneself known, to make promises, i.e. promise for yourself, etc.; 5. intransitive: the action is considered regardless of the object of the action, sometimes as an ability, property: to scold, bite, etc .; 6. amplification or concentration of an intransitive value(from verbs that have an irrevocable form with an intransitive meaning): to blush, cf. blush, smoke - "to blow smoke around oneself", cf. smoke; 7. impersonal(from verbs that have an intransitive meaning in an irrevocable form): the action is considered without regard not only to the object (which is not present even in the irrevocable form), but also to the subject of the action, as happening by itself: sleeping, breathing, believing, wanting, etc .; at the same time, the person who is the subject of the action in the irrevocable form of these verbs is denoted by a noun in dat. pad.: he does not sit. See pledges and titles. there is an article by Fortunatov.

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VERB TENSES The present tense of a verb is often used to convey past or future action. In the first case, when an event from the past is spoken of as if it were happening at the present moment, the intention of the author is usually to give the narrative

A verb is a word denoting an action and answering the question "What to do?" The last clarification is very important, because the word "walking", for example, also denotes an action, however, it cannot be classified as a verb.

The action is always directed towards some object. It may be the same object that does it, or some other. In the first case, we will talk about a reflexive verb, and in the second - about an irrevocable one.

Identification feature of reflexive verbs

The fact that the action performed by a certain subject is directed at himself can be evidenced by a reflexive pronoun. In Russian, there is only one such pronoun, which does not even have a nominative case - “self”.

The language always strives for brevity, so the reflexive pronoun in combination with verbs was reduced to “sya”, and then turned into a part of these verbs - the postfix, i.e. suffix that after the end. This is how reflexive verbs arose, the identifying feature of which is the postfix “-sya”: “dress yourself” - “”, “wash yourself” - “wash yourself”. Verbs that do not have such a postfix are called non-reflexive.

Types of reflexive verbs

Not always the semantic content of the reflexive verb is so simple. An action that someone directly performs on himself is only one reflexive verb - proper reflexive.

A verb of this kind can also imply some action that the object performs not on itself, but in its own interests. For example, if people are said to be “building”, this can mean not only “building themselves in a line” (proper reflexive verb), but also “building a house for themselves”. In the latter case, the verb will be called indirectly reflexive.

The joint actions of several objects are also indicated by reflexive verbs: “meet”, “talk” are mutually reflexive verbs.

However, not having the postfix "-sya" is reflexive. It is impossible to classify as such verbs that have a passive voice, i.e. implying that the action on the object is performed by someone else: “the house is being built”, “microbes are being destroyed”.

A verb cannot be reflexive if it is transitive, i.e. denotes an action directed at another object, although in the impersonal form such verbs may have the postfix "-sya": "I want to buy a car."

Irrevocable verbs are called verbs without the postfix -sya; returnable- verbs with the postfix -sya. Historically, the formation of reflexive verbs is associated with the pronoun Xia, which was originally attached only to transitive verbs ( wash + sya ("yourself") = to wash).

All verbs in Russian can be divided into several groups:

irrevocable verbs,

from which returnable

irrevocable

returnable

a) wash

build + xia education return

forms

meet + xia

b) turn white + sya

darken + sya - morphological synonyms

c) look - look at verbs

work - work out SD

d) write - impersonal is not written

sleep - can't sleep verbs

respond

lunch

fight

laugh

balk

Thus, we can conclude that the postfix –sya in Russian can perform several functions:

Form reflexive forms of verbs ( wash, bleach);

Form reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning ( to forgive - to say goodbye, to finish off - to achieve).

It should be noted that some -sya verbs have a synonymous reflexive combination ( to lose - to deprive oneself, to cover - to cover oneself).

The division of verbs into irrevocable and reflexive was established in the Russian language, regardless of the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voice and non-voice. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix -sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and only reflexive forms of the verb give voice correlation.

Collateral category

The category of voice is one of the most difficult problems of Russian grammar. Linguistic scholars define the content of this category in different ways, and therefore solve the issue of the number of collaterals in different ways: some count up to 17 collaterals, others generally deny the existence of collaterals.

In Russian linguistics, there are the following definitions of voice:

1) pledge means “an act that passes from one thing to another, and an act that does not pass from one thing to another” (Lomonosov);

2) voices are such verb forms that denote a difference in relation to the verbal action to its subject. On this basis, it is possible to allocate a refundable deposit ( the book is being read) and non-refundable deposit ( read a book) - Aksakov, Fortunatov;

3) pledge is the relation of the action to the object (Buslaev, Shapiro);

4) pledge is an expression of the asset and liability of the subject (Isachenko, AG-70);

5) pledge - is the relation of action to subject and object(Vinogradov, Golovin, Gvozdev, Shansky).

In all these definitions of voice, there is a common criterion - the relation of the action to the subject and object. This feature is indeed important in the voice content, since the voice, like other verbal categories, manifests itself primarily as a certain grammatical relation - the relation of the action to its source and to the object. The category of pledge reflects objectively ongoing processes, the implementation of which is possible in the presence of an actor and an object of application of the action.

The mother (subject) washes (action) of the child (object).

The child (subject, object) washes (action).

But in Russian there are verbs that name such actions, for the implementation of which only the doer, the subject of the action is needed:

Clouds (subject) float silently across the sky.

Thus, all verbs in Russian can be divided into two groups:

1) verbs capable of conveying voice relations (voice verbs);

2) verbs that do not convey voice relations (non-voice verbs).

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