What are anions? Cations and anions. Electrolytic dissociation of acids, alkalis and salts (medium)

The primary sources of the mineral composition of natural waters are:

1) gases released from the bowels of the earth in the process of degassing.

2) products of the chemical action of water with igneous rocks. These primary sources of the composition of natural waters still exist. At present, the role of sedimentary rocks has increased in the chemical composition of water.

The origin of the anions is connected mainly with the gases released during the degassing of the mantles. Their composition is similar to modern volcanic gases. Along with water vapor, gaseous hydrogen compounds of chlorine (HCl), nitrogen (), sulfur (), bromine (HBr), boron (HB), carbon ( ). As a result of the phytochemical decomposition of CH 4, CO 2 is formed:

As a result of the oxidation of sulfides, an ion is formed.

The origin of cations is associated with rocks. Average chemical composition of igneous rocks (%): – 59, – 15.3, – 3.8, – 3.5, – 5.1, – 3.8, – 3.1, etc.

As a result of rock weathering (physical and chemical), groundwater is saturated with cations according to the scheme: .

In the presence of anions of acids (carbonic, hydrochloric, sulfuric), salts of acids are formed:.

Microelements. Typical cations: Li, Rb, Cs, Be, Sr, Ba. Heavy metal ions: Cu, Ag, Au, Pb, Fe, Ni, Co. Amphoteric complexing agents (Cr, Co, V, Mn). Biologically active trace elements: Br, I, F, B.

Trace elements play an important role in the biological cycle. The absence or excess of fluorine causes caries and fluorosis. Lack of iodine - thyroid disease, etc.

Chemistry of atmospheric precipitation. Currently, a new branch of hydrochemistry is developing - atmospheric chemistry. Atmospheric water (close to distilled) contains many elements.

In addition to atmospheric gases (), there are impurities in the air released from the bowels of the earth components ( etc.), elements of biogenic origin ( ) and other organic compounds.

In geochemistry, the study of the chemical composition of precipitation makes it possible to characterize the salt exchange between the atmosphere, the surface of the earth, and the oceans. In recent years, radioactive substances have been released into the atmosphere in connection with atomic explosions.

Aerosols. The source of formation of the chemical composition are aerosols:

dust-like mineral particles, highly dispersed aggregates of soluble salts, the smallest drops of solutions of gaseous impurities (). The sizes of aerosols (condensation nuclei) are different - an average radius of 20 microns (cm) fluctuates (up to 1 micron). The number decreases with height. The concentration of aerosols is maximum within urban areas, minimum in the mountains. Aerosols are blown into the air - eolian erosion;

salts raised from the surface of oceans and seas, ice;

products of volcanic eruptions;

human activity.

Formation of the chemical composition. A huge amount of aerosols rises into the atmosphere - they fall to the surface of the earth:

1. in the form of rain,

2. gravitational settling.

Formation begins with the capture of aerosols by atmospheric moisture. Mineralization ranges from 5 mg/l to 100 mg/l and more. The first portions of rain are more mineralized.

Other elements in precipitation:

- from hundredths to 1-3 mg / l. Radioactive substances: etc. They come mainly from the testing of atomic bombs.

End of work -

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Hydrogeology is a complex science and is divided into the following independent sections

Groundwater is in a complex relationship with the rocks that make up the earth's crust, which are studied by geology, therefore geology and .. hydrogeology covers a significant range of issues studied by others .. the importance of groundwater in geological processes is extremely high under the influence of groundwater, the composition and ..

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All topics in this section:

Hydrosphere
Plan: 1. Hydrosphere and water circulation in nature 2. Types of water in rocks 3. Properties of rocks in relation to water 4. The concept of aeration and saturation zone

Origin and dynamics of groundwater
Plan: 1. Origin of groundwater 2. Laws of groundwater filtration 3. Determining the direction and speed of groundwater movement 4. Basic hydrogeological

Groundwater filtration laws. Linear filtering law
The laminar movement of groundwater obeys the linear law of filtration (Darcy's law - by the name of the French scientist who established this law in 1856 for porous granular rocks

Trapezoidal water consumption: Q=0.0186bh√h, l/s, where Q – source flow, l/s; b is the width of the lower weir in cm; h - level height in

Basic hydrogeological parameters
The most important properties of rocks are filtration, which are characterized by the following parameters: filtration coefficient, permeability coefficient, water loss coefficient, water supply

Gazin formula
K=Сdн2(0.70+0.03t), m/day, С is an empirical coefficient depending on the degree of soil homogeneity and porosity. For clean, homogeneous sands С=1200, medium uniformity and raft

Determination of groundwater discharges
1) Flat flow and its flow. A flat groundwater flow is one whose streams flow more or less in parallel. An example would be the flow of groundwater, driving

Types of vertical catchments
Vertical catchment areas can be divided into wells (pits) and boreholes. According to the nature of the exploited aquifers, they are divided into ground and artesian (pressure). By character

The formula for the inflow of water into the drain
Drains are built to lower the groundwater level. The inflow of water into a perfect horizontal drain of length B under non-pressure water conditions according to the Dupuy equation is equal to

Chemical composition of groundwater
Plan: 1. Physical properties of groundwater 2. Water reaction 3. General mineralization of water 4. Chemical composition of water 5. Forms of expression of chemical composition

Atomic weights of ions and factors for converting milligram ions to milligram equivalents
Index Atomic weight (multiplier for converting from mg/l to mg/l) Multiplier for converting from mg/l to meq K+

Assessment of the suitability of water for various purposes
Water supply. According to GOST 2874-73 "Drinking water" and SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01, water must meet the following requirements: Mineralization up to 1 g/l (according to the SES section up to 1.5 g/l); hardness 7 mg-

Absorption capacity of some clay minerals
Mineral Absorption capacity, mEq per 100 g Kaolinite Illite Montmorillanite Vermiculite Halloysite 3-15 10-40

Mineral water
The healing properties of mineral waters are determined by: mineralization, ion-salt composition, content of biologically active components, gas and redox potential (Eh), act

Regulatory requirements for mineral industrial waters
50 g/l Halite

Groundwater zoning
The zonality of groundwater is manifested on a global scale and belongs to the category of fundamental properties of the hydrolithosphere. It is understood as a regularity in the space-time organization

Geological activity of groundwater
Plan: 1. Karst 2. Rock fracturing 3. Suffosion I. Karst. By definition, D.S. Sokolova (1962) karst is a process of destruction

Operating reserves
Qex = +0.7Qair, where α is the recovery factor, the maximum allowable

Groundwater regime
Under the regime of groundwater should be understood as a change in their level, temperature, chemical composition and flow in time and space under the influence of natural and artificial

Fundamentals of engineering geology
Plan: 1. The concept of engineering-geological properties of rocks. 2. Methods for studying the engineering-geological properties of rocks. 3. Basic engineering-geological properties

Under normal conditions, air molecules and atoms are neutral. However, during ionization, which can occur through ordinary radiation, ultraviolet radiation, or through a simple lightning strike, air molecules lose part of the negatively charged electrons rotating around the atomic nucleus, which later join neutral molecules, giving a negative charge. We call such molecules anions. Anions have no color and odor, and the presence of negative electrons in orbit allows them to attract various microparticles from the air, thus removing dust from the air and killing microbes. The role of anions in the composition of the air is comparable to the importance of vitamins for human nutrition. That is why anions are also called "air vitamins", "element of longevity" and "air purifier".
Although the beneficial properties of anions have remained in the shadows for a long time, they are extremely important for human health. We cannot afford to neglect their healing properties.
Thus, anions can accumulate and neutralize dust, destroy viruses with positively charged electrons, penetrate bacteria cells and destroy them, thus preventing negative consequences for the human body. The more anions in the air, the less microbes in it (when the concentration of anions reaches a certain level, the content of microbes is completely reduced to zero).
The content of anions in 1 cubic centimeter of air is as follows: 40-50 anions in residential areas of the city, 100-200 anions in urban air, 700-1000 anions in an open field and more than 5000 anions in mountain valleys and hollows. Human health directly depends on the content of anions in the air. If the content of anions in the air entering the human body is too low, then the person begins to breathe spasmodically, may feel tired, dizzy, have a headache, or even become depressed. All this can be treated, provided that the content of anions in the air entering the lungs is 1200 anions per 1 cubic centimeter. If the content of anions inside living quarters is increased to 1500 anions per 1 cubic centimeter, then your health will immediately improve; you will start working with redoubled energy, thereby increasing productivity. Thus, anions are an indispensable assistant in strengthening human health and prolonging life.
The World Health Organization has established that the minimum content of anions in fresh air is 1000 anions per 1 cubic centimeter. Under certain environmental conditions (for example, in mountainous areas), people may not undergo internal inflammation or infection for a lifetime. As a rule, such people live long and remain healthy all their lives, which is the result of a sufficient content of anions in the air.
In recent years, interest in the medicinal and hygienic properties of anions has increased all over the world. After many years of research, employees of the company "WINALITE" (Shenzhen) have developed unique pads with a therapeutic and prophylactic effect. By improving ordinary gaskets and integrating high-tech ionizers into them, we have received a national patent for the production of this type of product. The anion chip in "Love Moon" pads can generate up to 5800 anions per 1 cubic centimeter; it effectively eliminates bacteria and viruses that can lead to inflammation of the female sphere (vaginitis), and also prevents their reappearance.
Almost all female diseases are caused by anaerobic bacteria. When the anion chip generates a high-density anion flow, ionized oxygen is released at the same time, which neutralizes the unfavorable anaerobic environment, activates enzymes, eliminates inflammation, and normalizes the acid-base balance. At the same time, at normal temperature, the anion chip material is able to emit magnetic waves of 4-14 microns in length, useful for the human body, with an intensity of over 90%, which activate water molecules in cells, stimulating the process of enzyme synthesis.
Thus, on the basis of purely physical impact, the effect of destroying bacteria and eliminating unpleasant odors is achieved, which makes it possible to take care of women's health with the help of high technologies.
Anion pads"

cations called positively charged ions.

Anions are called negatively charged ions.

In the process of development of chemistry, the concepts of "acid" and "base" have undergone major changes. From the point of view of the theory of electrolytic dissociation, electrolytes are called acids, during the dissociation of which hydrogen ions H + are formed, and bases are electrolytes, during the dissociation of which hydroxide ions OH - are formed. These definitions are known in the chemical literature as the Arrhenius definitions of acids and bases.

In general, the dissociation of acids is represented as follows:

where A - - acidic residue.

Such properties of acids as interaction with metals, bases, basic and amphoteric oxides, the ability to change the color of indicators, sour taste, etc., are due to the presence of H + ions in acid solutions. The number of hydrogen cations that are formed during the dissociation of an acid is called its basicity. So, for example, HCl is a monobasic acid, H 2 SO 4 is dibasic, and H 3 PO 4 is tribasic.

Polybasic acids dissociate in steps, for example:

From the acid residue H 2 PO 4 formed at the first stage, the subsequent detachment of the H + ion is much more difficult due to the presence of a negative charge on the anion, so the second stage of dissociation is much more difficult than the first. In the third step, the proton must be split off from the HPO 4 2– anion, so the third step proceeds only by 0.001%.

In general, the dissociation of the base can be represented as follows:

where M + is a certain cation.

Such properties of bases as interaction with acids, acid oxides, amphoteric hydroxides and the ability to change the color of indicators are due to the presence of OH - ions in solutions.

The number of hydroxyl groups that are formed during the dissociation of a base is called its acidity. For example, NaOH is a one-acid base, Ba (OH) 2 is a two-acid one, etc.

Polyacid bases dissociate in steps, for example:

Most bases are slightly soluble in water. Water-soluble bases are called alkalis.

The strength of the M-OH bond increases with an increase in the charge of the metal ion and an increase in its radius. Therefore, the strength of the bases formed by elements within the same period decreases with increasing serial number. If the same element forms several bases, then the degree of dissociation decreases with increasing oxidation state of the metal. Therefore, for example, Fe(OH) 2 has a greater degree of basic dissociation than Fe(OH) 3 .

Electrolytes, during the dissociation of which hydrogen cations and hydroxide ions can simultaneously form, are called amphoteric. These include water, hydroxides of zinc, chromium and some other substances. Their full list is given in Lesson 6, and their properties are discussed in Lesson 16.

salts called electrolytes, during the dissociation of which metal cations (as well as the ammonium cation NH 4 +) and anions of acid residues are formed.

The chemical properties of salts will be described in Lesson 18.

Training tasks

1. Electrolytes of medium strength include

1) H3PO4
2) H2SO4
3) Na 2 SO 4
4) Na3PO4

2. Strong electrolytes are

1) KNO 3
2) BaSO4
4) H3PO4
3) H 2 S

3. A sulfate ion is formed in a significant amount during dissociation in an aqueous solution of a substance whose formula is

1) BaSO4
2) PbSO4
3) SrSO4
4) K 2 SO 4

4. When diluting the electrolyte solution, the degree of dissociation

1) stays the same
2) goes down
3) rises

5. The degree of dissociation when a weak electrolyte solution is heated

1) stays the same
2) goes down
3) rises
4) first increases, then decreases

6. Only strong electrolytes are listed in the order:

1) H 3 PO 4, K 2 SO 4, KOH
2) NaOH, HNO 3 , Ba(NO 3) 2
3) K 3 PO 4 , HNO 2 , Ca(OH) 2
4) Na 2 SiO 3, BaSO 4, KCl

7. Aqueous solutions of glucose and potassium sulfate, respectively, are:

1) with strong and weak electrolyte
2) non-electrolyte and strong electrolyte
3) weak and strong electrolyte
4) weak electrolyte and non-electrolyte

8. The degree of dissociation of electrolytes of medium strength

1) more than 0.6
2) more than 0.3
3) lies within 0.03-0.3
4) less than 0.03

9. The degree of dissociation of strong electrolytes

1) more than 0.6
2) more than 0.3
3) lies within 0.03-0.3
4) less than 0.03

10. The degree of dissociation of weak electrolytes

1) more than 0.6
2) more than 0.3
3) lies within 0.03-0.3
4) less than 0.03

11. Both are electrolytes:

1) phosphoric acid and glucose
2) sodium chloride and sodium sulfate
3) fructose and potassium chloride
4) acetone and sodium sulfate

12. In an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4, the lowest concentration of particles

1) H3PO4
2) H 2 PO 4 -
3) HPO 4 2–
4) PO 4 3–

13. Electrolytes are arranged in order of increasing degree of dissociation in the series

1) HNO 2, HNO 3, H 2 SO 3
2) H 3 PO 4, H 2 SO 4, HNO 2
3) HCl, HBr, H 2 O

14. Electrolytes are arranged in order of decreasing degree of dissociation in the series

1) HNO 2, H 3 PO 4, H 2 SO 3
2) HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, HCl
3) HCl, H 3 PO 4, H 2 O
4) CH 3 COOH, H 3 PO 4, Na 2 SO 4

15. Almost irreversibly dissociates in aqueous solution

1) acetic acid
2) hydrobromic acid
3) phosphoric acid
4) calcium hydroxide

16. An electrolyte that is stronger than nitrous acid is

1) acetic acid
2) sulfurous acid
3) phosphoric acid
4) sodium hydroxide

17. Stepwise dissociation is characteristic of

1) phosphoric acid
2) hydrochloric acid
3) sodium hydroxide
4) sodium nitrate

18. Only weak electrolytes are presented in the series

1) sodium sulfate and nitric acid
2) acetic acid, hydrosulfide acid
3) sodium sulfate, glucose
4) sodium chloride, acetone

19. Each of the two substances is a strong electrolyte

1) calcium nitrate, sodium phosphate
2) nitric acid, nitrous acid
3) barium hydroxide, sulfurous acid
4) acetic acid, potassium phosphate

20. Both substances are medium strength electrolytes.

1) sodium hydroxide, potassium chloride
2) phosphoric acid, nitrous acid
3) sodium chloride, acetic acid
4) glucose, potassium acetate

ANIONS (negative ions) What are anions? How do anions affect the human body?

What are anions?

Molecules and atoms of air, under normal conditions, are neutral. But with the ionization of air, which can happen through ordinary radiation, microwave radiation, ultraviolet radiation, sometimes simply through a simple lightning strike. The air is discharged - oxygen molecules lose some of the negatively charged electrons revolving around the atomic nucleus, which later find and join any neutral molecules, giving them a negative charge. Such negatively charged molecules are called anions. Man cannot exist without anions, like any other living being.

The aroma of fresh air - we feel the presence of anions in the air of wildlife: high in the mountains, by the sea, immediately after rain - at this time we want to breathe deeply, inhale this purity and freshness of the air. Anions (negatively charged ions) of the air are called air vitamins. Anions treat diseases of the bronchi, the human pulmonary system, are a powerful means of preventing any disease, increase the immunity of the human body. Negative ions (Anions) help purify the air from bacteria, microbes, pathogenic microflora and dust, bringing the number of bacteria and dust particles to a minimum, and sometimes to zero. Anions have a good long-term cleansing and disinfecting effect on the microflora of the surrounding air.

Human health directly depends on the quantitative content of anions in the ambient air. If there are too few anions in the surrounding space in the air that enters the human body, then the person begins to breathe spasmodically, may feel tired, begin to feel dizzy and have a headache, or even become depressed. All these conditions are treatable if the anion content in the air entering the lungs is at least 1200 anions per 1 cubic centimeter. If you increase the content of anions inside residential premises to 1500-1600 anions per 1 cubic centimeter, then the well-being of people living or working there will improve dramatically; You will begin to feel very good, work with redoubled energy, thereby increasing your productivity and the quality of work.

With direct contact of anions with the skin, due to the high penetrating ability of negative ions, complex biochemical reactions and processes occur in the human body, which contribute to:

general strengthening of the human body, immunity and maintaining the energy status of the body as a whole

improvement of blood supply to all organs, improvement of brain activity, prevention of oxygen deficiency of the brain,

Anions improve the functioning of the heart muscle, kidney and liver tissues

anions enhance blood microcirculation in the vessels, increase tissue elasticity

negatively charged particles (anions) prevent aging of the body

anions contribute to the activation of anti-edematous and immunomodulatory effects

anions help against cancer, tumors, increase the body's own antitumor defenses

with an increase in anions in the air, the conductivity of nerve impulses improves

Thus follows:

Anions (negative ions) are an indispensable assistant in strengthening human health and prolonging his life