Full participle or adjective. How to distinguish an adjective from a participle? Practical Tips

What is a verbal adjective? What is the difference between this part of speech and participles formed, it would seem, in the same way? What is the significance of the origin of an adjective for the spelling of its suffix?

In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to define the terms and what they mean.

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes an independent attribute of an object. The words of this morphological group are either non-derivative (their origin is not motivated by other lexical units), or are formed from (nouns).

Participles simultaneously combine the properties of adjectives and verbs. Their role in the language is the designation of a sign due to action.

A verbal adjective is a special word that can, under certain conditions, become a participle or express an independent attribute of an object. How is this possible?

To understand this phenomenon, it should be remembered that the passive participles are formed exclusively from the action to which a certain object was subjected is complete, and now the result of this process is expressed by the participle:

overcooked fish - overcook (sov.v.);
painted fence - paint (sov.v.).

The verbal adjective reminiscent comes from the Action on which the attribute of the object is based is not complete. Therefore, sending a specific characteristic to the process that happened to the object loses its meaning:

knitted sweater - knit (non-sov.v.);
wicker basket - weave (non-sov.v.).

Such a sign breaks the connection with the form from which the verbal adjective originated, and now the word indicates the final state of the subject, without regard to its origin: "chiseled pencil", "torn shoe", "pickles".

The spelling of verbal adjectives is a stumbling block in Russian orthography. The problem is to distinguish between homonymous parts of speech.

Students do not understand why both “n” and “nn” can be written in the same word:

ruble n oh meat;
ruble nn axed meat.

In fact, everything is very simple. By default, adjectives, except for the exceptions to “ovated” and “ovanny”, are written with one letter “n”. But when dependent words or prefixes appear, this part of speech becomes passive participles, in the full form of which “n” is doubled according to the rule.

Noshe n th dress (from the verb “to wear” an inconsistent type, there are no dependent words and prefixes);
Noshe nn oh (by whom?) grandfather's coat (there is a dependent word);
Zanosha nn th trousers (from the verb "bring in" a Soviet species, there is a prefix).

Of course, as in any rule of the Russian language, this algorithm has its own characteristics. For example, the word “wounded”, formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb, does not fit this rule.

Based on the rule governing the spelling of two similar parts of speech, you can completely eliminate the suffixes of these words.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both forms of participles and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn with a suffix -box- participle is formed burning, and with the help of the suffix -yuch-- adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -them-) are more difficult to distinguish.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.

1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action”, “capable of participating in an action”), cf .:

She was raised with strict rules (=She was raised with strict rules.) - participle;

She was educated (=She was educated).

2. Word in full form with suffix - n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NE and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb NE and / or has dependent words, cf .:

unmowed meadows(adjective),

not mowed oblique meadows(participle, because there is a dependent word),

mown meadows(participle, because CB).

3. Since passive participles of the present tense can only be in transitive verbs of the NSV, words with suffixes - im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb CB or intransitive verb:

waterproof boots get wet in the meaning of "pass water" is intransitive),

invincible army(adjective because verb win SW).

For the teacher. Changing words into adjectives

The use of different parts of speech as adjectives is called adjective (from Latin adjectivum - adjective). A significant number of participles, especially passive ones with suffixes -nn, pass into the category of adjectives; -enn- and -t-: a choked voice, high spirits, worn dress, etc. When passing into adjectives, participles lose their main verbal features: time, type and ability of verbal control (see § 199 about this). Passive participles with the suffix -m- sometimes pass into the category of adjectives: invisible tears, indeclinable nouns, beloved flower. There are relatively few adjectives formed from passive participles with the suffix -m- (-im-) in Russian. Already in the second half of the XVIII century. qualitative adjectives were formed directly from the verbal stems of the perfect and imperfect form with the help of the suffix -m- (-im-), bypassing the stage of participle formation. In modern Russian, they are most often used with the prefix particle non-: indestructible, insoluble, elusive, etc. Participles that have passed into the category of adjectives sometimes acquire characteristic grammatical features of quality adjectives: the ability to have full and short forms (the mood is upbeat, the result unexpected), as well as the ability to form forms of degrees of comparison (this invitation was more unexpected than that), etc. There are cases of transition to the category of adjectives and real participles of the present tense (a brilliant answer, a knowledgeable student, amazing news, the next day, blooming health, etc.) , which also lose verbal features and sometimes acquire some features characteristic of adjectives (short form, degrees of comparison, form of subjective assessment, etc.). For example: I have not yet heard a more brilliant answer; The most brilliant number of the program at the concert was the reading of V. Mayakovsky's poems; His work was not very brilliant. Wed also the use in book style (most often, in the author's style) of short forms of participles that turned into adjectives: The look ... was already too intent and testing (Dost.); His bayonet is sharp and warning (A.N.T.). Much less often, real past participles with the suffixes -sh- and -vsh- pass into adjectives, for example: dried plants. In addition to participles, other parts of speech can also pass into the category of adjectives. So, in the role of qualitative adjectives, some pronouns, as well as ordinal numbers, can be used in context. Wed, for example: A year passes and another - there is no news (P.). - I am no speaker, between two words there is a lunch break (Gran.). Or: Three treasures in this life were my joy. And my honor was the first treasure (P.). - Soon the boy became the first student in the class.

Participles and adjectives have many grammatical features in common, which contributes to their confusion. For example, real participles of the present tense into adjectives very easily turn into adjectives (brilliant abilities, a stupefying smell, an annoying tone, a novice writer, etc.). Passive participles pass into the category of adjectives no less easily: an emaciated child, a limited person, refined taste, an absent-minded person, a hackneyed topic, a beloved city, an unforgettable impression

These participles have lost verbal features (they do not denote action, time, type), their qualitative meaning has increased, compare: the flying object either approached or moved away - “flying” - participle, as it denotes an action in the process that occurs in the present tense; Butterflies and dragonflies are flying insects - the word “flying” has lost the meaning of an action that takes place at a certain time, it has begun to denote a permanent feature of an object, that is, it has turned into an adjective.

However, according to the initial, dictionary form of the words hackneyed, scattered, brilliant, it is impossible to determine whether this is a participle or an adjective. Only in context does the difference between these words appear: Beaten half to death, he was unconscious for several hours - communion; Do not say hackneyed phrases - adjective.

As a rule, participles that have passed into the category of adjectives are single, they do not have explanatory words with them, they are easily replaced by synonyms, compare: He has brilliant (magnificent) abilities.

In some cases, the correctness of their spelling depends on the correct assignment of a homonymous participle and an adjective to one or another category (the Dog abandoned by the owners ran down the street and the Abandoned dog lived in the entrance).

Participles can also pass into the category of nouns (students, workers, manager, etc.). This process is called substantiation.

Signs by which you can determine the part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):

1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boiling, burnt cork from burning.

But there are a number of verbal adjective-exceptions: done, cutesy, seen, desired, swaggered, chased, cursed, slow, sacred, unseen, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, unintentional, counted, wakeful eye.

If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: a solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throwing away. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.

2) For verbal adjectives no prefixes: fried cutlet, confused answer. If the prefix non- is added to the adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.

Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, tangled traces.

3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.

4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).

adjectives forged, chewed , are written with one n, since -ov And -ev enter the root, which we are convinced of by analyzing the words by composition.

Consequently, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, one should determine the kind of verb from which this form is formed.

It is useful to compare the mixed forms:

oil(paints) - an adjective formed from the noun oil with the help of the suffix -yang;

oily(pancake) - a verbal adjective formed from the verb to butter; greasy (apron) - participle formed from the verb to grease.

IN short adjectives is preserved as much n as it was in full, and short passive participles always written with one n.

Transition of participles into adjectives and nouns

Think about whether the highlighted words have verbal properties: time, type, ability to control nouns? That is, can these words be called participles?

Brilliant speaker, outstanding capabilities, dependent state, closed character, educated human, educated child.

Words brilliant, outstanding, dependent, withdrawn, educated, educated have lost the specified verbal properties and designate only a sign. In these examples, we observe the phenomenon of the transition of participles into adjectives.

What conditions are necessary for the transition of participles into adjectives, and do changes occur in the lexical meaning of words? Confirm with examples

For the transition of participles into adjectives, the location of the participle is required before the word being defined (frost,brilliant (adj.) in the sun -shiny (adj.) capabilities), lack of controlled words (poisonous (adj.) substances), loss or weakening of verbal categories of aspect, tense. There are changes in the lexical meaning of words (burning (adj.) firewood -burning (adj.) eyes; embankment,educated (adj.) explosion -educated (adj.) female).

A technique that allows you to check whether the participle has turned into an adjective is to replace it with synonymous adjectives, while constructions with participles are replaced by subordinate clauses.

Brilliant (adj.) success- magnificent, excellent, wonderful. Loving (adj.) sight- Kind. Open (adj.) character- sincere, direct. bouncing (adj.) boy- a boy who jumps.

Make a similar substitution in the following examples:curly hair, poisonous substances, exciting spectacle, knowledgeable specialist .

curly hair- hair that is curly; curly. poisonous substances - substances that poison; poisonous. Exciting spectacle- a spectacle that excites the soul; disturbing. Knowing specialist- a specialist who knows a lot; intelligent, intelligent, erudite.

Brilliant answer - brilliant answer, brilliant speech - brilliant speech. A brilliant answer is the most brilliant answer. A dangerous position is a dangerous position. Favorite flowers are the most favorite flowers. Perform brilliantly.

It can be seen from these examples that participles that have passed into adjectives acquire grammatical features characteristic of adjectives: the ability to have degrees of comparison, a short form, adverbs are formed from them, they can have synonyms and antonyms from among ordinary adjectives.

Transition of participles into adjectives

The most common words with one n - participles that have turned into adjectives: boiled, baked, fried, boiled, dried, dried, smoked, soaked, salted, melted, wounded, dyed, oiled, torn, confused.

The transition of participles into nouns is accompanied by the fact that there is no need for a defined noun, the categories of gender, number and case become independent for them, in a sentence they perform syntactic functions characteristic of a noun, they can have definitions with them, that is, they develop the meaning of objectivity and the value of the attribute is lost.

Exercises for training:

Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.

Soaked apples, salted fish, a wounded bird, a quilted jacket, a confused answer.

2. Turn participles into adjectives.

Sauerkraut in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.

3. Form verbal adjectives or participles from these verbs, pick up nouns for them.

Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.

4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:

a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.

Woven tablecloth, knitted scarf, etched wolf, darned sleeve, untrodden path.

5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, pick up nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.

Frozen fish, boiled egg, seeded herbs, muddled story, unironed shirt.

6. Explain the spelling H and HH.

a) Path cleared, boots cleaned, boots cleaned today, potatoes not peeled, shoes not cleaned.

b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, whitewashed windows, painted shelves.

c) A dinner party, a summoned student, an uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.

7. Insert H or HH.

1) On the walls hung bunches of dry ... herbs, bundles of wrinkled ... roots and kitchen utensils (K. Paustovsky).

2) The patch ... the cabbies with tin ... numbers rattled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).

3) Our brigade entered a brooch ... th by inhabitants, ruined ... th and half-burnt ... turkish village (V. Garshin).

4) On large tables without tablecloths they put several wooden ... more beautiful ... and golden ... bowls with liquid millet ... slurry (V. Garshin).

5) At this strange hour of light and fog ... oh autumn ... her night was running late ... the park seemed sad and mysterious ... like an abandoned ... cemetery (A. Kuprin).

6) The walls turned yellow, painted ... with oil ... with paint, captured ... with dirty ... fingers (K. Paustovsky).

7) They were overtaken by a man in a moat ... coat and a straw ... hat (A.N. Tolstoy).

8) On an empty ... th street, a strange figure of fright ... th man appeared (A. N. Tolstoy).

9) The palaces looked at the Neva of the execution ... with empty ... windows (A.N. Tolstoy).

10) He was lying in someone's sheepskin coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).

11) The army was melting like brooches ... tin soldiers thrown into the oven (A.N. Tolstoy).

12) The walls are whitewashed ... with lime, and painted from below ... with brown oil ... with paint (A. Kuprin).

Very often in Russian participles turn into adjectives (they are called verbal adjectives).

Moreover, if these are passive participles of the past tense, then it must be borne in mind that when they turn into adjectives, their spelling changes. Choice nn or n often depends on what part of speech the verbal word is: participle or adjective. Conversely, if it is known how much n in a verb ( nn or n), you can determine what part of speech it is.

Signs by which you can determine the part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):

1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boiling, burnt cork from burning.

If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: a solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throwing away. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.

Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, tangled traces.

3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.

4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).

adjectives forged, chewed, are written with one n, since -ov And -ev enter the root, which we are convinced of by analyzing the words by composition.

It is useful to compare the mixed forms:

oil(paints) is an adjective derived from the noun oil with the suffix -yang;

oily(pancake) is a verbal adjective derived from the verb to oil; greasy (apron) - participle formed from the verb to grease.

IN short adjectives is preserved as much n as it was in full, and short passive participles always written with one n.

Exercises for training:

1. Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.

Soaked apples, salted fish, a wounded bird, a quilted jacket, a confused answer.

2. Turn participles into adjectives.

Sauerkraut in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.

3. Form verbal adjectives or participles from these verbs, pick up nouns for them.

Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.

4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:

a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.