Transport is the circulatory system of the economy. Children's Railway - the road on both sides of the front

• “If the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century were the periods of the clock mechanism, and the second half of the 18th century and the 19th century were the steam engine, then the modern period is the age of communication and control devices”

• N. Wiener.

The purpose of the lesson:

• The purpose of the lesson:

• To form an idea of ​​the transport complex of the Arkhangelsk region. Determine its effect on nature.

• Transport is the "circulatory system" of the economy.

• Affects the location of sectors of the economy.

• Connects consumer and supplier.

• It is the basis of the geographical division of labor.

Railway

• Railway

• Automotive

• Water (river and sea)

• Aviation

• Pipeline

• Maritime transport plays a major role in foreign trade relations and servicing the coastal regions and islands of the Arctic. The main cargo ports are Onega, Mezen.

• The Arkhangelsk sea port, the oldest port in Russia, is of great importance. Its cargo turnover is of a universal nature (containers, ISO, bulk cargo, metal, cardboard, cellulose, oil and oil products). Currently, its capacity is used by less than 50%.

• Railways are represented by the following main lines: Arkhangelsk-Konosha-Vologda-Moscow, Kotlas-Konosha-Vologda, Arkhangelsk-Obozerskaya-Murmansk, Kotlas-Kirov, Arkhangelsk-Karpogory. The density of railways is 3 km. per thousand sq. km.

Road transport performs the main work on the internal transportation of goods and passengers. The Arkhangelsk-Moscow motorway (federal motorway M-8) is of great importance for the region's economy. The density of roads is 11.4 km. per thousand sq. km.

• The pipelines run in the area of ​​Kotlas, Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk and are of transit importance.

• There are two large civil aviation airports in the Arkhangelsk region (both in Arkhangelsk) and several small ones (in Kotlas, on the Solovetsky Islands, etc.). There are many military airfields scattered throughout the region (including the spaceport in Plesetsk).

• Freight and passenger turnover - measured in ton-kilometers or passenger-kilometers

• Production of transport - transportation of goods and passengers.

• The most demanded in the transportation of goods - railway -50%

• In the transportation of passengers, road transport dominates - 95% of all passenger transportation.

• The most "dirty" car.

• A major environmental pollutant is road transport. The nature of the emitted harmful impurities depends on the type of engine, its power, mode of operation.

Technological map of lesson No. 53

Subject, class

Geography, grade 8

Name of the teacher

Podolyak Oksana Valentinovna

Lesson topic

Transport is the circulatory system of the country's economy

The place and role of the lesson in the topic under study

Lesson for the study and primary consolidation of new knowledge on the topic "transport infrastructure of Russia"

Lesson Objectives

subject

metasubject

personal

characterize transport as a branch of material production; evaluate the work of various modes of transport according to the main performance indicators; show on the map the location of the largest centers and hubs in the country, name the main problems facing the transport complex.

Continue the formation of the ability to work with various sources of information: thematic maps, textual information, statistical data; the ability to systematize and classify information; promote the development of communicative and informational culture of students.

to educate students' interest in studying the economy of their state; communication skills.

Planned results

To form the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships when studying new material, the ability to compare various thematic maps, to form knowledge on the topic "Transport of Russia"

Lesson type

Learning new material

Type of lesson

Technologies used

Information and communication, problem-based learning technology, advanced learning technology, health-saving technologies.

Training and metodology complex

Sources of information

Equipment

Didactic support

Materials for the cognitive activity of the student

"Geography: Population and Economy of Russia" textbook for grade 8 Polar Star

Presentation for the lesson "Transport of Russia",

Cards with statistical data, individual tasks

Statistical material

Organizational structure of the lesson

Name of the lesson

Duration, min.

Target

Methods and techniques of work

Problematic, partially exploratory

Teacher activity

Student activities

Expected Result

I.Organizational and motivational moment

2 minutes.

Organize the attention of students, aim at active work during the lesson.

Check readiness for the lesson.

Checks the readiness of the student for the lesson,

Prepares the workplace

Full readiness of class and equipment.

2Check dz

Oral questioning according to the text page 210

II.

1. Actualization of previously acquired knowledge and skills

10 min.

Activation of basic knowledge and skills.

Presentation

A traveler set off from point A. This is how many tasks in the textbook begin. This is how many tasks in life begin. People rush along the roads, along the paths - to work, to school, to the forest. were explorers, they were looking for new lands, wealth, fame. Their travels were accompanied by dangers. Today it is not so dangerous. What will we travel on? Of course, in transport. The question arises, what does the word transport mean? This word came to the Russian language from Greece and means “moving.” The theme of our lesson is “Transport is the circulatory system of the economy” Let's try to determine the goals of our lesson.

Sets a problem

Set goals for the lesson, write down the topic in a notebook

2. Preparation for learning new material

1 minute

Emphasizing students' attention to learning new material

Problematic question, we will find out the answer at the end of the lesson

III. Learning new material

2 minutes

Plan

1.Infrastructure complex

2.Features of transport

Tasks

Ways of communication

Types of transport

Transport performance indicators

Features of railway transport

(working with a map. highways)

Automobile and pipeline transport (work with the map)

Work in pairs

Work in pairs

By filling out the table

23 min

3 min

7 min

Learn new material

Consolidate the knowledge gained during the study of new

Tasks - the main task of transport is the transportation of goods and passengers

Modes of transport - demonstration of modes of transport on slides

Analysis of the map "Transport of Russia"

Task on the work card).

1. Find out how the road network is located in the European part of Russia.

Moscow is a radial-ring system.

2. Find out the direction of movement of land modes of transport (latitudinal)

3. Find out the direction of movement of river routes (meridional)

Conclusion: the density and direction of the transport network are not the same in the western and eastern parts of the country (Russia's economy has historically been concentrated in the European part of the country. Its main connections, and hence the flow of goods, are oriented mainly to the west and south. There are ports and major trading partners. Latitudinal highways stretched to the east from the European wheel. The further east, the less .)

Transport performance indicators - build a diagram (on a work card))

Railway transport

Task 2: plot the main highways of the country on a contour map.

Video "Trans-Siberian Railway"

Automobile transport:

Student's speech - "The impact of transport on the environment"

1. Reception "true-not true" (tasks on the presentation slide)

2. Fill in the table on the work card (do not fill in the columns for sea and air transport)

Partial search, cartographic, method of working in pairs, methods of working with textual information - compiling

schemes

Charting

Search, work with text

Organize student work

Organize student work

Draw highways, work with text, make diagrams

Work with textual information, fill in the table

Reflection

Problematic question, we should have received the answer at the end of the lesson:

The expression "Transport is the circulatory system of the country"

Did this expression come about by chance?

(If you look at the transport map, you can see that numerous roads, pipelines, and airlines converge in large cities. Communication routes form a network, and their intersections form transport hubs).

Reception "Chest" write down the terms

A chest is drawn on the board, inside which it is necessary to write down new terms

IV. Summarizing

2 minutes

Heuristic conversation

Asks questions, directs students to a conclusion.

Draw a conclusion

Homework

- p. 53, prepare a message “The influence of natural conditions on the operation of water and air transport transport)

Prepare a message "Transport and ecology" (sea, river, aviation)

* FOOD- form of organization of educational activities of students (F - frontal, I - individual, P - steam room, G - group)

How is transport improving today?

How to measure transport performance? CARGO TURNOVER is an economic indicator of transport operation, measured in ton-kilometers (t-km), and is the product of the amount of cargo (t) by the transportation distance (km). In passenger transport, the corresponding indicators of PASSENGER TURNOVER are used, measured in the first case in passenger-kilometers (the product of the number of passengers transported by the distance of transportation), in the second in the number of passengers for any period.

We evaluate the work of transport, sum up the results speed carrying capacity (single) freight turnover passenger turnover weather dependence and seasonality min min max max km/h speech. and sea. avia. tavto.mor. t/km of pipes. pass/km car. depends on the weather pipes. speech and sea.

Complete the tasks in groups: A large mass of cargo (50 tons of citrus fruits from Abkhazia) must be quickly and with minimal losses brought to Moscow. At the same time, the cost of the cargo should not increase much. What type of transport do you choose (air, water, road, rail)? Give a rationale for your choice. Passengers (a family of 4 - 2 adults and 2 children) are going from Moscow to St. Petersburg. What is the most convenient mode of transport you will choose - air or rail, because they do not have their own car. Explain your choice.

Results Transport. The deepening of scientific and technological progress has made its own adjustments to the division of labor between different modes of transport. The essence of the main intra-branch and territorial changes in transport at the end of the 20th century. can be reduced to the following: 1) there has been a significant lengthening of the transport system of the world (without sea routes) due to the construction of new highways (including in underdeveloped countries), oil and gas pipelines, and railway lines; 2) the first place of road transport in the world passenger turnover has been further strengthened, mainly due to the “motorization” of the countries of the “new industrialization”, China, India, the CIS countries, etc.; 3) the development of pipeline transport was characterized by increased dynamics, especially in the oil and gas producing countries of the Middle East, Western Europe, Russia and the CIS countries (in part, this circumstance does not give grounds to talk about the continued strengthening of the positions of maritime transport in the world freight turnover). The total length of pipelines in the world has already exceeded 1.5 million km, with the US leading the way, followed by Russia and Canada); 4) the role of such countries as China, India, "new industrial" countries in the world freight turnover has increased.

Do you think that some types of transport are more preferable for Russia in modern conditions?

In modern conditions, the preferred transport in Russia is road and rail transport.

Questions in a paragraph

1) Identify the advantages of each mode of transport.

Automotive is fast, convenient, pays off over short distances, but is dependent on natural conditions, pollutes the environment and is unprofitable over long distances.

Railway - lower speed, but does not depend on natural conditions, cheap.

Marine - low speed, low cost of transportation, but pollutes the environment, dependent on natural conditions.

Pipeline - high speed, low environmental impact, low cost of transportation.

Air transport is very fast, but the cost of transportation is high, it depends on natural conditions and has a significant impact on the environment.

2) What kind of goods (mass types, bulky, valuable, perishable, urgent) by which modes of transport is it preferable to transport?

Valuable, perishable, urgent cargo is best transported by road or air transport.

Massive, bulky goods can be transported by rail or sea.

Questions and tasks

1. How do you explain the figurative expression used that transport is the "circulatory system" of the country's economy?

Transport connects all economic objects with each other, as blood vessels connect organs.

2. What new things did the 20th century bring to the development of vehicles? What types of transport played a leading role in different periods of the country's economic development?

The earliest modes of transport were: teams, boats and wheeled carts. Back in the 19th century the main role was played by horse-drawn, sea and river transport, railway transport was just beginning to appear. The first steam locomotive appeared in England in 1801, and the first railway line between Stockton and Darlington was built in the 1820s. In Russia, the first steam locomotive was manufactured by E. A. and M. E. Cherepanov at a factory in Nizhny Tagil (1832-1834). The locomotive developed a speed of up to 15 km / h and worked at the mine as an export locomotive. In 1912, a steam locomotive of the "E" series with a capacity of 1000 horsepower and a maximum speed of 50 km / h for freight traffic was built at the Lugansk plant. This steam locomotive for its time was the best in the world in terms of economical fuel consumption and ease of maintenance.

Russia has the largest railway system in the world, which is over a century and a half old. In 1913, the total operational length of Russian railways was 71.7 thousand km and ranked second in the world after the United States in terms of length. The first significant St. Petersburg-Moscow railway was put into operation in 1851, before it, in 1837, the St. Petersburg-Pavlovsk railway (27 km) was opened. In 1864, the Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod railway was opened. The main railways were built in the central and southern regions of the European part of Russia. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The Trans-Siberian Railway was laid (from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok). However, by the middle of the XX century. the intensity of rail transport in the world is sharply reduced due to the increase in the number of cars and the development of air travel.

Automobile transport. Early 20th century associated with the emergence and development of a fundamentally new type of transport - road transport. In the modern world, the speed of delivery of goods, people and especially information is of great importance. The fastest transport is aviation, which is developing very rapidly in the second half of the 20th century. Of course, the volume of passenger and cargo transportation by air is much less than by land or water.

3. Using the map "Transport of Russia" in the atlas, find out how the pattern of the transport network of the western and eastern regions of the country, the northern regions of European Russia and the rest of its territory differs.

There are three main main directions of the transport system in our country. Latitudinal Siberian direction "West-East". Includes railway, pipeline and partly waterways. Meridional Central European direction "north-south", formed mainly by railway lines. It goes beyond the borders of Russia to Ukraine, Moldova and the republics of Transcaucasia. The meridional Volga-Caucasian direction "north-south" along the Volga, connecting the Volga region and the Caucasus with the Center, the European North and the Urals, as well as the countries of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, via railway and pipeline routes. If we compare the transport systems of the eastern and western parts of the country, then a sharp difference should immediately be noted. The transport system of the European part of Russia is characterized by a high density of roads, railways, it can be noted the radial direction of the roads that diverge from Moscow in all directions. The transport system of the eastern part has an extremely low density. The northern regions of Asia generally do not have roads or railways in some places. In the south of the region, the transport network is denser. The direction of transport routes is latitudinal and more often they connect remote areas with the center.

4. Using physical maps, compare the sailing conditions in the seas of the Arctic Ocean and in the seas of the Pacific Ocean.

An important sea transport artery of the country is the Northern Sea Route, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic. The use of the seas of the Arctic Ocean is complicated by the fact that most of them freeze for a fairly long period. The seas of the Pacific Ocean can be used for swimming all year round.

5. Name the major seaports of the country and show them on the map. Which of them are of the greatest importance for foreign economic relations?

Ports of the Far East Basin - Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vostochny. They supply the north-east of the country with industrial and food products, and also carry out foreign economic relations with Asian countries and Australia. The Baltic basin with the ports of Vyborg, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, which provides communication with the countries of Europe and America. The northern basin is of great importance for the development of the regions of the Far North. The largest port - the only non-freezing one on the Arctic Ocean - Murmansk, Arkhangelsk. Through the ports of the Black Sea-Azov basin, oil is mainly exported (Novorossiysk, Tuapse). The Caspian basin is used for internal transportation of grain, timber, metals, salt, fish, cotton, building materials (the main ports are Astrakhan, Makhachkala).

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………..p. 2
2. Land transport…………………………………………….p. five
a) World road transport………………………….....p. 6
b) World railway transport…………………………p. 8
c) Pipeline transport……………………………………... p. eleven
4. Maritime transport………………………………………………..p. 12
a) Seaports of the world……………………………………………... p. 15
5. Inland water transport………………………………….p. 17
6. Air transport…………………………………………….p. 17
7. Transport and environment…………………………………p. eighteen
8. Historical example of the role of transport during the Second World War………….p. twenty
9. Conclusion…………………………………………………………p. 22
10. Appendix……………………………………………………….p. 24
11. List of used literature .............................................. page 30Introduction

Millions of kilometers of railways, highways, gas and oil pipelines covered the face of the old Earth with a bizarre pattern. But if the network of wrinkles on a human face is a sign of the decline of life, then the interweaving of highways on the face of the planet is evidence of the flourishing of civilization.
Transport is a circulatory system in a complex organism of the world economy. The transport system is a set of all modes of transport, interconnected by transport networks and nodes in which goods are exchanged between them. It constitutes the material basis of the domestic and international division of labor. Of particular importance in the development of transport is for countries with large territories. The vastness of the territory is associated with high costs for transport construction. Transport is one of the most important sectors of the economy; being the material basis of the territorial division of labor, it "cements" the world economy; the level and nature of transport development in individual countries depends on many factors; the level of development of productive forces, the size of the territory, etc.
Transport is an important link in the economy of the Russian Federation, without which the normal functioning of any sector of the economy, any region of the country is impossible. Stabilization of the situation in the economy, its rise is impossible without solving the main problems of the transport complex.
The scientific and technological revolution has affected the main types of transport: road, rail, sea, river, air, pipeline (see Appendix on page 24. Table 1). Speeds increased sharply, carrying capacity increased, rolling stock multiplied. As a result of this, the world, surrounded by numerous transport arteries, "shrank" and became more accessible.
The scientific and technological revolution had a great influence on the "division of labor" between the individual modes of transport. In the world passenger turnover, the uncompetitive first place belongs to road transport, in the world cargo turnover - to sea transport. However, differences between individual regions and countries in this respect can be quite large.
Therefore, it is customary to single out regional transport systems as well. So, the regional transport system with its own characteristic features is the transport system of North America. The same can be said about the transport systems of foreign Europe, the CIS countries, South Asia, Southwest Asia, Latin America, Australia, etc.
Transport of various countries and regions of the world has its own characteristics, which is associated with the size and development of the territory, the level of economic development, the degree of inclusion of the international division of labor. Thus, it is not profitable for many small countries to develop domestic air transport, since their territory can be crossed in a matter of hours by car. This cannot be said about the United States, whose territory a truck travels from West to East in only 3.5 days. Transport routes in Russia are even longer: the Moscow-Vladivostok train crosses the country in 7 days. The transport of industrialized countries has a complex structure and is represented, as a rule, by all modes of transport....