Deaf consonants in Russian. Voiced and voiceless consonants

A lot of trouble with letters, that's the kind of people they are.

Sounds change without asking, and they pretend to be different.

How much trouble these letters and sounds bring to children! Learn the letters, and then also remember when and what sound they represent! And the sounds of these oh-oh-oh, how many. How to remember everything voiced and voiceless consonants?

Everything, it turns out, is very simple, if you properly set up the child.

Oh, I already wrote. But consonants are not only hard and soft, but also voiced - deaf. And they bring so much trouble in the form of mistakes to children! How to teach a child to correctly identify?

Just memorizing voiced and deaf consonants is a losing business. Even if the child remembers, it will be very difficult for him to apply this knowledge. But if the child understands how voiced and deaf sounds are obtained, learns to hear them and identify them by signs, then it will be easy for him to remember.

Let's take a look at ourselves first voiced and voiceless consonants.

In Russian, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, depending on the participation of the voice in the pronunciation of the sound. How to define it? Pronounce a single consonant sound and put your hand to your throat. If the vocal cords vibrate, then it is a ringing sound. If not, then deaf. Check with your child and say the sounds B - P, M or X. Did you notice?

Voicedness or deafness can be defined differently. Cover your ears with your palms and pronounce the consonant sound. Did you hear a voice or noise? If a voice is heard, then the sound is sonorous, if the noise is deaf.

And so you can easily and simply determine voiced or voiceless consonant. At first, this method is very good. But if the child continues like this, then it will take a lot of time. The child will not have time to complete the work in the lesson. Therefore, it is necessary that the child remember the consonants voiced and deaf.

And here we need to remember that the brain can perceive information in different ways - through hearing, sight or sensations. This means that in order for the child to remember the information, it is necessary to influence all the systems of the child.

Determining the voicedness and deafness of consonants by ear, we have already included hearing in the work. Putting a hand to the throat, we connected the sensations. Now we need to connect and vision. To do this, you need to make a plate or drawing, where to designate voiced and deaf consonants with some symbols.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are paired and unpaired. So, when compiling such a scheme or tablet, it is necessary to place paired consonants side by side. You can use any symbols that remind the child that the sound is voiced or deaf. So in this scheme, voiced consonants are indicated by a bell, and deaf ones by headphones.

Draw a similar sign with your child. Let him independently place the letters near the desired symbol, and you only control and direct the actions of the child. Remember that a person will remember well only what he did on his own.

Play the resettlement of letters on floors or houses with the desired symbol several times and the child will perfectly remember voiced and deaf consonants. Hang this sign in a prominent place and periodically return to it, ask the child to tell, show, name some sounds.

So, playing, repeating the already familiar properties of sounds and letters, you will help your child learn the basics of the Russian language without difficulty, memorize voiced and voiceless consonants.

Have questions? Write in the comments to get an answer.

In the meantime, get a portion of positive and watch a wonderful cartoon. We will learn from this resilient monkey to find the good in everything.

Some consonant sounds in Russian are called deaf, since they consist of one noise, i.e. formed without the participation of the voice. There are ten such consonants: k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, sh, u.
Other consonants are called voiced, as they are composed of voice and noise (noise dominated by noise). There are also ten of them: b, C, D, D, F, 3, l, m, n, r.
Among the voiced consonants, especially sonorous ones stand out, in which the voice clearly prevails over the noise. There are four such consonants: l, m, n, r. They are called sonorants.
The sounds w, h, w, u are also called hissing.
Voiced consonants b, c, d, e, g, z have paired deaf p, f, k, t, w, s. The rest of the corresponding pairs do not have (see table).
Voiceless consonants: p, f, k, t, s, sh
Voiced consonants: b, c, d, e, h, g, l, m, n, p
Voiced consonants b, c, d, e, g, z at the end of a word or in the middle of a word before a deaf consonant are stunned. For example: pillars - pillar (p), basins - pelvis (s), years - year (t), friend - friend (sh), dexterous - dexterous (f), slide - slippery (s), etc.
Voiced sonorant consonants l, m, n, p are not stunned.
Deaf consonants k, p, s, t, f, sh are voiced before voiced consonants. For example: collection (h), threshing (d).
Voicing and stunning of consonants, as a rule, are not indicated when writing.
Exercise 56. Indicate the number of sounds in the words below and name each of them.
Brain, work, table, people, loach, pit, yeast, teaching, massage, mine, winnow.
Exercise 57. Explain the difference between the pronunciation and spelling of the words below.
Make, labor, request, sweet, cork, approach, knock out, skiff, departure, thrush, give.
Exercise 58. Indicate the cases of voicing and stunning consonants.
Hump, congress, make, beat off, sharp, squeeze, rare, carry, oak, mowing, low.
Exercise 59
Ra.amp; sew, smash, o.Gbeg, distribute, calculate, volume.
Exercise 60
Although the yard and garden were still in the shade, the early rays brightly and coldly gilded the pink, yellow and blue pumpkins laid out on the reed roof of the hut where the watchmen lived (Cat.).

More on the topic § 21. Deaf and voiced consonants:

§ 3. SPELLING OF CONSONANTS (checked and unchecked, voiced, deaf and unpronounceable consonants; double consonants; combinations of consonants)

In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between voiced and deaf consonants and designate them in writing with consonants. We will find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired in terms of voicing - deafness, sonorous and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Recall how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from the lungs. It runs along the windpipe into a narrow larynx, where there are special muscles - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.

Let's conduct an experiment: we close our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we uttered the sound [b], the ligaments stretched and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a little ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds voiced, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonants in voicing-deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second. Residents of the first house:

[b]	[e]	[h]	[G]	[in]	[f]
[P]	[T]	[from]	[to]	[f]	[w]

These consonants are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and deaf consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real "twins", they are pronounced almost the same: the lips fold the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they have pairs and softness - hardness. Let's add them to the house.

[b]	[b ']	[e]	[d']	[h]	[h ']	[G]	[G']	[in]	[in']	[f]
[P]	[P']	[T]	[T']	[from]	[from']	[to]	[to']	[f]	[f']	[w]

The sounds [w] and [w] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called hissing sounds.

All these sounds are denoted by letters:

[b]	[b ']
[P]	[P']
[e]	[d']
[T]	[T']
[h]	[h ']
[from]	[from']
[G]	[G']
[to]	[to']
[in]	[in']
[f]	[f']
[f]
[w]

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

In the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Recall that the sound [th '] always soft. Therefore, in our house he will live alone. These sounds are indicated in writing by letters:

[l]	[l']	(el)
[m]	[m']
[n]	[n']
[R]	[R']
	[th']	(and short)

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word "sonor" in Latin "sonorus" means sonorous.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

In the third house we will settle unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

[X]

[X']

[c]

[h']

[SCH']

Recall that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h '] and [u '] - always soft. Unpaired deaf consonants are indicated in writing by letters:

[X]	[X']
[c]
	[h']
	[SCH']

Sounds [h '], [u '] - hissing sounds.

So we populated our city of consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonants and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonants.

d point - point

b ochka - kidney

w ar - heat

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With a voiced - I myself ring in expanse . (Spike - voice)

2) With the deaf - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced - eats leaves. (Spit - goat)

3) With "em" - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it happens in winter, and disappears in spring . (Honey-ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce some sounds, especially hissing ones, tongue twisters are taught. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then accelerates the pace. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

Six mice rustle in the reeds.
The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a narrowed one.
Two puppies chewed cheek to cheek on a brush in the corner.

So, today we learned that consonants can be voiced and deaf and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ().
Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

Fictionbook.ru ().
Deafnet.ru ().
Samouchka.com.ua ().

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various -6, deaf consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
Read the proverb: « Be able to speak in time, be silent in time. Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonants denote the letters M, Y, V, R, Z, L in the proverb.)
4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the topic “In the city of consonants”.

In Russian, there are voiced and deaf consonants. When studying phonetics (the science of speech sounds) and graphics (the science of the letters of the alphabet), it is necessary to clearly know which sound is deaf and which is voiced.

What is it for?

The fact is that in Russian it is not necessary that the letters denoting voiced consonants will be read loudly in all cases. There are also cases when letters denoting deaf sounds are read loudly. The correct correlation of letters and sounds will greatly help in learning the rules for writing words.

Let us examine in more detail what the concepts of deafness and sonority mean. The formation of voiced consonants occurs due to noise and voice: the air stream not only overcomes the obstacle in the oral cavity, but also vibrates the vocal cords.

The voiced sounds include the following sounds: b, c, d, d, f, s, l, m, n, p, d.
However, in phonetics, from this series of sounds, the so-called sonorants are also distinguished, which are as close as possible in their characteristics to vowel sounds: they can be sung, extended in speech. These sounds include th, r, l, n, m.

Deaf consonants are pronounced without the participation of the voice, only with the help of noise, while the vocal cords are relaxed.

These letters and sounds include the following: k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u. In order to make it easier to remember all the deaf consonants in Russian, you need to learn the phrase: “Stepka, do you want a cabbage?” - "Fi!" All consonants in it are deaf.

Pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants

Voiced and deaf sounds and the letters denoting them are opposed in Russian and form pairs:

b-p,
w-f,
g-k,
dt,
s-s,
f-sh.

If we take into account that the consonants in these pairs can also be soft (except w-w), then in total there will be 11 opposed pairs of deafness-voicedness. These sounds are called paired. The remaining voiced and deaf sounds do not have pairs. The voiced unpaired ones include the above sonorants, and the deaf ones - x, c, h, u. The table of consonants presented on our website will help you to study these sounds in more detail.

Click on the picture to print the table with voiced and voiceless consonants

How is it that letters in the Russian alphabet can represent several sounds?

The pronunciation of a sound is often predetermined by its position in a word. So, a voiced sound at the end of a word is deafened, and such a sound position is called “weak”. Stunning can also occur before the next deaf consonant, for example: pond, booth. We write voiced consonants, but we pronounce: rod, but ka.

Conversely, a deaf consonant can become voiced if it is followed by a voiced sound: threshing, but we pronounce malad ba. Knowing this feature Russian phonetics, we check the spelling of consonants at the end and middle of a word using test words: hammer - thresh, pond-ponds, booth - booth. We select the test word so that after the doubtful consonant there is a vowel.

In order to remember what a sound is according to its characteristics, it is necessary to associate the sound with some object, event or natural sound in the mind. For example, the sound sh is similar to the rustling of leaves, and the sound j is like the buzzing of bees. The association will help you get your bearings in time. Another way is to create a phrase with a specific set of sounds.

Thus, knowledge of the relationship between letter and sound is extremely important for spelling and correct pronunciation. Without studying phonetics, it is impossible to study and correctly perceive the melody of a language.

Video lesson about voiced and voiceless consonants:

Tralik and Valik about voiced and voiceless consonants

Another video lesson for children with riddles about voiced and deaf consonants

Usually, children do not have serious difficulties in understanding the difference between vowels and consonants. But on hard and soft consonants, you should dwell in more detail.

How to teach children to distinguish between hard and soft consonants

The very first thing to teach a child is that consonants can be hard and soft, but not letters.

Typical mistake:
Children confuse sound and letter. Remember that a sound is a sound, and a letter is an icon, it is written. A letter cannot be hard or soft, only a consonant sound can be hard or soft in pronunciation.

Sometimes children can easily learn to distinguish between soft and hard sounds by ear.
But it happens that this is difficult, and in this case, signs will come to the rescue by which one can distinguish hard sounds from soft ones.

Distinctive features of soft and hard sounds

What sound comes after the consonant:

If after the consonant there is a vowel a, o, u, e, s, then the consonant is solid.
If after the consonant there is a vowel and, e, u, i, then the consonant is soft.

Working with examples:
In the words "mother", "nora" - solid consonants, because after them come "a" and "o".
In the words "fly", "nanny" - consonants are soft, because after them come "e", "and", "I".

If another consonant sounds after a consonant, then the first consonant will be hard.
There are sounds that can only be hard and sounds that can only be soft, no matter what sound is heard and what letter is written after them.

Always solid sounds - w, w, c.
Always soft - th, h, u.
A common way to learn these sounds is a simple technique: we write the letters that convey these sounds in a line, and underline "th, h, u". The underline symbolizes the pillow on which soft sounds sit. The pad is soft, so the sounds are soft.

Soft sign and hard sign

If the consonant is at the end of the word, and after it is the letter “b”, then the consonant is soft.

This rule is easy to apply if the child sees the written word, but it will not help if the child performs the task by ear.

Movement of the tongue when pronouncing soft and hard sounds

When pronouncing soft sound the tongue moves slightly forward, approaching the palate (or touching it) with its middle.
When pronouncing hard sounds tongue does not move forward.

Table of signs of hard and soft sounds

Solid:

Before a, o, u, uh, s.
At the end of a word before a consonant.
Zh, c, sh.

Soft:

Front vowels e, e, and, yu, i.
If after a consonant is soft sign(dust, measles).
Y, h, sh.

Showing a picture or just a list thematic words, and the task is given to choose words with soft or hard consonants. For example:

Voiced and voiceless consonants

There are 11 pairs of voiced/voiced consonants in Russian.
The phonetic difference between voiced and voiceless consonants lies in the tension of the vocal cords. Deaf sounds are pronounced with the help of noise, without tension of the ligaments. voiced sounds pronounced with a voice, caused by the vibration of the vocal cords, tk. noisy air comes out of the larynx.

Mnemonic technique for memorizing deaf sounds:
Memorize the phrase: “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? - Fi! All consonants here are deaf.

Examples of tasks for children

Tasks for training the difference of paired consonants can be compiled for each pair according to the following principle (using the example of the D/T pair):

Tasks for the difference between a pair of consonants Г/К