Arrangement of a workplace for the repair of switchboards. Safety rules for the operation of switchgear

In electrical installations with voltage up to 1 kV, work on the busbars of the switchgear, switchboards, assemblies, as well as on the connections of the listed devices, through which voltage can be applied to the busbars, must be carried out in parallel. On dead-end connections, work is allowed to be carried out by order.

When working in electrical installations where voltage is removed from all current-carrying parts, including from the conclusions of overhead lines and cable lines, provided that the entrance to neighboring electrical installations is locked (assemblies and panels with voltage up to 1 kV can remain energized), it is allowed to issue one order for simultaneous operation on all connections.

The repaired electrical equipment of the switchgear must be disconnected with a visible break in the circuit from all sides, from where it can be energized.

In electrical installations with voltages up to 1 kV, voltage is removed by turning off devices with a manual drive, and if there are fuses in the circuit, they are removed. If there are no fuses in the circuit, erroneous switching on of the device is prevented by locking the handles, locking the cabinet doors, installing insulating plates between the contacts of the device.

When working on the trolley equipment or in the switchgear cabinet compartment, the trolley with equipment must be rolled out to the repair position; lock the curtain of the compartment in which the current-carrying parts remained energized, lock it and hang a safety poster “Stop! Voltage"; on the trolley or in the compartment where you have to work, hang out a poster “Work here”.

When working outside the switchgear on the equipment connected to them or on outgoing overhead lines and cable lines, the trolley with the switch must be rolled out to the repair position from the cabinet, the curtain or door should be locked and posters “Do not turn on! People are working” or “Do not turn on! Line work.

In this case, it is allowed:

- if there is a blockage between the grounding knives and the trolley with the switch, set the trolley to the control position after switching on these knives;
- in the absence of such blocking or grounding knives in the switchgear cabinets, install the trolley in an intermediate position between the control and repair, provided that it is locked with a lock. The trolley can be installed in an intermediate position, regardless of the presence of grounding at the connection.

It is allowed to install a trolley with a switch in the control position for testing and operation in control and protection circuits in cases where work outside the switchgear on outgoing overhead lines and cable lines or on equipment connected to them, including mechanisms connected to electric motors, is not carried out or grounding is performed in KRU cabinet.

Repair work in distribution electrical installations up to 1 kV, taking into account their small dimensions, is carried out under the condition of fencing near the workplace of live parts under voltage, which may be accidentally touched. It is necessary to work in dielectric galoshes or on an insulating stand or rug, the tool should be used with insulating handles. It is forbidden to work in a bent position if, when straightening, the distance to live non-disconnected parts is less than 0.6 m. It is unacceptable that unshielded live parts are behind the worker or on both sides.

Scaffolding and ladders must be in good condition. The use of metal ladders is prohibited. Work using ladders is performed by two people, one worker should be at the bottom.

During the period of electrical repair work, it is prohibited:

- work with a power tool that does not have double insulation and is powered by a voltage of more than 42 V;
- disassemble the power tool and make any repairs to the power tool.

The repair tool should be stored in a place specially designated for it. Electric soldering irons must be installed only on special metal stands.

To remove excess solder from the rod of the electric soldering iron, it is necessary to use a cotton cloth, an asbestos pillow. Shaking the electric soldering iron is strictly prohibited. Cleaning the rod of the electric soldering iron and replacing the heating element can only be done when the electric soldering iron is disconnected from the mains and in its cold state.

Protective goggles should be worn when soldering or pulling wires from the connector to prevent splashes of molten solder from splashing into the eyes or face. Special care must be taken when tinning hard wires and cable strands, which can spring back and spatter molten solder. Do not immerse heat-resistant insulation and other materials that emit toxic volatile substances when heated, as well as wet materials into the crucible with molten solder, as this may cause the release of molten solder. Check the strength of the crucible to avoid its possible tipping over, serviceability and reliability of the grounding of the crucible.

Overhaul of equipment (RU) provides for external and internal inspections of all elements of the circuit; checking the condition of the insulation of devices and wiring; revision of all devices included in the scheme, in accordance with the instructions for individual devices; checking relay settings; checking the operation of the entire circuit without turning on the power circuits; checking the operation of the entire installation in operation.

Current repairs and inspections of devices that require more frequent checks than the entire installation as a whole are carried out according to a reduced program.

Unscheduled repairs and inspections are carried out after the liquidation of the accident.

Planned repairs are carried out in the following terms:

Switchboards, panels, cabinets and control assemblies .................................. once a year

Equipment for lifting and transport mechanisms .................................. 2 times a year

Control relays, contactors, starters...............................................Monthly

Controllers, command devices ...................... Inspection - upon acceptance of the shift,

revision - at a planned shutdown of the mechanism (but at least 1 time in 4-6 months) ............................Monthly

Before starting repair work, the foreman must explain to the workers the features of a particular switchgear and the situation on it. In particular, you should specify:

- ways of passage to each workplace, presence of dangerous zones;
- the procedure for connecting electrical apparatus, tools;
- places and procedure for installation of lifting equipment in the repair area;
- the presence of nearby operating electrical installations and appropriate security measures.

In turn, electricians before starting work are required to:

- check the serviceability of your tools, equipment, fixtures and arrange them in an order that is convenient and safe for use;
- put in order overalls, hats;
- inspect and prepare your workplace, remove unnecessary items.

Chopping devices are installed during repairs so that they cannot close the circuit spontaneously under the action of their own gravity. On the actuators of switching devices, the closing and opening positions must be clearly marked. The equipment of switchgear, switchboards, assemblies should be available for inspection, provided that the control panel is connected to the network. After the repair of the equipment, clear inscriptions should be made on the panels indicating which unit they belong to. Such inscriptions should be on the front and back sides of the panel. All keys, buttons and control knobs must have inscriptions indicating the operation for which they are intended ("Enable", "Disable", "Add", etc.).

When repairing knife switches (switches), the contact surfaces of knives and sponges are thoroughly cleaned of dirt, soot and particles of melted metal. In case of strong melting, the sponges or knives are replaced with new ones, all fasteners, swivel joints are tightened, the condition of the springs and spring clips is checked; weakened springs are replaced with new ones. They make sure that the knives enter the jaws without bumps and distortions, but with some effort.

The contact surface of the sponge must fit snugly against the corresponding surface of the knife. A probe 0.05 mm thick should enter the space between the sponge and the knife to a depth of no more than 6 mm.

The depth of entry of the knives into the jaws is adjusted so that in a knife switch with a lever drive, in the fully engaged position, the knives do not enter 3 mm up to the contact pad of the jaws. At the same time, the entire contact part of the knife should enter the jaws. The non-simultaneity of the exit of knives from the contact jaws should not exceed 3 mm.

Pushbutton stations, cam controllers, universal switches and limit switches do not require special adjustment. They only check the free movement of moving parts, touching and pressing the contacts in the on position, the compliance of universal switches and command devices with the contact switching schemes. The rollers of the command devices must rotate freely.

For contactors and magnetic starters, by switching on by hand with the voltage removed, the ease of movement of the movable system is checked. When the shaft is stuck in the bearings, 3-4 drops of machine oil are injected into the latter through special holes. If, after lubrication, the shaft turns tightly, then it is necessary to eliminate the misalignment in the bearings, for which the bolts securing the bearings are loosened and the position corresponding to free play is found, then the fastening bolts are tightened again.

It is necessary to check the tightness of the armature and the yoke of the magnetic system, carefully cleaning their end parts from dirt and rust, which helps to avoid vibration and the associated increased wear of the apparatus. The tightness of the anchor is checked with a probe 0.05 mm thick. The short-circuited damper coil in the slot of the core must be tightly clamped in its slot and must not have a break.

The mechanical interlock must not interfere with the full activation of interlocked devices. When one device is turned on, you need to make sure that it is impossible to turn on the interlocked device.

Repair of switchgears and equipment with a voltage of more than 1 kV. In a 6 ... 10 kV switchgear with a single busbar system and any number of sections, when the entire section goes into repair, one order is completely issued for working on the tires and on all or part of the connections of this section. Admission to all workplaces of the section is carried out simultaneously; the dispersal of the brigade to different jobs within this section is allowed.

It is forbidden to prepare for the inclusion or testing under voltage of any connection of the section until the completion of work on the side.

One outfit for the simultaneous or sequential performance of work at different workplaces of one or more connections without registration of a transfer from one workplace to another with the dispersal of the brigade to different workplaces is allowed to be issued in the following cases:

- when laying and re-laying power and control cables, testing equipment, checking protection devices, blocking, automation, etc.;
- repair of switching devices when their drives are located in another room;
- repair of a separate cable in a tunnel, collector, well, trench, pit;
- repair of cables (no more than two) carried out in two pits or in an indoor switchgear and a nearby pit, when the location of the workplaces allows the work foreman (supervisor) to supervise the team.

During the production of works, all workplaces must be prepared before the start of admission. In case of dispersal of the brigade to different workplaces, it is allowed to stay: one or more members of the brigade with an electrical safety group III, separately from the foreman; members of the team who will be separated from the work foreman; the latter must lead them to their workplaces and instruct them regarding the safety of the work.

For safety reasons, before being allowed to work on remote-controlled switching devices, there must be:

- power circuits of the drive, control current circuits and heating circuits are disconnected;
- closed and locked gate valves on the pipeline for supplying air to pneumatic actuators; the air in them is released into the atmosphere, while the starting plugs (valves) are left in the open position;
- are brought into non-working position including the load or including springs;
- posters “Do not turn on! People are working” on the remote control keys and “Do not open! People are working” - on closed valves.

For trial switching on and off of the switching device during its adjustment and adjustment, it is allowed, with an undelivered order, to temporarily supply voltage to the control current circuit and the power circuit of the drive, to the alarm and heating circuits, as well as air supply to the drive and to the switch.

Installation of removed fuses, turning on disconnected circuits and opening valves when air is supplied, as well as removing posters “Do not turn on! People are working” and “Do not open! People are working” is carried out by the operational staff or, with his permission, the work supervisor. It is allowed to remotely turn on or turn off the switching device for testing by the person in charge of the adjustment or adjustment, or, at his request, to the operating personnel.

After testing, if it is necessary to continue working on the switching device, a person from the operating personnel or, with his permission, the manufacturer of the work must perform the technical measures required for admission to work.

Climbing onto the air circuit breaker under operating pressure is only permitted during testing and adjustment work (adjusting dampers, taking vibration records, connecting or disconnecting conductors from measuring devices, determining air leaks, etc.).

Climbing on a deactivated air switch with an air-filled trap while the trap is under operating pressure is prohibited in all cases.

Moisture tightness (tightness) of air circuit breakers is checked under reduced pressure in accordance with the factory instructions.

Before climbing onto the air circuit breaker for testing and adjustment, you must:

- turn off the control current circuits;
- block the local control button and the starting valves (for example, disconnect the air tubes, lock the cabinets, etc.) or place an instructed member of the team near the switch, who would allow the switch to be operated (after switching on the operational current) only by the person responsible according to the instructions of the work foreman.

While people are on the pressurized air circuit breaker, all work in control and distribution cabinets is stopped.

At the time of opening and closing of air circuit breakers during testing, adjustment and testing, the presence of people near the circuit breakers is not allowed.

The command to perform operations with the circuit breaker can be given by the test and adjustment worker (or a person authorized by him from the team) after the team members are removed from the circuit breaker at a safe distance or in a shelter.

Before admission to work related to the stay of people inside the air collectors, it is necessary:

- close the valves on all air ducts through which air can be supplied, lock them, hang posters on the valves “Do not open! People are working”;
- release the air under pressure in the air collector, leaving the plug in its upper part and the drain valve open;
- disconnect the air supply air duct from the air collector and install plugs on it.

Zero reading of pressure gauges on circuit breaker tanks and air collectors cannot serve as a reliable sign of the absence of compressed air. When removing manhole covers, immediately before unscrewing the bolts and nuts, it is necessary to make sure that there is no compressed air by opening drain plugs (valves) or gate valves.

Drain plugs (valves) or gate valves may only be closed after the bolts and nuts securing the manhole cover have been tightened.

In switchgear with equipment on roll-out trolleys, it is forbidden to enter compartments that are not separated by solid metal partitions from the tires or equipment directly connected to them without de-energizing the tires and their grounding. To work on outgoing cables, electric motors and other equipment directly connected to these cables, trolleys with switches are completely rolled out, cabinet doors or automatic shutters are locked and a “Do not turn on! People are working."

The cables in the switchgear compartments are grounded. In cases where grounding is applied at the place of work, it is not necessary to apply it in the switchgear compartments.

In the case of work on cable funnels installed in switchgear compartments, carts with switches are completely rolled out, a poster “Do not turn on! People are working”, automatic curtains are locked, a poster “Stop! Voltage". To access the compartment, remove the vertical partition inside the cabinet or the back wall; on cables through which voltage can be supplied, check its absence and apply grounding; a poster "Work here" is hung in the compartment. When working on the switchgear equipment located on trolleys, they are completely rolled out and a poster "Work here" is placed on the equipment. During work in the compartments, the “Work Here” poster is displayed inside the compartment.

After rolling out the trolley, the doors of the cabinets are locked and a poster “Do not turn on! People are working." In the absence of a door, automatic curtains are locked and a poster “Stop! Voltage". When working on devices, relays, in secondary circuits, etc. without rolling out carts with equipment, on the locked doors of the compartment with equipment or on the locking handle of the circuit breaker cart, if the doors must be opened, post a poster “Do not turn on! People work”, and at the place of work - a poster “Work here”.

The circuit breaker trolley can be placed in the test position in the following cases:

- for testing the circuit breaker and adjusting the drive, checking the relay protection of the connection;
- in the preparation and assembly of the scheme after the completion of work and the delivery of the order;
- when working on the mechanical part of the electric motor or on the mechanism driven by it.

In this case, a poster “Do not turn on! People are working."

Work in the switchgear room is carried out according to the order and only on a trolley with equipment rolled out of the cabinet.

The rolling out of the trolley with the circuit breaker or other equipment completely from the cabinet or into the test position, as well as its rolling in and installation into place, is carried out by an employee of the operational personnel with qualification group IV alone or under his supervision with a preliminary check of the disconnection of the grounding knives.

Safe switching operations in switchgears can be guaranteed if personnel strictly observe the following sequence of operations:

1) disconnection of current-carrying parts on which work is supposed to be carried out;
2) disconnection of current-carrying parts, which cannot be accidentally touched or approached at a dangerous distance;
3) taking measures to prevent the erroneous supply of voltage to the place of work;
4) installation of warning posters;
5) installation of temporary fences made of insulating materials;
6) checking all clamps of the disconnected equipment and all switch leads for the absence of voltage;
7) grounding and short-circuiting of disconnected current-carrying parts from all sides, from where voltage can be applied;
8) installation at the place of work of the poster "Work here!"

Disconnection must be done in such a way that between disconnected and current-carrying parts under voltage, there are gaps visible from all sides.

According to intersectoral labor safety rules, the following distances from people, the tools they use, fixtures and temporary fences to electrical equipment are determined depending on the voltage values \u200b\u200bof installations (Table 8.2), as well as on mechanisms, lifting machines, slings and loads (Table 8.3).

Particular attention should be paid to the possibility of reverse transformation of low voltage through transformers. To prevent this from happening, power and instrument transformers related to the equipment being switched off are also switched off from the low voltage side. In order to prevent spontaneous or erroneous closing of switches and disconnecting

8.2. Distances from people, tools, fixtures and temporary fences used by them to live parts of electrical equipment at different voltages

8.3. Distances from mechanisms, hoisting machines, slings, loads to live parts of electrical equipment at different voltages

relays in the power circuits of remote drives of disconnected disconnectors remove the fuses on both poles. All disconnector drives accessible to unauthorized persons are locked.

On all control keys and drives of switches and disconnectors, with the help of which voltage can be supplied to the place of work, the worker performing the shutdown hangs posters: “Do not turn on - people are working!” When working on the line, posters are posted on the drives of linear disconnectors: “Do not turn on - work on the line!”

On the diagram of the dispatcher who manages the shutdown, as many posters are posted as there are crews working.

Special solid or lattice wooden screens, products made of micanite, rubber and other insulating materials, which are in a dry state and well reinforced, can serve as a temporary fence.

The need to install fences, their type, method of installation is determined depending on local conditions and the nature of the work. Posters are hung on temporary fences: "Stop - high voltage!"

After the installation of warning posters and temporary fences, the personnel prepares a set of portable earths, connects them to the earth wiring and then checks the parts of the installation intended for work for the absence of voltage.

To check for the absence of voltage, a voltage indicator is used. Immediately before checking, they make sure that the pointer is in good condition by bringing it closer to current-carrying parts located nearby and obviously energized. These checks are carried out with dielectric gloves. When checking for the absence of voltage in open switchgears with a voltage of 35 and 110 kV, a spark gap is attached to the working part of the indicator screwed onto the rod. If there is voltage, then light and sound signals appear (characteristic crackling). This check is done only in dry weather. After checking the installation for the absence of voltage, ground and short-circuit the current-carrying parts of all phases on which work will be carried out or from which voltage can be applied to the part of the installation that is disconnected for work.

Grounding for disconnected equipment is established immediately after checking for the absence of voltage. In this case, it is not allowed to apply grounding without first connecting it to the grounding device. Portable grounding clamps are applied using a rod made of insulating material to the grounded current-carrying parts of all phases, then the clamps are securely connected with the same rod or directly with hands in dielectric gloves. After grounding is applied, a poster is posted at the work site: “Work here!” Temporary portable grounding is made of bare, flexible stranded wires with a cross-sectional area of at least 25 mm 2, tested for thermal stability.

When removing the ground, it is first removed from the current-carrying parts, and then disconnected from the ground loop. The work order is closed after inspection of the equipment and the place where the work was carried out. Only after the order is closed, the equipment is put into operation, having previously performed the following operations:

1) disconnection of grounding knives or removal of portable grounding;
2) insulation test;
3) removal of temporary fences and warning posters;
4) installation of permanent fences in place and removal of all posters hung out before the start of work.

If several brigades worked on a disabled installation, then it can be turned on only after all orders are closed.

The serviceability of the insulation of the equipment switched on after repair is checked with a megaohmmeter. This allows you to identify insulation defects that are difficult to detect by inspection.

If a ground fault is detected, then before disconnecting the damaged section in closed switchgears, one should not approach the fault site at a distance of less than 5 m, and at open substations - at a distance of 10 m. The exception is when it is necessary to take measures to eliminate the ground fault or provide first aid to the injured. In these cases, personnel must be very careful and use all necessary protective equipment.

In case of accidents with people, it is possible to remove voltage from the corresponding part of the installation without the permission of higher operational personnel.

The repaired electrical equipment of the switchgear must be disconnected with a visible break in the circuit from all sides, from where it can be energized.

In this case, it is allowed:

¾ if there is a blockage between the grounding knives and the trolley with the switch, set the trolley to the control position after switching on these knives;

¾ in the absence of such blocking or grounding knives in the switchgear cabinets, install the trolley in an intermediate position between the control and repair, provided that it is locked with a lock. The trolley can be installed in an intermediate position, regardless of the presence of grounding at the connection.

Scaffolding and ladders must be in good condition. The use of metal ladders is prohibited. Work using ladders is performed by two people, one worker should be at the bottom.

During the period of electrical repair work, it is prohibited:

¾ work with a power tool that does not have double insulation and is powered by a voltage of more than 42 V;

¾ disassemble the power tool and make any repairs to the power tool.

The repair tool should be stored in a place specially designated for it. Electric soldering irons must be installed only on special metal stands.

Current repairs and inspections of devices that require more frequent checks than the entire installation as a whole are carried out according to a reduced program.

Unscheduled repairs and inspections are carried out after the liquidation of the accident.

Planned repairs are carried out in the following terms:

Before starting repair work, the foreman must explain to the workers the features of a particular switchgear and the situation on it. In particular, you should specify:

¾ access paths to each workplace, the presence of hazardous areas;

¾ the procedure for connecting electrical devices, tools;

¾ places and procedure for installing lifting equipment in the repair area;

¾ availability of nearby operating electrical installations and appropriate security measures.

In turn, electricians before starting work are required to:

¾ check the serviceability of your tools, equipment, fixtures and arrange them in an order that is convenient and safe for use;

¾ put in order overalls, hats;

¾ inspect and prepare your workplace, remove unnecessary items.

1. Brief description of the features of the work performed

When installing a switchgear, the work of installers is usually associated with moving heavy parts of electrical equipment, lifting weights to a height, as well as performing a number of plumbing work. In this case, injuries and bruises are possible.

Lifting parts of equipment or structures weighing more than 20 kg must be carried out by two workers. If the mass of the structure or equipment is more than 50 kg, they should be lifted with the help of blocks, a winch.

When installing various structures of closed switchgear, fixed in the walls, ceilings and floors of buildings with cement mortar, do not remove supporting devices until the mortar has completely hardened. Premature removal of props and guy wires can cause these structures to fall. Raised to a height for installation, various elements of the equipment must be immediately fixed in place.

When moving and lifting on the structure of disconnectors, separators and short-circuiters, they must be set to the “on” position, since in this position the possibility of injury by chopping knife contacts is excluded. All switches, circuit breakers, electromagnetic actuators and other devices equipped with return springs or free trip mechanisms should be moved in the "off" position.

When lifting and moving boards, chambers and blocks of prefabricated switchgear, it is necessary to prevent their possible overturning with the help of braces.

When adjusting switches and disconnectors with automatic drives, measures must be taken against unforeseen switching on or off of drives by an accidental person or spontaneously, since this may cause bruises by the moving parts of the switch mechanism of the worker performing the adjustment. To do this, the fuse links in the control circuits are removed. If during the adjustment process it is necessary to turn on the auxiliary current, then the installation of fuse inserts is allowed only after all people are removed from the circuit breaker drive.

The clothes of the worker-electrician should fit snugly to the body. The head must be covered with a headgear or light protective helmet. Safety goggles must be worn when punching holes. When bending pipes, pulling wires into pipes, stretching wires and cables, canvas gloves should be worn. When soldering and welding wires, it is necessary to work in protective glasses and gloves. Stretching on supports of wires with a cross section of more than 4 mm 2 should be done not from ladders, but from scaffolds. Attached wooden ladders are allowed to be used no longer than 5 m. The lower ends of the ladders must have spikes or rubber tips that prevent slipping. You cannot work while standing on any of the two upper steps, as well as two workers on the stairs at the same time. It is recommended to use mobile inventory scaffolds instead of ladders.

Before installing group shields and switching devices, it is necessary to check the reliability of the fastening of the structures on which they are supposed to be installed.

Dangerous and harmful production factors:

1. Dangerous physical and harmful production factors:

Moving machines and mechanisms; unprotected moving parts of production equipment; moving products;

blanks, materials;

Increased dust and gas content in the air (metal fumes during soldering, harmful insulation fumes) of the working area;

Increased noise level at the workplace (both local caused by the operation of devices or tools, and the general workshop);

An increased level of vibration (both local, caused by the operation of the tool, and external, caused by the operation of various units in the workshop);

A dangerous level of voltage in an electrical circuit, the closure of which can occur through the human body;

Lack or lack of natural light;

Insufficient illumination of the working area;

Reduced contrast.

2. Hazardous chemical and harmful production factors:

according to the nature of the impact on the human body:

Annoying.

on the way of penetration into the human body:

Respiratory system;

Skin and mucous membranes.

3. Dangerous psychophysiological and harmful production factors:

physical overload:

Dynamic, with a total load on the muscles of the arms, legs, body.

Neuropsychic overload:

Overvoltage analyzers.

Working measuring instruments

Dust measuring instruments:

1. AERA - autonomous ejector aspirator.

2. Radioisotope dust meter PRIZ-2.

3. Radioisotope dust meter IZV-3.

4. Dust concentration meter.

Temperature measuring instruments:

Technical thermometers: A No. 1, A No. 2.

Laboratory thermometers: TL-2 No. 1, TL-2 No. 2, TL-6 No. 2.

Thermometers meteorological glass TM-6.

Means for measuring the air humidity of the working area:

Household psychrometer PBU-1M.

Aspiration psychrometer MV-4M.

Hygrograph meteorological type M-21.

Noise level measuring instruments:

4. ShVK-1, with FE-2 filters.

Vibration measuring instruments:

Vibrometer portable VM-1.

Noise and vibration meter ShVSH-003.

Noise and vibration meter IShV-1.

Means for measuring the illumination of the working area:

Luxmeter Yu-116.

Luxmeter Yu-117.

Regulatory documents that establish safety requirements when exposed to industrial environment factors

*SSBT. Noise. General safety requirements. GOST 12.1.003-83.

*SSBT. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for working air

zones. GOST 12.1.005-88.

*SSBT. vibration safety. General requirements. GOST 12.1.012-

*SSBT. Electrical safety, General requirements and nomenclature of types

protection. GOST 12.1.019-79 (ST SEV 4830-84).

*SSBT. Rotating electrical machines. Safety requirements.

GOST 12.2.007.1-75.

*SSBT. Pneumatic manual machines. General safety requirements.

GOST 12.2.010-75.

*SSBT. Machines manual electric. General safety requirements and test methods. GOST 12.2.013.0-91 (IEC 745-1-82).

*SSBT. Workplace when performing work while standing. General ergonomic requirements. GOST 12.2.033-78.

*SSBT, Personal respiratory protection equipment. Classification and marking, GOST 12.4.034-85.

2. Assessment of the state of working conditions in the workplace

We will evaluate working conditions in accordance with the standard provision. The degree of harmfulness of the factors of the working environment and the severity of work will be set in points according to the criteria table, for which we will compare the actual value of the working conditions factor with the value given in the table. The number of points for each significant factor will be put down in the "Map of working conditions". At the same time, to assess the influence of this factor on the state of working conditions, we take into account the duration of its action during the shift. The points established according to the degrees of harmfulness of the factors of severity of work will be adjusted according to the formula:

X = XstT, where Xst - the degree of harmfulness of the factor, determined according to the criteria table, points:

T = (T fact / T shift) - the ratio of the actual time of the factor to the duration of the shift, determined from the parameter setting table.

Having summed up the values of the factors of the working environment, taking into account the duration of their action, we will determine the nature of the working conditions and the amount of the surcharge to the tariff rate using the table.

3. Measures to achieve safe work

In electrical installations, all work must be carried out under the obligatory observance of the following conditions:

1. work can be performed only with the permission of an authorized official in accordance with the task, issued in the form of an order or order;

2. work should be carried out, as a rule, by at least two persons;

3. Organizational and technical measures must be taken to provide the personnel with safe working conditions.

Organizational measures are aimed at ensuring the perfect organization of work in electrical installations to prevent accidents with people at high labor productivity and good quality of work. These activities are:

a) issuance of orders and orders for the production of work;

b) admission of the brigade to work;

c) supervision of the team during work;

d) registration of breaks in work and completion of work.

Technical measures are aimed at ensuring the safety of personnel when performing work with complete or partial removal of voltage from the electrical installation. These activities are:

A. performing the necessary shutdowns and taking measures to prevent erroneous or spontaneous switching on of switching equipment (blocking, mechanical locking of drives, removal of fuses, etc.);

B. displaying portable safety posters and, if necessary, installing temporary fences;

B. checking the absence of voltage on the current-carrying parts of the installation intended for operation;

D. imposition of temporary groundings.

4. Instruction on labor protection

The instruction for employees should contain the following sections:

General safety requirements;

Safety requirements before starting work;

Safety requirements during work;

Safety requirements in emergency situations;

Safety requirements upon completion of work;

General safety requirements

Persons involved in the installation of the switchgear should not have injuries or diseases that interfere with production work and increase the danger of current exposure to the body;

Performing installation work in existing electrical installations, is subject to a medical examination upon employment, and then periodically 1 time in 2 years;

All newly hired persons, prior to obtaining permission to visit this enterprise, must undergo an introductory briefing, and then, prior to obtaining permission to visit the workplace, an initial briefing;

Checking the knowledge of PTE, PTB and production instructions can be primary, periodic and extraordinary;

The knowledge test should be carried out by a commission specially created by order (instruction) of the enterprise management, consisting of at least 3 people individually;

The staff is obliged to comply with the internal regulations of the enterprise;

The action of electric current on living tissue, in contrast to the action of other material factors (steam, chemicals, radiation, etc.), is unique and versatile. Passing through the human body, the electric current produces thermal, electrical and mechanical (dynamic) effects, which are ordinary physical and chemical processes, while the electric current also produces a biological effect, which is a specific process inherent only in living tissue;

Overalls, safety shoes, protective and safety devices should be issued to employees free of charge;

The management of the electrical installation organization must ensure the washing, dust removal, disinfection and repair (protective impregnation) of overalls, safety shoes and protective devices issued to employees of the organization;

The operation of protective equipment must comply with the instructions for the use and testing of protective equipment used during installation work;

In the event of a fire, immediately start extinguishing it with available means and call the fire brigade;

In case of injury to someone, immediately notify the master;

Report to the administration about the noticed shortcomings and malfunctions in the workplace;

The responsible work manager must create normal working conditions and provide the workplace with everything necessary for safe work;

Safety requirements before starting work

Prior to the start of installation, the construction part of the switchgear (the territory or part of it for an open switchgear or a room for a closed switchgear) must be accepted from the general contractor according to an act establishing compliance with its design and readiness for electrical installation work (no construction debris, presence of floor slabs for cable channels, transitions and fencing of hazardous areas, etc.);

Construction and installation works (earthworks, installation of portals, racks for electrical equipment and busbars) must be carried out in accordance with the PPR;

Prior to the start of electrical installation work, it is necessary to install grounding devices and lightning rods on the territory of an open switchgear, as well as lighting the territory of the switchgear;

Circuit breakers and actuators with return springs or free trip mechanisms received in the closed position must be disconnected before installation. Lowering and tensioning return springs (springs of free release) without the devices provided for by the factory instruction is not allowed;

In the ventilation system, the serviceability of the suction devices should be checked;

Workers must wear the overalls and protective equipment provided for by the norms;

Tools and fixtures required for work must be in good working order;

Safety requirements during work

All metal structures, reinforced concrete and metal supports after their installation must be securely fixed and grounded. Grounding is also subject to descents to loops from power lines at the end supports or on the input portals.

When suspending blocks, insulator strings, installing fittings, hanging wires, busbars and other work on the upper parts of open switchgear structures, hazardous zones on the ground must be fenced off, and if it is impossible to fence these places, continuous supervision of the work manager is necessary;

When moving electrical equipment, it is forbidden to fasten slings, cables and ropes to insulators, contact parts or through holes in the paws. To do this, use lifting hooks on equipment and apparatus or special rigging devices specified in the PPR;

Fastening of equipment and its individual elements with random fastening materials is not allowed. Mounting elements of apparatus and equipment (insulators, disconnectors, etc.) must be installed and fixed in accordance with the project;

When lifting and installing the circuit breaker drive, it is prohibited to hold it by the flywheels or the handle;

Lifting and moving high-voltage circuit breakers, circuit breakers, drives, as well as other devices equipped with return springs or free-release mechanisms, must be carried out in the “off” position, and those without return springs - “on”;

When installing single-pole disconnectors, measures must be taken to prevent spontaneous ejection of the knife;

When installing structures fixed in walls, ceilings or shelves using cement mortars, it is prohibited to remove supporting parts before the mortars have hardened;

When lifting the reactor, it is not allowed to fasten slings to concrete columns or windings. For lifting, special devices must be used;

It is forbidden to leave tools and unreinforced parts on the frames of mounted shields, cells and other structures;

At the installation site of the centrifuge or filter press, oil-filled apparatus must have posters prohibiting open fire, smoking and welding;

Checking the clearances of the drive mechanism should be done with a template;

It is not allowed to simultaneously adjust, inspect or connect disconnectors and switches, regardless of whether these devices are located in the same chamber with the drives or the drives are placed outside the chamber. When installing and adjusting devices and apparatuses that have moving parts behind the panel (knife switch with a lever drive, etc.), it is necessary to warn those working behind the shield;

It is forbidden to solder and tin the ends of the wires without goggles. It is necessary to melt the solder in a special crucible, which must have a lid with a hole for lowering one wire. It is forbidden to lift the crucible with molten solder above the chest;

It is forbidden to carry out installation work or be by unauthorized persons closer than 50 m from the place of testing of air circuit breakers;

An instruction on the production of operations to turn on and off when testing air circuit breakers is allowed to be given to the head of the team after he makes sure that all members of the team are removed from the switch at a safe distance or are in shelter;

When installing structures of supports and foundations, it is forbidden to fix braces for loose supports. Temporary braces can be fixed to strong supports or special anchors;

During installation, it is forbidden to block the passages with materials, unused mechanisms and equipment;

Collapsible metal scaffolding used in the installation of electrical equipment must be reliably grounded;

Safety requirements in emergency situations

In the event that conditions arise at the work site that threaten the life and health of people, work must be immediately stopped, workers removed from the danger zone, which must be reported to the management of the electrical installation organization. The resumption of work should be carried out only with the written permission of the head of the site;

In case of an accident, the victim must be provided with first aid, in accordance with the instructions for first aid;

Safety requirements at the end of work

The workplace must be put in order;

It is necessary to inform the master about all malfunctions in the work and about the measures taken to eliminate them;

On the daily completion of work and the withdrawal of the team from the workplace, the responsible executor informs the representative of the operating organization (allowing);

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Typically, maintenance of electrical installations is carried out monthly on the basis of the PPR developed according to the TOR. In a specific example, I will describe the most complete scope of work, if there are no works in the PPR for the current month, then they are omitted and completed in the period specified in the PPR.

Electrical installation inspection.

Switchboards are inspected in working condition with connected consumers, that is, when there is a working load, the inspection begins from the main switchboard.
First, the integrity of cabinets, shields, the serviceability of locks and the integrity of seals are checked.
The next step is to inspect the conductors and circuit breakers for burning, darkening and other visible defects, such as broken levers or buttons.
Inspection is carried out including by ear, the absence of crackling and buzzing is checked.
The presence of tags on the cables and the presence and compliance of linear circuits in the electrical panel are checked.
Identified defects are photographed and recorded in the Maintenance Act.

After that, measurements are taken.

The load on the input is measured in phases and on the neutral using current clamps.
The temperature of the terminals on the switch and the input automat, as well as on other connections in the main electrical panel, is measured.
The load and temperature of the connections at the input is recorded in the Maintenance Act, any connections or conductors with a temperature above 50C are also recorded in the Maintenance Act. Please note that both amperes and temperature are recorded on the neutral at the input.
After that, all additional switchboards are inspected according to a similar scheme, the only difference is that according to RSH, SCHO, SCHV, etc. in the act, only conductors or circuit breakers whose temperature exceeds 50C are recorded.
The power part in the ventilation, air conditioning and any other shields is inspected. Alarm systems are not inspected. UPSs are inspected but not serviced.

The device or metering unit for electricity is inspected.

During the monthly inspection, a photograph is taken, the readings at the time of the inspection are recorded, and the integrity of the seals is checked. All these actions are needed to monitor performance, and not to testify. The results are recorded in the monthly Maintenance Act.
During the annual audit, a special act of inspection of electrical energy metering devices is used to record the results of the inspection.
The Act fixes the installation location (for example, main switchboard), type, model, serial number, checks the seals and the date of the last verification.
Separately, the operation is repeated for instrument transformers, if any.
If there are transformers, the act indicates the approximate length of the connection wires and their cross section, this is especially important if they are not in the same shield with the meter.
Close-up photographs of the metering unit are taken to see the seals and the condition of the wires.

RCDs and differential automata for leakage are controlled.

Control is carried out by pressing the test button, before control it is checked that the consumer is ready for the loss of electricity.
If the RCD protects the line with server equipment, then such a check is not carried out without a person responsible for the operation of computers or without a person who can temporarily turn off computers.
In the Monthly Maintenance Act, all RCDs are recorded, both those that passed the test and those that did not pass. The shield marking is recorded (SCHO, SCHR) and after that all RCDs that have passed the test by numbers, similarly with those that have not passed.

All contact connections are being drawn.

Pulling is carried out on a completely disconnected electrical installation.
All contact connections without exception are pulled in all boards, including the power section in ventilation and air conditioning boards and other boards with automation. Shields with automation are usually not serviced until the moment of failure, respectively, no one monitors the power unit. Our task is to prevent its ignition.
The ground contacts of the electrical panels are carefully inspected for oxidation, except for the direct pull.
If oxidation is suspected, the contact is disassembled and cleaned with a fine sandpaper.
If, as a result of pulling, connections were found that were weakened by more than a turn, then such connections are recorded in the Maintenance Report for re-control.

Cleaning electrical panels from dust.

Electrical boards are cleaned not only inside, but also outside, including the top panel. The top panel is wiped monthly, regardless of the PPR.
Cleaning of machines from dust is carried out with a brush and a vacuum cleaner. The brush is used either plastic (preferred), or with a completely insulated metal part, regardless of what is used when the electrical installation is turned off.
Based on the cleaning results, no visible dust contamination should remain in the electrical panel on any surfaces, which is verified using the photographs provided.
If the switchboard is heavily soiled, for example, with grease or similar non-cleanable contamination, then this will be recorded in the Maintenance Act for further coordination of the time for a long shutdown of the electrical installation for complete cleaning with alcohol or other solvents.

The procedure for turning on the electrical installation.

First, all switched on machines, ouzo and difautomats are turned off.
After that, the main machine or knife switch is turned on.
And only after that, gradually, with intervals between switching on, the load returns to all lines, the intervals depend on the rating of the circuit breaker on the connected line and the type of equipment connected to it. It is necessary to proceed from the goal of avoiding the coincidence of peaks in load, which can overload the main circuit breaker and lead to its operation.

Photographing is taking place.

After the full completion of all work with the shields, photography is carried out
The switchboard equipment is photographed close-up, so that the inscriptions on the machines and the condition of the wires are visible. If necessary, shields are photographed from top to bottom with several photographs.

Emergency lighting checked.

To test emergency lighting, it must be brought into the shield by a hotel line to a separate machine or group of machines, or have a separate distribution box. If this is not the case, then this is a violation and it is recorded in the Maintenance Act.
If the emergency lighting is powered by the lessor's network, it cannot be checked for technical reasons when servicing the lessee's electrical installation. This fact must be recorded in each Maintenance Act during the emergency lighting test.
The check is carried out by turning off the circuit breaker of the emergency lighting line. The emergency lamps should light up or stay on depending on the type of connection. Light indicators should always be on and should not go out. In any case, after a power outage, all emergency lighting should work.
After the inspection, the supply of electricity to the line is restored by turning on the previously disconnected circuit breaker.
The Maintenance Act indicates the total number of lamps, as well as separately the number of working and not working, the same is true for signs.
This information is also indicated in the Maintenance Log.
For all non-working lamps, an additional check is carried out in order to find out the reasons for their failure:
- the presence of phase and zero on the terminals of the lamp is checked
- the serviceability of the lamp lamp is checked by replacing it with a known good one
All non-working lamps and indicators are photographed to simplify subsequent identification during replacement and the fact of their malfunction is recorded in the Maintenance Log.
If the emergency lighting line is not allocated, then it can be checked by turning off all electricity at the facility, as in the previous case, emergency lights should be on after the loss of electricity. The absence of a dedicated line is necessarily recorded in the Maintenance Act.

Additional work in progress

After completing the maintenance of the electrical installation, additional work is carried out, such as replacing burnt out lamps, repairing fixtures, repairing or replacing switches or sockets. Such works can be either included in the contract or ordered additionally, but in any case, the list of these works can be provided to the electrician only by the person specified in the contract, appointed responsible for negotiations on the performance of work.
The performance of additional work in all cases is fixed by signing the Work Order.

After completion of all work, documentation is drawn up.

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Arrangement of a workplace for the repair of switchboards. Safety rules for the operation of switchgear

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