Participle 1 and 2 in German. Communion in German

The German participle (adv.) II is the third of the main verb forms. Weak and strong verbs (verb) form this form differently.

Weak verbs without prefixes, form this form by adding prefixes “ge-” and endings “- (e) t”, for example: stellen - put - ge stellt, bügeln - iron, iron - ge bügelt, retten - save - ge rettet, seufzen - sigh - ge seufzt etc.

Weak verbs, which include separable prefixes, form the form under consideration also by adding the prefix “ge-”, which takes place between the separable prefix and the verb stem, and the verb ending “- (e) t”, for example: aufpassen - listen carefully, follow - aufge passt, zuschicken - send - zuge schickt, einklemmen - pinch - einge klemmt, durchblättern - flip through - durchge blättert, etc.

Weak verbs, which include inseparable prefixes, form the form in question by adding only the ending "-(e)t", no "ge-" prefix added. Inseparable prefixes in their composition remain in place, for example: versuchen - try - versucht, zerstören - destroy - zerstört, bemalen - paint - bemalt, verbessern - improve - verbessert, etc.

Weak verbs. with the first unstressed syllable form an adverb. 2 in the same way as v. with detachable fittings. For the most part, such verbs are borrowings from other languages, for example: reduzieren - reduce - reduziert, kalibrieren - calibrate - kalibriert, irritieren - irritate - irritiert, isolieren - isolate - isoliert, prophezeien - prophesy - prophezeit, etc.

Strong verbs. form the form of an adverb. 1 in general in exactly the same way as the weak ones. However, their stems undergo noticeable changes, consisting in a change in root vowels. Such a change is called alternation. According to the type of alternation, German verbs. are divided into different classes, the main of which are presented with examples in the following table. However, it must be remembered that the German language in this case is also extremely rich in exceptions.

Imperfect	Partizip 2	Meaning	infinitiv
ei-i/i:-i/i:
begriff	begriffen	comprehend	begreifen
blieb	geblieben	stay	bleiben
verpfiff	verpfiffen	lay down, betray	verpfeifen
i:-o/o:-o/o:
beroch	berochen	sniff	beriechen
verbog	verbogen	bend	verbiegen
uberzog	uberzogen	pull on, put on	uberziehen
i-a-u/o
started	begonnen	begin	beginnen
verband	verbunden	to tie	verbinden
zersprang	zersprungen	crack	zerspringen
e-a/a:-o/e
frass	gefressen	eat	fressen
betraf	betroffen	touch	betreffen
half	geholfen	help	helfen
e:-a:-o:/e:
ubernahm	ubernommen	take over	ubernehmen
stahl	gestohlen	steal	Stehlen
ubersah	übersehen	miss	übersehen
e: / e / ä / ü / ö - o / o: - o / o:
verflocht	verflochten	interweave	verflechten
belog	belogen	slander	belugen
erlosch	erloschen	go out	erloschen
a/a:-i:/u:-a/a:
verfiel	Verfallen	collapse	Verfallen
zerließ	zerlassen	melt	zerlassen
vertrug	vertragen	postpone	vertragen
au/ei/o:/u:-i:-au/ei/o:/u:
verhiess	verheissen	portend	verheissen
verlief	verlaufen	leak	verlaufen
rief	gerufen	scream	Rufen
All other verbs and their derivatives:
tat	getan	commit	tun
ging	gegangen	walk	gehen
wurde	geworden	become	werden
stand	gestanden	to stand	stehen
war	gewesen	exist, be	sein

prich. 2 can be definitions characterizing nouns. In such cases, the same rules apply to them as for par. 1. That is, they are declined like adjectives and can form common definitions, for example:

• Die zerbrochene Vase hat eine Menge Geld gekostet. - A broken vase cost a lot of money (uncommon definition).
• Die von deinen Kindern zerbrochene Vase hat eine Menge Geld gekostet. - The vase developed by your children cost a lot of money (common definition).

Participles 2 can participate in the formation of participle revolutions based on the same rules as 1. In participial revolutions, ph. 2 convey an already completed or passive action, for example:

• Das letzte Tennisspiel gewonnen, fühlte sie sich ganz stolz darauf. - Having won the last tennis set, she felt very proud of it.
• Das Mittagessen für ihre Familienangehörigen endlich zubereitet, konnte sich Barbara ein bisschen ausruhen. - Having finally prepared dinner for her household, Barbara could get some rest.

There are 2 types of communion:

(Grundform = Infinitiv: singen, kochen, schreiben, …)

Partizip I: singend, kochend, schreibend, ...

Partizip II: ge sungen, ge kocht, ge schrieben, …

Partizip II is used to plot the past tense Perfect, Plusquamperfekt and construction of the passive form.

Verb + Partizip II (als Teil des Prädikats):

Der Blumenladen bleibt heute fur den ganzen Tag geoffnet. - The flower shop remains open all day today.
Deine Wohnung ist renoviert. - Your apartment (is) renovated.
Die Kontrollarbeit ist schon geprüft. - The control work is already (is) checked.

Partizip I + Nomen (Adjektivfunktion):

Der an Grippe leitende Patient wartet auf den Arzt. - A patient suffering from influenza is waiting for a doctor.
Die in dem Zimmer wartende Frau ist Ihre neue Kollegin. - The woman waiting in the room is your new colleague.
Das am Computer spielende Kind hat seine Hausaufgaben noch nicht gemacht. - The child playing on the computer has not yet done his homework.

Partizip I formed: infinitiv+ d : wartend , lachend , lesend , ...

Partizip I as an adjective

Communion I expresses the simultaneity of actions or an unfinished action. Simultaneity means that parallel actions are taking place at the same moment in time.

Partizip I can act as an independent member of the proposal. In this case, it does not lean.

Er sprach mit mir und gähnte. - He talked to me and yawned.
Er sprach gähnend mit mir. - He spoke to me with a yawn.
Siehort Musik und tanzt. - She listens to music and dances.
Siehort tanzend Musik. - She listens to music while dancing.

Partizip I stands before a noun and acts as an adjective, in this case it declines according to all the rules of adjective declension.

Der Chef sprach mit mir und gähnte breit. - The chief spoke to me and yawned widely.
Der breit gähnende Chef sprach mit mir. - A yawning chief spoke to me.
Das Kind war im Wohnzimmer. Es spielte. - The child was in the living room. He played.
Das spielende Kind war im Wohnzimmer. - The playing child was in the living room.

Artikel + Partizip I + Adjektivdeklination + Nomen

Partizip II as an adjective

Partizip II most often expresses a passive action, result or something completed. Actions do not occur simultaneously, but are delimited in time.

Man brät die Würstchen auf dem Grill. Sieschmeckenlecker. - Sausages are grilled. They are very tasty.
Die auf dem Grill gebratenen Würstchen schmecken lecker. - Grilled sausages are delicious.
Picasso hat ein Bild gemalt . Das Bild wird in unserem Museum ausgestellt. - Picasso painted a picture. The painting is exhibited in our museum.
Das von Picasso gemalte Bild wird in unserem Museum ausgestellt. - The picture painted by Picasso is exhibited in our museum.
Ich habe gestern einen Schlüssel verloren. Heute Morgen finde ich ihn auf dem Fensterbrett. - I lost my key yesterday. Today I find it on the windowsill.
Den gestern verlorenen Schlüssel finde ich heute Morgen auf dem Fensterbrett. - The key that was lost yesterday I find today on the windowsill.

When Partizip II stands between the article and the noun (der ... Schmuck, das ... Auto, das ... Fahrrad), it is subject to the adjective declension rule.

Artikel + Partizip II + Adjektivdeklination + Nomen

Participle constructions

Partizip I (Gleichzeitigkeit - Aktivsatz):

Die Studentin verlässt den Raum. Sie wine. - The student leaves the classroom. She is crying.
Die weinende Studentin verlässt den Raum. - The crying student leaves the audience.
Der Mann lauft. Sie stoppen ihn. - The man is running. They stop him.
Sie stoppen den laufenden Mann. - They stop a running man.
Das kind spielt mit dem ball. Es lacht und freut sich. - The child plays with a ball. He laughs and rejoices.
Das mit dem Ball spielende Kind lacht und freut sich. - A child playing with a ball laughs and rejoices.

Partizip II (Vorzeitigkeit - Passivsatz):

Du liest den Brief. Ihn schrieb dein Vater. - You are reading a letter. Your father wrote it.
Du liest den von deinem Vater geschriebenen Brief. - You are reading a letter written by your father.
Er nimmt eine Pille. Sie soll schnell helfen. - He takes a pill. She must help him quickly.
Die genommene Pille soll ihm schnell helfen. - The pill he took should help him quickly.
Wir haben den Teppich aus Indien gebracht. Er passt gut in unser Schlafzimmer. - We brought carpet from India. It fits well in our bedroom.
Der aus Indien gebrachte Teppich passt gut in unser Schlafzimmer. - The carpet brought from India fits well in our bedroom.

Participle constructions can form Relativsätze:

Die Studentin, die weint, verlässt den Raum. - The student, who is crying, leaves the audience.
Sie stoppen den Mann, der läuft. - They stop a man who is running.
Das Kind, das mit dem Ball spielt, lacht und freut sich. - A child who plays with a ball laughs and rejoices.
Du liest den brief, den dein Vater geschrieben hat. – You read the letter your father wrote.
Er nimmt eine Pille, die ihm schnell helfen soll. - He takes a pill that should help him quickly.
Der Teppich, den wir aus Indian gebracht haben, passt gut in unser Schlafzimmer. - The carpet we brought from India fits well in our bedroom.

Constructions with participles are most often found in scientific German. In colloquial speech, they do not play any role.

grammar guide

Communion (Partizip)

Partizip I

The participle I is formed from the infinitive by adding -d to the end

For example:
arbeiten (to work) - arbeitend (to work)
lieben (to love) - liebend (loving)
reißen (tear, tear) - reißend (tearing)

Participle I can be used with a verb and with a noun

When using participle I with a verb, it does not change its form, since the main verb takes on all grammatical categories (time, number, etc.)

For example:
Er spricht / sprach zögernd - He speaks / spoke uncertainly
Die Leute gehen/gingen jubelnd durch die Stadt - People walk / walked rejoicing around the city

With the exception of the grammatical subject, Participle I retains all the attributes of the verb from which it was formed (preposition, case control of the object)

For example:
Sie ermahnte ihn, dabei appelierte sie an seine Ehrlichkeit - She taught him, while she appealed to his honesty
Sie ermahnte ihn an seine Ehrlichkeit appelierend - She taught him by appealing to his honesty

As a definition with a noun, participle I is declined as an adjective

For example:
Ich habe mich neben dem sprechenden Mann gezsetzt (Dativ) - I sat next to the man who was talking
Sie ist eine liebende Mutter schlechthin (Nominativ) - She is the embodiment of a loving mother
Er sah ein schreiendes Kind (Akkusativ) - He saw a crying child

The inflected participle comes directly before the noun it defines. The participle may include other members of the sentence that are in front of it. In this case, the participle and related words form a common definition. A common definition usually stands between the article and the noun, or before the noun if the latter is used without an article.

For example:
Das schreiende Kind konnte rasch gerettet werden - The screaming child was quickly saved
Das laut schreiende Kind konnte rasch gerettet werden - A loudly screaming child was quickly rescued
Das laut um Hilfe schreiende Kind konnte rasch gerettet werden - A child screaming loudly for help was quickly saved
Lachende Kinder waren uberall zu sehen - Everywhere you could see children laughing

If participle I is formed from a reflexive verb, then as a definition it is used together with a reflexive pronoun

For example:
Das sich nähernde Shiff wurde immer größer - The approaching ship got bigger and bigger
Er saß reglos sich auf das Spiel konzentrirend - He sat motionless concentrating on the game

Communion II (Partizip II)

The participle II is one of the three main verb forms along with the infinitive (Infinitiv) and the present (Präsens). It is formed differently from weak and strong verbs

Partizip II formation from weak verbs

Partizip II of weak verbs without a prefix is ​​formed with the prefix ge- and the ending -(e)t attached to the verb stem

For example:
loben - gelobt
arbeiten - gearbeitet
stellen - gestellt

Partizip II of weak verbs with a separable prefix is ​​formed using the prefix ge-, which comes between the separable prefix and the stem of the verb and the ending -(e)t, attached to the stem of the verb

For example:
anhoren-angehort
auflosen-aufgelost
kennenlernen - kennengelernt

Partizip II of weak verbs with an inseparable prefix is ​​formed by adding the ending -(e)t to the stem of the verb

For example:
bemalen - bemalt (but malen-gemalt)
mißhandeln - mißhandelt (but handeln-gehandeltt)

By the same rule, Partizip II of weak verbs is formed, in which the first syllable is unstressed. These are mostly verbs borrowed from other languages ​​and ending in -ieren

For example:
studieren - studiert
akzeptieren - akzeptiert
prophezeihen-prophezeiht

The rules for using the endings -et and -t in Partizip II are the same as for verb endings in the 3rd person singular in the present tense

Partizip II formation from strong verbs

Partizip II from strong verbs is formed according to the rules for the formation of Partizip II from weak verbs above, but the very stem of the verb also changes

When the stem of the verb changes, the root vowel changes. Strong verbs can be divided into classes depending on the alternation of root vowels in the three main forms of the verb.

Below are the main classes of irregular verbs and a few verbs of each class. Despite the fact that formally all irregular German verbs fall into one of these classes, the rules that determine which class a particular verb belongs to have numerous exceptions. The tables below give in most cases, based on the consonance of the verb with the verbs given in one of the tables, the correct variant of the formation of Partizip II, but for greater certainty, you should refer to the tables of irregular verbs.

In the classification below, ":" denotes the presence of a long vowel, while for vowels e, i a long sound is obtained in combinations eh, ie, respectively

• Class 1 ei - i/i: - i/i:
  For example:

  Class 3 i - a - u/o
  For example:

  Class 5 e: - a: - o:/e:
  For example:

  Class 7 a/a: - i:/u: - a/a:
  For example:

  Class 9: verbs not included in any of the previous groups: gehen, stehen, tun, sein, werden

  infinitiv	Prateritum	Partizip II
  gehen	ging	gegangen
  stehen	stand	gestanden
  tun	tat	getan
  sein	war	gewesen
  werden	wurde	geworden

As well as participle I, participle II can be used as a noun as a definition. At the same time, it is subject to the same rules as participle I, which acts as a definition. Namely, it is declined as an adjective, can form a common addition and takes the same place - between the article and the noun.

For example:
Die zerstörte Stadt war ein schrecklicher Anblick - The ruined city was a terrible sight
Die von Aliirten zerstörte Stadt war ein schrecklicher Anblick - The city destroyed by the allies was a terrible sight
Die im Krieg von Alliierten zerstörte Stadt war ein schrecklicher Anblick - Destroyed by the Allies during the war, the city was a terrible sight

Participle II forms participle turnovers according to the same rules as Communion I. Participle II in participle turnover denotes a passive or already completed action.

Für diese Aufgabe speziell augebildete Hunde haben schon manchen unter dem Schnee Verschütteten gefunden
Especially for this work, trained dogs found many buried under the snow [Dogs were specially trained for this work - passive voice]

Den Verfolgern entkommen, verseckte sich der Einbrecher in einer Scheue
After leaving the pursuers, the robber took refuge in the barn [The robber left the pursuers - already completed action]

Participle turnovers

• As in Russian, there are participial phrases in German. Participle I in participial turnover denotes an active action. The participial turnover includes the participle in the indeclinable form and the words related to it. Participle turnovers, as a rule, refer to the subject of the sentence

  Im Gras liegend und mit den Augen den Wolken folgend, dachte er über den Sinn des Lebens nach - Lying in the grass and following the clouds with his eyes, he thought about the meaning of life

  In an independent sentence, the participial turnover can be either in the first or in the third/fourth place

  Von den Bergen herunterstürzend begraben Lavinen Jahr für Jahr zeilreicher Schifahrer unter dem Schnee. (1st place)
  Breaking down from the mountains, year after year, avalanches bury numerous skiers under the snow.
  Die Besucher verließen den Saal lebhaft diskutierend (4th place)
  The patrons left the room in a lively discussion

  In a subordinate clause, the participial phrase follows the subject

  Die Kranke war tief beunruhigt, nachdem die Ärzte, laut über seinen Fall diskutierend, das Krankenzimmer verlassen haben
  The patient was very anxious after the doctors left the room discussing his case loudly.

  In participial phrases, the participle I from the verbs sein and haben is never used. These forms just drop

  Der Gast, der einen Hut in der Hand hatte, plauderete noch eine weile mit Monika
  The guest. who had a hat in his hands, chatted a little more with Monica
  Der Gast, den Hut in der Hand, plauderete noch eine weile mit Monika
  The guest, holding a hat in his hands, chatted a little more with Monika

The second participle (Partizip II) is also used both in a short, invariable form, and in a full, inflected form.

Formation Partizip II:

maсhen (to do) - gemacht
nennen (name) - genannt
interessieren (to be interested) - interessiert
lesen (read) - gelesen
einschlafen (fall asleep) - eingeschlafen
ankommen (to arrive) - angekommen

Partizip II in Brief, the invariable form is closely connected with the inflection system of the German verb; as the third main form, Partizip II is a constituent of complex verb forms - it is Perfect Aktiv, Plusquamperfekt Aktiv, all times Passiv, Zustandspassiv.

Jemand hat an die Tür geklopft. Someone knocked the door.
Der Kranke ist schon operiert worden. The patient has already been operated on.
Das Fenster war geoffnet. The window was open.
Du scheinst gar nichts verstanden zu haben. You seem to understand absolutely nothing.

Partizip II in full form, like Partizip I in a similar position, acts as a definition for a noun, agreeing with it in gender, number and case. For example:

schmücken - to decorate
ein geschmückter Weihnachtsbaum - decorated Christmas tree
abfahren - to depart, depart (about the train)
der abgefahrene Zug - departed train.

Partizip II from transitive verbs (vt)

Partizip II from transitive verbs (vt) always has passive pledge value, indicates finished action, preceding the action of the predicate, and is translated into Russian by the participle of the passive voice of the past tense. For example:

Das aufgeschlagene Buch blieb auf dem Tisch liegen.
An open book lay on the table.

Das gespülte und abgetrocknete Geschirr ist in den Küchenschrank zu stellen.
Washed and wiped dishes should be put in the kitchen cabinet.

Alle gelesenen Briefe legt sie in die Schublade.
She puts all the letters she reads in her desk drawer.

Die eingeladenen Gäste wurden von der Bahnstation abgeholt.
The invited guests were met at the station.

Partizip II from intransitive verbs (vi)

From the number intransitive verbs (vi) Partizip II asa consistent definition is possible only from the limit, i.e. denotingfinished action, verbs, for example:

vergehen - to pass, to pass
eintreffen - to arrive
entstehen - arise, etc.

In Russian, in this case, the participle of the active voice of the past tense is used. Wed:

Das vergangene Jahr war an verschiedenen Ereignissen reich.
The past year has been rich in various events.

Die eingetroffene Delegation wurde im Flotel "Astoria" untergebracht.
The arriving delegation was accommodated at the Astoria Hotel.

Über die Kosten des entstandenen Schadens haben wir noch keine genaueren Angaben.
We do not yet have exact data on the amount of damage incurred.

Partizip II from intransitive indefinite verbs

Partizip II from intransitive indefinite verbs, i.e. denoting a long unfinished action, for example:

leben - to live
gehen - to go
schlafen - to sleep
bluhen - to bloom
arbeiten - to work
fliegen - fly, etc.,

When studying grammar sections, be sure to pay attention to how well one or another topic is absorbed. Reading theoretical information is not enough to firmly master new skills. This requires practice. For the development of oral speech, pronounce words and sentences after the speaker - all kinds of lessons can be downloaded in the mode online from the Internet. In order to learn how to write correctly, you need to perform written exercises and tests. Having spent time today, after a while you will get a good return in the form of confident knowledge and skills.

Rartizip 1

In German, there are two types of participles, differing in the way they are formed and used - the first (Partizip I) and the second (Partizip II). In order to form the first participle, you need to use verb stem and suffix -end. It happens like this:

• machen → mach + -end
• teilnehmen → teilnehm + -end;
• lesen → les + -end
• besuchen → besuch + -end.

The first participle in German is used like this:

• As a definition. Here the sacrament answers the questions: “what? which? what kind?". The word in Partizip I is placed before the noun - for this, its full, inflected form is used, which can be declined.

It will be translated into Russian as a real participle of the present tense and have suffixes -usch, -yushch, -ashch, yashch.

For example: Der antwortende Student stand am Tisch. The answering student was standing at the table.

• As a circumstance of the course of action. In this case, the sacrament will answer the question "how?" and stand in an unchangeable, concise form.

Partizip I is translated into Russian as an imperfect participle and with suffixes -a and -ya.

For example: Er antwortete stehend am Tisch. - He answered, standing at the table.

Rartizip 2 and his education from the strong and weak verbs

The second participle is the third basic form of the verb. Patricip II is formed by adding the prefix ge- to the verb stem. The suffix -t is also added to weak verbs, and -en for strong verbs. Examples:

• gemacht (participle II, derived from the weak verb machen);
• gelesen (participle II, derived from the strong verb lesen).

If the verb contains an inseparable prefix, then the prefix ge- is placed between the prefix of the verb and its root. An example is teilgenommen. If the verb has an inseparable prefix, then the prefix ge- is omitted, for example: besucht. In German, there are verbs that end in the suffix -ieren. The prefix ge- is omitted, for example: studiert.

Use Rartizip 2 and education perfect

Patricip II is used in two cases:

• As a definition - in this case, the word answers the questions “what? which? what kind?". The participle is placed before the noun - for this, its full inflected form is used, which can be declined.

Translation into Russian is carried out into the passive past participle in full form. The suffixes -anna, -yann, -enn and -t are used.

Example: Die erfüllte Arbeit war kompliziert. – The work done was challenging.

The second translation of the second participle, used as a definition, is the actual past participle with the suffix -vsh-.

Example: Die angekommenen Delegierten versammelten sich im Kreml. - Arriving delegates gathered in the Kremlin.

• As a nominal part of a compound predicate. The second participle will stand in a short and invariable form, in tandem with the linking verb sein.

Translation is the passive past participle in short form.

Example: Die Arbeit ist erfüllt. - Work is done.

• The second participle can serve to form the perfect and pluperfect of the asset and all temporary forms of the passive.

Examples: Er hat das Buch mit Interesse gelesen. He read the book with interest.

In Moskau werden viele neue Wohnhäuser gebaut. - Many new residential buildings are being built in Moscow.

Two German participle forms in one table

The principle of formation of both types of German participles can be learned using a small table:

Partizip I	Partizip II
Participle I formed by adding the suffix -d to the infinitive of the verb: lesend, spielend, commend	Participle II formed by adding prefixes to the stem of the verb ge- and suffix -(e)t in weak verbs or prefixes ge- and suffix -(e)n for strong verbs: gemacht, gespielt, gedeckt gekommen, gelesen, geschrieben
Verbal properties of Participle I:	Verbal properties of Participle II:
time: simultaneity with the action expressed by the predicate pledge: active	time: completed action preceding the action expressed by the predicate pledge: Participle II transitive verbs have a passive meaning (Passiv) Participle II intransitive verbs has a real meaning (Aktiv)