phonetic transcription. What are the rules of phonetic transcription for students studying the Russian language in depth

Lecture 7. Phonetic transcription.

Full phonetic analysis of the word.

2. soft consonants are indicated by the same letters, but with a diacritic

3. use [`j] to denote yot;

4. i, yu, etc. not used, but denoted as , ;

5. ъ and ь are used to denote reduced vowels;

6. to indicate longitude use - above the letter;

7. punctuation marks are not used in phonetic notation;

8. obligatory designation of stress.

Signs adopted in phonetic transcription :

Λ - reduced vowel [o], [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable and

the absolute beginning of the word: [vΛda], [Λna];

ie - sound, middle between [and] and [e];

ye - sound, average between [s] and [e];

b, b - reduced vowels [o], [a], [e] in all unstressed syllables, except

first pre-shock;

A - a vowel advanced at the beginning of the duration a - a vowel,

advanced forward at the end of the duration;

Designation of the longitude of a consonant sound;

Isolation of a sound, word or part of it.

2. Phonetic analysis of the word

Phonetic parsing of a word is an analysis of the sound composition of a word and its

syllable structure.

Phonetic analysis is carried out according to the following plan:

1. Writing a word.

The table has four legs

But boots

And galoshes

These legs are not needed.

10. Perform a phonetic analysis of the poem.

Under the tent in a wide circle

Horses run after each other

Slim, chiseled,

Harness gilded

Literature:

Bagicheva N.V. etc. Theoretical foundations and methods

Philological education of junior schoolchildren: textbook.

Benefit. M.:

Flint, 2011.

Bozhenkova R.K., Bozhenkova N.A., Shaklein V.M. Russian language and

culture of speech: textbook. M.: Flinta, 2011

3. Orekhova T. F. Preparation of term papers and theses on

pedagogical sciences: textbook. Benefit. M.: Publisher:

Flint, 2011.

Skripnik Ya.N., Smolenskaya T.M. Phonetics of modern

Russian language, 2010.

Modern Russian literary language / Ed. P.A.

Lekanta - M., 2009

Solovieva N.N. Complete guide to the Russian language:

Spelling. Punctuation. Orthoepy. Vocabulary. Grammar.

Stylistics. M.: Mir i Obrazovanie, 2011.

Yurtaev S.V. Fundamentals of improving speech activity

junior schoolchildren: textbook Publisher: Orsky

Humanitarian Institute of Technology,

2012, Orsk.

Internet resources:

1. Academician.

Literary

encyclopedia.

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_literature/4770/Phonetics

2. Textology. Phonetics.

http://www.textologia.ru/russkiy/fonetika-

fonologia/fonetika/?q=459

3. Phonetics.

http://padeji.ru/fonetika

4. Phonetics, graphics and spelling of the Russian language. spelling rules,

phonetic analysis of the word.

http://licey.net/russian/phonetics/part1

5. Phonetics of the Russian language.

http://excellence.kz/fonetika-russkogo-yazyka.html

Phonetic transcription

When studying the sound side of a language, in order to convey the sound of words, one has to resort to a special phonetic letter, based on the fact that the same sound is transmitted by a certain icon. Such writing is called phonetic transcription.

Transcription- a special type of writing, with the help of which sounding speech is fixed on paper.

The transcription is based on the alphabet of the language in which it is spoken. With the addition or change of individual letters. (For example, [ĵ] - from the Latin language (iota); [g] - from the Greek language (gamma)).

What is transcription used for?

1. To learn to hear native speech and show the norms of literary pronunciation.

2. When teaching a foreign language, especially if the spelling does not make it possible to judge pronunciation. For example, in English.

3. Transcription is also needed where the writing system is complex and little known to the student, especially where graphics are not intended to convey sound. For example, in hieroglyphic writing.

4. Transcription is used to record an unwritten language or dialect speech.

The phonetic letter does not coincide with the orthographic one, because orthographic writing does not reflect living sound processes occurring in the flow of speech, does not reflect changes in the sound system of the language, but rests on traditions. Phonetic transcription reflects the change in sounds that occur depending on the position and environment.

Basic transcription rules

1. Capital letters are not used in transcription.

2. Punctuation rules do not apply here, pauses are indicated by vertical lines: a small pause is indicated by one vertical line - /; phrases are separated from each other by two lines - //, denoting a long pause.

3. The transcribed sound, word, part of a word or segment of speech is enclosed in square brackets -.

4. In transcription, the text is written as it is pronounced.

5. Each transcription sign is used to denote one sound.

6. In transcription, and are used diacritics signs (Greek diakritikos - distinctive), which are placed above the letters, below them or near them:

a) the emphasis is mandatory: the main one is the sign acute―́, side sign graphis ―̀ ;

b) a straight line above the letter [w̅] indicates the longitude of the consonant;

c) the softness of the consonant is indicated by an apostrophe ՚ after the letter - [m՚];

d) service words pronounced together with the significant are combined chamber- [would◡would], [v◡l՚es];

e) the bow under the sign indicates the non-syllable nature of the sound - [ṷ]

In some cases, when necessary, other diacritics are used: points(top right and left of the letter) to indicate the forward progression of stressed vowels in the vicinity of soft consonants:

crumpled–[m՚al], mother [mat՚], wrinkle [m՚at՚];

sign^ to convey closed, narrow vowel sounds between soft consonants : drank–-[P՚yul՚and].

7. In transcription, the letter u Þ [w̅٬] is not used in the field of consonants, in the field of vowels - the letters e, ё, u, i.

8. To designate the sound [th], two signs are used - [ĵ], [ṷ]:

[ĵ] - a) at the beginning of a word: [ĵа́], [ĵosh], [ĵel٬], [ĵuk];

b) before the stressed vowel: [v՚ĵun], [p՚ĵot], [с՚ĵel], [pÙĵu], [mÙĵaʹ].

In other cases - [ṷ] (a weak variety of iota): [moṷ], [moṷk].

9. Vowel sounds, depending on the positions in the word, experience great changes in sound.

So, a) vowels [and], [s], [y] in an unstressed position do not qualitatively change, they only sound shorter than under stress, and such changes are not indicated in transcription: ՚i onion meadows lugÙvoį].

B) Unstressed vowels [a], [o], [e] change both quantitatively and qualitatively:

[۸] - unstressed vowel [a], [o] at the absolute beginning of the word and in the 1st

prestressed syllable after hard consonants:

[٨rbus/ ٨р՚ех/ n٨ra/ zh٨ra]

[b] - unstressed vowel [a], [o], [e] in the 2nd pre-stressed and

stressed syllables after hard consonants:

[málÙko prÙhot kolkul zhalt՚izna tsalÙvat՚];

[s e] - unstressed vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable at the place of the sound [e] after solid consonants;

[zhy e l՚ez shy e lkatsy e poch՚k];

[and e] - unstressed vowels [e], [a] in the 1st pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants:

[with՚and e lo v՚i e sleep ch՚i e sy m՚i e s՚n՚ik];

[b] - unstressed vowels [e], [a] in the 2nd pre-stressed and stressed syllables after soft consonants:

[b՚rr՚and e ga g՚n՚i e ral ch՚sÙfsh̅՚ik d՚at՚yl d՚ad՚ь].

10. To designate voiced and deaf consonants, the letters corresponding to them are used:

[baby pap]

11. To denote the sound [g], pronounced “without an explosion” in some words, and when voicing the sound [x], use [Υ] - “g fricative”

[boΥъ sóΥ◡by bÙγatyį (dialect)].

Rules and signs fonetictranscriptions 1

The phonetic recording of the Russian word and text is made using the letters of the Russian alphabet.

The transcribed word form or text is enclosed in square brackets.

In phonetic notation, punctuation marks and the transfer of part of the word form to another line are not put, since phonetic transcription conveys not the structure of the text, but the sound wave. The text is divided into phonetic phrases and syntagmas, or speech beats. Each phrase and syntagma is a sound "distance", a wave between two pauses. The latter are indicated in transcription either by one vertical line / - a small pause (this is how syntagmas are separated), or by two // - a longer pause (this is how phrases are separated). At the end of the phonetic notation, two vertical lines are placed (before the bracket) as a sign of the termination of the sound stream.

The initial sound of the syntagma, as well as all proper names, are transmitted in lowercase letters.

Stress on stressed syllables is obligatory.

Functional word before the significant ( proclitic) or after it ( enclitic) is written next to it (without a space) through a dash, because they are one phonetic word. A one- or two-syllable unstressed significant word can also be written, pronounced with neighboring significant words as one phonetic word. For example: [recognize 'is-kn'ik], [remove "s-st-lá], [kak-s-f-pol'] - as in the field, [inzh-house] - your house.

One of the general rules of phonetic transcription is that one letter should convey only one sound. Two different characters can be considered the same letter with different superscript (diacritic) marks, for example, á and a - the first character denotes a stressed sound [a], the second character denotes an unstressed sound [a] in the position of the absolute beginning of a word, for example: [akná], [arbat], [atákα], etc.; [t] and [t’], [h] and [h’], etc. - different designations of hard and soft paired consonants, etc.

The main signs of phonetic transcription are the letters of the Russian alphabet. All letters are used, except for two-digit (iotized) E, E, Yu, I , consonant letters Ch, C, Щ, as well as the letters Y. The signs b and b in transcription are used in a different function: they denote strongly reduced vowels of the middle series of the middle rise [b] after solid consonants and the anterior-mid series of the upper-middle rise [b ] after soft.

Instead of the letters C and Ch, denoting continuous sounds (affricates), letter combinations [tˆs] and [t"ˆsh") are used, which more accurately convey the specifics of the formation of these sounds, and the superscript chamber("shackle") indicates the fused nature of their pronunciation.

Instead of the letter Ш, denoting a long soft hissing sound, the length of which in the flow of speech can be reduced, the letter Ш is used with superscripts that convey the acoustic nature of this sound - [w':], for example, [w': andt], [w ':otka] etc. If the longitude in the stream of speech is shortened, then the sign of longitude is not put in the transcription, for example, [borsh '], [khvosh '].

In addition to the letters of the Russian alphabet, additional letters and signs are used in transcription:

α - the Greek letter "alpha" to designate an unstressed vowel [a] after a consonant in the position of the absolute end of the word, for example: [óknα], [sontˆsα] - the sun, [v'is'ólʹα] - cheerful;

 - a sign for designating an unstressed vowel in the position of the first prestressed syllable (not an absolute beginning) after a solid consonant, an allophone of phonemes<а>and<о>([trvá], [vlá]), hyperphonemes<а/о>([sbákα]) ;

[j] and [t] – yot and i-decimal for allophones of a phoneme< j >in strong [j] and weak [ί] positions;

[γ] - the Greek letter "gamma" for the voiced allophone of a phoneme<х>in a position before a voiced consonant at the junction of morphemes within a word ([tr'oγgrshóvyί] - three-penny, [t'ˆsh'tyr'oγgrán:yί] - tetrahedral, etc.) or at the junction of word forms ([ vdóγ deep'iί] - a deep breath, [m'e"γ d'ishovyί] - cheap fur);

The following diacritics are used in transcription:

akut - stress sign (ó, á, u, s, ý, e), "- secondary stress (o, a);

a vowel over a vowel is a designation of an overtone (shade) of a given vowel sound: and e, e and, s e, e s, o b, o b, etc. further, less, n[o b] better;

' - apostrophe - a sign of softness of consonants [t '], [d '], [k '], [l '], [p '];

¯, : - signs of longitude of a consonant inside a word or at the junction of two words; the sign ¯ is placed above the consonant letter, and the sign: - after it: [más: α], [v'i e s'en': iί], [rás:ór'itˆsα], [mátról: yr] ;

ˆ - camora - a sign that is used to denote the fused nature of the affricate: [tˆs], [t’ˆsh’].

1H. A. Lukyanova. Modern Russian language: Lectures on phonetics. Novosibirsk: NGU, 1999, pp. 88–90.

REMINDER

For the initial stage of mastering phonetic transcription

Preliminary note. To learn how to transcribe, of course, you need to pronounce and hear speech correctly. However, for self-control, one should rely on the developed rules, norms, patterns. This manual has been compiled on the basis of such patterns.

I. Highlight the phonetic words in the spelling (in the text).

The concept of a phonetic word: phonetic word - this is a sequence of sounds (or syllables), united by one main stress.

Note that division into words is not always the same as division into phonetic words. Put stress on phonetic words.

for example:

In the north │ wild │ stands │ alone │

On the bare │ top │ pine. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

II. Start writing the text in phonetic transcription in square brackets: […]. Punctuation marks and capital letters are not used. Don't forget to take breaks.

III. Familiarize yourself with transcription rules.

Basic rules (principles) of transcription

1. Each transcription sign corresponds to the same speech sound.

2. Each transcription mark conveys only one sound. In this regard, the transcription does not use the so-called iotized letters e, e, u, i, which in certain positions (at the beginning of a word, after vowels, after separating hard and soft signs) are read as two sounds: [j] (iot) and the corresponding vowel.

3. The transcription does not use letters of the alphabet that do not have sound content: hard sign - ъ, soft sign - b.

4. In addition to the letters of the alphabet, additional icons are used in transcription ( diacritics): apostrophe - to indicate the softness of the consonant, the sign of the longitude of the consonant, and some others.

5. When transcribing a word (and even more so a phrase or a whole text), stress must be placed.

6. Transcription does not use punctuation marks; the pause and the end of the phrase are marked respectively by signs / and //.

7. Transcription usually does not use uppercase (large) letters.

8. Phonetic transcription is written in square brackets.

IV. Transcribe each phonetic word separately.

Text in phonetic transcription:

[on s'év'r'y d'ikm / stajit ad'inok /

on golj v’irshyn’ sasna //]

v. Transcription of consonants.

1. Study hard and soft consonants from the table: b - b ', p - p ', c - c ', t - t ', s - s ', etc. Mark soft consonants with an apostrophe.

2. Remember that some consonants do not form hardness/softness pairs, i.e. are only hard (w, w, c) or only soft (w’zh’, sh’sh’, h’, j).

3. Study the voiced and deaf consonants according to the table: b - p, b '- p ', c - f, c' - f ', d - t, d' - t ', s - s, s ' - s' and etc. Do not confuse voiced and unvoiced consonants. Remember that in Russian voiced consonants are stunned at the end of a word ( oak[du P], gas[ha with]). Voiced consonants are also stunned before the next voiceless consonant ( all fairy tales [f s'e ská with k'i]). Voiceless consonants, on the contrary, are voiced in a position before the next voiced ( turn in a book [h dat’ kn’igu]). Consequently, in transcription, as in speech, voiced and voiceless (or, conversely, voiceless and voiced) consonants cannot stand side by side. In speech, these phonetic changes necessarily occur.

VI. Transcription of vowels.

1. Study the vowel sounds from the table. The table indicates which articulation determines the signs of a row, rise and labialization.

2. The pronunciation of vowel sounds in Russian is closely related to stress. Therefore, it is necessary not to make mistakes in setting the stress. In case of difficulty, you should look up the dictionary.

3. The most important principle of transcribing vowels is related to determining their positions.

4. Positions depend on the place of the vowel in the syllable: in a stressed syllable or unstressed syllables.

5. In the pronunciation of vowels stands out three types of positions.

6. Imagine a word consisting, for example, of 4 syllables, one of which (penultimate) is stressed.

For example: dear, catastrophe, will read, definitely and etc.

7. Symbolically denote each syllable by a square:

□ – unstressed syllable, ■́ – percussion syllable.

8. The syllable scheme of such a word looks like this: □ □ ■́ □

9. Positions in the word are distributed as follows:

1st position- the position of the vowel under stress (stressed syllable - ■́ );

II position- the first pre-stressed syllable (this is an unstressed syllable immediately before the stressed one);

III position II position), and shock.

10. If you place indices denoting positions, then the scheme will look like this:

□ □ ■́ □

11. Consider in detail each position of the vowels:

1st position- the position of the vowel under stress (stressed syllable).

under stress ( 1st position) all 6 vowels are pronounced unchanged (see table of vowels): and y

II position- the first pre-stressed syllable (an unstressed syllable immediately before the stressed one).

In this position, all high vowels are pronounced without noticeable qualitative changes: [i], [s], [y], as well as the vowel [a].

· Here not pronounced mid rise vowels [o] and [e], these vowels are pronounced only under stress (see. 1st position).

In accordance with each of the vowels of the middle rise, they are pronounced:

In accordance with [ó], it is pronounced [a]: home - home[home] - [d a ma],

In accordance with [é], it is pronounced [and]: forest - forests[l'es] - [l' and sá].

III position- all other unstressed syllables, as pre-stressed (except for the first pre-stressed, see. II position), and shock.

In this position, all high vowels are pronounced without noticeable qualitative changes: [and], [s], [y]:

blue[with' and n'iva], sons[with s nav’ja], situations[with' and tuatz s j and].

III II I III II I III II I III III

The remaining vowels - o, a, e - are subject to quality or quantitative changes.

This position is characterized by the pronunciation reduced vowels.

Vowel reduction is a shortening of the duration of the sound of vowel sounds.

In modern Russian 2 reduced vowels:

- reduced front vowel- in transcription it is indicated by the icon [b] (the transcription sign is called “er”),

- reduced non-front vowel- in transcription it is indicated by the icon [ъ] (the transcription sign is called “er”).

for example(see words in paragraph 6):

dear[dragáj], catastrophe[katastrof],

III II I III III II I III

will read[prach'itájt], definitely[appointment]

III II I III III II I III

Pay attention to the fact that in the last example the initial vowel is not reduced, although it is in the III position. Remember that reduced vowels are not pronounced at the absolute beginning of a word(regardless of position).

Let's summarize.

Do you know why Russian is so hard for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that you can’t say anything about our language, that words can be written as they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written through 3 letters O: “MILKO”.

This is the simplest and most obvious example. And no one, as a rule, thinks about how the transcription (that is, the graphic recording of sounds) of the most familiar words for us looks like. In order to learn to understand what sounds words consist of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.

It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in the classroom and when preparing homework.

Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at disassembling a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it contains and how many sounds. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.

Vowels

There are 10 vowels in the alphabet of the Russian language: "a", "o", "y", "e", "s", "ya", "e", "yu", "e", "i".

But there are only 6 vowels: [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [and]. The vowels "e", "ё", "yu", "ya" consist of two sounds: vowel + th. They are written as follows: "e" = [y'+e], "e" = [y'+o], "yu" = [y'+y], "i" = [y'+a]. And they are called iotized.

Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “I” do not always decompose into two sounds. But only in the following cases:

when they stand at the beginning of the word: food [y'eda], ruff [y'orsh], skirt [y'upka], pit [y'ama];
when they stand after other vowels: my [my'em], my [may'o], wash [my'ut], warrior [way'aka];
when they stand after “b” and “b”: pedestal [p’y’ed’estal], drink [p’y’ot], drink [p’y’ut], nightingale [salav’y’a].

If "e", "e", "yu", "i" are in the word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.

Not under the stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “I” give a sound [and]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter "I" without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr'es'ina].

Another interesting thing about the relationship between “b” and vowels: if after the soft sign in the word there is the letter “and”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruch’y’i].

But after the consonants "zh", "sh" and "c", the letter "i" gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].

The vowels "a", "o", "u", "e", "s" denote the hardness of consonants. The vowels "e", "ё", "yu", "ya", "and" denote the softness of consonant sounds.

By the way, in many words with the vowel "ё" it is always stressed. But this rule does not work for loanwords (amebiasis) and compound words (such as trinuclear).

Consonants

There are 21 consonants in Russian. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.

So, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the sonority of deafness:

[b] - [p]: [b] a [b] eyelet - [p] a [n] a;
[c] - [f]: [c] oda - [f] anera;
[g] - [k]: [g] olos - [k] orova;
[d] - [t]: [d ’] yatel - [t] teaching;
[w] - [w]: [w ’] life - [w] suba;
[h] - [s]: [h ’] ima - o [s ’] en.

This is interesting because paired sounds are denoted by different letters. Such pairs are not found in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired voiceless and voiced sounds are indicated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound, depending on the position in the word.

And there are 15 pairs of hardness-softness:

[b] - [b ’]: [b] a [b] point - [b ’] tree;
[in] - [in ']: [in] ata - [in '] fork;
[g] - [g ’]: [g] amak - [g ’] idrant;
[d] - [d ']: [d] wait [d '];
[h] - [h ’]: [h] gold - [h ’] to eat;
[k] - [k ']: [k] mouth - [k '] true;
[l] - [l ']: [l] dot - [l '] istik;
[m] - [m ’]: [m] a [m] a - [m ’] claim;
[n] - [n ']: [n] os - [n '] yuh;
[n] - [n ']: [n] archa - [n '] and [n '] mark;
[r] - [r ’]: [r] ys - [r ’] is;
[s] - [s ']: [s] both - [s '] herring;
[t] - [t ’]: [t] apok - [t ’] hen;
[f] - [f ']: [f] camera - [f '] hunting;
[x] - [x ']: [x] okkey - [x '] ek.

As you can see, the softness of sounds is provided by the letter “b” and soft consonants after the consonants.

There are unpaired consonant sounds in Russian that are never deaf:

[th '] - [th '] od;
[l] - [l]ama;
[l '] - [l '] lake;
[m] - [m] orkovka;
[m '] - [m '] yusli;
[n] - [n] rhino;
[n '] - [n '] bat;
[r] - [r] daisy;
[p '] - [p '] child.

To make it easier to remember all voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: "We didn't forget each other".

As well as unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples aloud and see for yourself:

[x] - [x] orek;
[x ‘] - [x ‘] irrg;
[c] - [c] drop;
[h '] - [h '] man;
[u’] - [u’] etina.

To remember exactly which sounds remain deaf in any situation, two phrases will help: "Stepka, do you want a cabbage?" - "Fi!" and “Foka, do you want to eat a cabbage soup?”.

If you carefully read the examples above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in Russian are never soft:

[f] - [f]uk and even [f] acorn;
[w] - [w] uba and [w] ilo are read equally firmly;
[c] - [c] scratch and [c] irk - the same thing, the sound is pronounced firmly.

Remember that in some borrowed words and names, “w” is still soft [w ’]: jury [w ’] yuri, Julien [w ’] julienne.

Similarly, there are consonants in Russian that are never pronounced firmly:

[th '] - [th '] cucumber;
[h '] - [h '] yell and [h '] asy - the sound is equally soft;
[u’] - [u’] eka and [u’] dropped - similarly: no matter what vowel comes after this consonant, it is still pronounced softly.

Sometimes, in some textbooks, the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in Russian. And “u” is often referred to as [w ’:].

Remember also that the consonants "zh", "sh", "h", "u" are called hissing.

Phonetic parsing plan

First you need to spell the word correctly in terms of spelling.
Then divide the word into syllables (remember that there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it), mark the stressed syllable.
The next item is the phonetic transcription of the word. Do not immediately transcribe the word - first try to pronounce it out loud. If necessary, speak several times - until you can say with certainty which sounds to record.
Describe in order all vowel sounds: designate stressed and unstressed.
Describe in order all consonant sounds: designate paired and unpaired ones according to sonority / deafness and hardness / softness.
Count and write down how many letters and how many sounds are in the word.
Note those cases in which the number of sounds does not correspond to the number of letters, and explain them.

In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and under it write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.

Special transcription marks

Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:

["] - this is how the stressed vowel is designated in the main stressed syllable (O "canopy);
[ `] - this is how a side (secondary) substressed vowel sound is indicated: usually such a substressed syllable is located at the beginning of a word, occurs in compound words and words with prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, super-, super-, ex -, vice and others (`near "many);
['] - a sign of softening a consonant sound;
[Λ] - transcription sign for "o" and "a" in the following cases: position at the beginning of a word, the first pre-stressed syllable in a position after a solid consonant (arch [Λrka], king [kΛrol']);
- a more "advanced" transcription sign for recording iotized sounds, you can also use [y '].
[and e] - something between [and] and [e], used to denote the vowels "a", "e", "e" in the first pre-stressed syllable in a position after a soft consonant (baubles [bl "and e sleep]) ;
[s e] - something between [s] and [e] or [s] and [a], is used to denote the vowels “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in position after a solid consonant (whisper [shy e ptat '];
[b] - a transcription sign for the vowels "o", "a", "e" in positions after a solid consonant in the pre-stressed and stressed syllable (milk [milk]);
[b] - a transcription sign for the vowels "o", "a", "ya", "e" in the position after a soft consonant in an unstressed syllable (mitten [var'shka]);
[–] - a sign indicating the absence of sound in place of "ъ" and "ь";
[ ‾ ] / [ : ] - transcription signs (you can use one or the other of your choice - this will not be a mistake) to indicate the longitude of consonants (to be afraid of [bΛy'atz: b]).

As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. In the school curriculum, as a rule, these complicated and more accurate transcription signs are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, instead of “and with an overtone e” and other complex designations, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [i] and [th ’] in phonetic analysis.

Transcription rules

Do not forget also about the following rules for transcription of consonants:

voicing of deaf consonants in a position before voiced ones (bend [zg'ibat '], mowing [kΛz'ba]);
stunning voiced consonants in position at the end of a word (ark [kΛfch'ek]);
stunning a voiced consonant in a position before a deaf one, for example, a voiced “g”, which can turn into deaf sounds [k] and [x] (nails [noct’i], light [l’ohk’iy’]);
softening of the consonants "n", "s", "z", "t", "d" in a position in front of soft consonants (kantik [kan't'ik]);
mitigation of “s” and “z” in prefixes with-, from-, times- in the position before “b” (remove [from’y’at’]);
unreadable consonants "t", "d", "v", "l" in combinations of several consonant letters in a row: in this case, the combination "stn" is pronounced as [sn], and "zdn" - as [zn] (district [uy 'ezny']);
combinations of the letters "sch", "zch", "zsch" are read as [u'] (accounts [sh'oty]);
combinations of "ch", "th" are pronounced [w] (what [what], of course [kΛn'eshn]);
infinitive suffixes -tsya / -tsya are transcribed [c] (bite [bite: b]);
the endings of the -th / -it are pronounced through the sound [in] (your [tvy’evo]);
in words with double consonants, two transcription options are possible: 1) double consonants are located after the stressed syllable and form a double sound (kassa [kas: b]); 2) double consonants are located before the stressed syllable and give the usual consonant sound (million [m'il'ion]).

And now let's look at the phonetic transcription of words with examples. For recording, we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonants.

Examples of phonetic transcription of words

departure
ot-e "zd (2 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[aty'e "st]
o - [a] - vowel, unstressed
t- [t] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
ъ – [–]
e - [y '] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (unpaired) and [e] - vowel, stressed
s - [s] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
d - [t] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
6 letters, 6 sounds
The letter "e" after the dividing "b" gives two sounds: [th "] and [e]; the letter "d" at the end of the word is stunned into the sound [t]; the letter "z" is stunned to the sound [c] in the position before the deaf sound.

One more example:

grammar
gram-ma "-ti-ka (4 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[gram: at "ika]
g - [g] - consonant, voiced (paired), solid (solid)
p - [r] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
mm - [m:] - double sound, consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
a - [a] - vowel, stressed
t - [t '] - consonant, deaf (pair), soft (pair)
k - [k] - consonant, deaf (paired), solid (paired)
a - [a] - vowel, unstressed
10 letters, 9 sounds
Double consonants "mm" give a double sound [m:]

And last:

became
sta-no-vi "-lis (4 syllables, stress falls on the 3rd syllable)
[standav'i "l'is']
s - [s] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
t - [t] - concordant, deaf (paired), solid (paired)
a - [a] - vowel, unstressed
n - [n] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
o - [a] - vowel, unstressed
in - [in '] - consonant, voiced (paired), soft (paired)
and - [and] - vowel, stressed
l - [l '] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (paired)
and - [and] - vowel, unstressed
s - [s '] - consonant, deaf (paired), soft (paired)
b - [-]
11 letters, 10 sounds
The letter "o" in an unstressed position gives the sound [a]; the letter "b" does not denote a sound and serves to soften the consonant preceding it.

Instead of an afterword

Well, did this article help you deal with the phonetic parsing of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up a word - there are many pitfalls along the way. But we tried to make it easier for you and explain all the slippery moments in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.

Use this article when preparing for lessons and passing the GIA and the Unified State Examination. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples of phonetic parsing of words you are asked at school.

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