A quiet cry from the gypsy mountain. Alexander Pushkin - Gypsies (Poem): Verse

Perhaps I will begin my work based on the poem "Gypsies" and its analysis with the history of writing the poem "Gypsies" by Pushkin. The author began writing his work in 1821. The idea of ​​​​the birth of this work was the Chisinau exile, during which Pushkin had to travel with the gypsies and observe their life. Their behavior and way of life so impressed the author that, under the impression, Pushkin took a pen, from under which this work appeared. The writer completed his work in 1824.

The conflict of the poem Gypsies

The conflict of the poem "Gypsies" is built on the contradiction of the passions of the hero himself. Here we see how two different worlds intertwined: the world of urban people and people of will and freedom. The peculiarity of the conflict in the poem "Gypsies" lies in the fact that Aleko, the main character, was able to escape from the power of the city, joined the gypsies with whom he wanted to live a free life, but really could not become a man of will, and therefore he heard his verdict: "Leave us, proud man."

The motive of Aleko's flight from the city and coming to the gypsies

What was the motive for Aleko's flight from the city and why did he decide to join the gypsies? Everything is very simple. The hero of the poem is a freedom-loving person, such a rebel, who is tired of the framework, who wants to become free. Aleko became disillusioned with the blessings of civilization, for him city life began to turn into hell, and then there was the crime committed by the hero, which the author does not tell us about. Among the gypsies, he feels good, he quickly merges into the life of the gypsies, taking on a primitive way of life.

Liberty of the Gypsies. Unfreedom of a person in a civilized society

Continuing the analysis of the work, let us dwell on a civilized society and the lack of freedom of a person in it, as well as on the freedom of the gypsies, which the writer depicted in his work. So, the author criticizes the life of people among civilization, where there are all the benefits, where there is everything in order to live freely, but people here are like in a cage. Here people lose themselves, live according to written rules, are bound by laws. But life outside of civilization, where there are no established laws, is full of freedom of action, but having chosen freedom, you need to be prepared for a poor existence, where you have to earn a living by singing and dancing.

The role of digression about the moon

The theme of love is touched upon in Pushkin's poem "Gypsies", which means that romanticism is also nearby in the poem "Gypsies".
Love itself is a complex feeling, here it is impossible to order the heart to love or not, it is also impossible to predict the outcome of events. So Zemfira, the heroine of the poem "Gypsies", fell in love with another, without hesitation went to treason, causing pain to Aleko - the hero of the poem "Gypsies", and in order to convey the state of the hero's soul, the author resorts to a natural picture, using a digression about the moon. And here she "went into the mists." In addition, the author used the moon for a reason, apparently, he wanted to show how changeable a woman can be and order a woman to love one, it is impossible, like making the moon stop in place.

The artistic role of the image of Mariula, the wife of the Old Gypsy, in the conflict and composition of the poem

Mariula is the mother of Zemfira, who left her husband and child for a new love. And it is no coincidence that the author tells us about Mariul, thereby showing that her daughter went the same way, only their lovers act differently. And, if the free old gypsy let his wife go, because he knows that you can’t command love, then Aleko, who lived among the rules, lived in a world where there are limits, could not forgive and let go, that’s why he took such a step as murder .

Author's position in the poem

When you read Pushkin's work "Gypsies", we see that the author does not choose one side or another, he does not stand up for Aleko or the gypsies, but simply sympathizes with the old man and has a positive attitude towards the main character, however, his act when the hero decides to kill , does not approve, therefore, with the words of the old man, he drove Aleko out of the camp.

in Wikisource

« Gypsies"- the last southern romantic poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. After spending several days in a camp of Bessarabian gypsies, the poet worked on the poem from January to October 1824, first in Odessa, then in Mikhailovsky. The final edition is dated the last months of the same year. On the plot of the poem, S. Rachmaninov wrote in 1892 his only opera, Aleko.

Plot

The poem tells about the love of the gypsy Zemfira and the young man Aleko, who left the “bondage of stuffy cities” for the sake of the steppe freedom. For two years he roams the steppe along with free gypsies and his beloved. Finally, Zemfira's song and a prophetic dream open his eyes to her infidelity. The girl's old father offers Aleko not to interfere with the girl's happiness, citing his relationship with Zemfira's mother, Mariula, as an example. The desire of a European to interfere in the natural course of events and try to control it is alien to the children of the steppes. In another story, an old man retells a legend about a poet abandoned in the steppe; Aleko, not without surprise, recognizes in him Ovid, who was once expelled from Ancient Rome to the Black Sea coast.

Finding Zemfira on a date with a young gypsy, Aleko disregards the old man's advice and stabs them both to death. Gypsies cannot understand his selfish desire to possess the beloved price of her life: "Leave us, proud man!"

Place in the work of Pushkin

The Gypsies reproduce the basic collision of The Prisoner of the Caucasus (1821), which goes back to Chateaubriand's novel Atala (1801): the disappointed Byronic hero is unable to dissolve among the "noble savages", although he longs for it. In this poem, Pushkin gradually frees himself from his former Byronism; there is an “evolution from the free, sweet-sounding and caressing style of his youth to the harsh beauty of the last things” (D. S. Mirsky).

Literary analysis

In the intertextual thematic aspect, the poem is a kind of "crown" of Pushkin's southern poetic works. "Gypsies" turn out to be the closest to Pushkin's other significant southern poem "The Prisoner of the Caucasus": the focus of the author's attention is Aleko, a self-sufficient hero, of course, endowed with pronounced romantic features, a person of a European mindset, who defiantly opposes himself to the surrounding world, which is immense in its fullness, existing on the basis of "natural", primeval laws. On the other hand, in relation to each other, a person belonging to civilization and an unordered, self-willed element of eternal existence are antagonistic to each other. According to the Pushkin literary critic E. A. Trofimov, the poem organically contrasts the bearer of fatal passions and the spirit of boundless primordial freedom. At the same time, individual and generic principles appear in relation to the inevitable opposition. The freedom-loving Aleko, the central character of the poetic text, is not only subject to rebellious passions, but is doomed to generate them himself. It is a disappointed, lonely and misunderstood symbol of time, which, on the one hand, attracts with its uniqueness and originality, and on the other hand, is terrible and dangerous in its doom and predestination. He, the eternal, inconsolable "fugitive", is pursued by the law. The traditional type of Byronic hero, canonized in Western European and partly in Russian literature, is debunked in this work, he demonstrates his practical and vital failure. Aleko, realizing that there are no ways to retreat to a civilized, orderly world, boldly goes forward: he is instinctively attracted by the inimitable spontaneous life of the gypsies with its direct dynamics and all-round diversity.

The hero desperately dreams of finding true will in this world, getting rid of the oppressive influence of the past devastating passion, forgetting unhappy love. However, Aleko is unable to do this: the reason for this is his long-term internal conflict, generated by the unwillingness to distinguish between freedom for himself and freedom in general, in its purest form. He makes every tremendous effort to find the elusive freedom in the outside world, instead of recognizing the essential spirit of freedom within himself. That is why he opposes the “truth of life” that the wise Old Man mercilessly reveals to him, and Aleko’s main existential mistake is that he tends to perceive love in the context of personal rights, which does not allow the central character to gain a vision of true universal freedom. The deliberately demonstrated contempt that the abandoned “light” causes in him does not give him rest and expresses the true confusion reigning in the hero’s soul: the memory of the old hated light is still alive, it will never die, so the hero is doomed to constant internal existential torment . Moreover, Aleko continues to experience the evil influence of this light, which he brought with him into the spontaneous free space of the gypsies: this is both pride and selfishness, an irresistible desire to control the fate of another person, vindictiveness and wild, instinctive jealousy - these are all the fatal features of the age, worldview era , to which Aleko has the misfortune to belong.

Parallel and in correlation with the main storyline, which unfolds in the internal confrontation, the story of an old gypsy about Ovid the exile sounds. A. S. Pushkin, speaking through the mouth of the Old Man, focuses on the unshakable courage and great suffering of the outcast Roman poet-exile. Aleko, remaining in the "shackles of enlightenment", evaluates the gypsy's narrative on the basis of his own values, becoming stronger in the thought of the untruthfulness of persecution. Aleko's trouble is that he never learned to forgive, being unable to throw off these "shackles"; the demonic beginning can wake up in him at any moment, he is obsessed with hidden vices, from which, no matter how hard he tries, he still cannot escape.

Zemfira's love song, a hymn to true, unshakable freedom, awakens this unbridled infernal being. Aleko, in full accordance with the canon of a romantic hero, reacts to the story of Mariul, the wife of the Old Man, believing in the impossibility of rejecting one of the fundamental laws of "civilization" - the right to property in any manifestation. As a result, he, being driven into a vicious circle and not having a chance to escape from it, kills Zemfira and a young gypsy, which is the apogee of the realization of a vicious Byronic existence. The old man confesses the Truth of God, opposed to the fatal, unbridled rampage of demonic passions, waiting for an opportunity to break out. Thus, A. S. Pushkin, one way or another, guided by intuitive or rational aspirations, appears as a “gravedigger” of the criminal Byronic principle, glorified in Western European and Russian poetry, which, in essence, opposes itself to the creative divine energy. Zemfira's father is the embodiment of true knowledge about life, a symbol of forgiveness and non-resistance to life events. He pronounces a spiritual judgment on Aleko; however, the "golden age" remains in the past, so the unconditional Truth of the Old Man is not so unambiguous in the conditions of the surrounding world, which turns out to be infected with "fatal passions", despite the final defeat of the idea of ​​vicious destructive individualism.

The romantic signs of Pushkin's text are clearly manifested in the actualized ethnographic coloring of the space of the poem, the rhythmic-intonation richness and musicality of the poetic word; the characters are not historically motivated, which also indicates the romantic relevance of the poetic work.

Execution

• Artistic reading of the poem by Dmitry Zhuravlev. Recording of the 40s.
• Fragments of the poem: "The story of an old gypsy", "Epilogue". Reads Vsevolod Yakut. Recording from the gramophone record "Phonochrestomathy" (1973).
• Radio play. Cast: Ruben Simonov, Elena Izmailova, Mikhail Derzhavin, Mikhail Astangov, Yuri Lyubimov. The song "Old husband, formidable husband ..." is performed by Veronika Borisenko. 1951 entry.
• Radio show of the Leningrad Radio. Directed by Bruno Freindlich. Performers: Alexander Rakhlenko, Lev Kolesov, Vera Velyaminova, Yuri Tolubeev, Grigory Gai. 1957 entry.

Publication and success

In excerpts, the poem was published in the advanced almanac "Polar Star" in one of the numbers for 1825, and the first fragmentary publication was followed by the second, in Delvig's almanac "Northern Flowers" for 1826. In these literary periodicals, individual excerpts from the poem "Gypsies" were printed by Pushkin himself, and the first complete version of this poetic text was published as a separate edition in 1827.

The last of Pushkin's southern poems was not as successful with the Russian public as the previous two. However, Pushkin's interpretation of the gypsy theme, generally in demand by romantics (before Pushkin, Goethe and Walter Scott addressed it), aroused keen interest abroad. Already in 1835, George Borrow translated Zemfira's song into English. G. Brandes assumed that it was Pushkin's poem that led Prosper Merimee to the idea of ​​writing a story about gypsies ("Carmen"), especially since Merimee in 1852 published a prose arrangement of "Gypsies" into French.

Music

The attention of Pushkin's contemporaries with its rhythmic expressiveness was attracted by Zemfira's passionate song "Old husband, formidable husband, Cut me, burn me ..." She was set to music by A. Verstovsky and P. Tchaikovsky, early translated into a number of European languages.

In astronomy

In honor of the heroine of Alexander Pushkin's poem Zemfira, the asteroid (1014) Zemfira is named (English) Russian , opened in 1924, on the centennial anniversary of the writing of the poem.

Notes

Categories:

• Literary works alphabetically
• Poems by Alexander Pushkin
• Books alphabetically
• Poems of 1824
• Poems in Russian

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See what "Gypsies (poem)" is in other dictionaries:

Gypsies: Gypsies "Gypsies" poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Gypsies" play by I. I. Rom Lebedev Settlements Gypsies a village in the Suksunsky district of the Perm Territory. Gypsy village in the Velizh district of the Smolensk region. Gypsies ... ... Wikipedia

- (Greek poiein “to create”, “creation”; in German theoretical literature, the term “P.” corresponds to the term “Epos” in its correlation with “Epik”, coinciding with the Russian “epos”) literary genre. STATEMENT OF A QUESTION. Usually P. is called a big ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Gypsies (Pushkin)- a poem. Started in Odessa, completed on the 10th of October 1824 in Mikhailovsky. Pushkin was in no hurry to publish the poem, and excerpts from it (in the almanacs Polar Star and Northern Flowers for 1825) appeared against the will of the poet. Pushkin long and hard ... ... Dictionary of literary types

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Gypsies in a noisy crowd

They wander around Bessarabia.

They are over the river today

They spend the night in tattered tents.

Like a liberty, their lodging for the night is cheerful

And peaceful sleep under heaven;

Between cart wheels

Half hung with carpets

The fire is burning; family around

Is cooking dinner; in the open field

Horses graze; behind the tent

A tame bear lies free.

Everything is alive in the middle of the steppes:

The cares of peaceful families,

Ready in the morning for a short journey,

And the songs of wives, and the cry of children,

And the ringing of a camping anvil.

But here on the nomadic camp

Sleepy silence descends

And you can hear in the silence of the steppe

Only the barking of dogs and the neighing of horses.

The lights are off everywhere

Everything is calm, the moon is shining

One from heaven

And the quiet camp illuminates.

In one tent the old man does not sleep;

He sits before the coals,

Warmed by their last heat,

And looks into the far field,

Steamy at night.

His young daughter

I went for a walk in a deserted field.

She got used to the frisky will,

She will come; but now it's night

And soon the month will leave

Heaven distant clouds, -

Zemfira is not there; and getting cold

Poor old man's dinner.

But here she is; behind her

The young man hurries across the steppe;

The gypsy does not know him at all.

"My father," the maiden says,

I am leading a guest; behind the mound

I found him in the desert

And in the camp but the night called.

He wants to be like us gypsies;

The law pursues him

But I'll be his friend

His name is Aleko - he

Ready to follow me everywhere.

S t a r i k

I am pleased to. Stay until the morning

Under the shade of our tent

Or stay with us and share,

As you want. I'm ready

With you to share both bread and shelter.

Be ours - get used to our share,

Wandering poverty and will -

And tomorrow with the morning dawn

In one cart we will go;

Take on any fishing:

Iron kui - il sing songs

And go around the villages with a bear.

I'll stay.

Z e m f i r a

He will be mine:

Who will take him away from me?

But it's too late ... a young month

Went in; the fields are covered with mist,

And sleep involuntarily drives me ...

Light. The old man wanders quietly

Around the silent tent.

“Get up, Zemfira: the sun is rising,

Wake up my guest! it's time, it's time!

Leave, children, a bed of bliss! .. "

And the people poured out with a noise;

The tents are dismantled; carts

Ready to go hiking.

Everything moved together - and now

The crowd pours into the empty plains.

Donkeys in baskets

Children playing are carried;

Husbands and brothers, wives, virgins,

And the old and the young follow;

Scream, noise, gypsy choruses,

Bear roar, his chains

impatient clatter,

Rags of bright variegation,

Nudity of children and elders,

Dogs and barking and howling,

Bagpipes talk, skryp carts,

Everything is poor, wild, everything is discordant,

But everything is so alive, restless,

So alien to our dead negs,

So alien to this idle life,

Like the monotonous song of slaves!

The young man looked sadly

To the deserted plain

And grieve for a secret reason

I did not dare to interpret.

With him black-eyed Zemfira,

Now he is a free inhabitant of the world,

And the sun is merrily above it

Shines with midday beauty;

Why does the young man's heart tremble?

What concern does he have?

The bird of God does not know

No care, no work;

Troublesomely does not twist

Durable nest;

In debt, the night slumbers on a branch;

The red sun will rise

The bird hears the voice of God,

Wakes up and sings.

For the spring, the beauty of nature,

The sultry summer will pass -

And fog and bad weather

Late autumn brings:

People are bored, people are sad;

Bird to distant lands

To a warm land, beyond the blue sea

Flies away until spring.

Like a carefree bird

And he, a migratory exile,

I did not know a reliable nest

And I didn't get used to anything.

He was always on the road

Everywhere there was a shelter for the night;

Waking up in the morning, your day

He surrendered to God

And life could not worry

To confuse his heart laziness.

His sometimes magical glory

Manila is a distant star;

Unexpected luxury and fun

Sometimes they came to him;

Over a lonely head

And thunder often rumbled;

But he carelessly under a thunderstorm

And dozed in a clear bucket.

And lived without recognizing power

Fate is insidious and blind;

But God! how the passions played

His obedient soul!

With what excitement seethed

In his tortured chest!

How long, how long have they been pacified?

They wake up: wait!

Z e m f i r a

Tell me my friend you don't regret

About the fact that he gave up forever?

What did I leave?

Z e m f i r a

Do you understand:

People of the motherland, the city.

What to regret? When would you know

When would you imagine

Captivity stuffy cities!

There are people, in heaps behind the fence,

Don't breathe in the morning chill

Nor the spring smell of the meadows;

Love is ashamed, thoughts are driven,

Trade their will

Heads bow before idols

And they ask for money and chains.

What did I throw? change of excitement,

prejudice sentence,

Crowds insane persecution

Or a brilliant disgrace.

Z e m f i r a

But there are huge chambers,

There are multi-colored carpets,

There are games, noisy feasts,

The dresses of the maidens there are so rich! ..

What is the noise of city merriment?

Where there is no love, there is no fun.

And the virgins ... How are you better than them

And without expensive outfits,

No pearls, no necklaces!

Don't change, my gentle friend!

And I ... one of my desires

With you to share love, leisure

And voluntary exile!

S t a r i k

You love us, even though you were born

Among the rich people.

But freedom is not always sweet

To those who are accustomed to bliss.

There is one legend between us:

Was once exiled by the king

Noon resident to us in exile.

(I used to know, but forgot

His clever nickname.)

He was already years old,

But young and alive with a gentle soul -

And everyone loved him

And he lived on the banks of the Danube,

Not offending anyone

Captivating people with stories;

He did not understand anything

And he was weak and timid, like children;

Strangers for him

Animals and fish were caught in nets;

How the fast river froze

And the winter whirlwinds raged

Covered with fluffy skin

They are a holy old man;

But he is to the worries of a poor life

I could never get used to it;

He wandered withered, pale,

He said that the angry god

He was punished for a crime ...

He waited for deliverance to come.

And all the unfortunate yearned,

Wandering along the banks of the Danube,

Yes, bitter tears shed,

Remembering your distant city,

And he bequeathed, dying,

To move south

His longing bones

And death - alien to this land

Unsatisfied guests!

So this is the fate of your sons

Oh Rome, oh loud power! ..

Singer of love, singer of the gods

Tell me what is glory?

Grave rumble, laudatory voice,

From generation to generation sound running?

Or under the shadow of a smoky bush

Gypsy's wild story?

Two summers have passed. They also roam

Gypsies in a peaceful crowd;

Everywhere still found

Hospitality and peace.

Despising the shackles of enlightenment,

Aleko is free, like them;

He is without worries in regret

Leads wandering days.

All the same he; the family is still the same;

He, not even remembering previous years,

I'm used to being a gypsy.

He loves their canopy for the night,

And the ecstasy of eternal laziness,

And their poor sonorous language.

A bear, a fugitive from his native lair,

Shaggy guest of his tent,

In the villages, along the steppe road,

Near the Moldavian court

In front of the crowd

And dances heavily, and roars,

And the chain gnaws at the tiresome;

Leaning on the staff of the road,

The old man lazily beats tambourines,

Aleko leads the beast with the singing,

Zemfira villager bypasses

And they take their free tribute.

The night will come; they are all three

Uncut millet is cooked;

The old man fell asleep - and everything is at rest ...

The tent is quiet and dark.

The old man warms in the spring sun

Already cooling blood;

At the cradle, the daughter sings love.

Aleko listens and turns pale.

Z e m f i r a

Old husband, formidable husband,

Cut me, burn me:

I am firm; not afraid

No knife, no fire.

Hate you,

I despise you;

I love another

I'm dying in love.

Be quiet. I'm tired of singing

I don't like wild songs.

Z e m f i r a

Don't you love? what do I care!

I sing a song for myself.

Cut me, burn me;

I won't say anything;

Old husband, formidable husband,

You don't recognize him.

He is fresher than spring

Hotter than a summer day;

How young and brave he is!

How he loves me!

How caressed him

I'm in the stillness of the night!

How they laughed then

We are your gray hair!

Shut up, Zemfira! I am satisfied...

Z e m f i r a

So you understand my song?

Z e m f i r a

You are free to get angry

I sing a song about you.

Leaves and sings: Old husband and so on.

S t a r i k

So, I remember, I remember - this song

During our complicated,

For a long time in the fun of the world

She sings among people.

Wandering on the steppes of Cahul,

It used to be on a winter night

My sang Mariula,

Before the fire shaking daughter.

In my mind last summer

Hour by hour darker, darker;

But this song was born

Deep in my memory.

Everything is quiet; night. decorated with the moon

Azure south sky,

Old man Zemfira awakened:

“Oh my father! Aleko is scary.

Listen: through a heavy dream

And he groans and weeps."

S t a r i k

Don't touch him. Keep quiet.

I heard a Russian legend:

Now midnight sometimes

The sleeper is short of breath

home spirit; before dawn

He leaves. Sit with me.

Z e m f i r a

My father! he whispers: Zemfira!

S t a r i k

He is looking for you in a dream:

You are dearer to him than the world.

Z e m f i r a

His love disgusted me.

I'm bored; the heart of the will asks -

Oh, I ... But be quiet! do you hear? is he

Another name pronounces...

S t a r i k

Z e m f i r a

Do you hear? hoarse moan

And a fierce rattle! .. How terrible! ..

I will wake him up...

S t a r i k

in vain

Do not drive the night spirit -

He will leave on his own...

Z e m f i r a

He turned

He got up, calls me ... woke up -

I go to him - goodbye, sleep.

Where have you been?

Z e m f i r a

She sat with her father.

Some kind of spirit tormented you;

In a dream your soul endured

torment; you scared me

You, sleepy, gnashed your teeth

And called me.

I dreamed about you.

I saw that between us...

I saw terrible dreams!

Z e m f i r a

Don't believe in false dreams.

Oh, I don't believe in anything

No dreams, no sweet assurances,

Not even your heart.

S t a r i k

Father, she doesn't love me.

S t a r i k

Take comfort, friend: she is a child.

Your despondency is reckless:

You love bitterly and hard

And the heart of a woman is joking.

Look: under a distant vault

The free moon walks;

All over nature in passing

Equally radiance she pours.

Look into any cloud

It will illuminate him so magnificently -

And now - it has already passed into another;

And that will be a short visit.

Who will show her a place in the sky,

Saying: stop there!

Who will say to the heart of a young maiden:

Love one thing, don't change?

How she loved!

How gently bow to me,

She is in the wilderness

Spent the night hours!

Full of children's fun

How often sweet babble

Or with an intoxicating kiss

She is my reverie

I knew how to disperse in a minute! ..

So what? Zemfira is wrong!

My Zemfira has cooled down!…

S t a r i k

Listen: I'll tell you

I am a story about myself.

Long, long time ago, when the Danube

The Muscovite has not yet threatened -

(See, I remember

Aleko, old sadness.)

Then we were afraid of the Sultan;

And Pasha ruled Budjak

From the high towers of Ackermann -

I was young; my soul

At that time she was seething with joy;

And not one in my curls

The gray hair has not yet turned white, -

Between young beauties

One was ... and for a long time she,

Like the sun, I admired

And finally called mine...

Ah, quickly my youth

Flashed like a falling star!

But you, the time for love, has passed

Even faster: only a year

Mariula loved me.

Once near Cahul waters

We met a strange camp;

Those gypsies, their tents

Having broken near ours at the mountain,

We spent two nights together.

They left on the third night, -

And, leaving the little daughter,

Mariula followed them.

I slept peacefully; dawn flashed;

I woke up, no girlfriend!

I'm looking for, I'm calling - and the trace is gone.

Longing, cried Zemfira,

And I cried - from now on

All the virgins of the world have disgusted me;

Between them never my gaze

I didn't choose my girlfriend

And lonely leisure

I have not shared with anyone.

How are you not in a hurry

Immediately after the ungrateful

And predators and her insidious

Didn't you plunge a dagger into the heart?

S t a r i k

For what? freer bird youth;

Who can keep love?

By succession joy is given to all;

What was, will not be again.

I am not like that. No, I'm not arguing

I won't give up my rights!

Or at least enjoy revenge.

Oh no! when over the abyss of the sea

I found a sleeping enemy

I swear, and here is my leg

Would not spare the villain;

I'm in the waves of the sea, without turning pale,

And I would push the defenseless;

Sudden terror of awakening

With a ferocious laugh reproached,

And long for me to fall

Ridiculous and sweet would be the rumble.

Youthful tsygan

One more...one kiss...

Z e m f i r a

It's time: my husband is jealous and angry.

One thing ... but not share! .. goodbye.

Z e m f i r a

Farewell, until you come.

Tell me, when will we meet again?

Z e m f i r a

Today, as the moon sets,

There, behind the mound over the grave ...

Deceive! she won't come!

Z e m f i r a

Here he is! run!.. I'll come, my dear.

Aleko is sleeping. In his mind

A vague vision plays;

He, waking up in the darkness with a cry,

Jealously stretches out his hand;

But a broken hand

There are enough cold covers -

His girlfriend is away...

He stood up with trepidation and heeded ...

Everything is quiet - fear embraces him,

Both heat and cold flow through it;

He gets up, leaves the tent,

Around the carts, terrible, wandering;

Everything is calm; the fields are silent;

Dark; the moon has gone into mist,

Slightly glimmering stars the wrong light,

A little dew is a noticeable trace

Leads to distant mounds:

He goes impatiently

Where the ominous trail leads.

Grave on the side of the road

In the distance it turns white before him ...

There weakening legs

Dragging, we torment with foreboding,

Mouths tremble, knees tremble,

It goes ... and suddenly ... or is it a dream?

Suddenly sees close two shadows

And he hears a close whisper -

Above the desecrated grave.

1st year

2nd g o l o s

1st year

It's time, my dear.

2nd g o l o s

No, no, wait, wait for the day.

1st year

It's too late.

2nd g o l o s

How timidly you love.

1st year

You will ruin me.

2nd g o l o s

1st year

If without me

Will your husband wake up?

Z e m f i r a

My friend, run, run...

Where, handsome young man?

She plunges a knife into him.

Z e m f i r a

Z e m f i r a

Aleko, you will kill him!

Look, you're covered in blood!

Oh what have you done?

Now breathe his love.

Z e m f i r a

No, no, I'm not afraid of you! -

I despise your threats

I curse your murder...

Die you too!

Strikes her.

Z e m f i r a

I'll die loving...

East, illuminated by daylight,

Beamed. Aleko over the hill

Knife in hand, bloodied

Sat on a grave stone.

Two corpses lay before him;

The killer had a terrible face.

The gypsies timidly surrounded

His anxious crowd.

The grave was dug to the side.

The wives walked in a mournful succession

And they kissed the eyes of the dead.

The old father sat alone

And looked at the dead

In mute inaction of sadness;

They picked up the corpses, they carried

And in the bosom of the cold earth

They put the youngest couple.

Aleko watched from a distance

For everything ... when did they close

The last handful of the earth,

He silently, slowly bowed

And fell off the stone onto the grass.

Then the old man, approaching, rivers:

“Leave us, proud man!

We are wild we have no laws

We do not torment, we do not execute -

We do not need blood and groans -

But we don't want to live with a killer...

You weren't born for the wild

You only want a will for yourself;

Your voice will be terrible to us:

We are timid and kind in soul,

You are angry and brave - leave us,

Forgive me, peace be with you."

He said - and a noisy crowd

The nomadic camp has risen

From the valley of a terrible night.

And soon everything is in the distance of the steppe

Hidden; only one cart

Poorly carpeted

She stood in the fatal field.

So sometimes before winter,

Foggy, morning time,

When it rises from the fields

The village of late cranes

And with a cry into the distance to the south rushes,

Pierced by deadly lead

One sad remains

Hanging on a wounded wing.

The night has come: in a dark cart

No one put out the fire

Nobody under the roof lift

Didn't sleep until morning.

The magical power of song

In my hazy memory

That's how visions come alive

Either bright or sad days.

In a country where long, long battles

The terrible roar did not stop,

Where are the imperative lines

Where is our old double-headed eagle

Still noisy past glory,

I met in the middle of the steppes

Over the borders of the ancient camps

Carts of peaceful gypsies,

Humble liberty of children.

Behind their lazy crowds

In the deserts I often wandered,

Shared their simple food

And fell asleep before their fires.

I liked the slow ones on campaigns

Their songs are joyful hums -

And long dear Mariula

I repeated the gentle name.

But there is no happiness between you,

Nature's poor sons!

And under tattered tents

There are painful dreams.

And your canopy is nomadic

In the deserts they did not escape from troubles,

And everywhere fatal passions

And there is no protection from fate.

Notes

Written in 1824 and is a poetic expression of the worldview crisis that Pushkin experienced in 1823-1824. The poet, with extraordinary depth and insight, poses in The Gypsies a number of important questions, the answers to which he is not yet able to give. The image of Aleko expresses the feelings and thoughts of the author himself. No wonder Pushkin gave him his own name (Alexander), and in the epilogue he emphasized that he himself, like his hero, lived in a gypsy camp.

Pushkin places his hero, a romantic exile who fled, like the prisoner of the Caucasus, in search of freedom from a cultural society where slavery, physical and moral, reigns in an environment where there are no laws, no coercion, no mutual obligations. Pushkin's "free" gypsies, despite the many features of their life and life accurately and faithfully reproduced in the poem, of course, are extremely far from the genuine Bessarabian gypsies who then lived in a "serfdom" (see the section "From early editions", a draft preface Pushkin to his poem). But Pushkin had to create for his hero such an environment in which he could fully satisfy his passionate desire for absolute, unrestricted freedom. And then it turns out that Aleko, who demands freedom for himself, does not want to recognize it for others if this freedom affects his interests, his rights (“I am not like that,” he says to the old gypsy, “no, I, without arguing, from the rights mine, but I will refuse”). The poet debunks the romantic hero, showing that "hopeless selfishness" is behind his desire for freedom. Absolute freedom to love, as it is realized in the poem in the actions of Zemfira and Mariula, turns out to be a passion that does not create any spiritual ties between lovers, does not impose any moral obligations on them. Zemfira is bored, "the heart asks for will" - and she easily, without remorse, changes Aleko; a handsome gypsy turned out to be in a neighboring camp, and after a two-day acquaintance, “leaving her little daughter” (and her husband), “Mariula went after them” ... Free gypsies, as it turns out, are free only because they are “lazy” and “timid at heart”, primitive, devoid of high spiritual demands. In addition, freedom does not at all give these free gypsies happiness. The old gypsy is just as unhappy as Aleko, but only he resigns himself to his misfortune, believing that this is a normal order, that “by succession everyone is given joy, what was, will not be again.”

So Pushkin in his poem debunked both the traditional romantic freedom-loving hero and the romantic ideal of absolute freedom. Pushkin still does not know how to replace these abstract, vague romantic ideals with any more real, connected with public life, and therefore the conclusion of the poem sounds tragically hopeless:

But there is no happiness between you,

Nature's poor sons!

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

And everywhere fatal passions

And there is no protection from fate.

These deep thoughts and feelings endured by Pushkin are clothed in "Gypsies" in a perfect poetic form. Free and at the same time clear and precise composition of the poem, vivid pictures of the life and life of gypsies, descriptions of the feelings and experiences of the hero rich in lyricism, dramatic dialogues in which conflicts and contradictions that make up the content of the poem are revealed, extraneous episodes included in the poem - poems about a carefree bird, the story of Ovid - all this makes the poem "Gypsies" one of the best works of the young Pushkin.

Having finished the poem in October 1824, Pushkin was in no hurry to publish it. Firstly, he thought to further enrich the critical content of the poem by introducing into it Aleko's speech to his newborn son, in which the poet's bitter disappointment in the value of science and education sounds, the education that Pushkin so sincerely and devotedly served both before his crisis and after it. , until death. This monologue by Aleko remained unfinished in the manuscript (see "From early editions"). Another reason for the delay in the publication of The Gypsies was, one might think, that at that time (the end of 1824 and 1825) Pushkin was already overcoming his crisis of romanticism, and he did not want to bring to the public such a strong work that did not express already his real views. "Gypsies" was published only in 1827, with a note on the cover: "Written in 1824."

From earlier editions

I. Draft passage not included in the final edition

After the verse "In the tent and quiet and dark":

Pale, weak, Zemfira is dozing -

Aleko with joy in his eyes

Holding a baby in her arms

And eagerly heeds the cry of life:

"Receive my heartfelt greetings,

Child of love, child of nature

And with the gift of life dear

An invaluable gift of freedom!..

Stay in the middle of the steppes;

Prejudices are silent here,

And there is no early persecution

Above your wild cradle;

Grow in the wild without lessons;

Do not know shy chambers

And don't change simple vices

On educated depravity;

Under the shadow of peaceful oblivion

Let the gypsy poor grandson

Deprived and bliss of enlightenment

And the magnificent vanity of sciences -

But careless, healthy and free,

Vain remorse is alien,

He will be happy with life

Not knowing forever new needs.

No, he won't kneel

Before an idol of some honor,

Will not invent changes

Trembling secretly with a thirst for revenge, -

My boy will not test

How cruel are the pennies

How stale and bitter is someone else's bread -

How hard is the slow foot

Climb onto strange steps;

From society, maybe I

I will now take away a citizen, -

What needs - I save my son,

And I wish my mother

She gave birth to me in the thicket of the forest,

Or under the yurt of an Ostyak,

Or in a crevice of a cliff.

Oh, how many caustic remorse,

Heavy dreams, reassurances

Then I wouldn't know...

II. Projects of Pushkin's preface to the poem

For a long time they did not know the origin of the gypsies in Europe; considered them to come from Egypt - until now in some lands and call them Egyptians. English travelers finally resolved all perplexities - it is proved that the gypsies belong to an outcast caste of Indians called bet. Language and what can be called their faith - even facial features and way of life - are true evidence of this. Their attachment to the wild liberty secured by the poor, everywhere weary of the measures taken by the government to transform the idle life of these vagabonds - they roam in Russia, as well as in England; men are engaged in crafts necessary for the first needs, trade in horses, drive bears, deceive and steal, women hunt divination, singing and dancing.

In Moldova, the Roma make up the majority of the population; but the most remarkable thing is that in Bessarabia and Moldavia serfdom exists only among these humble adherents of primitive freedom. This does not prevent them, however, from leading a wild nomadic life, quite accurately described in this story. They are distinguished from others by greater moral purity. They do not trade either theft or deceit. However, they are just as wild, just as fond of music and engaged in the same rude crafts. Their tribute is the unlimited income of the sovereign's wife.

Note. Bessarabia, known in the deepest antiquity, should be especially curious for us:

She is sung by Derzhavin

And full of Russian glory.

But until now this region is known to us from the erroneous descriptions of two or three travelers. I don’t know if there will ever be a “Historical and Statistical Description of It,” compiled by I.P. Liprandi, which combines true scholarship with the excellent virtues of a military man.

There is one tradition between us.- The Roman poet of the 1st century Ovid was exiled by Emperor Augustus to the shores of the Black Sea. Traditions about his life there are preserved in Bessarabia.

Where are the imperative lines // Russian pointed to Istanbul.- Bessarabia has long been the theater of Russian-Turkish wars. In 1812, the border between Russia and Turkey was established there.

The simplicity and clarity of Pushkin's works do not at all reduce their significance and

values. What, for example, is the poem that Pushkin wrote in his youth - "Gypsies"? The summary is that a young man from the capital's high society is disappointed in life, he is bored with the emptiness, pretense and hypocrisy of his environment. Alexei wanted to be among nature, natural, sincere people. He goes to the gypsy camp and lives in it, wandering and sharing the hard fate of the free people. For two years Aleko has been among the gypsies, he enjoys the will and love of the beautiful Zemfira. But heavy forebodings torment him. In dreams, he sees his wife's betrayal.

Summary. Pushkin. Poem "Gypsies"

The poem is decorated with descriptions of gypsy life and the surrounding nature. This is not conveyed by the summary. Here, as in any other work of Pushkin, philosophical depth is hidden behind the seeming simplicity. One day, Zemfira's father, an old gypsy, told Aleko the story of his love. His beautiful wife Mariula left him a little daughter and left the camp with another. Aleko is amazed: why didn’t the deceived husband take revenge on his unfaithful wife and her lover? The old gypsy wisely believes that love cannot be kept by force.

Pushkin. "Gypsies" - an essay on the problems of society

The poem leads the reader to compare a society that lives according to the rules it has adopted with a free people that recognizes only the laws of nature. Which of them are stronger and more correct? Can a person from a civilized society disobey the generally accepted norms? Waking up one night, Aleko sees that Zemfira is not around. He goes to look for her and overhears her conversation with a young gypsy. Zemfira said that she did not love her husband, that he bored her. Aleko, in a fit of jealousy, kills a young rival and a traitor wife with a dagger.

A.S. Pushkin. "Gypsies". Summary. Ending

With this tragic denouement, Pushkin completes his story, summing up in the form of the end of the free existence of Aleko. Tabor, seeing the murderer and his two victims in the morning, made his decision. After burying Zemfira and her young lover, the gypsies drove Aleko out of the camp and left. He could not live in harmony with nature. Alexey wanted freedom for himself, but when faced with the choice of Zemfira, he regarded it as a crime. He, even being in a gypsy camp, continued to live according to the unjust laws and rules adopted in his society. After all, there some enjoy freedom at the expense of the unfreedom of others.

The conflict of a secular person with the laws of nature. Pushkin. "Gypsies". Summary of the poem and its essence

Such a verdict to his time passed the young poet. The poem with its lyrical digressions plunges the reader into the romantic world of free people - nomadic gypsies. They are simple and wise, they are free and recognize the right of others to freedom. That is why they adopted Aleko as a brother. But he could not understand the way of their thoughts, their rules of life. The old man's story about Mariul and Aleko's reaction to it were harbingers of subsequent tragic events.

Afterword

An uncomplicated plot and an amazing depth of generalizations are available only to such a master as Pushkin was. "Gypsies" (a brief summary, of course, does not give a complete impression of the poem) is a work that has become a powerful contribution of the young poet to world romantic literature.