Types of numerals are simple, compound and complex. Simple, complex and compound numbers

Numbers play an important role in everyday life, with their help people determine the number of objects, count time, determine mass, cost and order in counting. Words that can be marked in writing by writing letters and numbers are called numerals. Another definition sounds like this: numerals are words denoting the serial number of an object or quantity.

Grammatical signs of the numeral

All lexemes denoting whole and fractional numbers, as well as the number of people, animals or objects, are a special group of words, the composition of which is fully formed and does not change.

Such units are one of the important, or, as they say, significant parts of speech and can have several designations:

The concept of a number as such: five, ten, fifteen, and so on;

Number of certain items: two cars, six houses;

The combined value of several items that have been counted.

Accordingly, the questions to them sound like this: what is the number? which the? How many? Depending on the meaning and the question to which the numeral answers, they are divided into several types (we will talk about this a little later).

For example: Thirty (subject) is divisible by ten. Six six - thirty six(nominal part of the predicate). Speaking about the place of numerals in a sentence, it should be noted that they can be both main and secondary members. Another feature is that the numeral as a part of speech is a non-replenished group of words. All forms used in oral and written speech are formed exclusively from the name of the numbers. In the syntactic construction, the numeral as a part of speech can be both in the composition of the main and part of the secondary member of the sentence.

Note! The numeral denoting quantity and the noun associated with it always act as one inseparable member of the sentence. For example: We walked until six in the morning. Swimming lessons start at 5:00. The girls collected twenty-five daisies.

Types of numerals

Next, you should highlight the initial form of the word being parsed, to which category it belongs (ordinal or cardinal number), structure (simple or compound) and the features of its declension in cases.

The next step is the definition of non-permanent features. These are case, gender and number, if any can be recognized.

In conclusion, the analysis describes the syntactic function of the word in the sentence, with which part of speech it is associated and whether it agrees with it. And although such an analysis of the name of the numeral is unlikely to be useful to anyone in life (except perhaps for future philologists), but for the correct use of words in speech and writing, it is simply necessary to be able to produce it.

§one. General characteristics of the numeral

The numeral is an independent significant part of speech. Numerals are different in meaning, grammatical features, structure.

1. Grammatical meaning- "number, quantity, order in counting."
Numerals are words that answer the questions: How much? Which one?

2. Morphological features:

constants - quantitative / ordinal, simple / compound
changeable - case for all numerals, gender and number for ordinal ones, and also, in addition, individual numerals have signs that do not fit into the general scheme:
some quantitative ones: gender, for example, one-one-one, two-two,
number, for example, one-one, thousand-thousands, million-millions.

Numerals decline, changing in cases, and some - in cases, numbers and genders in the singular. On this basis, they refer to names.

3. Syntactic role in the sentence:

cardinal numbers, together with the noun that depends on them, make up a single member of the sentence, for example:
Three magazines lay on the table.

I bought three magazines.

The story was published in three magazines.
Cardinal numbers are part of those members of the sentence, which can be nouns.
ordinal numbers are in a sentence a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Our place is in the tenth row.

The boy was third.

§2. Rank by value

By value, numerals are divided into two categories: quantitative and ordinal.
quantitative means "number" or "quantity". Number is an abstract mathematical concept. Quantity is the number of items. Quantitative numerals, in turn, are divided into subcategories:

whole denote integers and quantities in integers, for example: five, twenty-five, one hundred and twenty-five
fractional denote fractional numbers and quantities, for example: one second, two thirds
collective express the value of the aggregate: both, three, seven

All subcategories of cardinal numbers have their own characteristics. Integers with fractions can form mixed numbers, for example: five point and three tenths (or: five point three tenths).

Ordinal numerals indicate the order in counting: first, one hundred and first, two thousand and eleven.

§3. Number structure

By structure, numerals are divided into simple and compound.

Simple numerals are those that are written in one word: three, thirteen, three hundred, third, three hundredth
Composite- these are numerals made up of several words written separately: thirty-three, three hundred thirty-three, three hundred thirty-third .

What happens?

Whole quantitative
Fractional quantitative- composite.
Collective quantitative- simple.
Ordinal Numerals can be both simple and compound.

§4. Cardinal numbers. Morphological features

Whole numbers

Whole numbers change in cases. If these are composite integer numerals, then when declining, all parts change. For example:

I.p. eight hundred five ten six (books)
R.p. eight hundred and fifty six (books)
D.p. eight hundred fifty-six (books), etc.

It can be seen from the examples that for derivatives of numerals formed by adding bases, both parts change with declination.
Of great interest are numerals, which have not only case forms, but also gender or gender and number.

These are numerals: one, two, one and a half, a thousand, a million, a billion and others like that.

One

Word one varies by birth and number: one boy - m.r., one girl - f.r., one state - cf. r., one - pl. This numeral does not have one set of forms, like most integer cardinal numbers, but four: for each gender in the singular and for the plural.

The numeral two changes not only by cases, like all numerals, but also by gender: two boys, two girls, two windows (the forms cf. and m.r. coincide).

Thousand, million, billion

These numbers are similar to nouns. They have a constant gender and change in numbers and cases.

I.p. thousand, thousands
R.p. thousands, thousands
D.p. thousand, thousands, etc.

Fractional Cardinal Numbers

In addition to numerals one and a half, one and a half, all fractional components: the first part is an integer cardinal number, and the second is ordinal: two thirds, five eighths. Declension changes both parts, for example:

I.p. five eighths
R.p. five eighths
D.p. five-eighth

one and a half
numeral one and a half varies not only by cases, but also by gender: one and a half - one and a half, for example:

a day and a half, a week and a half.
(The form cf. is the same as the form m.r.)

One two in the composition of fractional genders they do not change, but are used in the form of a f.r., for example:

one eighth, two thirds.

Collective numbers

Collective numerals change in cases. Only the word is special both, which has genus forms:

both brothers, both sisters, both states
(Forms m. and cf. are the same)

§five. Ordinals. Morphological features

Ordinal numbers are closest to relative adjectives. They change by number, in the singular by gender and by case, and have endings like those of adjectives. In compound ordinal numbers, only the final word changes, for example:

I.p. one thousand nine hundred eighty-four
R.p. one thousand nine hundred eighty-four
D.p. one thousand nine hundred and eighty-fourth, etc.

§6. Syntactic compatibility of numerals with nouns

At cardinal numbers there are features in syntactic compatibility with the nouns to which they refer.

In I.p. and V.p. they require after themselves nouns in the form R.p., for example:

eight books, fifteen roses, twenty people.

At the same time, the numbers one and a half, two, three, four require a noun in singular. hours, and the rest - in many. h.

Two windows - five windows, three roses - thirty roses, four boys - forty boys.

This kind of syntactic compatibility is called control, because the case of the noun is controlled by the numeral.

In all other forms, the type of connection is different, namely: agreement, i.e. numerals agree with nouns in the case.

R.p. five windows, three roses
D.p. five windows, three roses
etc. five windows, three roses
P.p. (o) five windows, three roses

The exception is the numeral one. It agrees with the noun in all cases.

Fractional numbers have simple one and a half, one and a half combine with nouns as wholes.
The rest of the fractions govern R.p. It is possible to use nouns both in the singular and in the plural, for example: two-thirds apples (part of the subject) and two-thirds apples (part of the total number of items).

Collective numbers combine with nouns in the same way as whole cardinal numbers. In I.p. and V.p. they run R.p. noun, and in all other cases they agree with the noun in the case. With all collective numbers except both, the noun is used in the plural form, for example, seven kids. And only with both nouns are used in the singular: both brother both sisters.

Ordinals agree with nouns, i.e. act like adjectives. For example:
first day, seventh a week, eighths day.

Remember:

in compound numerals, only the final word changes:
one hundred and twenty third paragraph (T.p., singular, m.r.),
second hand (T.p., sing., f.r.),
fourth window (T.p., singular, cf.).

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

What is the grammatical meaning of the numerals?
- Number, quantity, order in counting
- Item attribute
- indication
What numerals indicate the order in counting and answer the question Which the?
- quantitative
- Ordinal
Is it possible in Russian to combine whole numbers with fractional ones?
Can collective numbers be compound?
Does the numeral change by gender? both?
Can a numeral be a definition?
What kind of syntactic connection does the collective numeral have in the example: Seven kids were waiting for their mother. ?
- Coordination
- Control
In what forms do ordinal numbers agree with a noun in case?
- In all
- In all, except I.p. and V.p.
- In I.p. and V.p.
How do collective numbers change?
- By cases
- By cases and numbers
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
Which numerals have subranks by value?
- Quantitative
- Ordinal

The numeral is a part of speech with a rather complex structure, since it can express infinitely long combinations of words. In Russian, numerals are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. This article details the characteristics of both groups with examples.

Numerals stand out among other parts of speech with their complex structure. They have the ability to express one meaning in a very long, almost endless combination of words.

Simple and compound nouns

Simple numbers consist of a single root. Most simple cardinal numbers are non-derivative. Among this category there are words that originated from other numerals. For example: Seventeen - seven + by + ten; twenty - two + ten.

TO derivative the numeral forty also applies: it has a common root with the modern word "shirt" not by chance. It is believed that for the manufacture of one fur product, which was called "forty" (something similar to a modern fur coat), it took just 40 sable or marten skins. The bag was also called, in which this number of skins was placed. Gradually, the complex numeral "fourty" was replaced by a simpler word.

Complex and compound numbers

Many people confuse the names of categories, calling combinations of several words complex, and compound words - complex words. To remember the names correctly and not get confused, you can use the following hint scheme:

Difficult- formed by adding: seven + hundred - seven hundred, six + ten - sixty;
Composite- one that consists of several words written separately: forty-two, thirty-four, seven hundred seventy, seven.

When declining in quantitative complex numbers, all the bases change, and in compound ones, all parts of the combination.

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The numeral is a part of speech that serves to indicate the number, quantity and order of objects. Numerals answer the questions: how many? which? which the? Examples: three, one hundred twenty-seven, first, both, four.

Quantity can also mean other parts of speech. In contrast, numerals can be written not only in words, but also in numbers: five (or 5) hockey players (num.) - a great five (n.).

Simple and compound numbers

According to the number of words, numerals are: simple and compound. Simple ones consist of one stem, compound ones - of two stems or several words.

Simple - have one base (describe one number): one, three, eight.
Complicated - have two bases (describe two numbers), are written together: thirteen, seventy.
Compound - consist of several words, written separately: two thousand fourteen, one hundred and eighty.

In compound numerals, the number of words is equal to the number of significant digits, not counting zeros, but with the addition of the words thousand, million, etc. and taking into account the continuous spelling of complex numbers: 102 - one hundred and two, 1501 - one thousand five hundred and one.
Numerals ending in “-thousandth”, “-millionth”, “-billionth”, etc. are written together: five-thousandth (banknote), one hundred and twenty-millionth (budget).

Meaning and grammatical features

Depending on the meaning and use, numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.

There are other types of numerals that are usually not considered in the school curriculum: countable (single case, binary code), multiplicative (double impact, triple benefit), indefinitely quantitative (few, several). The classification of numerals is an ambiguous issue, since different authors and philologists distinguish different types of numerals. But in the school curriculum, everything is simple, quantitative and ordinal numbers are studied.

Morphological features

The numeral is a variable part of speech, numerals are declined according to cases. The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.

All cardinal numbers (whole, collective, fractional) change in cases. The numeral one changes by gender (one, one, one) and numbers (one, one), the numeral two - by gender (two, two).

Ordinal numbers change in cases, numbers and genders. The ordinal number agrees with the noun, in the phrase the ordinal number is a dependent word: the first car, the second car, the third bell.

The main page of the site describes in detail the declension of all types of numerals with rules, exceptions and examples.

syntax function

Cardinal numbers can be any member of the sentence. Ordinal numbers are more often a definition, less often - a predicate and a subject.
Twenty is divisible by five (the numeral twenty is the subject).
Six six - thirty-six (the numeral thirty-six is the nominal part of the predicate).
We are traveling in the fifth car (numeral fifth - definition).
The war ended in 1945 (in 1945 - a circumstance of time).

A cardinal number in combination with a noun is one member of the sentence.
Eight employees of our company are going on a business trip tomorrow (eight employees are subject).
The working day starts at eight o'clock (at eight o'clock is a circumstance).

Numeral gender-

The numeral sex- can be written together, with a hyphen, separately.

It is written together: if it means “half” and is part of a compound word, the second part of which is a noun in the genitive case and begins with a consonant letter: half a kilo, half a kilometer, half a third, half an hour;
if it is part of adverbs: in a half turn, in an undertone;
the word half-liter and the word quarter are written together as part of compound words: quarterfinal. It is written with a hyphen: before a vowel, before the letter l, before a proper name: half an island, half a lemon, half Russia. It is written separately: if it has an independent meaning and correlates with the subsequent noun through an agreed definition: half a tablespoon, half a sugar bag.

Abbreviated spelling

Ordinal numbers can have one or two letters on the right (3rd, 21st), there are no other options. If part of the word is written as a number, and part as letters with its own root, then the increment on the right is not applied (10th anniversary, 2-ton, 3 percent). In all numbers, starting with five-digit ones, their whole part is divided by non-breaking spaces into groups of three characters: 18,789,300, 25,000 (but 200, 3700). If four-digit numbers are used in the same column or list with numbers of a higher order, then they are also divided into groups: 15,000, 2,000, 145,000. A non-breaking space in Windows is set by simultaneously pressing Alt + Shift + Space, for MAC - Alt + Space.

Spelling not with numerals

With numerals negation not written separately. Examples: not two, not the first in the list, not the zero meridian passes through our city.

The use of zero and zero

Both forms are allowed. Each form has its own rationale.

When counting, comparing, the form zero is more often used: zero is less than one, zero integers and one tenth.
In the terminological meaning, the form zero prevails: the sum is zero, the street temperature is kept at zero.
In stable expressions, both forms are found: zero attention, at twenty zero-zero, reduce to zero, temperature of absolute zero.
The adjective is often formed from the form zero: zero kilometer, zero mileage.

Types of numerals are simple, compound and complex. Simple, complex and compound numbers

Grammatical signs of the numeral

Types of numerals

§2. Rank by value