Compound sentence: examples. Compound and complex sentences
Compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are connected by coordinating unions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning.
Coordinating conjunctions connecting simple sentences are between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.
By alliances and by meaning compound sentences are divided into six groups.
1. Compound sentences from connecting unions: and yes(= i), neither- neither. They talk about a) the simultaneity of events and phenomena, or b) their succession one after another, or c) the conditionality of one event by another. For example: a) Neither [ viburnum does not grow between them], nor [ grass not turns green] (I. Turgenev)- No no ; AND [ the wind rushed about quick on weeds], and [sheaves sparks raced through the fogs]... (A. Blok)- And , and ; [Only willow gi shout], Yes[cuckoo vying with each other count down unlived years for someone] (M. Sholokhov)- , Yes ;
b) [Two or three fell large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed]. (I. Goncharov) - [], And ; [Door across the street in a brightly lit shop slammed], and [from it showed Xia citizen]. (M. Bulgakov)- , And .
in) [life is given once], and [ want to live her cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully] (A. Chekhov)(the second sentence expresses the result, consequence, conclusion from the content of the first) -, and; [Tell you two words to her], and [ she is saved] (A. Chekhov)(in the first sentence, the condition of the action (state) in the second is indicated) - , and ; [It was getting hot], and I hastened home] (M. Lermontov)(in the first sentence, the reason for the action is indicated in the second) -, and; [Vacant places did not have], and [im had to stand] (V. Rasputin)- , And .
2. Compound sentences with separating unions: or (il), either, whether- or, then- that, not that- not that, or- either. They indicate alternation phenomena, on the possibility (choice) one phenomena of two or several. For example: [barking dog Brownie], or [ the breeze will rustle in darkening sheets fly by] (N. Yazykov [], il , il ; That [ Sun dim glitters], then [ cloud black hanging(N. Nekrasov)
That, that; Not that [ it was getting light], not that [ it was getting dark] (Yu. German)- Not that, not that (in sentences with conjunctions either- whether or not- not that mutual exclusion is complicated by the value of conjecture or by an indication of the difficulty in choosing the exact designation of the situation).
3. Compound sentences from adversarial unions: ah but yes(= but), however, but, but, only. In them, one phenomenon is opposed to another or something different from it. For example: [ranks people are given], but [people can be deceived] (A. Griboyedov)- , but ; [Beliefs are inculcated theory], [ behavior same formed example] (A. Herzen)(union same combines two meanings: an opposing union and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between simple sentences, but after the first word of the second sentence, emphasizing this word) -, [same]; [They are, certainly, don't know me], yes \ I something them I know] (F. Dostoevsky)- , Yes ; [Fedya never didn't cry], but [ found on him at times wild stubbornness] (I. Turgenev)- , but ; [She didn't move], Just a bit eyebrows moved] (V. Rasputin)- , only ; [Was already spring month March], however [at night the trees cracked from the cold, as in December] (A. Chekhov)- , but . (The opposite union “however” always stands at the beginning of a simple sentence, it can be replaced by the union “but”, a comma is not placed after it. The introductory word “however” homonymous to the union is not at the beginning (i.e. in the middle or at the end) sentences and is separated by commas in writing. We were all waiting for him, but (but) he did not come.- We were all waiting for him, but he did not come.)
4. Compound sentences from gradation-comparative unions: not only ... but also, not that ... but (but), if not ... then, not that ... but (a), not so much ... how much. In such sentences, phenomena are compared or contrasted according to the degree
significance: what is reported in the second sentence is presented as in one way or another more significant, effective or convincing than what is said in the first (what is said in the second sentence has a greater degree of significance for the speaker). For example: [
cmnot that cruel, but [he is too de yat spruce character] (L. Tolstoy)- not that, but; Not only [ Sonya without paint couldn't stand this look], but also [the old the countess and Natasha blushed noticing this look] (L. Tolstoy)- Not only but .
5. Compound sentences from connecting unions: yes, and, too, also, moreover, moreover. The second sentence in them has the character of an additional or incidental remark, often unexpected, as if it had just come to mind. [He felt in front of her child], and [ she thought him for the child] (F. Dostoevsky)- , yes and ; [Poor Nadya has nowhere else to go hear those words], and [no one pronounce them] (A, Chekhov)- , yes and ; [Face her it was pale], [slightly open lips too turned pale] (I. Turgenev)- ., [too] (conjunctions too And same way close in value to the union And, but they do not stand between simple sentences, but within the second).
6. Compound sentences with explanatory unions: that is, namely, They indicate the identity, equivalence of situations, while the second sentence explains, concretizes the idea expressed in the first. For example: [Also here lived in native Lozishchi and to some Osip Lozinsky], i.e. [ lived, to tell the truth, it doesn’t matter] (V. Korolenko)- , i.e ; [Men's room servants were brought we have to a minimum], namely: [for the whole house no more than two lackeys were supposed to suffice] (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)- , namely .
Syntactic analysis of a compound sentence
Scheme for parsing a compound sentence
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2 Characterize the sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the number of simple sentences in the complex and find their boundaries, highlight the grammatical foundations of each simple sentence that is part of the complex.
4. Indicate which coordinating union connects simple sentences into a complex one, and determine the semantic relationships between them.
5 Make a graphic diagram of a compound sentence.
6. Explain the placement of punctuation marks.
Example of parsing a compound sentence
[You are many years late], but [still I pleased) (A. Akhmatova).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, compound, consists of two simple sentences connected by a composing opposing union “but”, an opposition relationship (with a touch of concession); simple sentences in the composition of a compound in writing are separated by a comma.
That \ fell as if fog], then [suddenly allowed oblique, large rain] (L. Tolstoy).
That , that .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, compound, consists of two simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating divisive union “this - that”, an alternation relationship; simple sentences in the composition of a compound in writing are separated by a comma.
[Women flicker in tents], and [ yapping mutts sha-lye], and [samovars roses scarlet are burning in taverns and houses] (O. Mandelstam).
And , and .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, compound, consists of three simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating conjunction “and”, simultaneous phenomena are listed; simple sentences in a compound sentence are separated by commas in writing.
In Russian, it is customary to subdivide sentences into simple ones, which include one grammatical basis, and complex ones, which include several subjects and predicates that are not homogeneous members. In grade 9, the program involves the study of various types of complex sentences. These include compound sentences (examples of which will be given below), as well as complex and non-union. At the beginning of the course, it is studied in detail what SSP is in Russian (Compound Sentence).
SSP classification
As the name of the term implies, a compound sentence is a compound sentence with a coordinating connection, which can be expressed using coordinating conjunctions or some particles. Unlike phrases where a subordinating relationship is used and one part of the sentence is dependent (that is, it cannot be used separately from the main one), in the SSP both parts are equal. Below is a table with examples of complex and complex sentences from works.
A coordinative link in a sentence can take on the following meanings:
- Connective relations are used in cases where it is necessary to show the sequence of two actions or emphasize their simultaneity: The clock showed midnight And The house was finally quiet. Communication is made using unions And, Yes,also, too and some particles: no no.
- Relations between parts of a sentence can be divisive when it is necessary to indicate a change of events, their alternation or comparison: Not that imagined him not that and in fact something bright flashed in the sky. In this case, the union is used or, as well as various repeating particles: or ... or,not that... not that and others.
- Comparative relations are used to draw attention to the identity of two parts of the BSC using namely or i.e: I'm very afraid of heights namely the roofs of high-rise buildings and infinitely long flights of stairs scare me.
- Explanatory relations include various kinds of concretization, clarifications expressed in words but, but,which means, as well as etc.: Everything was fine in the country house, but roof leaked a little.
- Gradation refers to such relations in the BSC, which involve further development: If not it will be possible to finish the construction by the end of the week, then at least you've already done half the work. Unions are used to communicate. not only that ... also, not only but, not to say... but and others.
In addition, comparative relations are sometimes subdivided into 3 more small categories, which include the comparative ones themselves (this includes phrases with conjunctions ah yes), adversative (to express inconsistency using ah, but) and concessive (using only).
Types of coordinating conjunctions
For communication between grammatical bases, service parts of speech are used - conjunctions and, in some cases, particles. Unions in the SSP usually divided into three categories:
- connecting: and yes and also;
- separating: either, not that ... not that, or;
- adversative: however, but, but, but.
In addition, compound unions differ in their composition. Most of them consist of one or two words ( yes, also, but, or, on the other hand) and is used only in one part of the SSP:
We couldn't make it before sunset Yes comrades came to the rescue.
However, double conjunctions are also distinguished, which are used in both parts of the phrase ( not only ... but also, either ... or, or ... or):
Or tomorrow there will be a thunderstorm with pouring rain, or it will be hot all day.
Unions in SSP are usually at the beginning of the second part of the sentence (or at the beginning of both parts, if we are talking about a double alliance). The exceptions are too, also and particle same, which can be located in the middle of a phrase:
January turned out to be extremely warm, February too I was in no hurry to please the guys with snow.
The location of the union in the phrase and the type to which it belongs must be known in order to correctly place punctuation marks (if necessary).
Basic punctuation rules
As in all other types of compound sentences, most often in SSP it is necessary to separate one part from another with a comma before a coordinating conjunction or particle.
We could have arrived today, but unexpected circumstances interfered with our plans.
Either Pavel did not receive her message, or there were problems again on the line.
However, it is important to remember that coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. In such cases, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical bases and understand whether the subjects and predicates are not homogeneous, as in the following simple sentence:
Bees or wasps often fly into the apartment in summer and can sting someone.
In addition, punctuation in SSP is not limited to commas. In some phrases, punctuation marks are used, which are rather characteristic of an unassociated connection.
Semicolon and dash
In some cases, other punctuation marks should be used instead of a comma. If the sentence is very common (it has participial or participle phrases, introductory words, a large number of homogeneous members) and there are already commas inside, you should separate one part of the phrase from the other with a semicolon:
The guys went to the pond, despite the beginning of the rain, visited a neighbor, walked along an abandoned forest path; but only in the evening they were allowed to go home.
In situations where one part of the SSP is sharply opposed to another, or when the second part is a consequence of the first, a dash must be placed between them:
A blow and he fell.
In addition, punctuation errors in phrases with a coordinating link occur not only when determining the correct punctuation mark. Sometimes there are complex sentences that lack both commas and dashes.
When punctuation marks are not used
Be aware of some cases where a comma is not required. For example, if two simple sentences in a complex one are connected by single conjunctions And, Yes, or, or and have some common element, then a punctuation mark between them is not needed. Common elements can be:
- Common minor member (usually an addition or circumstance): His parents have cows and pears on the farm.
- General subordinate clause (in the event that subordination is used in the sentence along with the essay): While my brother was walking, my mother went to the store and my sister started baking a pie.
- The general part of the sentence, connected by an allied connection (only when both parts of the SSP reveal the content of the phrase in more detail): The girl was seized with despair: the last tram left and the last bus drove off.
- General introduction: As you know, our planet has the shape of a ball and the moon revolves around it..
In addition to these cases, a comma is not placed before connecting and separating unions if they are united by intonation:
How much time is left before the exams and when should I start preparing for them?- interrogative intonation.
Let the old year end and a new one begin!- an incentive offer.
How enchantingly an experienced musician plays and how wonderfully finely tuned his ear!- both parts are united by an exclamation.
The punctuation mark is not required in denominative sentences (having no predicate), if the union is not double:
Amazing beauty and a completely inexplicable sight.
However, this rule does not apply to the titles of books, films, etc.:
Irony of Fate or Enjoy Your Bath!
A comma is not needed in indefinitely personal sentences, but only when the same performer of the action is meant:
Dinner was brought to the sick and then the dirty dishes were taken away.
It is not easy to remember all the listed rules and special cases. The easiest way to master the information received is by completing several tasks to consolidate the skill.
Exercise examples
Task 1. Make diagrams for compound sentences from fiction (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Explain punctuation marks.
For a long time they wandered around the island without any success, but at last the sharp smell of chaff bread and sour sheepskin brought them to the trail.
First you need to define the subject and predicate: they wandered And smell brought. Thus, in the sentence there are 2 grammatical bases, and they are interconnected by the union but.
To draw up a SSP scheme, each part is indicated by square brackets, between which a coordinating union is indicated: […], but […].
Punctuation marks are explained as follows: comma before conjunction but separates 2 parts of the SSP; finally isolated on both sides, as this is an introductory word.
The generals looked at these peasant efforts, and their hearts played merrily.
It is necessary to highlight the grammatical basics: watched the generals And hearts played. The connection between the parts of the sentence is provided with the help of a connecting union And. The SSP scheme looks like: […], And […].
A single comma separates two simple parts of a complex sentence.
I wanted to give them an arrow, but they just froze, clinging to him.
The first sentence in the complex is incomplete: it omits the subject, the predicate - wanted to give. The second sentence is ordinary, two-part; its grammatical basis is they are numb. Communication is made with the help of an opposite union but. The schema looks like this: […], but […].
The comma before the union divides the complex sentence into two parts; the second comma indicates the adverbial turnover.
Now the man picked up wild hemp, soaked it in water, beat it, crushed it - and by the evening the rope was ready.
In the first part, homogeneous predicates are observed - scored, soaked, beaten, crushed, related to the subject man. The second part is uncomplicated: rope was ready. The scheme looks like: […] - And […].
Commas are placed because there are several homogeneous members. The dash is necessary because the second part of the phrase is the result of the first.
Task 2. Determine which of the sentences are compound.
(1) Sixth-graders in a friendly crowd left the school building and, looking at the carefree sunny sky, walked to the bus stop. (2) A spacious bus was already standing there, which was supposed to take them to Vyborg. (3) The guys were already fully prepared for the trip, but the teacher had not yet arrived. (4) Either her trolley bus was delayed, or the naughty daughter did not want to let her go to another city for the whole day.
(5) An elderly driver got off the bus and looked thoughtfully at the slightly bewildered schoolchildren. (6) Not only the guys were looking forward to the excursion, but he himself dreamed of finally escaping from the cramped stuffy city.
To find the SSP, you need to determine which phrases contain 2 or more grammatical bases. Under this condition, 2, 3, 4 and 6 sentences are suitable. Phrases numbered 1 and 5 are simple with homogeneous predicates.
SSP and SSP (complex sentences) differ in the methods of communication: in SSP, coordinating unions are used, in SSP - subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Let us determine by what means the connection between simple parts is carried out. With the exception of 2 sentences, where the allied word was used which the, all other phrases are connected using double ( either ... or, not only ... but also) and single coordinating conjunctions ( but). Therefore, 3, 4 and 6 phrases belong to the SSP.
Task 3. Perform parsing:
Summer holidays have begun, and we, of course, went to rest in the countryside.
Syntactic parsing is done in stages. In some cases, some steps are omitted (for example, determining the type of union), below is the most complete version of the analysis:
- Characterize it according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring: narrative (does not contain a call to action or a question) and non-exclamatory.
- Determine the number of grammatical bases: holidays started And we went to rest. Therefore, the proposal is complex.
- The connection between the bases is provided with the help of a coordinating connecting union And. This means that the sentence is complex.
- Perform a separate analysis of the first simple sentence. Since it has both a subject and a predicate, it is two-part. The presence of a minor term (definitions summer) indicates prevalence. The offer is uncomplicated. The subject is expressed by the noun, the predicate by the verb, the definition by the adjective.
- The second part is also two-part. It is spread by circumstance out of town. The introductory word acts as a complication certainly. The subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, the compound predicate is expressed by two verbs, one of which is in the form of an infinitive, the circumstance is a noun.
- The scheme looks like: […], and […].
Similarly, the parsing of any other sentence in which there is a coordinative link is performed.
Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences in complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied And unionless. Allied proposals are subdivided into compound And complex subordinate.
Compound sentences (SSP) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by the nature of the union and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relationship). | AND; Yes(in meaning And); no no; yes and; too; also; not only but. |
They opened the door, and air from the yard flowed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with opposing alliances(opposite relationship). | BUT; but; Yes(in meaning but); but(in meaning but); but; but; and then; not that; not that; a particle(in the meaning of union but); particle only(in the meaning of union but). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with divisive unions(separating relations). | Or; or; not that ..., not that; then ... then; whether... or. |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Note!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a compound sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight the grammatical foundations in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or a compound sentence).
Wed: From the smoky hole a man walked and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I’ll give money for the road, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) - a compound sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second part (the second simple sentence).
In some places, the Danube serves as a border, but it serves as a road people to each other(Peskov).
The exceptions are unions, too, also, particles-unions are the same, only. They necessarily take or can take place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I were crying, my mother was also crying.(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, while the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing such complex sentences, they are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double union not only ..., but also expresses gradation relations and is referred to as connecting unions in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only its second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly referred to as adversarial unions. In order not to be mistaken, try replacing this double union with the union and.
Wed: The language should not only understandable or vulgar but also the language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language should be understandable or vernacular, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences vary greatly in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.
Wed: You leave - and it becomes dark(Schefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry.(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, when parsing, it is not this particular meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of the coordinating union (connective, adversative, divisive).
Notes. In some textbooks and manuals, compound sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions. that is, namely, for example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to this(Kuprin); The flights of birds have developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives the birds opportunity to avoid adverse winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers attribute them to complex sentences or distinguish them as an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers of sentences with particles only refer to non-union sentences.
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
| 1. Compound sentences with connecting unions (connective relations). | AND; Yes(in meaning And);no no; yes and; too; also; not only but. | They opened the door, and the air from the yard flowed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). Her face is pale, her slightly parted lips also turned pale.(Turgenev). Not only was there no fish, but the rod did not even have a fishing line.(Sadovsky). He did not like jokes, and even she was left alone with him (Turgenev). |
| 2. Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions (adversative relations). | BUT; but; Yes (=but); but (= but); but; but; and then; not that; not that; a particle (= but); particle only (= but). | Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). Beliefs are inspired by theory, behavior is shaped by example.(Herzen). I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry.(Tendryakov). It rained in the morning, but now the clear sky shone above us(Paustovsky). You must talk to your father today, otherwise he will worry about your departure.(Pismsky). The boats immediately disappear into the darkness, only bursts of oars and the voices of fishermen are heard for a long time.(Dubov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with separating unions (separating relations). | Or; or; not that ..., not that; then ... then; whether... or. | Either eat a fish or run aground (proverb). Either he envied Natalia, or he felt sorry for her(Turgenev). Either the silence and loneliness affected him, or he just suddenly looked with different eyes at the situation that had become familiar(Simonov). |
Note!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a compound sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight the grammatical foundations in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or a compound sentence).
Wed: From the smoky hole a man walked And carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I will give money for the road, And helicopter can be called(Peskov) - a compound sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second part (the second simple sentence).
In some places the Danube serves as a border, but he serves and dear people to each other(Peskov).
Unions are an exception. too, also , particles-unions same, only . They necessarily take or can take place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I cried, mother also cried(Aksakov);
Comrades treated him hostilely, the soldiers same truly loved.
Therefore, when parsing such complex sentences, they are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
2. Punctuation marks in compound sentences
1. Simple sentences that are part of a compound sentence SEPARATED BY COMMA:
The windows in all the buildings were brightly lit, and therefore it seemed very dark in the huge courtyard.(Chekhov); It's hot outside and the chickens are cold.
2. Comma before single connecting and dividing unions - and yes (in the meaning of "and"), or, or – DO NOT PUT in the following cases:
but) common minor member:
Shortly after sunrisea cloud came up and a short rain splashed(Pushkin) (common secondary term - circumstance of time shortly after sunrise, compare: Soon after sunrise a cloud came up; Shortly after sunrise, a short rain fell);
b) simple sentences in a compound sentence have general subordinate clause:
It was already quite dawn and people began to rise when I returned to my room.(L. Tolstoy) (subordinate tense when i got back to my room is common to both parts of a compound sentence, cf .: It was quite daylight when I returned to my room; People began to rise when I returned to my room.);
in) simple sentences of a compound sentence together explain a third sentence common to them, preceding them and connected with them by an allied connection:
He felt unwell: his body was weak and there was a dull pain in his eyes.(Kuprin) (parts of a compound sentence: The body was weak; There was a dull pain in the eyes- explain the meaning of the first simple sentence common to them, associated with them without union: He didn't feel well);
G) simple sentences in a compound sentence have general introductory word, introductory phrase or sentence:
According to the hunters, the beast in these forests has hatched and the bird has disappeared.(message source - according to the hunters- the same for the entire statement, cf .: According to the hunters, the beast has bred in these forests; According to the hunters, the bird has disappeared);
e) a compound sentence includes interrogative, motivating, exclamatory sentences:
Will you come to me or should I come to you?
Let the enemy in and give fire on command!
How ridiculous he is and how stupid his antics!
e) a compound sentence includes one-part indefinitely personal sentences if the same producer of the action is thought:
The defendants were also taken out somewhere and just brought back(L. Tolstoy);
g) a compound sentence includes impersonal sentences that have synonymous words in the predicates:
But in the absence of synonymous words, a comma between two impersonal sentences before the union And put:
Meanwhile, it was quite dawn, and it was necessary to go out to sea again.(Kataev);
h) a compound sentence includes denominative (nominative) sentences:
Frost and sun...(Pushkin).
3. Instead of a comma, simple sentences within a compound sentence can be separated by a semicolon. SEMICOLON is put in the event that parts of a compound sentence are significantly common (often these are complex sentences of a mixed type - with composition, subordination and union-free connection) and have commas inside them. More often, a semicolon is observed before unions. but, however, but, yes, and , less frequently before union but :
For six years the commission had been fussing around the building; but the climate was in the way, or the material was already like that, only the government building couldn’t go higher than the foundation (Gogol).
Before unions and yes (in the meaning of "and") a semicolon is used only when they connect two sentences that would otherwise be separated by a period:
Soon the whole garden, warmed by the sun, caressed, came to life, and drops of dew, like diamonds, sparkled on the leaves; and the old, neglected garden this morning seemed so young, smart(Chekhov).
4. Instead of a comma, simple sentences in a compound sentence can be separated DASH:
if the second part of a compound sentence contains an unexpected addition or a sharp opposition:
Then a light whistle rang out - and Dubrovsky fell silent (Pushkin); I'm in a hurry to go there - and there is already the whole city(Pushkin).
Often in these cases, either only the first sentence, or both sentences are denominative (nominative):
More pressure - and the enemy runs (Pushkin); Another year, two - and old age ... (Ehrenburg).
3. General characteristics of complex sentences
Complex sentences(SPP) are sentences that have a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are subordinate to the main clause and answer the questions of the members of the sentence.
before the main sentence:
SinceNonna refused Andrei, the old man was officially dry with Nonna(Panova).
(Since), .
Adventitious adjectives can stand after main clause:
She kept her eyes on the road what leads through the grove(Goncharov).
, (what)
Adverbial clauses can stand in the middle of the main sentence:
And in the evening when all cats are gray, the prince went to breathe clean air(Leskov).
[ , (when), ]
Adverbial clauses can refer to one word in the main or to the whole main offer.
The means of communication between the subordinate and main clauses are:
in a subordinate clause- subordinating conjunctions ( what, to, for, bye, when, how, if etc.) or allied words ( which, which, who, what, how, where, where, from where, when and etc.); Unions and allied words are the main means of communication in a complex sentence, they are at the beginning of the subordinate clause and serve as an indicator of the boundary between the main and the subordinate clause. An exception makes up a union-particle whether , which is in the middle of a subordinate clause. Pay attention to this!
· in the main sentence- descriptive words ( that, such, there, there, because, because etc.). Indicative words in the main clause may or may not be.
Distinguishing unions and allied words
1) What, how, when can be both conjunctions and allied words.
| Unions | allied words |
| 1. They are not members of the proposal, for example: He said his sister won't be back for dinner (what- union, is not a member of the proposal). | 1. Are members of a subordinate clause, for example: She kept her eyes on the road that leads through the grove(joint word what- subject). |
| 2. Often (but not always!) the union can be removed from the subordinate clause, cf .: He said that his sister would not be back for dinner. He said: sister will not be back for dinner. | 2. Since the allied word is a member of the subordinate clause, it cannot be removed without changing the meaning, for example: She kept her eyes on the road that leads through the grove; impossible: She did not take her eyes off the road, leads through the grove. |
| 3. The union cannot be logically stressed. | 3. A logical stress may fall on the allied word, for example: I know what he will do tomorrow. |
| 4. After the union, particles cannot be placed same,exactly. | 4. After the allied word, you can put particles same, exactly, compare: I know what he will do tomorrow; I know exactly what he will do tomorrow. |
| 5. The union cannot be replaced by a demonstrative pronoun or a pronominal adverb. | 5. The allied word can be replaced by a demonstrative pronoun or a pronominal adverb, cf .: I know what he will do tomorrow. - I know: he will do this tomorrow; I know where he was yesterday. I know he was there yesterday. |
How is an union in two cases:
but) in a double union than... the :
b) in subordinate clauses of such complex sentences that have an adjective, an adverb in a comparative degree or words in the main part different, other, different .
He turned out more resilient than we thought; How count gossips to work, not better or on yourself, godfather, turn around(Krylov).
3) Where, where, from where, who, why, why, how much, which, which, whose are allied words and cannot be unions.
I know where he hides; I know where he will go; I know who did it; I know why he did it; I know why he said it; I know how long it took him to renovate the apartment; I know what our holiday will be like; I know whose briefcase it is.
Pointer words are in the main clause and usually answer the same questions, have the same syntactic meaning as the subordinate clauses. The main function of demonstrative words is to be a harbinger of a subordinate clause. Therefore, in most cases, the demonstrative word can tell you what type the subordinate clause belongs to:
He returned to that city, where spent my youth (that - definition; adverbial attributive); He stayed so, to prove your innocence (so - purpose circumstance; adverbial purpose); Read so that nobody saw the note(So - circumstance of the mode of action, measure and degree; adverbial modus operandi and degree).
4. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
compound A complex sentence is called, the parts of which are interconnected by coordinating unions.
Communication according to the method of composition gives the parts of a compound sentence a certain syntactic independence, but this independence is relative.
The parts of a sentence that make up a compound sentence can be of the same type (two-part, one-part) or of a different type (one part of a complex sentence is a two-part sentence, the other is one-part). For example: Foam hissed and water splashed through the air.(M. G.); It was better for me to leave my horse at the edge of the forest and hide on foot, but it was a pity to part with him.(L.); I would put a samovar for you, but I don’t have tea(T.).
Compound sentences can be polynomial, i.e. consist of several parts, for example: The poplars swayed resoundingly, and the windows gleamed from behind them, and the castle threw gloomy glances at everyone.(Kor.).
In compound sentences, relationships are most often expressed connecting, adversative and divisive (cf. the functions of coordinating conjunctions and their classification). In addition, compound sentences can express comparative, connecting, explanatory relations with various additional shades of meaning.
Connective relationships. In compound sentences expressing connecting relationships, unions serve as a means of connecting parts of a single whole. and yes, neither(recurring) also, also(the last two with a connotation of meaning).
And most often expressed temporaryse relations. To express these relations, verb forms (temporal and aspectual), the order of parts in the complex, intonation, union, and additional lexical means are used.
In some cases it is expressed simultaneity two or more actions, phenomena, events. The meaning of simultaneity is usually conveyed by coinciding tense forms of verbs-predicates (often imperfect, less often perfect) in the parts that make up the compound; sometimes the verb forms in these cases do not match. For example: And here in the misty skysangbirds and eastgot rich(L.).
The value of simultaneity is emphasized by the presence of a common secondary member (most often a circumstance) in parts of a compound sentence, for example: Around the sandhoops were lying around without any order and empty barrels were sticking out(Grig.).
Another type of temporary relationship in a compound sentence - subsequence actions or states, expressed by the order of parts and aspect-temporal verb forms in the composed parts of the sentence. For example: The last reflections of the evening dawnwent outquite, and dark nightwent downto the ground(Ars.).
A shade of value can be attached to the value of the time sequence consequences, for example: ... At the exit of the bridge, the horses in the company cart hesitated, and the whole crowd had to wait(L. T.).
A special intonation is inherent in compound sentences that express a quick change of events or an unexpected result (the first part in them may be a nominative sentence). For example: One jump - and the lion is already on the back of the buffalo(Cupr.); A moment - and everything again drowned in darkness(Kor.).
Compound sentences with conjunction And can express causal relations that are clearly revealed in those cases when in the second part of the compound sentence after the union And adverbs follow therefore, therefore, therefore and others with a touch of accession. For example: The judge's lips were under the very nose,and thereforehis nose could sniff his upper lip as much as he liked(W.).
Union And can also express relationships similar to adversarial, for example: Everyone knew herAndno one noticed(P.).
Connecting union Yes used in compound sentences expressing temporaryse relations. This creates a shade of connecting connection, and from the stylistic side - a shade of colloquial speech. For example: The cuckoo cuckooed loudly in the distance,Yeslike a crazy jackdaw screaming(N.).
Recurring union no no gives meaning to compound sentences negative enumeration And mutual exclusion, for example: Neithershe won't hurt anyoneneitherno one will touch her(S.-SH.).
Unions also And too add the second part of a compound sentence connecting value shade, for example: The strange old man spoke very slowly, the sound of his voicealsoamazed me(T.).
Opposite relationship. Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ( but, but, yes, but, but etc.) express the relationship opposition or comparisons, sometimes with various additional shades (inconsistencies, restrictions, concessions, etc.). This meaning of this type of complex sentences affects their construction: the word order in the second part is determined by the nature of its opposition to the first part.
Widely used in complex sentences with indicated union meanings but, for example: Still the earth looks sadbutspring air breathes(Tyutch.); Learning is lightbutignorance - darkness(last).
The meaning of opposition, limitation, inconsistency is expressed using the union but, for example: Dubrovsky held an open book in his hand,buthis eyes were closed(P.); The sun has setbutit's still light in the forest(T.).
Close in meaning to the union but union however (however), for example: The gunfight is silentbutcannonballs and bombs keep flying(S.-Ts.).
Adversarial alliance Yes gives the utterance a touch of colloquial speech, is also found in folklore works, for example: I woke up,Yeslaziness overcame(T.); good porridge,Yessmall bowl(pogov.).
Union but, in addition to the general meaning of opposition, contains an additional shade of compensation, for example: More than one stripe is visible on the sides of your hollow whip,butin the courtyards of the inns you ate plenty of oats(N.).
Unions and that, not that, and not that, characteristic of colloquial speech, are used in opposition in compound sentences, in which the second part indicates the possible consequences of not doing what is said in the first part. For example: ... It will be for you to roll, but look, don't talk,not thatI'll beat you(P.); shut upotherwiseI will shoot you... like a partridge(Ch.).
Union same, expressing opposition in a complex sentence, has the additional meaning of an intensifying particle and semantically highlights the first word in the second part, after which it is usually placed. For example: Birches blossomed, oakssamestanding naked(Ch.).
Separation relationships. Compound sentences with divisive conjunctions ( or, either, whether ... whether, then ... then etc.) indicate the alternation of events, their successive change, incompatibility, etc.
Union or (il), expressing mutual exclusion relations, can be single or repeated, for example: Only occasionally a shy deer will run through the desert,orherd of horses playful silence gave outrage(L.); OrI do not understand,ordon't you want to understand me(Ch.).
The same separation relations are expressed using the union or, for example: Orweave,orspin,orsing songs(pogov.).
Double alliances whether... whether, whether... or give the statement a shade of enumeration, for example: Badlywhetheryou had at Plushkin,or, just, out of your desire, do you walk through the forests and tear up passers-by?(T.).
Recurring union then ... then indicates the alternation of actions or phenomena, their successive change, for example: Thatfell like a mistthensuddenly a slanting heavy rain was allowed(L. T.).
Unions either ... or, not that ... not that introduce a shade of presumption into the statement, for example: Not thatIt was an early morning,not thatit was already evening(Fad.).
Some coordinating conjunctions are used in a compound sentence for joining relation expressions, in which the content of the second part of the complex sentence is an additional message or additional remark related to the content of the first part.
The meaning of joining with a defining shade expresses the union And combined with a demonstrative pronoun this at the beginning of the second part of a compound sentence, for example: Both listened and spoke too animatedly and naturally,and this is somethingdid not like Anna Pavlovna(L. T.).
Connective-connective meaning, as mentioned above, have unions also And too.
The adjunctive value can be expressed using the union but, for example: You are bored, you do not find a place for yourself,butboredom and idleness are contagious(Ch.).
Union yes and expresses adjunctive relations with a hint of addition, for example: The boy looked very smart and straight,yes andthere was power in his voice(L.).
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