Growing legumes as a business. List of green manure plants that can be used as fertilizer How to prepare beans for planting in the spring in the garden and at home

§1. General characteristics of cereal legumes

National economic importance of leguminous crops. All cereal legumes belong to the legume family ( Fabaceae) and have much in common in plant biology, cultivation practices, and the quality of the resulting products. Legumes include: peas (sowing and field, or pelushka), fodder beans, common vetch, common beans, lupine (white, yellow, perennial, narrow-leaved), soybeans, lentils, rank, chickpeas.

Cereal legumes are cultivated for seeds with a high protein content. These crops are divided according to economic importance into: food, fodder, technical and universal. Beans and lentils are distinguished by high taste and culinary qualities, they are used only in human nutrition. Chickpeas, chickpeas, broad beans, white and yellow lupines are mainly used in the feed industry, although in some countries the seeds of chickpeas and white lupines are eaten. Soy is used as a technical, food and fodder crop, without losing the value of oilseeds. In terms of versatility of use, soybean is unmatched among field plants.

In solving the problem of vegetable protein, a very important, if not decisive, role belongs to legumes. In the seeds of many crops, the protein content is 25 - 30%, and in soybeans and lupine - up to 35 - 45%. Cereal legumes not only have a high nutritional value themselves, but also improve the use of animal feed by other low-protein crops. The seeds of many legumes contain a large amount of fat: soybeans - 16 - 27%, chickpeas - about 55, which increases the nutritional value of these crops.

The protein content in the seeds of grain legumes is determined not so much by the genotype of the variety and the area of ​​cultivation, but by the conditions for symbiotic fixation of air nitrogen - agrochemical indicators of the soil, moisture supply of plants. On acidic, nutrient-poor soils, symbiotic air nitrogen fixation is inactive or does not occur at all, plants experience nitrogen starvation, as a result, the content of crude protein in green mass and seeds is minimal, and the yield is low. Similarly, the lack of moisture affects the protein content on nitrogen-poor soils, when air nitrogen fixation does not occur, and there are few available forms of mineral nitrogen. In this regard, the fluctuation of the protein content of the same crop in one area reaches 10 - 16% or more.

The value of legume seeds is not only in the high protein content, but also in its usefulness. The content of the main essential amino acids in it is 1.5 - 3.0 times higher than in the protein of cereals. The advantages of grain legumes over crops of the Bluegrass family also lie in the fact that legumes produce more protein per unit area, its quality and digestibility are higher. They provide the cheapest protein, including air nitrogen in the biological cycle, which is inaccessible to other plants. Air nitrogen fixation occurs in the process of symbiosis of legumes with nodule bacteria of the genus Rhizobium due to the light energy accumulated by the plant.

The industrial raw material value of legumes lies in the fact that their seeds are used for the preparation of cereals, flour, canned food and confectionery. Soybean seed oil is of nutritional and technical importance, the urease enzyme, like bean protein, is used in medicine. Seeds of some cereal legumes (soybeans, chins) serve as raw materials for the production of casein and plastics.

All symbiotically fixed atmospheric nitrogen is alienated with the crop of legumes, but more nitrogen remains in the field with their organic residues than with the organic residues of other crops. Therefore, as a predecessor, they provide a higher yield of the subsequent crop than other predecessors.

Under favorable conditions of symbiosis (pH 6 - 7, sufficient supply of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, boron, molybdenum, the presence of specific strains of nodule bacteria, optimal soil moisture), peas can absorb up to 150 kg / ha during the growing season, fodder beans and soybeans - up to 250, white lupine - up to 300 kg / ha of air nitrogen, while the yield is 3.0 - 4.0 tons of seeds per 1 ha or more (without the cost of nitrogen fertilizers). In practice, most often the environmental parameters are unfavorable, the symbiosis activity is weakened, only 20–60 kg of air nitrogen per 1 ha is fixed, the yield is low (1.2–1.5 t/ha).

In world agriculture, grain legumes occupy about 13 - 14% of the sowing of cereals. In terms of sown area, peas and soybeans rank first, followed by lupine. Beans, lentils, chickpeas, chickpeas and broad beans are cultivated in small areas.

Morphological and biological features. All grain legumes have a number of common features. According to the structure of the leaves, cereal legumes are divided into three groups: plants with pinnate leaves (peas, lentils, rank, chickpeas, beans); with trifoliate leaves (beans, soybeans); with palmate leaves (lupins).

The plants of the first group germinate due to the epicotyl and therefore do not bring the cotyledons to the surface. They allow deeper placement of seeds, harrowing before germination and after. Plants of the second and third groups grow at first due to the extension of the hypocotyl knee (hypocotyl) and bring cotyledons to the surface of the soil. They require smaller seed placement, they cannot be harrowed before germination.

root system grain legumes has a main tap root penetrating to a depth of 1–2 m, and numerous lateral roots of the second, third and subsequent orders, located mainly in the arable layer.

Stem in cereal legumes it has a different structure. Peas, vetch, lentils, ranks and some forms of beans have climbing stems. The apical leaflets of pinnate leaves are reduced into tendrils, with the help of which the plants cling to each other. Until the seeds are completely filled, the stems are maintained in an upright position; by ripening, the stems lie down. In soybeans, lupins, beans, chickpeas, bush forms of beans, the stems are erect and remain upright throughout the growing season.

flowers bisexual, perianth double. The corolla consists of petals of unequal size and shape (boat, sail and wings). The flower has 10 stamens and one pistil. The color of the corolla varies from white to bright red and purple. In most cereal legumes, flowers are collected in inflorescences (head, brush) at the top of the main stem and side shoots.

Fetus- bob. It opens in two wings and contains several seeds. After maturation, in most species, the beans crack along the longitudinal seams, the bean shells are twisted and the seeds are scattered. In chickpeas and some species and varieties of lupine, the beans do not crack. Recently, it has been possible to create varieties of soybeans, chiny and beans with a weak cracking of the beans.

seeds consist of a seed coat and an embryo. The embryo consists of two fleshy cotyledons and an embryonic root and a kidney enclosed between them, from which the aerial part of the plant is formed. Cotyledons are germinal leaves, they deposit nutrients used during germination.

Cereal legumes have the following growth phases: 1 - seedlings, 2 - stem branching, 3 - budding, 4 - flowering, 5 - bean formation, 6 - seed filling, 7 - full seed filling (beginning of ripening), 8 - full ripeness.

temperature requirements. Cereal legumes are divided into three groups according to their relation to temperature: the most cold-resistant, cold-resistant and heat-loving. Cold-resistant crops (chickpeas, peas, lentils) tolerate frosts down to -8 °C in the germination phase, lupine and broad beans down to -6 °C, and soybeans down to -3 °C. Beans are the most sensitive to frosts, their seedlings die at a temperature of -1 °C. For cereal leguminous plants, elevated temperatures are especially important during the phases of filling and ripening of seeds, which does not allow sowing at a later date and limits the advancement of some of them to more northern regions.

Moisture Requirements. Cereal legumes have higher moisture requirements during the growing season than other cereal crops. This is due to the fact that even with a short moisture deficit, the nodules die due to a lack of carbohydrates. The termination of symbiotic nitrogen fixation causes nitrogen starvation of plants and a decrease in productivity. When optimal soil moisture is restored, new nodules are formed on the periphery of the root system, but nitrogen stress adversely affects crop yields. Soybeans, lupins, fodder beans, and peas are the most demanding on moisture. The drought-resistant group consists of rank and chickpea. An intermediate position is occupied by beans and lentils.

The optimal soil moisture for all crops, which provides the most active nitrogen fixation and the highest yield of the best quality, is a moisture content in the range from 100% of the FPV to the capillary burst moisture (about 60% of the FPV).

Attitude towards light. According to the requirements for light, cereal legumes are classified into 3 groups: 1 - long-day plants (peas, lentils, chines, lupins and beans), their growing season is shortened with lengthening of daylight hours; 2 - short-day plants (soybeans and some types of beans), their growing season decreases with a decrease in daylight hours; 3 - a group of neutral plants (most varieties of common beans and chickpeas). However, almost every crop has varieties that are neutral in terms of day length.

Soil Requirements. The most favorable for grain legumes are medium-cohesive, slightly acidic or neutral loamy and sandy soils containing enough phosphorus, potassium and calcium. They do not grow well in acidic and sandy soils. The exception is yellow lupine, which gives good yields on sandy soils even at pH = 4.0 - 4.5. On sandy, slightly acidic soils, field peas (pelyushka) grow well.

The optimal soil density for the normal development of the root system is 1.0 - 1.3 g / cm 3. The special requirements of leguminous crops for the bulk soil mass are due to the need for increased aeration of the root system, since for the biological fixation of 1 ml of air nitrogen in the energy centers of the nodules, 3 ml of oxygen is consumed, which enters through the surface of the nodules. On cohesive soils with increased density, the symbiotic system experiences oxygen starvation, and the activity of biological nitrogen fixation decreases. This determines the differentiation of technological methods.

Grain legumes are placed in the rotation after any crops, except for perennial legumes and grain legumes. It is believed that cereal legumes can be returned to the same field no earlier than in 3-4 years, when the number of specific pests and diseases will decrease. Cereal legumes themselves are good predecessors for cereals, row crops and industrial crops, since under favorable conditions of symbiosis they deplete the soil less with nitrogen than other crops.

Since leguminous crops contain more nutrients per unit of crop, their need for mineral nutrients is higher than that of cereal crops. With a very low and low content of phosphorus and potassium in the soil and high acidity, the introduction of even high rates of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers and lime directly under the legume crop does not provide active nitrogen fixation and a good harvest due to the presence in the arable layer of the soil of numerous foci with high acidity and low content of phosphorus and potassium. On such soil, it is recommended to sow legumes in the second year after liming and applying phosphorus-potassium fertilizers.

On soils with a high and high content of phosphorus and potassium, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, as a rule, slightly increase the yield of grain legumes. An exception among grain legumes is yellow lupine, under which phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are not applied if the content of these elements in the soil is more than 50 mg/kg of soil.

Plants consume micronutrients in small amounts, but they are very important for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The lack of them sharply reduces, and sometimes eliminates the fixation of nitrogen in the air. The most important of these are boron and molybdenum. Molybdenum is included in the nitrogenase enzyme complex, which breaks down nitrogen molecules. Boron contributes to the development of the vascular-conducting system, which delivers carbohydrates from leaves to nodules. When growing cereal legumes, bacterial fertilizers are used. For the formation of nodules on the roots of legumes, the presence of a specific virulent active strain of rhizobia is necessary. Each kind of genus Rhizobium infects one or more types of legumes. Where this crop has been cultivated for a long time, there are spontaneous strains in the soil Rhizobium. And crops sown for the first time in this field require artificial infection with a specific strain.

Under favorable conditions of symbiosis (pH corresponding to the biology of this culture, sufficient supply of macro- and microelements, the presence of a specific virulent active strain Rhizobium) under cereal legumes, nitrogen fertilizers should not be applied. By inhibiting symbiosis, they reduce the amount of fixed nitrogen in the air by the amount of absorbed fertilizer nitrogen and do not increase the seed productivity of grain legumes.

Sowing and caring for crops. There are many common elements in the cultivation of cereal legumes, but each crop has its own technological features.

The main tillage for grain legumes is the same as for grain bluegrass. When sowing them after cereals, the stubble is peeled, then autumn plowing is carried out.

Pre-sowing treatment consists in cultivating, leveling and rolling the soil. Pre-sowing leveling and rolling ensure uniform seed placement, friendly seedlings and plant development, reduce losses when harvesting crops with a lodging stem for seeds.

Seeds are processed on the day of sowing, it is even better to do this immediately before sowing, since Rhizobium, applied to the surface of the seeds, quickly die - already after 5-6 hours after treatment, their number is halved. If bacterized seeds were not sown on the same day, they are treated again on the day of sowing. It is better to treat seeds with pesticides in advance, at least 3-4 weeks before sowing; treatment with drugs that are less toxic to nodule bacteria (foundazol) can be combined with treatment with bacterial fertilizer on the day of sowing.

The terms and norms of sowing are determined by the biology of the culture, the purpose and conditions of its cultivation. Cold-resistant crops are sown at the earliest possible date. Delay in sowing by 7-12 days reduces their yield by 15-20%. Heat-loving crops (soybeans and beans) are sown at a temperature of the upper soil layer of 8-12 °C.

Care for crops is the destruction of the soil crust, the fight against weeds, pests and plant diseases.

Harvesting grain legumes. Peculiarities of harvesting grain legumes consist in two-phase harvesting due to the uneven maturation of seeds. First, they are mowed into rolls, and after drying, the masses are threshed with grain combines adjusted for threshing grain legumes. Chickpeas and soybeans are harvested by direct combining.

Growing grain legumes for green mass. The maximum yield of green mass of legumes of the best quality and at the lowest cost can be obtained by growing perennial legumes in clean crops. To obtain high-protein green mass, annual legumes are widely grown. Seeds of crops such as field peas, narrow-leaved lupine, common vetch and hairy vetch are practically not used in the feed industry; they are grown mainly for green mass. In addition, grain crops are also cultivated for green mass - sowing peas, broad beans, chin, soybeans, white lupine.

The agrotechnics of grain leguminous crops for green mass basically does not differ from their agrotechnics for seeds. Only the seeding rate is increased by 10-15%. Harvesting for green mass is carried out during the period of full filling of seeds in medium beans, when the plants do not shed their leaves yet.

In practice, the cultivation of grain crops for green mass, such as oats, winter rye, corn, and sorghum, is common. However, foods made from cereals are low in protein. When growing cereal legumes in a mixture with crops of the Bluegrass family, the amount of protein in the green mass, the digestibility and digestibility of bluegrass protein increase. The protein content in bean-bluegrass mixtures is determined by the ratio of components. For example, if in a vetch-oat mixture the proportion of vetch is 55 - 60%, and oats - 40 - 45% (by mass), then the protein content in such a mixture will reach 14%, and if the vetch in the mixture is 20 - 30%, then protein - no more than 9%.

§2. Peas

national economic importance. Peas are the main grain leguminous crop, occupying 80% of the area of ​​all leguminous crops, used for food and fodder purposes. Peas are one of the most ancient crops. Archaeological excavations have shown that it was used 20 thousand years ago along with wheat, barley and millet.

Peas are also cultivated in a busy fallow for green mass - both in pure form and mixed with oats, barley and other crops. The quality of silage from pea-bluegrass mixtures is superior to that of corn, as it contains more protein and carotene. Peas for grain are used as a precursor of winter crops. Due to the high plasticity and the presence of ecologically adapted varieties, peas are grown in various soil and climatic zones.

Morphological and biological features. In culture, the common type of peas is cultivated sowing ( Pisumsativum L.) (Fig. 22). It includes several subspecies, the main of which are the common sowing pea, with white flowers and light seeds, and the field pea, or pelyushka, with red-violet flowers and dark, often speckled seeds (fodder plant).

Rice. 22. Peas

root system rod. Stem usually decumbent. Leaves compound paired, ending in branching antennae. Stipules are large, covering the stem. There are semi-leafless forms in which the stipules are preserved, and the leaves are reduced to antennae. There are completely leafless forms, in which not only leaflets, but also stipules are reduced.

flowers located at the nodes of the stem, a typical structure for this family. Legumes. Inflorescence- brush. Plo e - bean with 3 - 10 seeds.

Seed peas have shelling and sugar varieties. Sugar varieties lack the parchment layer in the bean shells. These varieties are cultivated in vegetable growing. Shelling varieties with a hard parchment layer in the bean shells are grown for grain.

Depending on the variety and cultivation conditions, the growing season is 70 - 140 days. The ability of many varieties to develop quickly makes it possible to use this crop in a busy fallow and in intermediate crops. Peas - self-pollinator, when growing it for seeds, spatial isolation is not required.

When cultivating peas, it is necessary to take into account such features as a lodging stem, as well as extended periods of flowering and ripening. In many varieties of peas, the fruits crack when ripe. These shortcomings are overcome both by agrotechnical methods and by selection.

Flowering and ripening proceed sequentially from the bottom up the stem. At the same time, generative organs located on different tiers are at different stages of organogenesis.

Nodules on the roots begin to form after 7-10 days from emergence. The maximum growth is observed from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of maturation.

temperature requirements Peas are relatively cold hardy. Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 1-2 °C. For the normal development of seedlings, a temperature of 4 - 5 ° C is sufficient, most varieties tolerate frosts down to -4 ° C. Vegetative organs are well formed at a low temperature (12 - 16 ° C). Hot weather above 26 ° C is unfavorable for crop formation.

Moisture Requirements. Peas are demanding on moisture. To begin germination, 20% of the water by weight of the seeds is needed. Early sowing in a moist layer of soil with a leveled field surface creates conditions for rapid, uniform swelling of seeds and the appearance of friendly seedlings. During the periods of budding, flowering and tying beans, peas especially need moisture. Favorable moisture conditions during this period are important for the formation of a high yield.

relationship to the world. Peas are a long-day plant, with an increase in the duration of the light period, development accelerates.

Soil Requirements. Pea makes high demands on soils, grows well on chernozem, gray forest and cultivated soddy-podzolic soils of medium granulometric composition. Light sandy, acidic or alkaline soils are of little use, since the symbiosis is weakened and the plants experience nitrogen starvation.

Placement in crop rotation and fertilizer system. Peas are not placed after other grain legumes and perennial leguminous grasses, and they cannot be returned to the crop rotation field earlier than after 5 to 6 years due to the risk of pests and diseases. In the steppe zone, it should not be placed after sunflower, which greatly dries up the soil. The best predecessors for peas are winter cereals and row crops (potatoes, corn, sugar beets). Peas are often placed after spring cereals.

Phosphorus and potash fertilizers are applied under peas, the doses depend on the availability of these elements in the soil. On poor soils, nitrogen fertilizers are sometimes added; microelements - boron and molybdenum.

Peas use nitrogen unevenly during the growing season. In the first period (before flowering), 20% of the total amount is absorbed during the growing season. During flowering, formation and growth of fruits, the intensity of nitrogen accumulation is 2.5 - 3.0 times higher. Under favorable conditions for symbiosis, most of the nitrogen (70–75% of total consumption) can be obtained by plants as a result of symbiotic fixation of nitrogen in the air. In this case, peas do not need the use of nitrogen fertilizers; for the initial development, it uses the nitrogen of the cotyledons and soil.

Varieties. The State Register of Belarus includes a large number of pea varieties. The most common include: Svitanak, Komet, Adept, Belarus, Zaryanka, Gomelskaya, Belarusian non-shrinking, Stork, Agra and others. Modern varieties are characterized by high yield, resistance to cracking of beans and shedding, and relative short stature. They are more resistant to lodging

Sowing and caring for crops. Autumn tillage depends on the predecessor and weediness of crops. If the field is littered with root weeds, then 2 weeks after the first peeling, the second one is carried out to a depth of 10–12 cm, and then plowing. In the spring, cultivation, leveling and rolling of the soil are carried out.

Peas are sown in early spring terms, at the same time, it makes better use of the autumn-winter moisture reserves in the soil, is less affected by diseases and pests, and ripens earlier.

Peas suffer greatly from droughts, so crops are harrowed. At the same time, the soil crust is destroyed, moisture loss is reduced, and aeration is improved if pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing is used. The most effective combination of harrowing with the use of herbicides.

To protect the crop from diseases and pests, resistant varieties are cultivated, biological, agrotechnical and chemical methods are used to control pests and diseases.

Pea harvesting. The main method of cleaning is separate. Uneven maturation, lodging of stems and shedding of seeds during ripening in many zoned varieties make harvesting the most difficult operation in pea cultivation technology. Peas are mowed when browning 60 - 75% of the beans. Cleaning should not exceed 3-4 days. In this case, the losses are minimal. Peas are mowed across the flatness at an angle of 45 ° to it or towards the flatness. In non-shedding varieties, the two-phase harvesting time can be shifted to the period when 90-100% of the beans are ripe, while the seed threshing improves. Weed-free crops should be harvested by direct combining when the beans and stems are dry and the seeds are hard.

After cleaning, grain with a moisture content of more than 17% should be dried by active ventilation. Dried to a standard moisture content (14-16%), the seeds are sorted and stored in dry rooms with a mound height in the bins of no more than 2.5 m.

§3. Lupine

National economic importance. Lupine has the highest nitrogen-fixing capacity of all leguminous crops. Lupine belongs to plants known since ancient times. The first information about him belongs to the 2nd century. BC. The ancient Greeks and Romans already used lupine for green manure. The seeds of white lupine were used by the Egyptians as food.

Highly productive varieties and developed methods for increasing the activity of lupine-rhizobium symbiosis make it possible to accumulate up to 200 kg of biological nitrogen per 1 ha of crops. Being a highly effective nitrogen fixer and being indifferent to soil fertility, lupine acts as the main crop in an energy-saving farming system, as it not only preserves and improves soil fertility, but is also able to produce cheap high-quality protein without applying nitrogen fertilizers even on low-fertile soils with high acidity.

Lupine is a good environment-forming crop that increases soil fertility and improves its physical (increases moisture capacity and the content of water-stable aggregates, reduces the compaction of both arable and subsurface horizons due to biodrainage by the root system, which forms favorable water and nutrient regimes), chemical and phytosanitary condition. The use of lupine green mass for fertilizer is widely used in agriculture, while the soil is enriched with organic matter, symbiotic nitrogen, assimilable phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. In Belarus, lupine is the most significant crop for sideration.

Lupine is used with high efficiency in busy fallows, mowing and stubble crops. The biomass of lupine increases the biological activity of the soil, resulting in an increase in the diversity of soil microbiota, an increase in the antiphytopathogenic potential of the soil, a decrease in the number of antagonistic fungal microflora, and a decrease in damage to crops by root rot, including snow mold of winter crops. The cultivation of lupine promotes self-purification and detoxification of natural ecosystems. Using lupins in crop rotations to the maximum, it is possible to stop the degradation of soil fertility in the coming years, solve the problem of fodder vegetable protein, improve the quality and reduce the cost of livestock products, and increase the profitability of agricultural production.

All cultivated types of lupine are high in protein (32–46% protein). Lupine protein is of high quality and digestibility, and due to the low content of trypsin inhibitors, it can be used as feed for any animal species without preliminary heat treatment, which must be used when using soybean grains as feed. According to the content of digestible protein in the grain and its quality, lupine has no equal.

The vegetative mass of yellow and narrow-leaved lupins is widely used in animal feeding. The green mass of lupine is well eaten by all kinds of animals both fresh and in the form of silage, grain haylage, grass meal, granules or briquettes.

In many countries of the world, lupine has long been used as human food. In Portugal, Chile, Peru, the USA, Australia, technologies are being developed to introduce lupine protein into food products - pasta, bakery and confectionery. Lupine flour and protein paste are used to make confectionery, puddings, milk replacers, and sauces. Puddings and marmalade with 10% lupine flour help lower blood sugar in diabetics. Methionine as the main limiting amino acid in the lupine protein can be compensated by selecting a certain ratio of lupine with wheat.

Extracts from lupine seeds represent a great potential prospect in the pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of drugs that reduce blood pressure, regulate the bioelectrical activity of the heart, motor and mental activity without the manifestation of narcotic effects. The alkaloid sparteine ​​has a beneficial effect as an antiarrhythmic agent.

The potential of narrow-leaved lupine is most fully exploited in Australia. Based on the unique properties of lupine biology, Australian scientists created a lupine-grass belt in a short period (1967 - 1987), similar to the American soybean-corn belt. The benefits of lupine in a crop rotation system are widely recognized and it remains in this system despite world price fluctuations. Thanks to this, such important problems as increasing soil fertility and increasing the production of fodder protein are solved. Australia exports lupine mainly to European countries, competing with American soybeans. In Australia, due to the saturation of crop rotations with lupine, it was possible to increase the yield of other crops, including wheat, by 30-100%.

In the conditions of Belarus, widespread in the 70s - 80s of the XX century. had a yellow lupine. The ensuing mass spread of Fusarium caused a sharp reduction in sown areas. Later, resistant varieties of yellow lupine were created, and the area under cultivation began to increase again. In the 90s, a fundamentally new crop was created - narrow-leaved fodder lupine, the yield of which reached the level of grain crops.

There are a significant number of local names for cultivated lupine: in Russia - lupin, lupin; in Ukraine - bring back the sun, kokhva, wild coffee, kava, dory, chandelier, wolf bean; in Belarus - lubin.

Morphological and biological features of lupine. Genus lupine ( Lupinus L.) belongs to the legume family ( fabaceae) and is very extensive, within which various researchers describe herbaceous, semi-shrubby and shrubby, annual, wintering and perennial species. In nature, there are at least 200 species of this genus.

As a result of studying the geographical distribution, scientists concluded that there are three geocenters for the lupine genus, of which the richest is South American. Of the variety of lupins, mainly yellow, narrow-leaved and white lupins of the Mediterranean center of origin were introduced into the culture. Of the American species, only perennial (many-leaved) and some forms of variable lupine are cultivated.

root system rod. Stem straight, ribbed, pubescent. Leaves complex, alternate, with petioles of various lengths, equipped with stipules, multi-fingered, rarely entire. Leaflets 5 - 15, located, fan-shaped at the end of the petiole. A characteristic feature of lupine leaves is their pronounced heliotropism. From sunrise to sunset, the leaves follow the course of the sun with their leaf blades, and on long summer days the whole plant rotates in the direction of the sun, with the upper part of the leaf blade always in a perpendicular position to the sun's rays. After sunset, the leaves curl up along the folds of the plate and fall. Therefore, the utilization of solar energy by lupine is two or more times higher than that of other legumes and grains.

Inflorescence- top brush. First of all, the inflorescence of the main axis blooms, and then the lateral ones, in the order of their arrangement - from bottom to top. When the last flower at the top of the brush blooms, the tying of beans is already underway at the bottom.

Fetus lupine has a bean with a constriction on the wings. The bean is leathery, pubescent, elongated, more or less flattened. The wings of the bean open and curl when ripe. The exception is white lupine, in which the beans do not crack when ripe. Lupine seeds have a wide variety in size (large, small), shape (rounded, flattened) and color (solid or marbled); all seeds have a dense skin.

temperature requirements. Temperature requirements depend on the length of the growing season. The most heat-demanding white lupine, the least - narrow-leaved. Seeds germinate at 4 - 5 o C, seedlings of narrow-leaved lupine are able to tolerate frosts down to -5 o C, yellow ones die at -2 - -3 o C, white lupine does not tolerate negative temperatures.

Moisture Requirements. It makes high demands on moisture, therefore it is cultivated in humid areas.

attitude towards the world. Species of lupine refers to plants of a long day.

Soil Requirements. The highest yield of yellow lupine is achieved on soddy-podzolic soils, sandy and light loamy, underlain by moraine loam. It grows quite well on lighter soils in terms of granulometric composition. It grows poorly on heavy clayey, gleyic, impermeable soils with close standing groundwater, as well as on freshly limed soils. More moisture-provided soils, as well as cultivated peat-bog soils, are also suitable for green mass. The narrow-leaved lupine is a more soil-demanding crop than the yellow one. It grows best in more coherent, near-neutral soils. In this respect, it is closer to the pea.

Optimal agrotechnical indicators of soils: pH for narrow-leaved lupine - 5.0 - 5.6, yellow - 4.5 - 5.8. The content of humus is not less than 1.4%, mobile phosphorus 120 mg/kg of soil, exchangeable potassium 200 mg/kg of soil.

Placement in crop rotation and fertilizer system. Production crops of lupine must be placed in crop rotations after winter rye, spring cereals, buckwheat, and rapeseed. This crop can also be placed on green mass after tilled and silage crops, under which organic and mineral fertilizers were applied. It is not recommended to place lupine after annual and perennial leguminous crops, next to legume crops, after perennial grasses, as they have common pests and diseases. Re-sowing lupine in the same area should be no earlier than after 3-5 years. It is not allowed to sow lupine within 3 years after cereals that were treated with herbicides containing clay (lentur, harmoni, caribou). Lupines should not be sown on a freshly limed field even after the introduction of sapropel. Lupine itself is an excellent predecessor for many crops.

When choosing a site for seed crops, one should remember the need to maintain spatial isolation between species and varieties to prevent mechanical and biological contamination.

Lupine removes a large amount of nutrients from the soil, therefore, in order to obtain high yields, it is necessary to apply a certain amount of macro- and microfertilizers. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers have a significant impact on the growth, development and productivity of plants. Lupine can use mobile forms of phosphorus from horizons that are inaccessible to, for example, peas. By excreting more exudates (organic acids, carbohydrate compounds) through the root system than cultures of neutral soils, lupine is able to use forms of phosphorus that are also inaccessible to plants. On soddy-podzolic soils, microelements such as boron, molybdenum, zinc, and cobalt have a positive effect on the yield of lupine grain.

Due to the high nitrogen-fixing capacity, all types of lupine do not need nitrogen fertilizers, they can be used in small doses for lupine intended for use for green fodder and silage.

Zoned varieties of lupine. It is advisable to cultivate at least four zoned varieties of fodder lupine on the farm (one from each ripeness group).

Varieties of yellow lupine: Pearls, Kastrychnik, Pava, Julita, Early, Adragenne, Regale. In 1997, an epiphytotic development of a dangerous disease of yellow and white lupine - anthracnose was noted in the republic (especially in the western regions), which threatened the cultivation of these crops. The cultivation of yellow lupine was suspended in the Grodno and Brest regions. Absolutely resistant varieties to this pathogen are not yet available, and there are no sufficiently effective fungicides.

Varieties of narrow-leaved lupine. Myrtan, Pershatsvet, Mitan, Ashchadny, Blizzard, Glatko, Praleska, Danko, Gulliver. Four varieties of BelNIIZK breeding ( Danko, Pershatsvet, Ashchadny, Kharchovs) entered in the State Register of Germany.

White lupine variety: Sozh.

Sowing and caring for crops. Soil cultivation for leguminous crops on soddy-podzolic soils depends on the previous crop, granulometric composition, weediness of fields, weather conditions and is carried out in three stages. First, peeling is carried out, which makes it possible to evenly distribute post-harvest residues in the soil and accelerate their decomposition. At the second stage, plowing is carried out, which must be completed no later than September (carried out with dry soil). In the absence of the possibility of carrying out the first stage, plowing is carried out immediately after harvesting the predecessor. The third stage of tillage is pre-sowing tillage, including loosening, rolling before and after sowing. To reduce the passage of the tractor across the field in dry weather with high-quality plowing, after pre-sowing tillage with combined units, the crop is sown.

Mandatory pre-sowing treatment of lupine seeds. Depending on the zone of cultivation of the crop, the variety in the pathogenic complex of fungi is usually dominated by two or three pathogens. They combine disinfection of seeds with encrustation with growth substances, microfertilizers and inoculation with a strain of rhizobia (if lupine enters the sown field for the first time).

Lupine, according to its biological characteristics, belongs to early spring crops. In all types of lupine, flower buds are laid early in the north, a shorter stem and a more productive main raceme are formed, ripening proceeds amicably and accelerates by 4-6 days. In this regard, it is desirable to sow it at an early date, the first of the early spring crops. When growing lupine for seeds, continuous row crops and wide-row crops are used.

Crop care consists of harrowing (pre-emergence and post-emergence) and protection from pests and diseases. Due to the long stay of fodder lupine in the rosette stage, its competitive ability is reduced, and it is strongly oppressed by weeds. The most harmful weeds in lupine crops are white gauze, wild radish, odorless chamomile, chicken millet, upturned amaranth, sow thistle, and creeping wheatgrass. When cultivating lupine for grain, it is necessary to fight weeds by all possible means, combining agricultural practices with the use of herbicides.

The most serious disease for yellow and white lupine in recent years is anthracnose. Narrow-leaved lupine is less susceptible. The mycelium of the fungus is carried primarily with seeds, on which it can live for up to 18 months. Its spread in crops is facilitated by high temperature (20 - 30 ° C) and high humidity. The most important control measure is the use of treated seed obtained from healthy seed crops. Long-term storage of seeds (1-2 years) also reduces their damage by anthracnose.

Cleaning lupine. The best harvesting method is direct combining when the seeds are fully ripe on the central clusters. Separate harvesting is not suitable due to the cracking of the beans under the mechanical action of the working bodies of the harvester and the pick-up of the combine.

Lupine seeds coming from the harvester must be immediately separated from unripe, crushed seeds, green shoots, weeds and other impurities. When in a heap, the harvested seeds from such crops during the day greatly increase the humidity, self-warm and lose their germination. It is necessary to bring the seeds in terms of moisture, purity and size to the conditions immediately after threshing. Seeds are dried if they have a moisture content of more than 17%.

Legumes are of great interest to gardeners and large farmers. The fruits of plants are considered a valuable source of protein, and also significantly improve and enrich the soil with useful nitrogen. Thanks to this feature, it is possible to reduce the amount of mineral fertilizers applied. These plants are in great demand in our country. Therefore, how legumes are grown is of interest to many amateur gardeners and farmers. What exactly do you need to know first? How to get a really good and rich harvest?

Seed processing

Theater begins with a hanger, and a good harvest starts with seeds. Planting material must be of high quality and properly processed. Only then will it make sense to further care for crops, fertilize, etc. It is best to buy seeds in specialized stores. Often, products are strictly checked for compliance with standards, disinfected.

One of the modern techniques for treating seeds of legumes is inoculation. This agricultural technique is recommended by many experts. Biological products help to increase the volume of the crop, as well as enrich the soil with nitrogen for subsequent sowing. The process itself is a build-up of bacteria on the seeds through the use of special tools. Inoculants are preparations that contain microorganisms beneficial to plants. Depending on the mechanism of action, four types of agents are distinguished:

• bacterial (biofertilizers). Contribute to an increase in soil fertility due to an increase in the concentration of macronutrients. Biofertilizers include well-known symbiotic nitrogen fixers (nodule microorganisms);
• phytostimulants are preparations of microorganisms that produce growth stimulants for crops. Phytohormones significantly accelerate the development of legumes, help form a strong root system and healthy ground parts of plants;
• mycorrhizal inoculants. They contain mushrooms that form an extensive network of mycelium filaments. They significantly expand the absorbent surface of the root, so that the culture can absorb more nutrients from the soil;
• bioprotectants. They are used to protect plants from infections. Such preparations are perfectly combined with chemical pesticides, providing an even more pronounced preventive effect.

It is generally accepted that inoculation of legumes is an effective and beneficial source of nitrogen, which is necessary for normal growth and development. According to field trials, the preparations on average provide an increase in yield from 100 to 500 kg of legumes per 1 hectare. Therefore, the expediency of such processing is fully justified.

Features of feeding, planting and watering

After the pre-sowing treatment of legume seeds is completed, you need to prepare the soil. The acidity of the soil should be neutral, and the moisture level should be optimal. This will contribute to better fruiting crops. Be sure to use fertilizer.

Direct planting of legume seeds begins in mid-April. Specific dates depend on the climatic features of the region. Planting material should be sown in rows, keeping a distance of 50–60 cm between the grooves. Seeds are laid 10–15 cm apart. The optimal embedment depth is 5–8 cm. Interesting. To save space, it is allowed to sow legumes in the rows of cucumbers or potatoes. This will not only save the space of the site, but also improve the yield of both crops.

After 7–10 days, the first shoots appear when soaked seeds are sown. In the case of dry ones, sprouts should be expected only after 15–20 days.

Care for emerging plants consists of watering, removing weeds, loosening the soil and protecting against pests. Legumes are susceptible to various fungal diseases. To avoid infection, it is wise to use agrochemicals.

Watering legumes is performed only 2 times a week during the flowering and vegetation phases. The water consumption rate is 10 liters per 1 m 2. It is important to consider that the beans are quite drought-resistant, but with insufficient moisture, you need to be careful about watering.

What conclusions

Growing legumes is no more difficult than any other. It is only important to observe the optimal planting dates, carry out the recommended processing and provide the plants with proper care.

The term "bean" refers to the fruit of any leguminous crops. However, gardeners call this common or Russian bean - a species of the genus Vika.

This plant has a high nutritional value. It is due to the presence of proteins in the fruits, which include essential amino acids. The product also contains vitamins of groups PP, C, B, iron, calcium, sulfur, potassium and phosphorus. The high calorie content of beans allows you to quickly fill up with dishes made from them, and maintain a feeling of satiety for a long time.

Of particular importance is the planting of legumes as a means of restoring depleted soils. On the roots of these plants live bacteria that can absorb atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into an ammonia form that is available to other crops. In addition, legumes loosen dense soil, prevent the growth of weeds and the washing out of the upper fertile layer by rainwater. This is due to the ability of plants to form dense curtains with their roots.

bean varieties

The main varieties of an ordinary bean growing on the territory of the Russian Federation include:

• Aushra. Variety resistant to pests. The period from sowing to technical maturity is 3.5–4 months.
• Belorussian. The fruits ripen in 2-2.5 months. The variety is characterized by good yields.
• Windsor. Large fruits of white or green color. The variety belongs to early ripening, has a high yield. Shoots tolerate frost well, beans can be grown in the northern regions.
• Velena. Plants are unpretentious to the soil. The beans are curved, medium in size.
• Virovsky. Resistant variety, fruits with high palatability.
• black giant. Tall plants with long (up to 15 cm) pods.
• Black Russian. Unpretentious variety, fruits can be eaten without peeling.

Bean Growing and Care

Well-lit, loamy soils are suitable for growing beans. The optimal value of acidity is 7.0. Beans are sensitive to potassium deficiency. They respond well to the introduction of ash, organic fertilizers. It is better to plant plants on a small hill, from which snow melts early in spring.

Beans endure a short drought calmly, but not during flowering and fruiting. With the advent of ovaries, watering should be carried out regularly, twice a week.

Being green manure plants themselves (bringing nitrogen into the soil), beans cannot stand its excess. Therefore, it is not recommended to plant them after plants of the same family. The predecessors of beans can be tomato, cucumber, potato and cabbage.

planting beans

Landing can be carried out immediately after the snow has left the fields. Seeds calmly tolerate temperature drops to -4 ° C. In most regions of Russia, this period falls on the beginning - mid-April. Seedlings can be planted after the hardening procedure in mid-May. Seeding frequency - 40 cm on a flat surface, 20-25 cm when using beds. The sowing depth is 5–8 cm, depending on the looseness of the soil.

The first shoots appear in 2-3 weeks. Plant care is reduced to periodic loosening and removal of weeds. The optimal temperature for the formation of the ovary in beans is + 20–22 ° C. When its value rises to + 25 ° C or more, empty flowers are formed.

bean propagation

Seeds can be collected when the leaves turn black. Germinants are selected from beans. To do this, the seeds are placed in a solution of table salt, empty beans float to the surface. To control pests, the seeds are treated with granazon or TMTD a few weeks before sowing. On the day of incorporation, the beans are treated with nitrogin.

Beans are a soil-friendly crop, great for preparing a variety of dishes, and quite easy to grow.

Features of growing leguminous crops

1. Place in crop rotation

2. Tillage

3. Fertilizers

Place in crop rotation. Cereal legumes with a short growing season (peas, vetch, chin) can be cultivated in a fallow field, which does not cause a decrease in the yield of winter crops.

The best predecessors are tilled crops (potatoes, corn, sugar beets, etc.), fertilized winter and spring crops. In humid and warm regions (North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia), leguminous crops can be cultivated as stubble crops. These plants do not tolerate repeated crops, which lead to a decrease in yields due to the accumulation and spread of pests (weevils, codling moth, nematodes), pathogens (fusarium, aphanomycosis) and specific weeds. Repeated crops of leguminous crops lead to ʼʼsoil fatigueʼʼ, in this regard, it is recommended to return these crops to the former field no earlier than after four years. It is undesirable to place crops of cereal legumes next to crops of perennial legumes, as they share common pests and diseases.

Soil cultivation. The system of tillage for grain legumes does not differ significantly from the tillage for early spring crops.

Immediately after harvesting the predecessor, peeling is carried out, during which crop residues, weed seeds, pests and pathogenic microflora are embedded in the soil. At the same time, moisture evaporation decreases, conditions are created for the germination of weeds and for high-quality autumn plowing. On fields littered with annual weeds, peeling is carried out to a depth of 4-5 cm, fields littered with root weeds are treated with share tools to a depth of 10-12 cm, fields littered with couch grass are disked in two directions (crosswise) to a depth of 10-12 cm. When weeds germinate, deep autumn plowing is carried out with a plow with a skimmer.

Pre-sowing tillage should ensure the preservation of moisture, loosening and leveling the field surface.

Under grain legumes of early sowing period, harrowing is carried out across the direction of autumn plowing or pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 8-10 cm.

For late-sowing leguminous crops (soybeans, beans, chickpeas), early spring harrowing and one or two cultivations are carried out as weeds appear to a depth of 6-8 cm. Before sowing, the field is treated with a RVK-3 tillage unit.

Fertilizers. Cereal legumes respond well to the use of phosphate and potash fertilizers, which increase their nitrogen-fixing activity.

As the main fertilizer, you can apply superphosphate, phosphate rock, potassium salt for the main plowing at the rate of 45-60 kg of phosphorus, 45-50 kg of potassium per 1 ha.

Good results are obtained by the introduction of granular superphosphate in rows when sowing at the rate of 10-15 kg of phosphorus per 1 ha.

Leguminous crops respond positively to the use of microfertilizers (manganese, boric, molybdenum).

On acidic soils, lime is applied under the main plowing.

Sowing Seed preparation. For sowing, large, sorted, healthy seeds of class I and II of sowing conditions are used. Three months before sowing, they are treated with TMTD or fentiuram (3-4 kg of the drug per 1 ton of seeds). If the crop is sown on the field for the first time, then the seeds are treated with nitragin before sowing.

Dates, sowing rates and methods of sowing. Long-day legumes are sown early

(Table 20). Heat-loving crops (soybeans, beans) are sown at a temperature of the upper soil layer of 8-12 ° C, usually after sowing grain crops.
Hosted on ref.rf
The seeding rate depends on the purpose of cultivation of the crop, the climatic conditions and the method of sowing. With the usual row sowing method, it is greater than with wide-row sowing, in areas of sufficient moisture it is greater than in areas of insufficient moisture. When cultivating grain legumes for green fodder, hay and silage, the sowing rate is increased.

Sowing methods are determined by the biological characteristics of plants, the purpose of products, and the weediness of the field. Crops that grow rapidly in the initial growing season are sown in the usual row or narrow row sowing method. Crops (soybeans, beans), which grow slowly in the first period, are sown in a wide-row way.

The sowing of grain legumes in the usual row and narrow-row sowing methods is carried out with grain seeders with top seeding, and wide-row - with corn seeders.

The depth of sowing seeds depends on the crop, the mechanical composition of the soil and its moisture content. Crops that bring cotyledons to the soil surface (lupins, beans, soybeans^) require shallower seed placement than those crops that do not take out the seed of the lobe. On soils of light mechanical composition, as well as soils with a dry top layer, the seeds are planted to a greater depth .

Care for crops. Following sowing, the soil is rolled with ringed rollers. This technique gives the greatest effect on light and medium soils and in dry spring.

If a soil crust forms before germination or weeds begin to appear, the field is harrowed with light harrows or treated with a rotary hoe. Harrowing can be repeated after germination. Pea crops are harrowed in the phase of three or four leaves, soybeans and beans - in the phase of primordial leaves and the first trifoliate leaf. Processing by seedlings is carried out in dry weather and during the daytime (at this time the plants are less brittle).

On wide-row crops in weed control, inter-row cultivation with cultivators KPN-4.2, KPG-4.2 is used. The number of inter-row treatments depends on the weediness and mechanical composition of the soil.

Cleaning. Ripening is uneven, the bottom beans reach full ripeness, and the top ones are still green. When ripe, they crack. Two-phase harvesting allows you to reduce losses and get a better quality crop.

Mowing plants into windrows begins when 70-75% of the beans in the middle tier are browned with bean harvesters ZhBN-3.5A or mowers KS-2.1 with PB-1 device.

After drying the main mass to a moisture content of 14-17%, the windrows are picked up by grain combines.

Cereal legumes in which the beans do not crack (chickpeas, soybeans, white lupine) are harvested in a single-phase (direct) method. Seeds after threshing are cleaned, dried and sorted. Dry at a temperature not exceeding 40 0 ​​C in conventional grain dryers and store at a humidity of 13%.

Features of growing leguminous crops - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Features of growing leguminous crops" 2017, 2018.

There are crops that are grown in the garden not only for the harvest. These include beans.

Being on your site, they loosen the soil, enrich it with nitrogen, and, of course, provide you with fruits with a whole range of nutrients and good nutritional value. In addition, the branched root system of the plant interferes with the formation and development of different.

In order to know how to grow beans on, you need to familiarize yourself with the basic requirements for growing and caring for this crop in open ground.

Popular varieties of beans

There are a number of varieties of beans to plant, growing in many countries.

The most popular are the following:

• "Windsor". The variety is distinguished by high yields, while the fruits ripen in just 2-2.5 months.
• "Aushra". The fruits ripen longer - about 3-4 months. But the variety is unusually resistant to various pests.
• "Black Giant" The plant differs in the height of the bushes and the length of the pods (up to 15 cm).
• "Velena". An unpretentious plant both to the composition of the soil and to care. The fruits are medium in size, slightly curved.
• Virovsky. The variety is stable, the fruits have good taste characteristics.
• "Black Russian". A non-capricious variety, the fruits of which can be consumed without peeling.

Planting site selection: lighting and soil

beans love well lit sunny areas. It is better to choose a place for landing on a hill, from where snow first of all leaves in the spring.

To get a decent harvest, it should be moderately loose, slightly alkaline or neutral, loamy. This crop is necessary for good growth and development; therefore, if this element is lacking in the soil, it will need to be introduced independently.

Important!Waterlogged, cold soil is categorically not suitable for the normal development of beans.

Good and bad predecessors

Beans do not respond well to overabundance in the ground. Due to the fact that this crop tends to produce nitrogen on its own, it is impossible to plant legumes on the same crop for two or more seasons in a row. You need to follow some.
bad predecessors for them will be: lentils, peanuts, soybeans. And here good can be considered , and .

Did you know?In the next season, after harvesting the beans on the site, any planted crops will develop well there.

Preparatory work before boarding

Before sowing beans in open ground, it is necessary to prepare the seeds and soil on the site.

Soil preparation

It is still necessary to start preparing the site for planting autumn. It should also saturate it. For 1 m² you will need 300 g of lime, 20 g of double and 30 g of potassium chloride.

Seed preparation

Seeds for sowing must be selected very carefully. Damaged and non-standard ones should not be used. You should also know how sprout beans for planting.
For this, two pieces of cloth moistened with water are most often used. Spread the seeds evenly on the first layer, and cover with a second layer on top.

Important! The fabric should be slightly damp, but not wet, otherwise the seeds will not germinate, but simply rot.

Another planting material can simply be placed in a plate with water or in (no more than 4 hours) for 5 or 6 hours.

Having finished preparing the soil and planting material for the beans, you can start planting and caring for them.

Optimal timing

To grow good beans, you need to know when to plant them. You can start planting beans spring, immediately after the snow melted from the site. That is, the dates for planting beans in open ground fall approximately at the beginning of April. Interestingly, this culture is not afraid of possible frosts, the plant will calmly withstand temperatures down to -4 ° C. However, landing should be carried out in the ground, which has warmed up at least to +5 °C, not less.

Scheme and depth

Sowing beans is carried out in moist soil, which can be re-planted after planting.

Planting seeds on a flat area and on the beds is somewhat different. In the first case, a distance of about 40 cm should be observed between the seeds, and in the second, 20-25 cm will be enough.

It is convenient to plant beans in 2 rows. This arrangement will bring more fruit, as well as facilitate the care of the crop. The distance between the rows is about 45 cm.

The depth at which seeds should be placed depends on the severity of the soil. In lighter soil, it is recommended to plant beans to a depth of 6-7 cm, and in heavy soil - no deeper than 3-5 cm.

Agrotechnics for growing beans

Beans are distinguished by the fact that the agricultural technology of growing this crop is quite straightforward. The main requirements for care are timely cleaning of row spacings from weeds, maintaining the soil in a loose state, infrequent and.

Watering, weeding and loosening

Beans belong to drought-resistant crops. Therefore, they do not need to be watered often. Especially during the period until the plant bloomed.

It is necessary to focus on watering during the period and the formation of fruits, since it is at these stages that the lack of moisture can reduce the level of yield. If there was no rain for a long period of time, you can plant, but no more than twice a week, while using 10 liters of water per square meter.

Important!An excess of moisture should not be allowed, especially in the early period of plant development, otherwise the seedlings will be actively engaged in building up green mass, and will not please flowering.

Weeding and loosening the soil should be carried out as needed. Due to the branching of the roots, there will be few weeds, but those that are present should be removed regularly. When loosening with a rake, you need to be extremely careful, since the roots of the plant are at a fairly shallow depth, and there is a danger of damaging or accidentally pulling out the plant.

Fertilization

If the soil was properly prepared in the fall, then there is no need to frequently fertilize in the future.

During the period when the first shoots are visible, the culture can be fed with urea (1 tablespoon) and (0.5 l). Both components are combined with water, mixed well and the bed with the resulting mixture at the rate of 0.5 liters per bush.

Later, after weeding, you can fertilize the crop again, this time using a weed infusion diluted with water.

Hilling bushes

When the plant reaches a height of about 50 cm, it can no longer be loosened, but should be piled up. This will contribute to its stability.

When the formation of fruits is expected, it is recommended to spud the plant again, because this technique will help protect it from.

Tall varieties still need to be additionally tied up to make it easier to care for them. To do this, after landing along the rows, stakes are driven into the ground, 1-1.5 m high, which will later serve as a support for the plants. Sometimes, in addition, wire or cords are pulled onto these supports, observing an interval of 30 cm.

Pest and disease control

There are a number that are a threat to the normal development of legumes. These include and. As soon as she is seen on the tops of the shoots, they must be cut and destroyed. The crops themselves are recommended to be sprayed with a decoction or a 50% solution.