The intensity of labor reflects the predominant load on. Labor Intensity Archive: A Critical Look at Current Evaluation Criteria

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Introduction

Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the central nervous system, sensory organs and the emotional sphere of the worker.

Evaluation of the severity of labor is most relevant for blue-collar workers. As a rule, at these workplaces there are excesses of permissible values. Accordingly, the assessment of the intensity of the labor process is most indicative for managers and specialists, as well as some working professions (for example, the general director of an enterprise, a foreman, a shift foreman, a dispatcher, a telephone operator, employees of the state education system, as well as a car driver, an electric locomotive driver, a pilot).

In this paper, the concept of labor intensity is disclosed, classes of working conditions are defined according to indicators of the intensity of the labor process, and a methodology for assessing the severity of the labor process is also revealed.

1. The concept of the intensity and severity of labor

Energy consumption of a person in the process of life is determined by the intensity of muscle work, the degree of neuro-emotional stress, as well as the conditions of the human environment. Daily energy costs for mental workers are 10...12 MJ, for workers in mechanized labor and the service sector - 12.5...13 MJ, for workers with heavy physical labor - 17...25 MJ.

Hygiene specialists classify human working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process and according to indicators of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment.

Factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working postures, body tilts, movement in space.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: light (optimal working conditions in terms of physical activity), moderate (permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift; the value of the total effort applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work.

2. Classes of working conditions in terms of intensity of the labor process

The intensity of the labor process should be assessed at each workplace. The assessment of labor intensity is based on the analysis of the labor activity of employees, job descriptions, chronometric observations (photographs of the working day) and expert assessment. Classes of working conditions must be determined by all 23 evaluation indicators presented in table 1.

Table 1

Classes of working conditions according to the intensity of the labor process

Indicators of intensity of the labor process	Optimal class of working conditions. Mild tension	Permissible class of working conditions. Medium tension	Harmful class 3.1	Harmful class 3.2
1.Intelligent load
	No need to make a decision	Solving simple problems according to instructions	Solving complex problems with the choice of known algorithms (work on a series of instructions)	Heuristic (creative) activity requiring the solution of an algorithm, sole leadership in difficult situations
1.2 Perception of signals (information) and their evaluation	Perception of signals, but no action correction required	Perception of signals with subsequent correction of actions and operations	Perception of signals with subsequent comparison of the actual values ​​of the parameters with their nominal values. Final evaluation of actual parameter values
Perception of signals followed by a comprehensive assessment of related parameters. Comprehensive assessment of all production activities	Processing and execution of tasks	Processing and execution of tasks and its execution	Processing, checking and monitoring the execution of the task	Control and preliminary work on the distribution of tasks to other persons
1.4Nature of work performed	Work according to an individual plan	Work according to the established schedule with its possible correction in the course of activities	Working under time pressure	Work in conditions of time and information deficit with increased responsibility for the final result
2. Sensory loads
2.1 Duration of focused observation (% shift time)
2.2 Density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of work
2.3 Number of facilities for simultaneous monitoring
2.4 The size of the object of distinction (with a distance from the eyes of the worker to the object of distinction of not more than 0.5 m) in mm with the duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time)	more than 5 mm - 100%	5 - 1.1 mm - more than 50%; 1 - 0.3 mm - up to 50%; less than 0.3 mm - up to 25%	0.3 mm - more than 50%; less than 0.3 mm - 26 - 50%	less than 0.3 mm - more than 50%
2.5 Working with optical instruments (microscopes, magnifiers, etc.) during the duration of concentrated observation (% of shift time)
2.6 Monitoring the screens of video terminals (hours per shift):
with alphanumeric type of information display
with a graphical type of information display
2.7 Load on the auditory analyzer (when it is necessary to perceive speech or differentiated signals)	Intelligibility of words and signals from 100 to 90%. No interference	The intelligibility of words and signals is from 90 to 70%. There is interference against which speech is heard at a distance of up to 3.5 m	The intelligibility of words and signals is from 70 to 50%. There are interferences against which speech can be heard at a distance of up to 2 m	The intelligibility of words and signals is less than 50%. There is interference, against which speech is audible at a distance of up to 1.5 m
3. Emotional loads
3.1 The degree of responsibility for the result of their own activities. Significance of error	Responsible for the implementation of individual elements of tasks. It entails additional efforts in work on the part of the employee	Responsible for the functional quality of auxiliary work (tasks). Requires additional effort from senior management	Responsible for the functional quality of the main work (task). It entails corrections due to the additional efforts of the entire team (groups, brigades, etc.)	Responsible for the functional quality of the final product, work, task. Causes damage to equipment, shutdown of the process and may be life threatening
3.2 Degree of risk to own life	Excluded			Likely
3.3 Degree of responsibility for the safety of others	Excluded			Possible
3.4 Number of conflict situations caused by professional activity per shift	Missing
4.Monotonic loads
4.1 The number of elements (methods) required to implement a simple task or in repetitive operations
4.2 Duration (in seconds) of simple tasks or repetitive operations
4.3 Time of active actions (as a percentage of the duration of the shift). The rest of the time - monitoring the progress of the production process	20 or more
4.4 The monotony of the production environment (the time of passive monitoring of the progress of the technical process in% of the shift time)
5. Mode of operation
5.1 Actual working hours				more than 12 hours
5.2 Shift work	One shift work (no night shift)	Two shift work (no night shift)	Three shift work (night shift)	Irregular shifts with night work
5.3 Presence of regulated breaks and their duration	Breaks are regulated, of sufficient duration: 7% or more of working time	Breaks are regulated, insufficient duration: from 3 to 7% of working time	Breaks are not regulated and of insufficient duration: up to 3% of working time	No breaks

1. Intellectual loads

Example: the simplest tasks are solved by cleaners, loaders (class 1 of working conditions), and activities that require solving simple tasks, but with a choice (according to instructions) are typical for laboratory assistants, nurses, telephone operators, repairmen, storekeepers, track fitters, inspectors wagons, signalmen, electricians, etc. (grade 2). Complex tasks solved according to a well-known algorithm (work according to a series of instructions) take place in the work of managers (directors, heads of workshops), foremen, vehicle drivers, foremen, machinists, train compilers, station attendants, etc. (class 3.1.) . The most complex work in terms of content, requiring to some extent heuristic (creative) activity, was found among scientists, designers, surgeons, etc. (class 3.2.).

“Perception of signals (information) and their evaluation” - according to this factor of the labor process, the perception of signals (information) with subsequent correction of actions and operations performed belongs to the 2nd class (laboratory assistants, accountants, economists, turners, locksmiths, carpenters, cooks). Class 3.1 includes work when the performer must compare the signals (results of his work) with existing standards (norms), the values ​​​​of which he must keep in memory, bring the results of his own activity in line with these standards and make sure that the work is correct. This nature of work is characteristic of operator professions, locomotive drivers, craftsmen, electricians, etc. , heads of workshops), scientists, station attendants, etc.).

"The distribution of functions according to the degree of complexity of the task." Any labor activity is characterized by the distribution of functions between employees. Accordingly, the more functions assigned to the employee, the higher the intensity of his work. So, labor activity, containing simple functions aimed at processing and performing a specific task, does not lead to significant labor intensity. An example of such activity is the work of a laboratory assistant, cleaner, loader (class 1). Tension increases when processing, execution and subsequent verification of the task (class 2), which is typical for such professions as an accountant, department engineer, nurse, driver, electrician, telephone operator, repairman, plumber, etc. In this case, verification means verification of the results of one's work (self-control). Processing, checking and, in addition, monitoring the performance of the task indicates a greater degree of complexity of the functions performed by the employee, and, accordingly, the intensity of labor is more pronounced (foremen of enterprises, heads of departments, - class 3.1). The most difficult function is preliminary preparatory work with subsequent distribution of tasks to other persons (class 3.2), which is typical for such professions as business leaders (directors, heads of workshops), air traffic controllers, doctors, etc.

"The nature of the work performed." In the case when the work is carried out according to an individual plan, the level of labor intensity is low (grade 1 - laboratory assistants, cleaners, track fitters). If the work proceeds according to a strictly established schedule with its possible correction as necessary, then the tension rises (grade 2 - nurses, locksmiths, accountants, craftsmen, shop managers, etc.). Even greater labor intensity is characteristic when work is performed under time pressure (class 3.1 - drivers, locomotive drivers, duty officer at the railway station). At the same time, work should be characterized by a shortage of time in everyday activities, and not in emergency situations. The greatest tension (class -3.2) is characterized by work in conditions of lack of time and information. At the same time, there is a high responsibility for the final result of the work (surgeons, resuscitators, nuclear reactor control engineers, air traffic controllers).

2. Sensory loads

"Duration of focused observation (in % of shift time)". The greater the percentage of time devoted to concentrated observation during a shift, the higher the tension. The total time of the working shift is taken as 100%. Concentrated observation means that the employee looks at the object of observation without taking his eyes off. The greatest duration of concentrated observation of the course of the technological process is observed in operator professions: telephonists, air traffic controllers, drivers (more than 75% of the shift - class 3.2). A slightly lower value of this parameter (51 - 75%) was found for doctors, control panel operators, PC operators, accountants (class 3.1) (see Figure 4). From 26 to 50% of the value of this indicator fluctuated among nurses, chiefs and foremen of industrial enterprises, teachers, locksmiths (grade 2). The lowest level of this indicator is observed among directors, cleaners, loaders, track fitters (grade 1 - up to 25% of the total shift time).

"The density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of work." The number of perceived and transmitted signals (messages, orders) allows you to assess the employment, the specifics of the employee's activities. The greater the number of incoming and transmitted signals or messages, the higher the information load, leading to an increase in tension. According to the form (or method) of presenting information, signals can be given from special devices (light, sound signal devices, instrument scales, tables, graphs and diagrams, symbols, text, formulas, etc.) and with a voice message (by phone, by radio, with direct direct contact of workers).

For example: the largest number of communications and signals with ground services and with aircraft crews is observed with air traffic controllers - more than 300 (class 3.2). The production activity of the driver while driving vehicles is somewhat lower - on average, about 200 signals per hour (class 3.1). The work of telegraph operators also belongs to this class. In the range from 75 to 175 signals are received by telephone operators within an hour (the number of serviced subscriptions per hour is from 25 to 150). For nurses and doctors of intensive care units (urgent call to the patient, alarm from monitors about the patient's condition) - 2nd class. The smallest number of signals and messages is typical for such professions as laboratory assistants, managers, craftsmen, carpenters, plumbers - class 1.

"The number of production objects of simultaneous observation" indicates that with an increase in the number of objects of simultaneous observation, the intensity of labor increases. For the operator type of activity, various indicators, displays, controls, keyboard, etc. serve as objects of simultaneous observation. The largest number of objects of simultaneous observation was found for air traffic controllers - 13, which corresponds to cash desk 3.1, this number is somewhat lower for telegraph operators - 8 - 9 teletypes, for drivers of vehicles - 6 - 7 (2nd class). Up to 5 objects of simultaneous observation are noted among telephone operators, masters, managers, nurses, doctors, etc. (grade 1). For locomotive drivers, the objects of simultaneous observation are objects located in front of a moving locomotive (signals, track condition, contact wire condition, etc.), but their number, as a rule, does not exceed 8 - 10.

"The size of the object of distinction during the duration of focused attention (% of the shift time)". The smaller the size of the object under consideration (product, part, digital or alphabetic information, etc.) and the longer the observation time, the higher the load on the visual analyzer. Accordingly, the class of labor intensity increases. The categories of visual works from SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" were taken as the basis for the size of the object of distinction.

For example, for a loader, we choose the size of the object of distinction more than 5 mm - class 1, for an accountant, when working with documents and a PC, the size of the object of distinction is 1 - 0.3 mm with an observation concentration of up to 50% of the shift - class 2, more than 50% of the shift - class 3.1 . The smallest size of the object of distinction - less than 0.3 mm - is chosen when working with a microscope.

"Working with optical instruments (microscope, magnifying glass, etc.) during the duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time)". On the basis of chronometric observations, the time (hours, minutes) of working with an optical device is determined. The duration of the working day is taken as 100%, and the time of a fixed gaze using a microscope, magnifying glass is translated into%. The greater the percentage of time, the greater the load, leading to the development of tension in the visual analyzer.

"Monitoring the video terminal screen (hours per shift)". According to this indicator, the time (hours, minutes) of the direct work of the VDT user with the display screen during the entire working day is recorded when entering data, editing text or programs, reading alphabetic, numeric and graphic information from the screen. The longer the time of fixing the gaze on the screen of the VDT user, the greater the load on the visual analyzer and the higher the labor intensity. The greatest load will be for PC operators and programmers (6 - 7 hours). For an accountant, this is a maximum of 4 hours, because it also works with documents (the gaze moves from screen to document, from document to screen, i.e. the time of working with a PC can be conditionally divided in half, this will be the real time of fixed observation of the PC screen).

"Load on the auditory analyzer". The degree of tension of the auditory analyzer is determined by the dependence of the intelligibility of words as a percentage of the ratio between the level of speech intensity and "white" noise. When there is no interference, word intelligibility is 100% - 1 class. The 2nd class includes cases where the noise level is 70 - 80 dBA, and corresponds to the intelligibility of words equal to 90 - 70% or at a distance of up to 3.5 m. If the noise level is more than 80 dBA, then an assessment is already underway for class 3.1 or 3.2.

"Load on the vocal apparatus (total number of hours spoken per week)". The degree of tension of the vocal apparatus depends on the duration of speech loads. Overstrain of the voice is observed with prolonged, without rest, voice activity. The greatest loads (class 3.1 or 3.2) are observed in persons of voice-speech professions (teachers, educators of children's institutions, vocalists, readers, actors, announcers, guides, etc.). To a lesser extent, this type of workload is typical for other professional groups (managers, craftsmen, doctors, etc. - 2nd grade). The lowest values ​​of the criterion can be observed in the work of other professions, such as laboratory assistants, turners, drivers of vehicles (grade 1).

3. Emotional loads

“The degree of responsibility for the result of one's own activity. The significance of the error. This indicator indicates the extent to which an employee can influence the result of his own work at various levels of complexity of the activities carried out. With increasing complexity, the degree of responsibility increases, since erroneous actions lead to additional efforts on the part of the employee or the whole team, which accordingly leads to an increase in emotional stress. For such professions, air traffic controllers, doctors, drivers of vehicles, a nuclear reactor control engineer, the highest degree of responsibility for the final result of the work is characteristic, and the mistakes made can lead to a shutdown of the technological process, the emergence of dangerous situations for people's lives (class 3.2). If the employee is responsible for the main type of task, and mistakes lead to additional efforts on the part of the whole team, then the emotional burden in this case is already somewhat lower (class 3.1): managers and foremen of industrial enterprises, foremen, shift supervisors, nurses. In the case when the degree of responsibility is related to the quality of the auxiliary task, and errors lead to additional efforts on the part of higher management (in particular, the foreman, shift supervisor, etc.), then such work according to this indicator is characterized by even less manifestation of emotional stress (grade 2): laboratory assistants, repairmen, equipment installers, electricians, cooks. The least significance of the criterion is noted in the work of a laboratory assistant, cleaner, loader, where the employee is responsible only for the implementation of individual elements of the product, and in the event of an error, additional efforts are only on the part of the employee himself (grade 1).

"The degree of risk to one's own life." The presence of a risk to one's own life is characterized only by those workplaces where there is a direct danger, when the risk is present, subject to the observance of safety rules by workers, that is, potentially dangerous jobs and areas. Examples are work at heights, work related to the maintenance of high voltage electrical equipment, work on railway tracks during train traffic, etc.

"The degree of responsibility for the safety of others" reflects factors of emotional significance. A number of professions are characterized by responsibility only for the safety of others (air traffic controllers, resuscitators, surgeons, electric train drivers, foremen of industrial enterprises, if they issue work permits for especially dangerous types of work, etc.), or only for personal safety (a tower crane driver , miner, electrician of high-voltage power lines, industrial climber, etc.) - class 3.2. But there are a number of categories of work where a combination of risk for oneself and responsibility for the lives of other persons is possible (infectious disease doctors, drivers of vehicles, assistant train drivers, etc.). In this case, the emotional load is significantly higher, so these indicators should be assessed as separate independent stimuli. There are a number of professions where these factors are completely absent (directors, heads of workshops, departments, laboratory assistants, accountants, telephone operators, cooks, nurses, massage therapists, etc.) - their work is rated as 1st class of labor intensity.

4. Monotony of loads

"The number of elements (techniques) necessary for the implementation of a simple task or repetitive operations." The smaller the number of techniques performed, the higher the intensity of labor due to repeated loads. The highest tension on this indicator is typical for assembly line workers (class 3.1 - 3.2)

"Duration (in seconds) of simple production tasks or repetitive operations." The shorter the time, the correspondingly higher the monotony of the loads. This indicator, as well as the previous one, is most pronounced during conveyor labor (class 3.1 -3.2).

"Time of active actions (in% of the duration of the shift)". Observation of the progress of the technological process does not refer to "active actions". The shorter the time for performing active actions and the longer the time for monitoring the progress of the production process, the higher the monotony of the loads, respectively. The highest monotonicity in this indicator is typical for operators of chemical production control panels (class 3.1 - 3.2).

"The monotony of the production environment (the time of passive monitoring of the progress of the technical process in% of the shift time)". The longer the time of passive observation of the course of the technological process, the more monotonous the work is. This indicator, as well as the previous one, is most pronounced for operator types of work working in the standby mode (operators of control panels for chemical production, power plants, etc.) - class 3.2.

5. Mode of operation

"Actual working hours". It is allocated in an independent heading unlike other classifications. This is due to the fact that regardless of the number of shifts and the rhythm of work in production conditions, the actual duration of the working day ranges from 6 to 8 hours (teachers, doctors, heads of enterprises and organizations, accountants, etc.; it is important to consider that irregular working hours , for example, for directors, heads of departments, is not taken into account, the calculation is based on 40 hours of the working week). A number of professions have shifts of 12 hours or more (doctors, nurses, security guards, watchmen, etc.). The longer the work in time, the greater the total load per shift, and, accordingly, the higher the intensity of labor.

"Shift work" is determined on the basis of internal production documents regulating the work schedule at a given enterprise, organization. The highest class 3.2 is characterized by irregular shifts with night work (nurses, doctors, railway station dispatchers, long-distance train conductors, etc.).

"Availability of regulated breaks and their duration (without a lunch break)". Regulated breaks include only those breaks that are introduced into the working time regulations on the basis of internal production documents (orders, internal labor regulations), or in accordance with the requirements of state documents (Labor Code of the Russian Federation, sanitary norms and rules, labor protection rules and others). They are provided for short-term rest and personal physiological needs and should be introduced for types of work when the performer according to the adopted technology cannot leave the workplace on his own even for a short time (most ticket tellers, operators of hump yards during intensive work, operators of television surveillance posts, controllers of checkpoints etc.) or the continuation of high-quality work is possible only if there are breaks for rest (the work of computer operators, heavy physical work, work at low ambient temperatures, etc.). For these purposes, it is considered optimal to have several regulated breaks with a total duration of at least 7% of the shift (the number and duration of breaks should depend on specific conditions).

3. General assessment of the intensity of the labor process

tension labor work energy consumption

The overall assessment of the intensity of the labor process is carried out as follows:

Regardless of professional affiliation (profession), all 23 indicators listed in Table 8 are taken into account. Guides. It is not allowed to selectively take into account any individual indicators for a general assessment of labor intensity.

For each of the 22 indicators, a separate class of working conditions is determined. In the event that any indicator is not presented by the nature or characteristics of professional activity (for example, there is no work with a video terminal screen or optical devices), then class 1 (optimal) is assigned for this indicator - labor intensity of a mild degree.

In the final assessment of labor intensity:

"Optimal" (grade 1) is set in cases where 17 or more indicators have a grade of 1, and the rest belong to the 2nd grade. At the same time, there are no indicators related to the 3rd (harmful) class.

"Permissible" (grade 2) is set in the following cases:

When 6 or more indicators are assigned to class 2, and the rest - to class 1;

When 1 to 5 indicators are assigned to 3.1. and/or 3.2. degrees of harmfulness, and the remaining indicators have an assessment of the 1st and / or 2nd classes.

"Harmful" (grade 3) is set when 6 or more indicators are assigned to grade 3.

At the same time, intense labor of the 1st degree (3.1.) Is established in the following cases:

When 6 indicators have a score of only 3.1, and the remaining indicators belong to 1 and / or 2 classes;

When 3 to 5 indicators belong to class 3.1, and from 1 to 3 indicators belong to class 3.2.

Intense labor of the 2nd degree (3.2) is established in the following cases:

When 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.2;

When more than 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.1;

When from 1 to 5 indicators are assigned to class 3.1, and from 4 to 5 indicators - to class 3.2;

When 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.1 and there are from 1 to 5 indicators of class 3.2.

In cases where more than six indicators have a score of 3.2, the intensity of the labor process is rated one degree higher - class 3.3.

4. Methodology for assessing the intensity of the labor process

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process." The levels of labor severity factors are expressed in ergonomic values ​​that characterize the labor process, regardless of the individual characteristics of the person participating in this process.

The main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

The mass of the lifted and moved cargo manually;

Stereotypical labor movements;

Working posture;

Case slopes;

Movement in space.

Each of these factors of the labor process for quantitative measurement and evaluation requires its own approach.

1. Physical dynamic load, expressed in units of external mechanical work per shift (kg x m).

To calculate the physical dynamic load (external mechanical work), the mass of the load moved manually in each operation and the path of its movement in meters are determined. The total number of cargo transfer operations per shift as a whole is calculated. According to the magnitude of external mechanical work per shift, depending on the type of load (regional or general) and the distance of movement of the load, it is determined to which class of working conditions this work belongs.

Example: A worker (male) turns around, takes a part (weight 2.5 kg) from the conveyor, moves it to his work table (distance 0.8 m), performs the necessary operations, moves the part back to the conveyor and takes the next one. In total, a worker processes 1,200 parts per shift. To calculate the external mechanical work, the weight of the parts is multiplied by the travel distance and another 2, because the worker moves each part twice (to the table and back), and then by the number of parts per shift. Total: 2.5 kg x 0.8 m x 2 x1200 = 4800 kg / m. The work is regional, the distance of moving the load is up to 1 m, therefore, according to indicator 1.1, the work belongs to the 2nd class.

2. The mass of the lifted and moved cargo manually (kg).

To determine the mass of the load (lifted or carried by workers during the shift, constantly or when alternating with other work), it is weighed on a commodity scale. Only the maximum value is recorded. The weight of the cargo can also be determined from the documents. To determine the total weight of the load moved during each hour of the shift, the weight of all loads is summed up, and if the load being carried is of the same weight, then this weight is multiplied by the number of lifts or movements during each hour. If the distance of movement of the load is different, then the total mechanical work is compared with the average distance of movement.

Example. Consider the previous example. The mass of the cargo is 2.5 kg, therefore, according to clause 2.2, it can be attributed to class 1. During a shift, a worker lifts 1200 parts, 2 times each. He moves 150 pieces per hour (1200 pieces : 8 hours). The worker picks up each part 2 times, therefore, the total weight of the load moved during each hour of the shift is 750 kg (150 x 2.5 kg x2). The load moves from the working surface, so this work according to clause 2.3 can be attributed to class 2.

3. Stereotypical work movements (number per shift).

The concept of "working movement" in this case implies an elementary movement, i.e. a single movement of a body or a body from one position to another. Stereotypical work movements, depending on the load, are divided into local and regional. Works that are characterized by local movements are usually performed at a fast pace (60–250 movements per minute) and the number of movements per shift can reach several tens of thousands. Since during these works the pace, i.e. the number of movements per unit of time practically does not change, then, having manually calculated or using some kind of automatic counter, the number of movements in 10-15 minutes, we calculate the number of movements in 1 minute, and then multiply by the number of minutes during which this Job. The time for completing the work is determined by chronometric observations or by photographs of the working day. The number of movements can also be determined by daily output.

Example. An operator entering data into a personal computer performs about 55,000 movements per shift. Therefore, according to clause 3.1, his work can be attributed to class 3.1.

Regional work movements are usually performed at a slower pace and it is easy to count their number in 10-15 minutes or in one or two repeated operations several times per shift. After that, knowing the total number of operations or the time to complete the work, we calculate the total number of regional movements per shift.

4. Static load (the value of the static load per shift when holding the load, applying efforts, kgf x s).

The static load associated with the maintenance of a load by a person or the application of force without moving the body or its individual links is calculated by multiplying two parameters: the magnitude of the force held and the time it is held.

Under production conditions, static forces occur in two forms: holding the workpiece (tool) and pressing the workpiece (workpiece) to the workpiece (tool). In the first case, the value of the static force is determined by the weight of the product (tool) being held. The weight of the product is determined by weighing on the scales. In the second case, the value of the pressing force can be determined using tensometric, piezocrystalline or any other sensors that must be fixed on the tool or product. The retention time of the static force is determined on the basis of chronometric measurements (from a photograph of the working day).

Example. A woman painter of industrial products, while painting, holds an airbrush weighing 1.8 kgf in her hand for 80% of the shift time, i.e. 23040 seconds. The value of the static load will be 41327 kgf x s (1.8 kgf 23040 s). The work according to claim 4 belongs to class 3.1.

5. Working posture.

The nature of the working posture (free, uncomfortable, fixed, forced) is determined visually. The time spent in a forced position, a position with a tilt of the body or another working position is determined on the basis of timing data for the shift.

Example. A laboratory assistant spends about 40% of his working time in a fixed position - working with a microscope. On this point, his work can be attributed to class 3.1.

6. Body slopes (number per shift).

The number of slopes per shift is determined by directly counting them or by determining their number in one operation and multiplied by the number of operations per shift.

Example. To take parts from a container on the floor, a worker performs up to 200 deep bends (more than 30 degrees) per shift. According to this indicator, her work belongs to class 3.1.

7. Movement in space (transitions due to the technological process during a shift horizontally or vertically - along stairs, ramps, etc., km).

The easiest way to determine this value is with the help of a pedometer, which can be placed in a worker's pocket or fastened to his belt, to determine the number of steps per shift (during regulated breaks and a lunch break, remove the pedometer). Multiply the number of steps per shift by the length of the step (male step in a production environment on average = 0.6 m, and female = 0.5 m), and express the resulting value in km.

Example. According to the pedometer, a worker takes about 12,000 steps per shift when servicing machines. The distance traveled by it is 6000 m or 6 km (12000 x 0.5 m). According to this indicator, the severity of labor belongs to the 2nd class.

8. General assessment of the severity of the labor process.

The overall assessment of the degree of physical severity is carried out on the basis of all the above indicators. At the same time, at the beginning, a class is established for each measured indicator and entered into the protocol, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is established according to the most sensitive, assigned to the largest class. If there are two or more indicators of class 3.1 and 3.2, the overall score is set one degree higher.

Conclusion

Factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of labor are emotional and intellectual load, load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), monotony of loads, work schedule.

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these “Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process”.

The methodology for assessing labor intensity is carried out in accordance with the “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions.

The assessment of labor intensity of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by chronometric observations in the dynamics of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of adverse neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, regime loads.

List of used literature

1. Occupational safety: examination of working conditions when licensing activities: a Handbook. M.: INFRA-M, 2002. 183 p.

2. Zotov B.I., Kurdyumov V.I. Life safety at work. M.: Kolos, 2000. 424 p.: ill.

3. Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (with amendments and additions as of 10.12.2013).

4. Life safety / Under the editorship of Belov., M., 1996.

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Labor intensity It is characterized by an emotional load on the body during work, which requires predominantly intensive work of the brain to receive and process information.

Mental labor is considered the easiest. Such working conditions are considered optimal. If the operator works and makes decisions within the framework of one instruction, then such working conditions are acceptable. The stressful harmful conditions of the 1st degree include work that is associated with solving complex problems using known algorithms or working using several (more than one) instructions. Creative (heuristic) activity that requires solving complex problems in the absence of an obvious solution algorithm should be classified as hard work of the 2nd degree of severity.

Important factors characterizing the class of working conditions according to the intensity of the labor process are the actual duration of the working day and shift work. With a working day of up to 7 hours, working conditions are classified as optimal, up to 9 hours - to acceptable, more than 9 hours - to intense. The duration of continuous work up to 12 hours is referred to the 1st degree, and more than 12 hours - to hard work of the 2nd degree. One-shift work without a night shift - optimal conditions; two-shift work without night shift work - permissible working conditions and three-shift work with night shift work - hard work of the 1st degree.

3.5 Indicators of labor activity: efficiency, fatigue and overwork.

In the physiology of labor, the most important are the concepts of working capacity, fatigue and overwork.

Under working capacity understand the potential ability of a person to perform work of a certain volume and quality for a given time and with sufficient efficiency. Working phases:

1 phase - the phase of workability, during this period the activity of the central nervous system increases, the level of metabolic processes increases, the activity of the cardiovascular system increases, which leads to an increase in working capacity;

2 phase - the phase of relatively stable performance. The main task is to extend the second phase, it can be achieved by a whole range of activities, among which the most effective are the change of activities, industrial gymnastics, work breaks, and so on, that is, all activities aimed at preventing fatigue.

3 phase - the phase of decreased performance associated with the development of fatigue.

Figure 2 - Graph of the dynamics of performance over time.

The duration of each of these phases depends both on the individual characteristics of the central nervous system, and on the environmental conditions in which the work is performed, on the type and nature of the activity, on the emotional and physical state of the body. Understanding the processes of change in performance allows you to prevent or delay the onset of fatigue.

Fatigue is a decrease in performance that occurs in the process of work.

Fatigue is a reversible physiological state of a person. However, if performance is not restored by the start of the next period of work, fatigue can accumulate and turn into overwork- a more persistent decrease in efficiency, which in the future leads to the development of diseases, a decrease in the body's resistance to infectious diseases. Fatigue and overwork can be the cause of increased injuries at work.

There are quickly and slowly developing fatigue: the first occurs during very intensive work (work of a loader, bricklayer, creative worker, etc.), the second occurs during long, uninteresting, monotonous work (driver's work, work on a conveyor, etc.).

Labor intensity- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, the emotional sphere of the employee (R 2.2.2006-05. App. 16).

Evaluation of labor intensity of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by chronometric observations in the dynamics of the entire working day, for at least one week.

The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of a neuro-emotional state (overstrain).

All indicators (factors) have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads:

Intelligent:

2. "Perception of signals (information) and their evaluation" - the information received during work is compared with the normal values ​​necessary for the course of the labor process.

3. "Distribution of functions according to the degree of complexity of the task" - any labor activity is characterized by the distribution of functions between employees. Accordingly, the more functional duties assigned to the employee, the higher the intensity of labor.

4. "The nature of the work performed" - in the case when the work is performed according to an individual plan, then the level of tension is low. If the work proceeds according to a strictly established schedule with its possible correction as necessary, then the tension increases. If a great intensity of labor is characteristic, when work is performed in conditions of time pressure. The greatest tension is characterized by work in conditions of lack of time and information.

Touch:

5. "Duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time)" - the greater the percentage of time devoted to concentrated observation during the shift, the higher the tension. The total time of the working shift is taken as 100%;

6. "The density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of work" - the number of perceived and transmitted signals (messages of orders) allows you to evaluate the employment, the specifics of the employee's activities. The greater the number of signals, the higher the information load, leading to an increase in tension;

7. "Number of production objects of simultaneous observation" - indicates that with an increase in the number of objects of simultaneous observation, the intensity of labor increases. This characteristic of labor makes demands on the amount of attention (from 4 to 8 unrelated objects) and its distribution as the ability to simultaneously focus attention on several objects or actions;

8. “The size of the object of distinction with the duration of focused attention (% of the shift time)” - the smaller the size of the object (product, part, digital or alphabetic information, etc.) and the longer the observation time, the higher the load on the visual analyzer. Accordingly, the class of labor intensity increases;

9. "Working with optical instruments (microscope, magnifying glass, etc.) during the duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time)". On the basis of chronometric observations, the time (hours, minutes) of working with an optical device is determined. The duration of the working day is taken as 100%, and the time of a fixed gaze using a microscope, a magnifying glass is converted into a percentage. The greater the percentage of time, the greater the load, leading to the development of tension in the visual analyzer.

10. "Monitoring the screen of the video terminal (hours per shift)". The time (h, min) of the direct work of the VDM user with the display screen throughout the working day is fixed, the longer the time of fixing the gaze on the VDT screen, the greater the load on the visual analyzer and the higher the labor intensity.

11. "Load on the auditory analyzer." The indicator "load on the auditory analyzer" should characterize such work in which the performer, in conditions of increased noise levels, must hear speech information or other auditory signals that guide him in the process of work.

12. "Load on the vocal apparatus (total number of hours spoken per week)". The degree of tension of the vocal apparatus depends on the duration of speech loads. Overstrain of the voice is observed with prolonged, without rest, voice activity.

Emotional:

13. "The degree of responsibility for the result of one's own activity, the significance of the error" - indicates the extent to which the employee can influence the result of his own work at various levels of complexity of the activity carried out. With increasing complexity, the degree of responsibility increases, which accordingly leads to an increase in emotional stress. This indicator assesses the responsibility of the employee for the quality of the elements of tasks of auxiliary work, the main work or the final product.

14. "The degree of risk to one's own life." A measure of risk is the probability of an undesirable event occurring. At the workplace, they analyze the presence of traumatic factors that may pose a danger to the life of workers, and determine the possible zone of their influence. This indicator characterizes those workplaces where there is a direct danger (explosion, impact, spontaneous combustion).

15. "Responsibility for the safety of others." When assessing tension, it is necessary to take into account only direct, and not indirect, responsibility (the latter is distributed to all managers), that is, one that is imputed by the job description.

16. "The number of conflict production situations per shift." The presence of conflict situations in the production activities of a number of professions (employees of all levels of the prosecutor's office, the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, teachers, etc.) significantly increase the emotional burden and are subject to quantitative assessment. The number of conflict situations is taken into account on the basis of timing observations.

17. "The number of elements (techniques) necessary to implement a simple task or repetitive operations" and

18. "Duration (s) of performing simple production tasks or repetitive operations" - the smaller the number of steps performed and the shorter the time, the higher the monotony of the loads, respectively. These indicators are most pronounced during assembly line work. A necessary condition for classifying operations and actions as monotonous is not only their frequent repetition and a small number of techniques, but also their uniformity and low information content.

19. "Time of active actions (in% of the duration of the shift)". Observation of the progress of the technological process does not refer to "active actions". The shorter the time for performing active actions and the longer the time for monitoring the progress of the production process, the correspondingly monotonous loads.

20. “Monotonicity of the production environment (time of passive observation of the progress of the technological process, in % of the shift time” - the longer the time of passive observation of the progress of the technological process, the more monotonous the work is.

Regime:

21. “The actual length of the working day” is singled out as an independent heading, since regardless of the number of shifts and the rhythm of work, the actual length of the working day ranges from 6-8 hours (telephonists, telegraph operators, etc.) to 12 hours or more (heads of industrial enterprises). A number of professions have shifts of 12 hours or more (doctors, nurses, etc.). The longer the work in time, the greater the total load per shift, and, accordingly, the higher the intensity of labor;

22. "Shift work" is determined on the basis of in-house documents regulating the daily routine at a given enterprise, organization;

23. "Availability of regulated breaks and their duration (excluding lunch break)". Regulated breaks should include only those breaks that are included in the working time regulations on the basis of official production documents. Insufficient duration or absence of regulated breaks exacerbates the intensity of work, since there is no element of short-term protection from the impact of factors of the labor process and the production environment.

In the case of applying the evaluation criterion "simplicity - complexity of the tasks to be solved", you can use the table, which shows some of the characteristic features of simple and complex tasks.

Some signs of the complexity of the tasks being solved

Simple Tasks	Difficult tasks
1. Do not require reasoning	1. Require reasoning
2. Have a clear purpose	2. The goal is formulated only in general (for example, team management)
3. There is no need to build internal representations of external events	3. It is necessary to build internal representations of external events
4. The plan for solving the entire problem is contained in the instruction (instructions)	4. The solution of the whole problem must be planned
5. A task may include several subtasks that are not related to each other or are connected only by a sequence of actions. The information obtained when solving a subtask is not analyzed and is not used when solving another subtask	5. The task always includes the solution of logically related subtasks, and the information obtained when solving each subtask is analyzed and taken into account when solving the next subtask
6. The sequence of actions is known, or it does not matter	6. The sequence of actions is chosen by the performer and is important for solving the problem

For example, the task of a chemical analysis laboratory assistant includes subtasks (operations): sampling (as a rule), preparation of reagents, sample processing (using chemical solutions, incineration) and quantitative assessment of the content of analytes in the sample. Each sub-task has clear instructions, clearly defined goals, and a predetermined end result with a known sequence of actions, i.e. according to the above signs, he solves simple problems (class 2). The job of a chemical engineer, for example, is quite different. First, he must determine the qualitative composition of the sample, using sometimes complex methods of qualitative analysis (task planning, selection of a sequence of actions and analysis of the results of a subtask), then develop a work model for laboratory assistants using the information obtained in solving the previous subtask. Then, based on all the information received, the engineer makes a final assessment of the results, i.e. the problem can be solved only with the help of an algorithm as a logical set of rules (class 3.1).

When applying the evaluation criterion "work according to instructions - work according to a series of instructions", one should pay attention to the fact that sometimes the number of instructions characterizing the content of the work is not a sufficiently reliable characteristic of intellectual loads.

For example, a chemical analysis laboratory assistant may work according to several instructions, while the head of a chemical laboratory works according to one job description. Therefore, here one should pay attention to those cases where the general instruction, being formally the only one, contains many separate instructions, and in this case, evaluate the activity as work on a series of instructions.

1.2. "Perception of signals (information) and their evaluation". Criteria in terms of differences between the classes of intensity of the labor process is the setting goal (or reference norm), which is adopted to compare the information received during work with the nominal values ​​\u200b\u200bnecessary for the successful course of the work process.

The most difficult function is preliminary preparatory work with subsequent distribution of tasks to other persons (class 3.2), which is typical for such professions as industrial managers, air traffic controllers, scientists, doctors, etc.

1.4. "The nature of the work performed" - in the case when the work is performed according to an individual plan, then the level of labor intensity is low (grade 1 - laboratory assistants). If the work proceeds according to a strictly established schedule with its possible correction as necessary, then the tension rises (grade 2 - nurses, telephone operators, telegraph operators, etc.). Even greater labor intensity is characteristic when work is performed under time pressure (class 3.1 - foremen of industrial enterprises, scientists, designers). The greatest tension (class 3.2) is characterized by work in conditions of lack of time and information. At the same time, there is a high responsibility for the final result of the work (doctors, heads of industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, air traffic controllers).

Thus, the criteria for attributing work according to this indicator to class 3.1 (hard work of the 1st degree) is work under time pressure. In the practice of work, time deficit is usually understood as a heavy workload, on the basis of which almost any work is evaluated according to this indicator with a class of 3.1. Here it is necessary to be guided by the requirement of this manual, according to which the assessment of working conditions must be carried out when carrying out technological processes in accordance with the technological regulations. Therefore, class 3.1 in terms of the “nature of the work performed” should only evaluate such work in which the shortage of time is its constant and integral characteristic, and at the same time, the successful completion of the task is possible only with the right actions in conditions of such a shortage.

Significant errors can be avoided if high values ​​of this indicator are not assigned in all cases and only because the perception of signals and messages is a characteristic feature of the work. For example, a city transport driver perceives about 200 signals per hour. However, this indicator can be significantly lower for drivers, such as intercity buses, long-haul drivers, shift car drivers, or in cases where traffic density is low, which is typical for rural areas. In the same way, telegraph operators and telephone operators of a large city communication center will differ significantly in this indicator from colleagues working in a small communication center.

2.3. "The number of production objects of simultaneous observation" - indicates that with an increase in the number of objects of simultaneous observation, the intensity of labor increases. This characteristic of labor makes demands on the amount of attention (from 4 to 8 unrelated objects) and its distribution as the ability to simultaneously focus attention on several objects or actions.

A necessary condition for the work to be assessed by this indicator is the time spent from obtaining information from objects of simultaneous observation to actions: if this time is significantly short and actions must be performed immediately after receiving information simultaneously from all necessary objects (otherwise, the normal course of technological process or a significant error occurs), then the work must be characterized by the number of production objects of simultaneous observation (pilots, drivers, drivers of other vehicles, operators controlling robots and manipulators, etc.). If information can be obtained by successively switching attention from object to object and there is enough time before making a decision and / or performing actions, and a person usually moves from distribution to switching attention, then such work should not be assessed by the indicator "number of objects of simultaneous observation "(on-duty electrician for instrumentation and automation, supervisor-crawler, order picker).

Example. For the operator type of activity, various indicators, displays, controls, keyboard, etc. serve as objects of simultaneous observation. The largest number of objects of simultaneous observation was found for air traffic controllers - 13, which corresponds to class 3.1, this number is somewhat lower for telegraph operators - 8-9 teletypes, for drivers of vehicles (class 2). Up to 5 objects of simultaneous observation are noted among telephone operators, foremen, managers, nurses, doctors, designers and others (grade 1).

2.4. "The size of the object of distinction with the duration of focused attention (% of the shift time)". The smaller the size of the object under consideration (product, part, digital or alphabetic information, etc.) and the longer the observation time, the higher the load on the visual analyzer. Accordingly, the class of labor intensity increases.

The categories of visual works from SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" were taken as the basis for the size of the object of distinction. In this case, it is necessary to consider only such an object that carries the semantic information necessary to perform this work. So, for inspectors, this is the minimum size of the defect that needs to be detected, for PC operators - the size of a letter or number, for the operator - the size of the scale of the device, etc. (Often, only this characteristic is taken into account and another equally necessary one is not taken into account - the duration of focusing attention on a given object, which is equivalent and mandatory.)

In a number of cases, when the dimensions of the object are small, they resort to the help of optical instruments that increase these dimensions. If optical instruments are resorted to, from time to time, to clarify information, the object of distinction is the direct carrier of information. For example, when viewing fluorographic images, radiologists must differentiate shadows up to 1 mm in diameter (class 3.1), and from time to time they use a magnifying glass to clarify information, which increases the size of the object and transfers it to class 2, however, the main work on viewing images is carried out without optical instruments, so such work should be assessed according to this criterion class 3.1.

In the event that the size of the object is so small that it is indistinguishable without the use of optical instruments, and they are used constantly (for example, when counting blood cells, the dimensions of which are in the range of 0.006-0.015 mm, the laboratory assistant always uses a microscope) should be recorded the size of the enlarged object.

2.5. "Working with optical instruments (microscope, magnifying glass, etc.) during the duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time)". On the basis of chronometric observations, the time (hours, minutes) of working with an optical device is determined. The duration of the working day is taken as 100%, and the time of a fixed gaze using a microscope, a magnifying glass is converted into percentages - the greater the percentage of time, the greater the load leading to the development of tension in the visual analyzer.

Optical instruments include those devices that are used to increase the size of the object under consideration - magnifiers, microscopes, flaw detectors, or used to increase the resolution of the device or improve visibility (binoculars), which is also associated with an increase in the size of the object. Optical devices do not include various devices for displaying information (displays) in which optics are not used - various indicators and scales covered with a glass or transparent plastic cover.

2.6. "Monitoring the screen of the video terminal (hours per shift)". According to this indicator, the time (h, min) of the direct work of the VDT user with the display screen during the entire working day is recorded when entering data, editing text or programs, reading alphabetic, digital, graphic information from the screen. The longer the time of fixing the gaze on the screen of the user of the VDT, the greater the load on the visual analyzer and the higher the intensity of labor.

The criterion "monitoring the screens of video terminals" should be used to characterize the intensity of the labor process at all workplaces that are equipped with means of displaying information both on cathode-beam and discrete (matrix) screens (displays, video modules, video monitors, video terminals).

2.7. "Load on the auditory analyzer". The degree of tension of the auditory analyzer is determined by the dependence of the intelligibility of words as a percentage of the ratio between the intensity level of speech and "white" noise. When there is no interference, word intelligibility is 100% - 1 class. The 2nd class includes cases when the speech level exceeds the noise by 10-15 dBA and corresponds to the intelligibility of words equal to 90-70% or at a distance of up to 3.5 m, etc.

The most common mistake in assessing the intensity of the labor process is when this indicator characterizes any work carried out in conditions of high noise levels. The indicator "load on the auditory analyzer" must characterize such work in which the performer, in conditions of increased noise levels, must hear speech information or other sound signals that guide him in the process of work. An example of work related to the load on the auditory analyzer is the work of a telephone operator for industrial communications, a sound engineer for TV, radio, and music studios.

2.8. "Load on the vocal apparatus (total number of hours spoken per week)". The degree of tension of the vocal apparatus depends on the duration of speech loads. Overstrain of the voice is observed with prolonged, without rest, voice activity.

Example. The greatest workloads (class 3.1 or 3.2) are observed among people with voice-speaking professions (teachers, educators of children's institutions, vocalists, readers, actors, announcers, guides, etc.). To a lesser extent, this type of workload is typical for other professional groups (air traffic controllers, telephone operators, managers, etc. - 2nd grade). The lowest values ​​of the criterion can be observed in the work of other professions, such as laboratory assistants, designers, drivers of vehicles (grade 1).

3. Emotional loads

3.1. "The degree of responsibility for the result of one's own activity. The significance of the error" - indicates to what extent an employee can influence the result of his own work at various levels of complexity of the activity carried out. With increasing complexity, the degree of responsibility increases, since erroneous actions lead to additional efforts on the part of the employee or the whole team, which accordingly leads to an increase in emotional stress.

For professions such as managers and foremen of industrial enterprises, air traffic controllers, doctors, vehicle drivers, etc. the highest degree of responsibility for the final result of the work is characteristic, and the mistakes made can lead to a shutdown of the technological process, the emergence of dangerous situations for people's lives (class 3.2).

If the employee is responsible for the main type of task, and mistakes lead to additional efforts on the part of the whole team, then the emotional burden in this case is already somewhat lower (class 3.1): nurses, scientists, designers. In the case when the degree of responsibility is related to the quality of the auxiliary task, and errors lead to additional efforts on the part of higher management (in particular, the foreman, shift supervisor, etc.), then such work according to this indicator is characterized by even less manifestation of emotional stress (grade 2): telephonists, telegraph operators. The least significance of the criterion is noted in the work of the laboratory assistant, where the employee is responsible only for the implementation of individual elements of the product, and in the event of an error, additional efforts are only on the part of the employee himself (grade 1).

Thus, according to this indicator, the employee's responsibility for the quality of the elements of tasks of auxiliary work, the main work or the final product is assessed. For example, for a turner, the final product is the parts made by him, for the master of the turning section, all the parts made in this section, and for the head of the machine shop, the work of the entire shop. Therefore, when using this criterion, the following approach is possible.

Class 1 - responsibility for the quality of actions or operations that are an element of the labor process in relation to its ultimate goal, and the error is corrected by the worker himself on the basis of self-control or external, formal control of the "right-wrong" type (all types of auxiliary work, nurses, cleaners , movers, etc.).

Class 2 - responsibility for the quality of an activity that is a technological cycle or a major element of a technical process in relation to its ultimate goal, and the error is corrected by a higher manager according to the type of instructions "how to do it right" (workers in construction specialties, maintenance personnel).

Class 3.1 - responsibility for the entire technological process or activity, and the error is corrected by the whole team, group, team (control staff, foremen, foremen, heads of main production shops), except when an error can lead to the following consequences.

Class 3.2 - responsibility for the quality of products manufactured by the entire structural unit or increased responsibility for the result of one's own mistake, if it can lead to a stop in the technological process, breakage of expensive or unique equipment, or danger to the lives of other people (drivers carrying passengers of vehicles , pilots of passenger aircraft, locomotive drivers, ship captains, heads of enterprises and organizations).

3.2. "The degree of risk to one's own life." A measure of risk is the probability of an undesirable event occurring, which can be identified with sufficient accuracy from the statistics of industrial injuries at a given enterprise and similar enterprises in the industry.

Therefore, at this workplace, they analyze the presence of traumatic factors that may pose a danger to the life of workers and determine the possible zone of their influence. It is recommended to use the materials of certification of workplaces for working conditions, which prescribe the compilation of such a list. For example, in a temporary technique for conducting in the electric power industry (vessels and pipelines with a pressure above 5 atmospheres, oil-filled bushings of high-voltage equipment for voltages above 1000 V, vessels, pipelines and fittings with a carrier temperature above 60 ° C, etc.).

The indicator "degree of risk to one's own life" characterizes only those jobs where there is a direct danger, i.e. the working environment is fraught with the threat of a directly damaging reaction (explosion, impact, spontaneous combustion), in contrast to the indirect danger, when the working environment becomes dangerous due to incorrect and unforeseen behavior of the worker.

The most common types of accidents leading to fatal accidents are: traffic accidents, falls from a height, falls, collapses and collapses of objects and materials, impact of moving and rotating parts, flying objects and parts. The most frequent sources of injuries are cars, power equipment, tractors, metal-cutting machines.

Examples of professions in which work is characterized by an increased degree of risk to one's own life:

Construction professions, mainly related to work at height (carpenters, scaffolding fitters, metal structure fitters, crane operators, masons, and a number of others); the main traumatic factor in these professions is a fall from a height;

Drivers of all types of vehicles: the main traumatic factor is a violation of traffic rules, a malfunction of the vehicle;

Professions related to the maintenance of power equipment and systems (electricians, electricians, etc.): traumatic factor - electric shock;

The main professions in the mining industry (drifters, blasters, scrapers, working face, etc.): traumatic factor - explosions, destruction, landslides, gas emissions, etc.;

Professions of metallurgy and chemical production (casters, smelters, converters, etc.): traumatic factor - explosions and emissions of melts, ignition as a result of a violation of the technological process.

The risk to one's own life is associated not only with injury risk, but can also be determined by the specifics of labor activity in certain socio-economic conditions in the country. Thus, a high risk to their own lives is typical for prosecutors (prosecutors, assistant prosecutors, investigators) and other law enforcement officers.

3.3. "Responsibility for the safety of others". When assessing tension, it is necessary to take into account only direct, and not indirect, responsibility (the latter is distributed to all managers), that is, one that is imputed by the job description.

As a rule, these are the leaders of the primary labor collectives - foremen, foremen responsible for the proper organization of work in potentially dangerous conditions and monitoring the implementation of instructions on labor protection and safety; employees whose responsibility comes from the very nature of the work - doctors of some specialties (surgeons, resuscitators, traumatologists, kindergarten teachers, air traffic controllers) and persons operating potentially dangerous machines and mechanisms, for example, vehicle drivers, passenger aircraft pilots, locomotive drivers.

3.4. "The number of conflict production situations per shift." The presence of conflict situations in the production activities of a number of professions (employees of all levels of the prosecutor's office, the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, teachers, etc.) significantly increase the emotional burden and are subject to quantitative assessment. The number of conflict situations is taken into account on the basis of timing observations.

Conflict situations among teachers are found in the form of a direct relationship between the teacher and students, as well as participation in resolving conflicts that arise between students. In addition, conflicts may arise within the teaching staff with colleagues, management and, in some cases, with the parents of students.

Prosecutors and law enforcement officials encounter conflicts with clients in the form of verbal threats, threats by phone, in writing and in person, as well as insults, threats of physical violence, physical attacks.

Example. The largest number of conflict situations on average per shift was noted among law enforcement officers: more than 8 (class 3.2), a smaller number among teachers - from 4 to 8 (class 3.1), among assistant prosecutors from 1 to 3 (class 2), among employees of the Office of the Prosecutor - absent (class 1).

4. Monotony of loads

4.1 and 4.2. "The number of elements (methods) required to implement a simple task or repetitive operations" and "Duration (s) of performing simple production tasks or repetitive operations" - the smaller the number of steps performed and the shorter the time, the higher the monotony of loads, respectively.

These indicators are most pronounced during conveyor labor (class 3.1-3.2). These indicators characterize the so-called "motor" monotony.

A necessary condition for classifying operations and actions as monotonous is not only their frequent repetition and a small number of techniques, which can be observed in other works, but also their uniformity and, most importantly, their low information content, when actions and operations are performed automatically and practically. do not require close attention, information processing and decision making, i.e. practically do not involve "intellectual" functions.

Such works include almost all professions in the flow-conveyor production - assemblers, fitters, radio equipment adjusters, and other works of the same nature - stamping, packaging, labeling, marking. In contrast to these, there are works that, by outward signs, are monotonous, but, in fact, they are not, for example, the work of a PC operator-programmer, when short, monotonous and often repetitive actions have a significant information component and cause a state of non-monotony, and neuro-emotional stress.

4.3. "Time of active actions (in% of the duration of the shift)". Observation of the course of the technological process does not refer to "active actions". The shorter the time for performing active actions and the longer the time for monitoring the progress of the production process, the higher the monotony of the loads, respectively.

The highest monotonicity in this indicator is typical for operators of chemical production control panels (class 3.1-3.2).

4.4. "Monotonicity of the production environment (time of passive observation of the progress of the technological process, in % of the shift time)" - the longer the time of passive observation of the progress of the technological process, the more monotonous the work is.

This indicator, as well as the previous one, is most pronounced for operator types of work working in standby mode (operators of control panels for chemical production, power plants, etc.) - class 3.2.

5. Mode of operation

5.1. "Actual length of the working day" - allocated to an independent heading, since regardless of the number of shifts and the rhythm of work, the actual length of the working day ranges from 6-8 hours (telephone operators, telegraph operators, etc.) to 12 hours or more (heads of industrial enterprises ). A number of professions have shifts of 12 hours or more (doctors, nurses, etc.). The longer the work in time, the greater the total load per shift, and, accordingly, the higher the intensity of labor.

5.2. "Shift work" is determined on the basis of internal production documents regulating the work schedule at a given enterprise, organization. The highest class 3.2 is characterized by irregular shifts with night work (nurses, doctors, etc.).

5.3. "Availability of regulated breaks and their duration (excluding lunch break)". Regulated breaks should include only those breaks that are introduced into the working time regulations on the basis of official internal production documents, such as a collective agreement, an order of the director of an enterprise or organization, or on the basis of state documents - sanitary norms and rules, industry rules on labor protection and others. .

Insufficient duration or absence of regulated breaks exacerbates the intensity of work, since there is no element of short-term protection from the impact of factors of the labor process and the production environment.

The existing modes of operation of air traffic controllers, doctors, nurses, etc. are characterized by the absence of regulated breaks (class 3.2), in contrast to foremen and managers of industrial enterprises, whose breaks are not regulated and short (class 3.1). At the same time, breaks take place, but they are of insufficient duration for designers, scientists, telegraph operators, telephone operators, etc. (grade 2).

6. General assessment of the intensity of the labor process

6.1. Regardless of professional affiliation (profession), all 23 indicators listed in Table 1 are taken into account. eighteen . It is not allowed to selectively take into account any individual indicators for a general assessment of labor intensity.

6.2. For each of the 23 indicators, its own class of working conditions is determined separately. In the event that any indicator is not presented by the nature or characteristics of professional activity (for example, there is no work with a video terminal screen or optical devices), then class 1 (optimal) is assigned for this indicator - labor intensity of a mild degree.

6.3. In the final assessment of labor intensity.

When from 1 to 5 indicators are classified as 3.1 and / or 3.2 degrees of harmfulness, and the rest of the indicators have an assessment of the 1st and / or 2nd classes.

When 6 indicators are rated only class 3.1, and the remaining indicators belong to and / or 2 classes;

When 3 to 5 indicators belong to class 3.1, and from 1 to 3 indicators belong to class 3.2.

Hard labor of the 2nd degree (3.2):

When 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.2;

When more than 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.1;

When from 1 to 5 indicators are assigned to class 3.1, and from 4 to 5 indicators - to class 3.2;

When 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.1 and there are from 1 to 5 indicators of class 3.2.

An example of calculating the intensity of the labor process

Protocol
assessment of working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process
(recommended)

F.,I.,O._____________________Sidorov V.G.______gender m______________ Profession: ___________________ foreman ______________________________________ Enterprise: __________ Machine-building plant ___________________________ Brief description of the work performed: __________ Supervises ___ ____ work of the team, controls the quality of work, ensures the availability of __ ____ materials and controls the efficiency of the use of equipment, _ _____ carries out work on machines and measuring instruments, ________ ____ works with technical documentation, draws up reports, etc.

Indicators		Working condition class
1. Intelligent loads
	Perception of signals and their evaluation
	The distribution of the function according to the degree of complexity of the task
	The nature of the work performed
2. Sensory loads
	Duration of focused observation
	Signal density for 1 hour of operation
	Number of objects of simultaneous observation
	The size of the object of distinction during the duration of concentrated attention
	Work with optical devices during the duration of concentrated observation
	Monitoring the screen of the video terminal
3. Emotional loads
	The degree of responsibility for the result of their own activities. The significance of the error.
	The degree of risk to one's own life
	Responsibility for the safety of others
	Number of conflict production situations per shift
4. Monotony of loads
	The number of elements required to implement a simple task or repetitive operations
	Duration of simple tasks or repetitive tasks
	Action time
	The monotony of the working environment
5. Mode of operation
	Actual working hours
	Shift work
	Presence of regulated breaks and their duration
Number of indicators in each class
General assessment of labor intensity

HEAVY OF LABOR

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting mainly the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity (R 2.2.2006-05).

The severity of the labor process is assessed by a number of indicators expressed in ergometric values ​​that characterize the labor process, regardless of the individual characteristics of the person participating in this process.

The main indicators characterizing the severity of the labor process are:

physical dynamic load (expressed in units of external mechanical work per shift - kg / m);

According to the magnitude of external mechanical work per shift, depending on the type of load (regional or general) and the distance of movement of the load, determine which class of working conditions this work belongs to.

weight of the lifted and moved cargo manually (kg);

It is weighed on a commodity scale.

The weight of the cargo can also be determined from the documents.

the number of stereotyped working movements (the number per shift, in total for two hands);

Stereotypical work movements are divided into:

local - performed with the participation of the muscles of the hands and fingers at a fast pace (60-250 movements per minute);

regional - performed with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle at a slower pace.

Working hours are determined by chronometric observations or by photographs of the working day.

the value of the static load (the value of the static load per shift when holding the load, applying efforts, kgf s);

The static load associated with holding a load (working tool or workpiece) or applying force (handles, handwheels, handwheels) is calculated by multiplying the two parameters:

the magnitude of the retained force (load weight) and

its retention time.

working posture;

The nature of the working posture is determined visually. The working posture is:

free - comfortable sitting postures that make it possible to change the working position of the body or its parts: lean back in a chair, change the position of the legs, arms;

uncomfortable - postures with a large inclination or rotation of the body, with arms raised above shoulder level, with uncomfortable placement of the lower limbs;

fixed - the impossibility of changing the relative position of various parts of the body relative to each other, for example, when performing work using optical magnifying devices: magnifiers and microscopes;

forced - poses lying, kneeling, squatting, etc.

body slopes (number per shift);

The number of slopes per shift is determined: by directly counting them per unit of time (several times per shift), then the number of slopes is calculated for the entire duration of the work, or by determining their number in one operation and multiplying by the number of operations per shift.

movement in space (transitions due to the technical process, during a shift horizontally or vertically - along stairs, ramps, etc., km).

The easiest way to determine this value is with a pedometer to determine steps per shift. The number of steps per shift should be multiplied by the step length and the resulting value expressed in km.

INTENSITY OF WORK

Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of the employee (R 2.2.2006-05. App. 16).

All indicators (factors) have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads:

Intelligent:

2. "Perception of signals (information) and their evaluation" - the information received during work is compared with the normal values ​​necessary for the course of the labor process.

3. "Distribution of functions according to the degree of complexity of the task" - any labor activity is characterized by the distribution of functions between employees. Accordingly, the more functional duties assigned to the employee, the higher the intensity of labor.

4. "The nature of the work performed" - in the case when the work is performed according to an individual plan, then the level of tension is low. If the work proceeds according to a strictly established schedule with its possible correction as necessary, then the tension increases. If a great intensity of labor is characteristic, when work is performed in conditions of time pressure. The greatest tension is characterized by work in conditions of lack of time and information.

Touch:

5. "Duration of focused observation (% of shift time)" - the greater the percentage of time spent on focused observation during a shift, the higher the tension. The total time of the working shift is taken as 100%;

6. "The density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of work" - the number of perceived and transmitted signals (messages of orders) allows you to evaluate the employment, the specifics of the employee's activities. The greater the number of signals, the higher the information load, leading to an increase in tension;

7. "Number of production objects of simultaneous observation" - indicates that with an increase in the number of objects of simultaneous observation, the intensity of labor increases. This characteristic of labor makes demands on the amount of attention (from 4 to 8 unrelated objects) and its distribution as the ability to simultaneously focus attention on several objects or actions;

8. “The size of the object of distinction with the duration of focused attention (% of the shift time)” - the smaller the size of the object (product, part, digital or alphabetic information, etc.) and the longer the observation time, the higher the load on the visual analyzer. Accordingly, the class of labor intensity increases;

9. "Working with optical instruments (microscope, magnifying glass, etc.) during the duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time)". On the basis of chronometric observations, the time (hours, minutes) of working with an optical device is determined. The duration of the working day is taken as 100%, and the time of a fixed gaze using a microscope, a magnifying glass is converted into a percentage. The greater the percentage of time, the greater the load, leading to the development of tension in the visual analyzer.

10. "Monitoring the screen of the video terminal (hours per shift)". The time (h, min) of the direct work of the VDM user with the display screen throughout the working day is fixed, the longer the time of fixing the gaze on the VDT screen, the greater the load on the visual analyzer and the higher the labor intensity.

11. "Load on the auditory analyzer." The indicator "load on the auditory analyzer" should characterize such work in which the performer, in conditions of increased noise levels, must hear speech information or other auditory signals that guide him in the process of work.

12. "Load on the vocal apparatus (total number of hours spoken per week)". The degree of tension of the vocal apparatus depends on the duration of speech loads. Overstrain of the voice is observed with prolonged, without rest, voice activity.

Emotional:

13. "The degree of responsibility for the result of one's own activity, the significance of the error" - indicates the extent to which the employee can influence the result of his own work at various levels of complexity of the activity carried out. With increasing complexity, the degree of responsibility increases, which accordingly leads to an increase in emotional stress. This indicator assesses the responsibility of the employee for the quality of the elements of tasks of auxiliary work, the main work or the final product.

14. "The degree of risk to one's own life." A measure of risk is the probability of an undesirable event occurring. At the workplace, they analyze the presence of traumatic factors that may pose a danger to the life of workers, and determine the possible zone of their influence. This indicator characterizes those workplaces where there is a direct danger (explosion, impact, spontaneous combustion).

15. "Responsibility for the safety of others." When assessing tension, it is necessary to take into account only direct, and not indirect, responsibility (the latter is distributed to all managers), that is, one that is imputed by the job description.

16. "The number of conflict production situations per shift." The presence of conflict situations in the production activities of a number of professions (employees of all levels of the prosecutor's office, the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, teachers, etc.) significantly increase the emotional burden and are subject to quantitative assessment. The number of conflict situations is taken into account on the basis of timing observations.

17. "The number of elements (techniques) necessary to implement a simple task or repetitive operations" and

18. "Duration (s) of performing simple production tasks or repetitive operations" - the smaller the number of steps performed and the shorter the time, the higher the monotony of the loads, respectively. These indicators are most pronounced during assembly line work. A necessary condition for classifying operations and actions as monotonous is not only their frequent repetition and a small number of techniques, but also their uniformity and low information content.

19. "Time of active actions (in% of the duration of the shift)". Observation of the progress of the technological process does not refer to "active actions". The shorter the time for performing active actions and the longer the time for monitoring the progress of the production process, the correspondingly monotonous loads.

20. “Monotonicity of the production environment (time of passive observation of the progress of the technological process, in % of the shift time” - the longer the time of passive observation of the progress of the technological process, the more monotonous the work is.

Regime:

21. “The actual length of the working day” is singled out as an independent heading, since regardless of the number of shifts and the rhythm of work, the actual length of the working day ranges from 6-8 hours (telephonists, telegraph operators, etc.) to 12 hours or more (heads of industrial enterprises). A number of professions have shifts of 12 hours or more (doctors, nurses, etc.). The longer the work in time, the greater the total load per shift, and, accordingly, the higher the intensity of labor;

22. "Shift work" is determined on the basis of in-house documents regulating the daily routine at a given enterprise, organization;

23. "Availability of regulated breaks and their duration (excluding lunch break)". Regulated breaks should include only those breaks that are included in the working time regulations on the basis of official production documents. Insufficient duration or absence of regulated breaks exacerbates the intensity of work, since there is no element of short-term protection from the impact of factors of the labor process and the production environment.